maynard - knott's handbook for vegetable growers 5e (wiley, 2007)

KNOTT’S
HANDBOOK FOR
VEGETABLE GROWERS
FIFTH EDITION
Knott’s Handbook for Vegetable Growers, Fifth Edition. D. N. Maynard and G. J. Hochmuth
© 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 978-0-471-73828-2
KNOTT’S
HANDBOOK FOR
VEGETABLE GROWERS
FIFTH EDITION
DONALD N. MAYNARD
University of Florida
Wimauma, Florida
GEORGE J. HOCHMUTH
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Maynard, Donald N., 1932–
Knott’s handbook for vegetable growers / Donald N. Maynard. George J.
Hochmuth.—5th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN-13: 978-0471-73828-2
ISBN-10: 0-471-73828-X
1. Truck farming—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Vegetables —Handbooks,
manuals, etc. 3. Vegetable gardening—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title:
Handbook for vegetable growers. II. Hochmuth, George J. (George Joseph) III.
Knott, James Edward, 1897– Handbook for vegetable growers. IV. Title.
SB321.M392 2006
635—dc22

2006000893
Printed in the United States of America
10987654321
CONTENTS
PREFACE xiii
PART 1—VEGETABLES AND THE VEGETABLE
INDUSTRY 1
01 BOTANICAL NAMES OF VEGETABLES
NAMES OF VEGETABLES IN NINE
LANGUAGES
02 EDIBLE FLOWERS
03 U.S. VEGETABLE PRODUCTION
04 CONSUMPTION OF VEGETABLES IN THE
U.S.
05 WORLD VEGETABLE PRODUCTION
06 NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF
VEGETABLES
PART 2—PLANT GROWING AND GREENHOUSE
VEGETABLE PRODUCTION 55
TRANSPLANT PRODUCTION
01 PLANT GROWING CONTAINERS
vi
02 SEEDS AND SEEDING
03 TEMPERATURE AND TIME
REQUIREMENTS
04 PLANT GROWING MIXES
05 SOIL STERILIZATION
06 FERTILIZING AND IRRIGATING
TRANSPLANTS
07 PLANT GROWING PROBLEMS

08 CONDITIONING TRANSPLANTS
09 ADDITIONAL TRANSPLANT
PRODUCTION WEBSITES AND
REFERENCES
GREENHOUSE CROP PRODUCTION
10 CULTURAL MANAGEMENT
11 CARBON DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT
12 SOILLESS CULTURE
13 NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS
14 TISSUE COMPOSITION
15 ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF
INFORMATION ON GREENHOUSE
VEGETABLES
PART 3—FIELD PLANTING 103
01 TEMPERATURES FOR VEGETABLES
02 SCHEDULING SUCCESSIVE PLANTINGS
03 TIME REQUIRED FOR SEEDLING
EMERGENCE
vii
04 SEED REQUIREMENTS
05 PLANTING RATES FOR LARGE SEEDS
06 SPACING OF VEGETABLES
07 PRECISION SEEDING
08 SEED PRIMING
09 VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
10 POLYETHYLENE MULCHES
11 ROW COVERS
12 WINDBREAKS
13 ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF
INFORMATION ON PLASTICULTURE

PART 4—SOILS AND FERTILIZERS 143
01 NUTRIENT BEST MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES
02 ORGANIC MATTER
03 SOIL-IMPROVING CROPS
04 MANURES
05 SOIL TEXTURE
06 SOIL REACTION
07 SALINITY
08 FERTILIZERS
09 FERTILIZER CONVERSION FACTORS
10 NUTRIENT ABSORPTION
11 PLANT ANALYSIS
viii
12 SOIL TESTS
13 NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES
14 MICRONUTRIENTS
15 FERTILIZER DISTRIBUTORS
PART 5—WATER AND IRRIGATION 249
01 SUGGESTIONS ON SUPPLYING WATER
TO VEGETABLES
02 ROOTING OF VEGETABLES
03 SOIL MOISTURE
04 SURFACE IRRIGATION
05 OVERHEAD IRRIGATION
06 DRIP OR TRICKLE IRRIGATION
07 WATER QUALITY
PART 6—VEGETABLE PESTS AND PROBLEMS 309
01 AIR POLLUTION
02 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

