Giáo trình Sinh học đại cương potx

ĐẠI HỌC HUẾ
Nguyễn Thị Mai Dung
Giáo trình
Sinh học đại cương
Huế, 2006.

CƠ SỞ HÓA HỌC CỦA SỰ SỐNG

1. Các nguyên tố trong cơ thể sống

 !"#$
%&'(%)%*%'%"+,-+%
!(
.$%'%,-/0+1+$+2+3+4
.$/5
6
+0%
6
+7
66
+$%
66
+$8
.
.$!(/9)+7+$+$+:+;+<+=8+7+>+4
-?"#$+2+1+0'@-ABCDE%$
FGH88%
<%*EE%-?I/
.1J)K1L'FMANB+%'%D,-+COP
@%'%Q RC
.$%K$L'FMSTB+?8F@UPF+F

,-
.2()K2L'FMSVB+8CDE%@D,
-
.0)K0LFM&B+%'%C)+%(8)
.$%8'K$%LFMS+NB8CDE%J-W+%*Q%
H-+(XYJDFR'
.3"CK3LFMSB+,%*Q%H?W8+
CDE%%(8)
.5%8'K5LK3%""'L+FMV+UB8%K
6
LE+,
%*Q%HZDF-
.48[%K4LFMV+&B+'\CDE%CD8@C)
.0%'K0%LK4('L+FMV+B8%E(]E%'R+,
%*Q%HO^(]+(XYJDF
.7%)"'K7LFMV+SB8CDE%Y_)`')Q%H+D
''R
.$8K$8LFMV+SB+8%K
.
LEE%(]-?+%*O
^Z(]
.4aK9)LK9)'L!(+8CDE%)'8+'8'Z
")`')
.>(K>L.(8CDE%')C
b
2. Các liên kết hóa học
$G%HE%'Z@J]c"8"
"aCJCE%_P8@CW8d
<G(e/2()S_P8@Cd+%U+)NJ)
A

 !"#$$%$&
$PFC@%'ZGJ^,8F%H?
C
fgF%H88haP@%7i8Fj%'Z
W%H]3eZ"_P8@Cd+PE%'Z
 'Z"8\_8F@,PE%
F
.$88F%HE88FZ%]8F
Z" 8FQ%H88F(-
K8h%()k%%8" -Fl@L
2.1. Liên kết cộng hóa trị :
gFZ%]%(C_P,%P
<G(e/4aP2()COPFG2()
COP@P28FZ%]@SP1/

gFZ%]-F,%%P'Z\C_P+8FR
F%\C_P8F%F%\C_P
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2.2. Liên kết ion :
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PS++&_Pc8@CdJ@'_Pc'%
_(-K%L$PN%A+b_Pc8@CdJ@#
_Pc'%_O'K%L
m_GF(+%%FC@%I8Fg
FF@8FZ%]8FRC_P
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2.3. Liên kết Hydro và các tương tác yếu khác :
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2()a@1J%0-$8F2(?,%CDE%'Z
COP%,%COP$8F2(-8FZ%]V8D
,%*Q%HZ"
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%
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hJ]pjE%COPF%+IhP(d
q8FZ%]dCOPX?-8X%
.$-,%*Q%HFR, hJ]]G-
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$hs'@%(+%")+'FG*%%"@'t
8_%Q%H""
1. Nước (H
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?CO_%8/,-COPoCOP"H
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8C(+%'%(8)()d(XJ7Z"8,
-]hK-COLCOP"H$,-COPo
pC)aCMj-M()`')JhH8CO
PE%hFMSVV.SVVVj%&VP$
1. Các Carbohydrate (glucide)
$s'/$+21RjE%%(%)(d$
^' t8_218R8/SCOP@$COP%(%)

F%YFG@€FFW FCO8h$&'G/
I-K'"%%()L+IRK("%%()LICjKC8"%%()L
1.1. Các đường đơn (monosaccharide )
y88()-MRjK$2
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1L
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$I-8%8()()%F))''(J8%Y-yI
-ICO8)"%hy-M8I&%+H8
")8)%8()()+((J%))
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12
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12$2
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12
45 ,5,5 6, -75-5
.yINKC)")L/•")m)J")/$
N
2
SV
1
N
‚$
N
2

