BIỆN PHÁP CẢI THIỆN ĐỘ PHÌ NHIÊU ĐẤT VÀ NĂNG SUẤT LÚA TRÊN ĐẤT PHÙ SA CỔ THÂM CANH LÚA TẠI HUYỆN MỘC HÓA – TỈNH LONG AN docx

T Phn p, Thy s Sinh hc: 26 (2013): 43-49

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BII THI 
 I HUYN M TNH LONG AN
Tr
1
 
1
n
1

1
1
B p c ng dngi hc C
Thông tin chung:
 08/11/2012
20/06/2013

Title:
Improvement of soil fertility
and rice yield on old alluvial
soil at Moc Hoa district,
Long An province
Từ khóa:

 

Keywords:
Old alluvial soil, compost

amendment, rice-cash crop
alternation, soil nutrients
ABSTRACT
In the Mekong delta, old alluvial soil types are poor in soil nutrients.
Famers have applied only inorganic fertilizers for double rice cultivation
and have not paid much attention on using organic manure. With high
dose of inorganic N and P applied, intensive rice cultivation has led to
soil degradation and low rice yield. Objectives of this study were to find
the way to improve soil fertility and rice yield of mono-rice system on old
alluvial soil in Moc Hoa district, Long An province. Treatments were
arranged in randomized complete block design with 1) Double rice crops
          
Rice alternated with sesame;4) Rice alternated with peanut; 5) Rice
alternated with soybean. Experiment was conducted for 8 years. Results
showed that the system of rice crop alternated with cash crop led to
increase significantly soil available nitrogen, labile carbon content and
nitrogen mineralization in comparison with traditional rice cropping
practice. Organic amendment result the increases of labile carbon and
available nitrogen in soil compared to the rice treatment without compost
addition. As consequence, the rice yield has been improved by either
compost amendment or alternative cropping of rice and upland crops.





 
 



h
sinh     
 
 



 
  

T Phn p, Thy s Sinh hc: 26 (2013): 43-49

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1 M U
Nhiu v    
u qu 
ng nhu c
  th gii (Olk  ., 2002). Hin ti,
  th    c chim hai
n ba v i ding 14
triu ha  n c
  n l     o ca
 u (Cassman  , 1995; Mahieu 
ctv. suy git
n nay trong nhi
n t t ra s nghi
ng v  n vng ca h th 
(Cassman  , 1997; Olk  , 1996).
Mt s  hin
      d    

thuc bo v thc v 
Vi vi       c nu
ng bi
       n vng ca
sn xu     n ph 
u
bi   ci thin  ph nhiu t, ci
thi  su       
chn la bi   p v u kin
         
 sn phm.
u kin ngc ca h
th  c, s   ym
  a thc v  hn ch kh 
  m t     a
cht h
m (N) hu dng b kim gi i dng to
p cht hy 
         t
ruma, 1976; Dobermann
      t hu
   b     u t 
sinh hc t   p cht h  
y  t ng
     
ng kh c do  u v
ng cht h 
th gim dn gim kh m
hu dng (Stevanson et alng thi
s    vi sinh v    

gim mt s vi sinh vt.
T  sung gim, hiu qu kinh
t mang l 
c thc hin nhm ci thi
         n
xu         theo
ng sn xun vng.
2 N CU
m
        
(Plinthosols    ng 4,7 thuc
lot chua vng cht hu
      i cation
(CEC) th   m tng s 
i rt thp. Dung trng
tng m       
ng b   ng Fe
2
O
3
t  
Al
3+
   t cao (Bng 1). Nhng
          
     ng bi  i
thi         t
ng.
Bng 1: Mt s ch c cm
Ch 


pH
H2O

4,7
CEC (meq/100g)
3,75
Cht h
2,18
N
tng s
(%)
0,154
K
+
(meq/100g)
0,08
Ca
2+
(meq/100g)
0,48
Mg
2+
(meq/100g)
0,60
Na
+
(meq/100g)
0,06
Dung trng (g/m

3
)
1,32
 xp (%)
43
Fe
2
O
3
(%)
2,84
Al
3+
(meq/100g)
2,53
Thnghim ng ruc thc hin di
hn t      ti x Bnh
Tn, huyn Mc Ha, tnh Long An, theo th
thc khi hon ton ngu nhin gm nm
nghim thc vbn ln lp li vi
di
m
2
cho m  m, gm
cc m hnh
nhsau:
Nghim th 