03 SOIL SOLARIZATION
04 PESTICIDE USE PRECAUTIONS
05 PESTICIDE APPLICATION AND
EQUIPMENT
06 VEGETABLE SEED TREATMENT
07 NEMATODES
08 DISEASES
09 INSECTS
ix
10 PEST MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIC
PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
11 WILDLIFE CONTROL
PART 7—WEED MANAGEMENT 389
01 WEED MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
02 WEED IDENTIFICATION
03 NOXIOUS WEEDS
04 WEED CONTROL IN ORGANIC FARMING
05 COVER CROPS AND ROTATION IN WEED
MANAGEMENT
06 HERBICIDES
07 WEED CONTROL RECOMMENDATIONS
PART 8—HARVESTING, HANDLING,
AND STORAGE 401
01 FOOD SAFETY
02 GENERAL POSTHARVEST HANDLING
PROCEDURES
03 PREDICTING HARVEST DATES AND
YIELDS
04 COOLING VEGETABLES
05 VEGETABLE STORAGE

06 CHILLING AND ETHYLENE INJURY
07 POSTHARVEST DISEASES
08 VEGETABLE QUALITY
09 U.S. STANDARDS FOR VEGETABLES
x
10 MINIMALLY PROCESSED VEGETABLES
11 CONTAINERS FOR VEGETABLES
12 VEGETABLE MARKETING
PART 9—VEGETABLE SEEDS 503
01 SEED LABELS
02 SEED GERMINATION TESTS
03 SEED GERMINATION STANDARDS
04 SEED PRODUCTION
05 SEED YIELDS
06 SEED STORAGE
07 VEGETABLE VARIETIES
08 VEGETABLE SEED SOURCES
PART 10—APPENDIX 541
01 SOURCES OF VEGETABLE
INFORMATION
02 PERIODICALS FOR VEGETABLE
GROWERS
03 U.S. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
04 CONVERSION FACTORS FOR U.S. UNITS
05 METRIC UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
06 CONVERSION FACTORS FOR SI AND
NON SI UNITS
07 CONVERSIONS FOR RATES OF
APPLICATION
xi

08 WATER AND SOIL SOLUTION
CONVERSION FACTORS
09 HEAT AND ENERGY EQUIVALENTS AND
DEFINITIONS
INDEX 565
PREFACE
The pace of change in our personal and business lives
continues to accelerate at an ever increasing rate.
Accordingly, it is necessary to periodically update
information in a long-running reference such as Handbook
for Vegetable Growers. Our goal in this revision is to provide
up-to-date information on vegetable crops for growers,
students, extension personnel, crop consultants, and all
those concerned with commercial production and marketing
of vegetables.
Where possible, information in the Fourth Edition has
been updated or replaced with current information. New
technical information has been added on World Vegetable
Production, Best Management Practices, Organic Crop
Production, Food Safety, Pesticide Safety, Postharvest
Diseases, and Minimally Processed Vegetables. The Internet
has become a valuable source of information since 1997.
Hundreds of websites relating to vegetables are included in
this edition and are available online at www.wiley.com/
college/Knotts.
We are grateful to our colleagues who have provided
materials, reviewed portions of the manuscript, and
encouraged us in this revision. We especially acknowledge
the assistance of Brian Benson, California Asparagus Seed
and Transplants, Inc.; George Boyhan, University of Georgia;

xiv
Wallace Chasson, Florida Department of Agriculture and
Consumer Services; Steve Grattan, University of California;
Tim Hartz, University of California; Richard Hassell,
Clemson University; Larry Hollar, Hollar and Company;
Adel Kader, University of California; Tom Moore, Harris-
Moran Seed Co.; Stu Pettygrove, University of California;
Steven Sargent, University of Florida; Pieter Vandenberg,
Seminis Vegetable Seeds; and Jim Watkins, Nunhems USA.
We appreciate the outstanding assistance provided by
Wiley editor Jim Harper, Senior Production Editor Millie
Torres, and the attention to details and good humor in the
preparation of this manuscript by Gail Maynard.
We hope that Handbook for Vegetable Growers will
continue to be the timely and useful reference for those with
interest in vegetable crops envisioned by Dr. J. E. Knott
when it was first published in 1956. James E. Knott (1897–
1977) was a Massachusetts native. He earned a B.S. degree
at Rhode Island State College and an M.S. and Ph.D. at
Cornell University. After distinguished faculty and
administrative service at Pennsylvania State College and
Cornell University he moved to the University of California,
Davis, where he was administrator of the Vegetable Crops
Department from 1940 to 1964. The department grew in
numbers and stature to be one of the world’s best vegetable
centers. Dr. Knott was president of the American Society for
Horticultural Science in 1948 and was made a Fellow in
1965.
Oscar A. Lorenz (1914–1994), senior author of the Second
Edition (1980) and the Third Edition (1988) of Handbook for