SV
1
U
.yIAK)J")L/8")+[")/$
A
2
S
1
A
2.$n1KNhóm aldehytL2
2.$.12 2.$.12
21.$.2 $n1(Keton)
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 2
4-8 9 -8
S
'i'PFC@%?)F%+
I h%HF%(d8"P$+21X
%$(hH8sCOh
7Z"F?sCO%*Q%HZ"E%
8ƒ8")9")
$'%8()()%F))E%'Z8J()?CMj@'(J8
3Mj?JM%COP8J()„U?*N%AP
%$P$IC"jS++&+DD
@'%8()()%F))
1.2. Các đường đôi ( disaccharide )
2%  I  -    ?  a @%      I  FzC  K("%%()L  

"%%")KIWR(e.glucoseα 1,2 fructoseL+'%8")Kglucoseα 1,4 glucoseL+
8%")Kgalactoseβ 1,4 glucoseL+I-?"#
yI'%8")%E%I"MC|'DE%"
%Z+"%qC8")?Ce-?"P(e
Q RC7%8")s'COP8")FC@%c'8F8"(
-?"'8F Q%'Z"@+'i@(S)`')Jh

S&
:;<0-=#->5
?@A@0-1->5
B@A@0-> ->5
1.3. Các đường đa (polysaccharide)
gC8')-]I-K'')LE88")
(COP8@$C8"%%()8COP"H_p
Ch@COPo<G(e/Z%s'YW'-]8")
%Zs'SV.VB%'8")%@+TV.VB%'8C)FR%
@OGF)sZZ8(,E%#+8)
8(,E%Z#0hCOP%'8C)CO
'%-Q%FM'iT.S-]8")K%'8C).U.&V-]L$)888")
@"-]8")8&VV.SNVVV+FRJaZ'SW(i€
"
C > ,5D*E$-55->5
SU
F*E
Tinh bột
Tế bào thực vật
Vách tế bào
Sợi cellulose trong vách tế
bào thực vật
1.4. Vai trũ ca carbohydrate trong sinh vt

gsCW8EE%"#+#pC
I-+IRZyZ#W#s?8()#E%
(,c(8)+8)FD p8")8")8s
W8C-?8R'Z88")p]
<G(e/}Z#h8V+SB'.%%YO8
8")F]ECO*8'8_?pC8C()
G ĂÂÊÔ
ƠƯƠƠĐăƠâêôơ-đÊÂƠƠ
'($o8h+oR'
G$8()Ia@C)%8C()8.C)+88C()%'
%h'
2. Cỏc cht lipid
gC(s'(D+'àGIFR%@+%
('R,-))+8C'+)`))+%(%)$
8C($+2+1h?j%F3%0
$hF@%(%)cij%1@t8_G-
2%'8C(Q%H@"#8/'O8)8'
O")8 $OFC@%(zF%?
Y88C(F%
2.1.Cỏc acid bộo: 8%(,-'(%%(C%8'/$2
&
.
K$2

L
SU
.$112+%(")%/$2
&
.K$2

L
SA
.$112+\'(%FRK
RL%(8)/$2
&
.K$2

L
b
.$2n$2.K$2

L
b
.$112
SN
F 5 ,
2.2.Glycerid/*H8'µGm"FCE%'ZCOP8)8@&COP
%(zK8)(L4C8'Z88)(
2.3. Phospholipid/
g,8C(("FCE%%'.12E%'ZCOP
8)8@COP%(z+*'12j%a@SCOP2
&
31
U
C)
C"C%)8a@'oFCOKLg)8'ZC"C8C(
%\Cc#Z#+88*oj+DF+sD
$COPC"C8C(SD%@RFl@yD%@CO.
j%%(C"CyRFl@FRCOs'iE%%(z
$C"C8C(88C(8@C'8C(R8-"cE%M'

