Báo cáo "Nhiệm vụ dân tộc trong Cách mạng Tư sản Pháp 1789. " docx

NHI€/V\ VU DAN TOC TRONG cACH MRNG TUT SRN
PHAP
1789
Nguyen Tuan Anh
Dai hgc Supham Hui
C-ach
mang tu san Phap ndm 1789
la
cudc each mang tu san
dien
binh va trift dc
nbat trong cac cudc each mang tu san thai
can dai. Cudc each mang da lat dd nen thdng
tri
chuyen
che cua vua Louis
XVI,
thdng
nhat thj trudng dan tdc,
thiet
lap nen cdng
hoa tu san.
BCMI
canh dd, each mang Phdp
nam
1789
da chdng lai
sir
can thiep
ciia
lien

minh phong kicn chau Au,
diimg
dau la nudc
Anh tu ban, qua dd chirng td rang: Trong
cudc each mang tu san Phap
1789,
nhiem vu
dan tdc da dugc dat ra va giai quyet mdt cdch
triet de.
y
f
-y
\. Ly
luan
chung ve van de dan
toe
va
nhiem vu dan toe dat ra trong cuoc each
• • • •
o
•
mang tu san phap 1789
\
F
y,
1.
Ly lugn chung ve vdn de ddn tgc
Van de dan tdc la van de ve sy giai
phdng vd nhiing dieu kien phdt trien ty do
cua cac dan tdc. Vi vay, can phai cd each

xem xet van de dan tdc theo quan diem Ijch
sir, bdi ndi dung vd y nghTa cua van de nay
khdng gidng nhau trong nhiing thai dai khde
nhau. Dan tdc Id mdt pham
trii
Iieh sir, la sdn
pham
ciia
qud trinh phdt trien Idu ddi cua ljch
sir xa bdi loai ngudi. Hifn nay, khdi niem
7
y
dan tdc dugc hieu theo nhieu nghTa, trong dd
cd hai nghTa dugc dung phd bien nhat: Thir
f *
nhdt: Dan tdc la mdt bd phdn cua qudc gia;
Thir hai: Dan tdc la toan bd nban dan
ciia
qudc gia dd.
Kbi ban ve khdi niem dan tdc gan lien
vdi sy ra ddi
ciia
cbii
nghTa tu bdn d phuong
Tay, Stalin lan dau tien neu ra djnh nghTa
day dil ve dan tdc: "Ddn tgc
Id
mot khdi
cdng ddng
ngu&i

dn dinh Ihdnh lap Irong
lich
sir,
dua Iren ea sa cgng ddng ve
liidng
ndi, ve ldnh thd. ve sinh hogt kinh le vd ve
hinh thdnh tdm ly, bieu hien trong cgng
ddng
vdn hod"
Trong khi pban tich xa bdi tu ban. Lenin
da neu ra nguyen ly ndi tieng ve hai khuynh
hudmg khdch quan
ciia
chii
nghTa tu ban
trong van de dan tdc: "Trong qud trinh
phdi
trien
ciia
chu nghia lu bdn, cd hai xu hudng
lieh sir trong vdn de ddn lgc. Xu hudng
thir
nhdt the hien trong
sir
thire tinh cua y
ihirc
ddn lgc vd
eiia
phong trdo ddn tgc. Irong
cugc ddu Iranh chdng

deh
dp birc hoc ldi.
trong cugc ddu Iranh chdng deh dp
hire
ddn
tgc.
trong viee thdnh lap cdc qudc gia ddn
lgc.
Xu hu&ng thir hai the hien trong viec
phdt trien vd tdng cu&ng mdi quan he giita
cdc ddn tgc, trong viee xod bd nhirng
hdng
rdo ngdn cdch cdc ddn tgc vd trong viec
thiel
lap su thdng nhdt qudc ti
ciia
tu bdn, cua
' Stalin
(1962),
Van
di
ddn
toe vd
thuoc
dia,
NXB
Sir
that.
Ha
Npi,

tr. 43.
QUtietn lui
ddu
te^.
57
f f
dai song kinh te ndi chung, eua chinh tri, cua
khoa hge Xu hu&ng thu nhdt chiim uu thi
trong lue chit nghia tu bdn
m&i
bdt ddu phdt
trien,
xu
hu&ng
thir hai
Id
ddc trung eua chu
nghia tu bdn da gid cdi vd sdp chuyen thdnh
mdt xd hgi xd hdi chu
nghia"'^
Pham vi bdi viet nay ebu yeu de cap tdi
nhiing bieu bien trong xu hudmg
tbii
nbat,
kbi chil nghTa tu ban (CNTB) mdi bdt dau
phdt trien.
2.
Nhiem vu ddn
toe
dgt ra trong cugc