Vegetable Growers, was a native of Colorado. He earned a
B.S. degree from Colorado State College and a Ph.D. from
Cornell University before joining the University of
California, Davis faculty in 1941. For the next 41 years he
was an esteemed scientist and administrator at both the
Riverside and Davis campuses. His research on vegetable
xv
crops nutrition was the first to establish the relationship
between soil fertility, leaf nutrient composition, and yield.
This concept has been used successfully by growers
throughout the world. Oscar was recognized as a Fellow of
the American Society for Horticultural Science and of the
American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of
America, and received numerous industry awards. He was a
friend to all and a personal mentor to me. (DNM)
DONALD N. MAYNARD
GEORGE J. HOCHMUTH
PART 1
VEGETABLES AND THE
VEGETABLE INDUSTRY
01 BOTANICAL NAMES OF VEGETABLES
NAMES OF VEGETABLES IN NINE LANGUAGES
02 EDIBLE FLOWERS
03 U.S. VEGETABLE PRODUCTION
04 CONSUMPTION OF VEGETABLES IN THE U.S.
05 WORLD VEGETABLE PRODUCTION
06 NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF VEGETABLES
Knott’s Handbook for Vegetable Growers, Fifth Edition. D. N. Maynard and G. J. Hochmuth
© 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 978-0-471-73828-2
2

01
BOTANICAL NAMES OF VEGETABLES
TABLE 1.1. BOTANICAL NAMES, COMMON NAMES, AND EDIBLE PARTS OF PLANTS USED AS
VEGETABLES
Botanical Name Common Name Edible Plant Part
Division Sphendophyta
Equisetaceae HORSETAIL FAMILY
Equisetum arvense L. Horsetail Young strobili
Division Pterophyta FERN GROUP
Dennstaedtiaceae
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. Bracken fern Immature frond
Osmundaceae
Osmunda cinnamomea L. Cinnamon fern Immature frond
Osmunda japonica Th. Japanese flowering fern Immature frond
Parkeriaceae
Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn. Water fern Young leaf
Polypodiaceae
Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Swartz. Vegetable fern Young leaf
Division Anthophyta
Class Monocotyledons
Alismataceae WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY
Sagittaria sagittifolia L. Arrowhead Corm
Sagittaria trifolia L. (Sieb.) Ohwi Chinese arrowhead Corm
3
Alliaceae ONION FAMILY
Allium ampeloprasum L. Ampeloprasum group Great-headed garlic Bulb and leaf
Allium ampeloprasum L. Kurrat group Kurrat Pseudostem
Allium ampeloprasum L. Porrum group Leek Pseudostem and leaf
Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group Shallot Pseudostem and leaf
Allium cepa L. Cepa group Onion Bulb