2.4. Các lipid khác:
$")(C8"C)(88C()GFR%
@+%('R,-$M%Ys'-]o8"C))
4)(8)")("FCE%'ZCOP@%(z¶%H8
8)")8I\Ch'+)"")88')"(e
SA
HI(
HJ(
HI(
HJ
(
KLM
.->.-.,
,*N-
O !.->.-.,
P-5>5 -
2.5.Vai trũ ca Lipid
.$8C(,%*Q%H+8s(,(E%"#
8@C'à(@(%+Q%CE
.$C"C8C(8)")88CDEE%'
.$'__
.gC(*8CDE%'Z"%'%'m8('RE%Y
%'K=+m+ã+5+L
Q@0./">
1. Protein
3)''ZP%C$-?"7\(dY
z-M"hFu8(C)_jW
%F%
.3)j%G/$+2+1+0+4+38'Z,COP
8@+_YjWF%/)`')+#?+

C?+')+#Z+M_+h
.$-COE%C)8%'%(
.COPC)%-M?Q]%*E%
ZjW8/
6;ME%%'%(COPC)(%'iE%
h
62 (E%COPC)
1.1. Cỏc amino acid
$V8%'%(F%@RjpQ/

%
'




&&

R
STUVWXYZ[WX\UVW]^_XW[`aWbcG1-,
0P$O'KH8áL+@'2+.02

K'%')'%G
FY'L+.$112K'%J8'%G%(L'pH8'.KL
F%'i%'%($'2+02$1128CD]E%M
%'%(ƠƠƯđƠạêăƠ--ƠằăƠ
ăẳ ẵĂắƠƠƠƯƯơƠƠƯđƠăƠƠ Ưẳă
Ơ
<G(e/
Sb

22
%
'

α
&&%
'

α
&&

:

'
&
d;5 
.$%'%(%U'Wj•/
e11-,
f$%J%'@'.•COKFRG_L/%"C%%)+8%')+
"))+))+")+"))
$%'%(@'.•COFR'\8'_P? 
8'WG%@8F(,%'
f$%'%(@'.•FY'KG_(-L/8`)+%)+"()
ST
f/<
Fg@h
i
f/<
f$%'%(@'.•%(KG_O'L/%"C%%(+8%'%(
$%'%(@'.•%(\FY' G_O'\

(-%@5QM8C)j%h({%@C)+
'G_Q%H_ 8F,%F
%E%C)?( p] (E%COP
f$%'%(@'.•FRCO/8)+%8%)+%8)+8))+
"8)")+ C8)+C)8%8%)+'))+CC%4'\@t8_8@%'
%(8'C)FR%GG$hIC)
h88%)
$%'%('•FRCOJ@^'*
%'%(FY'%%(COD^'CG%COPC)
1.2. Các nhóm -NH
2
và -COOH
$'Q%H hF@CO8F*%%@+
8'%'%(c8µ 'iYj%$11K.L02&K6L
(%
%
'
RK3OPFR_GL
&&

%
:
)j+
%
:
)j+
ion OH
(-)
%
'


có dư
RRRj
'
&
ion H
+
&&có dư &&)G+&&)G+
(%KC2ÆbL8µKC2nbL(%KC2„bL
k60-#./"1-,
$((]%'%(%*8_',ZC28R8R
c'jD^byYJM% '_G 'Z#
]?FRCO8,%FYF_]p+h"x82
6
12
.
F(yY%*Q%HZ%pE%+
ZE%C)8ZGJE%)`')
.0'.02