Cdch mgng
tie sdn
Phdp
1789
0 nudc Phap, nen quan chu, vuomg
quyen Id dinh
ciia
lau ddi phong kien vd
chuyen cbe. Nba vua cd quyen quyet djnh
mpi cdng vifc ddi ndi vd ddi ngoai cua qudc
gia. Vua chi dinh va bai chirc cdc bd trudmg
vd cdc quan cbiic, ban bd vd bai bd phdp
luat,
trimg phat vd dn xd. Bd mdy quan lieu
cdng kenh, phirc tap
ciia
nen quan
chii
chuyen cbe ndm chat mpi sinh boat xa bdi vd
duy tri cd mdt bf thdng phdp luat, quy tdc,
tap qudn phong kien tich luy bang the ky.
Ca edu hdnh chinh cua
nu&c
Phdp hodn
todn khdng ddng nhdt. Ca nudc dugc chia ra
thanb rit nhilu tinh, tinh lai chia thdnh
nhiing don vi banh cbinh nhd bom vd mang
ban cbit khde nhau: khu tu phdp, khu hdnh
chinh Cdc dom vi hanh cbinh dy khdng ddp
ling nhung dilu kifn kinh tl dia phuang, ma

dugc ddt ra do nhiing nguyen nhdn khd ngau
nhien: phin ldn nguyen la nhiing lanh dia
phong kiln ddc lap, sap nhap vdo vuomg
trieu Phdp d nhiing thdi ky khde nhau.
Nhiing tinh ay duy tri Idu ddi tinh chat bift
lap pbong kiln cd xua
ciia
minh. Cd tinh nhu
Phrdngsocdngte,
cd quyen bdnh va the che
bdnh cbinh rieng
ciia
minh, tbam chi cdn
"dugc coi nhu ngoai bang" Cd nhirng linh
khde nhu Anddt dugc xem nhu "nudc ngoai
thyc sy". cd the che vd quyen hanh rieng.
Viee cai tri
&
cdc tinh ciing khdng Ihdng
nhdt. Mac
dii
da cd sy thdng nhat dat nudc
ve ehinb trj, nhung tinh trang pban cat ve
kinb te cua dat nudc chua bi
tbii
tieu hoan
todn da kim ham sy phdt trien
ciia
cdng
thuomg nghifp. Mdi tinh cd mdt che dp bdnh

f f
chinh vd tu phdp rieng, thue khod, he thdng
do ludng ciing khde nhau. Dac biet, che dp
thue quan ndi dja rat nhieu tang.
Vao the ky XVIII, Phdp cd mdt nen
ngoai thuomg manh. Nudc Phap xuat khau
lua mi, len, gia sue, rugu vang, cac bang xa
xi sang cdc nudc chau Au, phuomg Ddng va
cdc thudc dia d chau My. Nbung chinh cbe
dp thue quan trong nudc da ngdn can budc
tien cua thuomg nghiep, ndi thuomg chiu
nhieu sy rdng bude. Nha nudc, cdc
lanh
chiia
phong kien, gidm muc, tu vifn deu ddt cdc
tram tbu thue van chuyen. "O trong nude cd
den
50.000
linh kiem sodt cdc hdng rdo thue
quan.
Ngudi ta ndi rdng, van chuyen lita mi
tir Trung Qudc sang Phdp cdn it tdn kem han
la van chuyen tir mien Nam len mien Bdc
nude
Phdp "^
^
V.I. Lenin
(1974),
Vi quyin ddn
toe