Allium cepa L. Proliferum group Tree onion, Egyptian onion Aerial bulb
Allium chinense G. Don. Rakkyo Bulb
Allium fistulosum L. Welsh onion, Japanese
bunching onion
Pseudostem and leaf
Allium grayi Regel Japanese garlic Leaf
Allium sativum L. Garlic Bulb and leaf
Allium schoenoprasum L. Chive Leaf
Allium scorodoprasum L. Sand leek, giant garlic Leaf and bulb
Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Sprengel Chinese chive Leaf, immature flower
Allium victorialis L. var. platyphyllum, Hult. Longroot onion Bulb, leaf
Allium ϫ wakegi Araki Turfed stone leek Leaf
Araceae ARUM FAMILY
Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) Schott Giant taro, alocasia Corm, immature leaf,
petiole
Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson Elephant yam Corm
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott Taro, dasheen, cocoyam Corm, immature leaf
Cyrtosperma chamissonis (Schott) Merr. Giant swamp taro Corm
Cyrtosperma merkusii (Hassk.) Schott. Gallan Corm
Xanthosoma brasiliense (Desf.) Engler Tannier spinach, catalou Immature leaf
Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott Tannia, yellow yautia Corm and young leaf
Cannaceae CANNA FAMILY
Canna indica L. Indian canna, arrowroot,
edible canna
Rhizome
4
TABLE 1.1. BOTANICAL NAMES, COMMON NAMES, AND EDIBLE PARTS OF PLANTS USED AS
VEGETABLES (Continued )
Botanical Name Common Name Edible Plant Part
Cyperaceae SEDGE FAMILY

Cyperus esculentus L. Rushnut, chufa Tuber
Eleocharis dulcis (Burm.f.) Trin. ex Henschel Water chestnut, Chinese
water chestnut
Corm
Eleocharis kuroguwai Ohwi Wild water chestnut Corm
Dioscoreaceae YAM FAMILY
Dioscorea alata L. White yam, water yam Tuber
Dioscorea batatas Decue. Chinese yam Tuber
Dioscorea bulbifera L. Potato yam, aerial yam Tuber
Dioscorea cayenensis Lam. Yellow yam Tuber
Dioscorea dumetorum (Kunth) Pax. Bitter yam Tuber
Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burk. Lesser yam Tuber
Dioscorea rotundata Poir. White Guinea yam Tuber
Dioscorea trifida L. f. Indian yam Tuber
Iridaceae IRIS FAMILY
Tigridia pavonia Ker Gawl. Common tiger flower Bulb
Liliaceae LILY FAMILY
Asparagus acutifolius L. Wild asparagus Shoot
Asparagus officinalis L. Asparagus Shoot
Hemerocallis spp. Daylily Flower
Leopoldia comosa (L.) Parl. Tuffed hyacinth Bulb
Lilium spp. Lily Bulb
5
Limnocharitaceae FLOWERING RUSH
FAMILY
Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau Yellow velvetleaf Young leaf, petiole,
and floral shoot
Marantaceae ARROWROOT FAMILY
Calathea allouia (Aubl.) Lindl. Sweet corn root Tuber
Maranta arundinacea L. West Indian arrowroot Rhizome

Musaceae BANANA FAMILY
Musa ϫ paradisiaca L. var. paradisiaca Plaintain Fruit, flower bud
Poaceae GRASS FAMILY
Bambusa spp. Bamboo shoots Young shoot
Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro Bamboo shoots Young shoot
Pennisetum purpureum Schum. Elephant grass, napier grass Young spear
Phyllostachys spp. Bamboo shoots Young shoot
Saccharum edule Hassk. Sugarcane inflorescence Immature
inflorescence
Setaria palmifolia Stapf. Palm grass Young plant
Zea mays L. subsp. mays Sweet corn Immature kernels
and immature cob
with kernel
Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Turcz. ex Stapf. Water bamboo, cobo Swollen shoot/stem
Pontederiaceae PICKERELWEED FAMILY
Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms. Hastate-leaved pondweed Young leaf
Monochoria vaginalis (Brum.) Kunth Oval-leaved pondweed Young leaf
Taccaceae TACCA FAMILY
Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) Kuntze East Indian arrowroot Rhizome
Zingiberaceae GINGER FAMILY
6
TABLE 1.1. BOTANICAL NAMES, COMMON NAMES, AND EDIBLE PARTS OF PLANTS USED AS
VEGETABLES (Continued )
Botanical Name Common Name Edible Plant Part
Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw. Greater galangal Floral sprout and
flower, tender
shoot, rhizome
Curcuma longa L. Turmeric Rhizome
Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe Long zedoary Rhizome
Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe Japanese wild ginger Rhizome, tender