.$112%*" 8FC)C(
%'%(@%?i''$112E%%'%(8
F@'02

E%%'%(FC^d%8'ZCOP@2%
%'%(8F#H8(C)C(+&%'%(H8C)C(+Y%'%(
8FiH8C8C)C('Z"pRYj
%'%(I%RhC8C)C(F%
<G(e/4 (C)C(
S

R


&R
'
&
%j%
&&
l(@
eECO
R

&R
'
&
%%j
'
&
&
%11,.5.%1 *-7
(ầD0ẩ (ầD$ẩ
;<,.5.,
2. Cu trỳc cỏc phõn t protein
ẫÂƠƯấậƠƠƠÂƠĐƠƠƯèẵĂÔẻẽéƠẵĂ
ƠƠƯÔ ậƠẵĂắƠÂêÂÂƠƯẹậƠÂêÂÂƠƯ-Ơềể ấ
ề-ƠƯ ềƠ-ăễêƯẫăƠẵĂƯểô
Ôế ệấăìÂÂăỉƠỉÂƠÔề
ấăƠƠƯậƠÂêÂÂƠƯ-ôăìêẵă
ÂăƠĂƠêăìƠềẵăÂăƠƯềêấăì
đƠƯăẹấÂăƠ-ôẵĂƠĐậƠÂêÂÂƠƯ

ẵĩƠẵĩÂƠăìạÂÂăƠ
2.1. Cu trỳc bc 1
$h#'ZgăíÂễÂƠƠƯăậƠÂêÂÂƠƯ
ăìêẵĂƠÊÊĩƠÂÂƠƯèƠấ-ăếẽéậƠấƠƠƯ-
ê-Êị-ắ ấậƠÂêÂÂƠƯ
ằĩƠƠô-Êị-ắăòêƠ Đâ
ậƠÂêÂÂƠƯẵĂễêƯấ--ê
ỏ õõóễêƯ-êÔằôăìƠ
gDDW'SNU94%)IDJ] "aCJCE%
%J%'COP"83OP"8s'%'/'=j%S%'
%(';j%&V%'%(2%'@%c%8F("8[%K.4.4.L
$R q\-"cjC)R#Mc0)8
SNT
V
'1m@Enm#./". -5D !*o$'$:$?
2.2. Cu trỳc bc 2
gẵÔỉƠƠÊƠƠƯằềăậƠÂêÂÂƠƯ
ăìẵĂĐạêĩƠêƯăẵĂƠÊƠÂÂƠƯ
ằĐề ÊễếăìọÂìấồ
(@YF_"H F%Z@%)Y
ăìổễÂƠ-ễíKơƠễẽÂƠƠ.
ƠễĂƠằƯễí ấễâấăẳ ậƠỗễí- ốƠƠƯ
hY8F(@'jW8o #M'MG
s"H
S
$h#
S
$h#

0CCộ

Np gp
Chui
xon
$h#
&
$h#
U

: !*o'#./". -5
.3CCộ/
giC8C)C(CCY8DHp]I8F(
,%PE%8FC)C(F%E%i8F
'qFzW%.({CC({]jFFzW'$M%
8hYc8F(,%F8FC)C(E%'
0'pFR%'%" h#$M%i?d
'\COPC)
<G(e/$iộh2sD
2.3. Cu trỳc bc 3
gẵÔỉƠƠÊ
ƠƠƯằễăậƠ
ÂêÂÂƠƯ Ư ấ Ơ ă
ỉƠạậƠÂêÂÂƠƯ
ƠĐậƠÂêÂÂƠƯăÔô
đƠỉÂƠằƯờ
Âìâ-ăì
ỉƠƠĐòêƠ ăì
êễế ạêƯă
ƠƠƯỉƠăẵĩởƠấ
ậƠÂêÂÂƠƯăỡƠăƠ
ƠĂÂẵĂƠăă

ẵỉƠăẵĩ-
ăìƠă
ịƠƠƠăìề Ơ
ÂăƠÊịƠớâ
ăắ-ôƯêôấƠạậƠÂêÂÂƠƯ-ạ
ƠƠƯƠÂễìƠ Ưồ-ôĂÂƠ

$ h # & \ _ Ce Z G E% ' '
C8C)C$CO%%F@Q%%K%2

1L+
FRCOJdKFl@L
$h#&,^]+c8h,%CO%%E%
'iKLghE%@COP2

1%Q%%,%
8F%],%'E%i
òăƠĐÂăƠề-êƠ Ơ
ƯƠợƠƠÊêƠằễăậƠÂêÂÂƠƯ ậƠếấƠ
ôƠ ẵƠéƯăù ƠệƠ Â ẵ
êƯăƠÊạƠƠƯĐƠĐăì ẵ
ÂăƠề ăì ề ạ
ÂăƠẵĂắƠăì
ăìạủê
2.4. Cu trỳc bc 4
g ẵÔỉƠƠÊậƠ
E%COPC)s'%%Y
ậƠ  êÂÂƠƯ ề ẹậƠ ậƠ
ÂêÂÂƠƯêẵĂắƠấũƠôÔ
ếúóĂÂƠÊÂêạ