Nghim th      
tn/ha  

T Phn p, Thy s Sinh hc: 26 (2013): 43-49

45
Nghim th      

Nghim th      u
ph
Nghim th      u

  c him, m t
c ly theo nghim th  i v 
    i nhiu v  
t   -   u,
mang v  
n m m
hu dng, cht h   t, carbon d
 . Kh    m
        t
c thu thi v 

 Cht h
nh b Walkley-
Black. Cacbon d     
bm ammonium
(N-NH
4
+
m nitrate (N-NO
3
-

ng
m mt  nh bng

S li    c x  ng
ng
 
m thc  m
3 KT QU O LUN
3.1 m (N) hu dt
Kt qu  
cho thm hu dt  m
thc l ng t 21,2 -

th   i nghim th   
t).  m th
         
 t hiu
u ki
tri 
 ng N hu dng
ng thi, nghim th
         m
hu d t
qu  c gi
hm hu dng t s 
hp cht het
al., 1999).

m hu dt gi
nghim thm

3.2 Kh m (N)
3.2.1 Hng N-NH
4
+

Kh    -NH
4
+
 u
kin  c thu  
y  thu
 ng N-NH
4
+
c  m th 
-m thc
 
  t qu  c gi   
tim h
-NH
4
+
u din ra m 
nghim th   -   
nghim th  n  
ng N-NH
4
+
n  hai nghim thc
m th

     m thc
  -   ng N-NH
4
+

ng gim. Sau tu
ng N-NH
4
+
git
       m th 
-u
i nghim th t qu
 ng cht hm
        u
ki    ng l  
chuytrate.


T Phn p, Thy s Sinh hc: 26 (2013): 43-49

46

N-NH
4
+



3.2.2 ng N-NO

3
-

 ng N-NO
3
-
c   th 
tr   n   
ho ng ca vi sinh v  u kin
ng ln N-NH
4
+

-NO
3
-
ng N-NO
3
-

         m
th -   u phng so v 
nghim th       
u ki
y s  n ca c ng vi sinh vt

-
NO
3
-




3.3 ng cht ht
Kt qu ng cht
h   t bi ng t 2,14-2,8%
ng cht hp
 u  m   nghim th 
    ng cht h   
      mt th i
m th t qu
    nghim th    
mi v thu hoc r i trong
ng cht ht
   m th    
ng oxy
       t hu
 m th      
h    ng cht h   

 c gi
h        p chng
nm Trichoderma  t. Chng n 

din ra ti nghim th


0
10
20

30
40
50
60
0 tuần 2 tuần 4 tuần 8 tuần
Thời gian ủ
N-NH4+ (mg/kg đất)
Lúa - Lúa
Lúa+10 tấn HC - Lúa
Lúa - Mè
Lúa - Đậu Phộng
Lúa - Đậu Nành
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 tuần 2 tuần 4 tuần 8 tuần
Thời gian ủ
N-NO3- (mg/kg đất)
Lúa - Lúa
Lúa+10 tấn HC - Lúa
Lúa - Mè
Lúa - Đậu Phộng
Lúa - Đậu Nành
T Phn p, Thy s Sinh hc: 26 (2013): 43-49

47




3.4 Cacbon d y
Kt qu    ng cacbon d
 y mc
m th ng
cht hm thc
   m th    
         
  ng cacbon d   ca
nghim thi th
thm thi. Kt
qu  c gi 
   c g   trng
, thiu oxy, hong ca vi sinh vt
m kh 
tha thc vt. Mt ngc
c, cht hn din  ng hp
ch
 ng cacbon d 
hu trong h th
h
so vi nghim th
th c gi
m  n cacbon d 
h         
ng h vi sinh vu kin
t vi sinh vt ho
ng cacbon d y.





T Phn p, Thy s Sinh hc: 26 (2013): 43-49

48
3.5 
Kt qu  m cho th  t 
 m th     
  i nghim
th
 
y cht ht thun
l         
vt hong cacbon
d        
 m hu d  
sut ca h th 
so vt qu p
vu ca Dobermann  (2000),
tr t cao
i tr
t  nghim th

bi      i nghim thc

ng cht h u
qu s d    m hu d 
hong ca vi sinh vt.




4 KT LUN
Kh    m hu dng, s
ng cacbon d 
ht  m th
 m th 
         i
nghim th
h
 

U THAM KHO
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49
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ng cht cng
bu Long. Hi Khoa ht Vit
Nam. Tt 15, trang 26-32.