shoot, leaf, flower
Zingiber officinale Roscoe Ginger Rhizome and tender
shoot
Division Anthophyta
Class Diocotyledons
Acanthaceae ACANTHUS FAMILY
Justicia insularis T. And. Tettu Young shoot, leaf,
root
Rungia klossii S. Moore Rungia Leaf
Aizoaceae CARPETWEED FAMILY
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. Ice plant Leaf
Tetragonia tetragoniodes (Pall.) O. Kuntze New Zealand spinach Tender shoot and leaf
Amaranthaceae AMARANTH FAMILY
Alternanthera philoxeroides (Martius) Griseb. Alligator weed, Joseph’s coat Young top
Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. Sessile alternanthera Young top
7
Amaranthus spp. Amaranthus, tampala Tender shoot, leaf,
sprouted seed
Celosia spp. Cockscomb Leaf and tender shoot
Apiaceae CARROT FAMILY
Angelica archangelica L. Angelica Tender shoot and leaf
Angelica keiskei (Miq.) Koidz. Japanese angelica Tender shoot and leaf
Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm. Chervil Leaf
Apium graveolens L. var. dulce (Mill.) Pers. Celery Petiole, leaf
Apium graveolens L. var. rapaceum (Mill.) Gaud. Celeriac, turnip-rooted celery Root, leaf
Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft Arracacha, Peruvian carrot Root
Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Asiatic pennywort Leaf and stolon
Chaerophyllum bulbosum L. Tuberous chervil Root
Coriandrum sativum L. Coriander Leaf and seed
Cryptotaenia japonica Hassk. Japanese hornwort Leaf

Daucus carota L. subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang. Carrot Root and leaf
Foeniculum vulgare var. azoricum (Miller) Thell. Fennel Leaf
Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce Fiori Florence fennel Leaf base
Glehnia littoralis F. Schm. Coastal glehnia Leaf, stem, root
Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. Hydrocotyle Young shoot and leaf
Myrrhis odorata (L.) Scop. Garden myrrh Leaf, root, and seed
Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC. subsp. javanica Oriental celery, water
dropwort
Leaf and tender shoot
Pastinaca sativa L. Parsnip Root and leaf
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym. var. crispum Parsley Leaf
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym. tuberosum Turnip-rooted parsley Root and leaf
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym. var. neapolitanum Italian parsley Leaf
Sium sisarum L. Skirret Root
Araliaceae ARALIA FAMILY
Aralia cordata Thunb. Spikenard Tender shoot
8
TABLE 1.1. BOTANICAL NAMES, COMMON NAMES, AND EDIBLE PARTS OF PLANTS USED AS
VEGETABLES (Continued )
Botanical Name Common Name Edible Plant Part
Aralia elata Seeman Japanese aralia Young leaf
Asteraceae SUNFLOWER FAMILY
Arctium lappa L. Edible burdock Root, petiole
Artemisia dracunculus L. var. sativa L. French tarragon Leaf
Artemisia indica Willd. var. maximowiczii (Nakai)
Hara
Mugwort Leaf
Aster scaber Thunb. Aster Leaf
Bidens pilosa L. Bur marigold Young shoot and leaf
Chrysanthemum spp. Edible chrysanthemum Leaf and tender shoot

Cichorium endivia L. Endive, escarole Leaf
Cichorium intybus L. Chicory, witloof chicory Leaf
Cirsium dipsacolepis (Maxim.) Matsum. Gobouazami Root
Cosmos caudatus Kunth Cosmos Leaf and young shoot
Crassocephalum biafrae (Oliv. et Hiern) S. Moore Sierra Leone bologni Young shoot and leaf
Crassocephalum crepidiodes (Benth.) S. Moore Hawksbeard velvetplant Young shoot and leaf
Cynara cardunculus L. Cardoon Petiole
Cynara scolymus L. Globe artichoke Immature flower bud
Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. Emilia, false sow thistle Young shoot and leaf
Enydra fluctuans Lour. Buffalo spinach Young shoot and leaf
Farfugium japonicum (L.) Kitamura Japanese farfugium Petiole
Fedia cornucopiae DC. Horn of plenty, African
valerian
Leaf
9
Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Galinsoga Young shoot
Gynura bicolor DC. Gynura Young leaf
Helianthus tuberosus L. Jerusalem artichoke Tuber
Lactuca indica L. Indian lettuce Leaf
Lactuca sativa L. var. asparagina Bailey Asparagus lettuce, celtuce Stem
Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata L. Head lettuce, butterhead
lettuce
Leaf
Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia Lam. Romaine lettuce, leaf lettuce Leaf
Launaea taraxacifolia (Willd.) Amin ex C. Jeffrey Wild lettuce Leaf
Petasites japonicus (Sieb. & Zucc.) Maxim. Butterbur Petiole
Polymnia sonchifolia Poepp. & Endl. Yacon strawberry Root
Scolymus hispanicus L. Golden thistle Root and leaf
Scolymus maculatus L. Spotted garden thistle Leaf
Scorzonera hispanica L. Black salsify Root and leaf