êƯƠêƯăẵ
FRD("8[\Fu8F
-ăếƠÊƠôÔếụừ
êƠÂễế-ôĂÂƠ
ấƯƠăõƠ
'Z? E%C)h#
ử ẵĂƠậƠ ƠậƠ
ậƠ-ọửọƠƠƯƠậƠ
ƠậƠậƠọửốƠƠƯ
ăìạấịƠĐậƠÂêÂÂƠƯ-ớệâăắƠƠấỗ
ạìăìÂăƠẵĂƠôíÂễÂạÊậƠăƠ
ữịƠĐậƠìÂẳấƠĐấÂõạỉƠăẵĩẫăƠậƠ
ÂêÂÂƠƯƠÊ-ẵẵẵăÂƠ -ẵẵ
ăởƠấÂăƠêƠăìÊ-ẵâêăƠ
ÂăƠỗăẵ ƯẳăẵĩĂÂạỉằƯƠôạ
ÂăƠÊăỉƠăẵĩƠƠƯẵĂƠƯƠƠÂõÊ
êƠÂăƠÊƠĐ-ẵẵĂẵăƠ ÂăƠ
ăẵéê ƠẵĩễêƯêăƠăếÂõăăâ
ăắ -ẵêấạủêăƠẵĂ

3. Phõn loi Protein
3)D
$%'C)
3)C
3.1. Protein thun /s'C)h%J%'
&
<G(e/$'C")e*
3.2. Protein tp : s'C)D6'
<G(e/8CC)s'C)a@8C(
8C)s'C)a@8(

2sDI8C)CK862)'L
;iC8C)CC8862)'8'
4. Cỏc tớnh cht ca protein
.G\/\cCD+"8+ "aCJC%J%'
COP
- Tớnh a dng
- Tớnh n nh tng i.)3)FMWGsG+
fy%"C)]'G"HK]GLYF__Z
C2FR#8;G?JM%c_ZNV.bV

$0IFRMc
@8FZ%]\D("8[8F2_%]
]q'C8C)C(]à2 (CjCE%C)]'
FRZ I,%
fYIC"G8'ZQ #]G
E%C)?FRCe8F%Q%cYYF_ Iả
H8"sG+FCOPC)q(iJa8Zc8
IE%
5. Chc nng ca protein
3)jW"H%(
5.1. Vai trũ xỳc tỏc:
$)`')8'C)8@+ )`')F%$hJh
ậƠÂƠ-ếẹậƠấẵăăƠĐẵĂễì
ằƠủêứủê-ôấÂọẻ
SA
ềƠấÂ
ỉễìủêẵÔđƠƠỉƠ
Yh%H
<G(e/C")E%*FC")E%8
5.2. Vai trũ cu trỳc:

3)8h-ME%'RC)'+
"+88%))8%".C)EE%(%'R8FF)%.+"+
'8R
5.3. Vai trũ vn chuyn:
ƠẳêôịƠếăêếă Ưẳ
êôỏ

ÂƠỉƯƠịêôƠƯựỉƯăÊ
ÔâĩÂăƠăăƠ
ẵĂêôâẵĂƠừÂăƠịƠ Ưẳ
êôịƠƠƯâ
U
5.4. Vai trũ vn ng:
ẹấÂăƠẵƠấ ÂƠÔ
ÂăƠê-ịƠôìằƯĂƠịƯÂêă-ôĂƠ ƯẳƠ
êƠÂăƠấÔòƠÂềÔạƠỉí -Ơăỗ
Z8R+
5.5. Vai trũ bo v:
ẫăƠ-ấƠăỗăƠắƠỳƯếỷấ-ễẵÔ-
ấÔ ÂăƠô ƠÔêìÊƠƠ
êèƠă Ơ ấƠẽê-ÂềƠâ
ịạậƠÂêÂÂƠƯõấ ƠắƠỳƯếấệ
ắÂăƠôấÂẹấÂăƠèƠă Ơ ẽễÂị
ỉÔẵĂêấăẫăƠẵĂắƠê
èƠẽ--ấểđấăễếê Ơểê-ĂÂ
ƠêÂêƠăôÊêÂđƠ
ăƠỳƯếƠẵĂọẻ

-ăĐịạ-Êể ÔƠ
ƠẵĂĂÂÊểêăũÂểĂÂúậƠể

ấƠễếÊ-ÊêÂễế
ƠÊểÂểĂÂởƠấƠĂÂƠêÂ-íề
ƠôịƠƠƠêÊêÂỉẵĂ
ƠƠăô-ỹấẵĂêÂ
ì-ôĂÂẵĂăÊôƠê
ễƠÊƠôêễế đƠƠẵĂỉ
ẵĂ -ôấƠăƠ ằêậƠấƠ-ấếăĂÂƯêịăẵở
ỉôẵằẵĂẵĂạƠỳƯếýÂăƠ ÂăƠ
ạêăằỉƠÊôêẵĂắƠƠƠỳƯế
ìƠổẻỵÂăƠă
ẹấ-ÂăƠÂăƠỉăƠợƠăƠ
ạÔôƠếẵÔ
5.6. Vai trũ d tr:
ÂăƠđÂềƠẵĂắƠÂăƠƯăÊẫăƠ
ÂêăạƠƠƯƠÔẵĩêƠăẵằ ÔôÂƠ
-ÂăƠƯăÊôÂềêạƠÔƠềéƯẳ ƠÂăƠƯăÊă
ỗăíăÂạƠÔÂỉƠÂăƠôƠÂăƠÊÂƠÔ
ấ-ìỗõằấẵĂÂăƠƯăÊ
èốẻỵẽ ÂạƠÔâăêềõèPhaseolus vulgarisL
ấÂăƠƯăÊ-ÂƠ
ẫăƠ-ôƯăÊƠÂềƠƠƯè õ ỏ
óẽ ƯẳợăăƠƠÂăƠêăỉấĂÂƠẹấÂợăăƠƠ
èửốẻẽíƠửẻẻêèƠỵăắẵĂẽẫăƠ-ƠăỗƠÊƠ
ƠƠềƠĂÂÊÂăƠâăắẵƠ
5.7. Cỏc cht cú hot tớnh sinh hc cao:
ẹấÂăƠỉƠƠƠ-ắ êƠ-ƠĐ
ƠôÂăƠƠƠắ ƠĐỗấăƠéƯẳ
ƠƠƠĐƠôđấẵĩăỷ-ấÂăƠỡè ẽ đ
ƠậƠÂêÂÂƠƯƠƠừƠƯƠợƠởƠỉạƠƠƠÂ
N

ẵĩăếéêẵĩăƯồƠ
ẵĩữâẵƠôèƠôẵĩẽ
ẹấ-ÂăƠƠƠĐƠôƠôƠÊÂăƠê
-ịíÊăịô-ịÂƠýỉ
ƠƯƠăêĐ ƯẳèăÂăăẽÂƠý
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='8%")ECOZ
0I%CO%%8)`').)G-/
·`')MC)D.hY8)`')ECO
·`')MC)C.%8/)`')'a
\K'L)`')'({K)`')L
2. Các tác nhân ảnh hưởng tới các phản ứng do enzyme kiểm soát
2.1. Nhiệt độ
5_ZW+WW8ZHKD"%'C?KD"Cj
C)`').-C?'Z-]I%(ZCMjWW
"MC|'
<@Y8CMj+F?MCMjJhR-+"W?C({R
CMj()`')F?'"_Z%
-j@ZE%CMj$%-_ZKZCMjM'
% _Z%q8')`')KC)L]GO'Z'
 |FR*CdC@- „8''%*Jh0_Z