Sonchus oleraceus L. Milk thistle, sow thistle Leaf
Spilanthes acmella (L.) Murr. Brazil cress Young leaf
Spilanthes ciliata HBK Guasca Young leaf
Spilanthes iabadicensus A.H. Moore Getang Young leaf and flower
shoot
Spilanthes paniculata Wall ex DC. Getang Young leaf and flower
shoot
Struchium sparganophora (L.) O. Ktze. Bitter leaf Young shoot
Taraxacum officinale Wiggers Dandelion Leaf, root
Tragopogon porrifolius L. Salsify, vegetable oyster Root and young leaf
Tragopogon pratensis L. Goatsbeard, meadow salsify Young root and shoot
Vernonia amygdalina Delile. Bitter leaf Young shoot
Basellaceae BASELLA FAMILY
10
TABLE 1.1. BOTANICAL NAMES, COMMON NAMES, AND EDIBLE PARTS OF PLANTS USED AS
VEGETABLES (Continued )
Botanical Name Common Name Edible Plant Part
Basella alba L. Indian spinach, Malabar
spinach
Leaf and young shoot
Ullucus tuberosus Lozano Ulluco Tuber
Boraginaceae BORAGE FAMILY
Borago officinalis L. Borage Petiole
Symphytum officinale L. Common comfrey Leaf and tender shoot
Symphytum ϫ uplandicum Nyman Russian comfrey Young leaf and shoot
Brassicaceae MUSTARD FAMILY
Armoracia rusticana Gaertn., Mey., Scherb. Horseradish Root, leaf, sprouted
seed
Barbarea verna (Mill.) Aschers Upland cress Leaf
Brassica carinata A. Braun Abyssinian mustard Leaf

Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Coss. var. capitata
Hort.
Capitata mustard Leaf
Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Coss. var.
crassicaulus Chen and Yang
Bamboo shoot mustard Stem
Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Coss. var. crispifolia
Bailey
Curled mustard Leaf
Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Coss. var. foliosa
Bailey
Small-leaf mustard Leaf
Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Coss. var. gemmifera
Lee & Lin
Gemmiferous mustard Stem and axillary
bud
11
Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Coss. var. involuta
Yang & Chen
Involute mustard Leaf
Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Coss. var. latipa Li Wide-petiole mustard Leaf
Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Coss. var. leucanthus
Chen & Yang
White-flowered mustard Leaf
Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Coss. var. linearifolia Line mustard Leaf
Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Coss. var.
longepetiolata Yang & Chen
Long-petiole mustard Leaf
Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Coss. var. megarrhiza
Tsen & Lee

Tuberous-rooted mustard Root
Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Coss. var. multiceps
Tsen & Lee
Tillered mustard Leaf
Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Coss. var. multisecta
Bailey
Flowerlike leaf mustard Leaf
Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Coss. var. rugosa
Bailey
Brown mustard, mustard
greens
Leaf
Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Coss. var. strumata
Tsen & Lee
Strumous mustard Stem
Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Coss. var. tumida
Tsen & Lee
Swollen-stem mustard Stem and leaf
Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Coss. var. utilis Li Penduncled mustard Young flower stalk
Brassica napus L. var. napobrassica (L.) Reichb. Rutabaga Root and leaf
Brassica napus L. var. napus Vegetable rape Leaf and young
flower stalk
Brassica napus L. var. pabularia (DC.) Reichb. Siberian kale, Hanover salad Leaf
Brassica nigra L. Koch. Black mustard Leaf
Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC. Kale, collards Leaf