C „ZCMj#'
$_,)`')]_Z%%'8%")R_C(_
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2.2. pH
y%")`')GCC2^b.8C2 I
$)`')ZI*oYC2F%<G(e/
C)C"ZYF_C2n$*C"KEMC)LZ
cC2nb.T+N
48_C2"xMc@GE%)`'))%
%
.IC]G\8FO'Z(G
_.'Z"]C28j 8'FC.'FRG_
"xFR-@-
.5MWj%/8)`')]G.8]C2].8'
%j8F,%ZC#E%)`')0%?%'Z"8F
F'@OFRCOP
2.3. Nồng độ cơ chất và nồng độ enzyme
Z%"CMj()`')F?'"]%p)sZ-.
!FsZ-*-C5sZ-WY Z
CMjcGCeZsZ-'8dZ"8)`')
'\
5sZ-C+YCOP)`')O'Z("
C-"xJ]ZCMj08sZ-%+D
O'Z]'8(8h"8COP)`')88
Q]CMj

b
Z%pE%'-Q%D'Q%H
,C-jF?'"ZCMjF%
y@'Z"CMjsZ- IX8OQ%H+
c"FsZ)`')8GQ]
3. Các chất ức chế enzyme
3.1. Các chất ức chế cạnh tranh
$%H (F@-Fhd
'\@-"x%@-O'ZK8'ZJh
E%)`')]F 'q'
Succinidehydrogenase
<G(e/%J4 „%J['%
=J'%8Zj%^'8O'
Z%J"=J'%8FR]pFCjC
)`').j8Y,-)`').- „_?FaCe
^M'sZj
3.2. Các chất ức chế không cạnh tranh
$hFRFC@O'ZE%)`')FR]Mc
E%sZ-3p8F'8\K2
6
+=
6
L$hFC@CO
P)`')c'ZFj8'p (GcFj%
KO'ZLE%)`')(#)`')FR?-@-
7%"")%(Z)0%'Z"%
%*%"Y!Z)`')
3.3. Các cofactor enzyme
0Y)`')FR?
Z GJF'Zo

-FRCMC)H8[%
$[%IZÇDÈ
,%)`')-+I%'
%CCMj%HE%
Q JhyRF[%
CsW8%Hh
|CMj'FR CM
jF%FR?JM%
7Z")`')DF'
88[%K7
6
+9)
6
'Z"E%:
6
+$
6
L
$[%?8COP,-oH8)`')
IQ%_'#@%')K$)`')8,)`')_L
4. Sự điều chỉnh hoạt tính enzyme
7Z")`')FMWCcGFRhi(
Dh%h8
T
Cơ chất
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-C2%J'$8J%((M_Fo%J)`')^'Z
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g-]h-ME%8)%(g,COPs,R(,
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2. DNA - Desoxyribonucleic acid

2.1. Cu trỳc
ẫấậƠễíựÂđƠĂƠÔẹậƠĂƠÔấậƠ
ƠƯẹậƠƠƯđÂề- ẵĩƯễêăƠấ
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ẵĂắƠƠĂƠƠ

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ĐđƠƯẵƠƯấịòăăê ĂÂịữƠ
ÂăƠƠ
Cp7-qN.#6%d
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ỡƠịăÂêÂƠẵĂựẵôăạéƠ
ựẵĂƠằƠĐấ ấÂấ
ăìƠỳíòê ẵĩạậƠễíổẻ

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ƠỳíâƯẵƠƠôƠƠ-ẵĩọẻẻ

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ỷƠĐêỡÂƠÊăìÂÂÔ
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òă ĂƠô
ăĂÂịữƠƠĐÂăƠƠƠỳí
ấạ
&V
(a) Cu trỳc ca DNA
(b) Cu trỳc húa hc ca mt phn DNA
Liờn kt hydrogen
0,34 nm
3,4 nm
1 nm
Trc ng-phosphate Cỏc base