tu quyit, NXB
Tiln bo, Matxcova, tr. 20.
^ Ephimlp
(1963),
Thi giai can dgi, NXB
Sir
that, Ha
Npi,
tr. 67.
58
NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW
N°l 1 (134).2011
Trong ITnh vyc cdng nghifp, trudc khi
each mang nd ra, da dat dugc nhiing thdnh
tyu Idn. Tuy nhien nen cdng nghiep non tre
ciia
Phap vap pbdi nhirng trd ngai ldn. Che
dp pbudng bdi ngudn thu nbap quan trpng
cua chl dp chuyen che vdi nhirng quy djnh
ngat ngheo vc sd lugng, mau bang bod, gid
ca, thi trudng da kim bam viec ty do kinb
doanh \a cai tien ky thuat, can trd viec md
rpng va phat trien
ciia
cdng nghiep. Sy dp
birc,
bdc lot tan khde
ciia
cbe dp pbong kien
lam cudc sdng

ciia
ndng dan bet sire khdn
khd, san xuat ndng nghiep giam sut, sire mua
thap lam thi trudng trong nudc bj tbu hep lai,
hdng rao thue quan ddi vdi hang bod luu
thdng da kim ham sy phdt trien
ciia
cdng
nghiep Phap.
Nhu vay, che dp hdnh cbinh phiic tap,
bii
lau, vd ly vd sy cdcb
bift
giiia cdc viing la
nhumg trd ngai ldm cho sy phdt trien cdng
thuomg nghiep tu bdn
chii
nghTa
liic
dd ciing
nhu ddi vdi sy binh thanb dan tdc tu san d
Phap.
Tinh hinh dd ddt ra cho cudc Cdcb
mang tu sdn Phdp nam 1789 (ve khia canh
nhiem vu dan tdc) la "phai tieu diet, virt bd,
phd vd" mpi xieng xich
ciia
xd hdi cii, thdng
nbat
lanh

thd, thdng nhat thj trudmg dan tdc,
tao dieu
kifn
cho CNTB phdt trien. Ngoai ra,
vifc thyc hien nhifm vy dan tdc trong cdch
mang tu san Phdp cdn the hifn d cudc dau
tranh chdng lai sy tan cdng
ciia lien
minh
/A
7
phong kien chau Au vd nudc Anh tu sdn de
bdo vf nhirng thanh qua cua cudc each m.ang
dien ra trong tien trinh cdch mang.
IL Viec giai quyet nhiem vu dan toe
trong Cach mang tu san Phap nam 1789
y.
Tlwng
nhdt ldnh thd, liinh thdnh thi
tru&ng ddn tgc
Ngdy
14-7-1789,
Cdch mang biing nd va
thing lgi d Paris, phdi dai tu sdn Lap hien len
nim cbinh quyen. Ngdy
26-8-1789,
Qudc hoi
Lap hiln thdng qua ban "Tuyen ngdn nhdn
quyin vd ddn quyen
"

mdt cuang
ITnh
tuyen
bd nhirng nguyen tic co ban
ciia
xd bdi mdi.
Tuyen ngdn da vach rd nhirng quyen tu
nhien bat di bat dich va
tbicng
lieng
ciia
con
ngudi vd
ciia
cdng dan. Trong the ky ma che
dp phong kien
chuyen
cbc cdn thdng tri khap
luc dia chau Au dudi nhirng hinh thirc da
man vd tan bao nbat. ban
TuNcn
ngdn tao
bao ay
ciia
giai cap tu san each mang. tuyen
bd quyen binb ddng ve phdp Iy cua moi
ngudi, quyen ty do ca nhan va quyen chdng
dp
biic
cd mdt y nghTa tien bd. Tu\cn ngdn

da thuc day manh me quan chiing nhan dan
diing len ddu tranh ty giai phdng khdi sy ap
birc
ciia
cbe dp phong kien. dua Cach mang
phat trien theo con dudng di
len.
Trong thdng
8-1789.
Qudc hdi Lap hien
da thdng qua nhieu dao luat cd y nghTa tien
bd. Qudc bdi da xod bd che dp dang cap bat
binh dang, bai bd thanh phan quy tdc the tap
va mpi tudc vj gdn vao dd. Dac biet, de to
chirc lai dat nudc tren ca sd
nin
dan
chii
tu
sdn, Qudc hgi Lap hien xod bd nhirng dac
quyen cii cua cdc tinh, phd buy toan bd su
phan chia cu cua nudc Phdp cd tir thdi Trung
cd.
Tiep theo, ngdy
15-1-1790,
Qudc hoi
Lap hien ban hanh dao luat mdi vl td chiic
hanh cbinh
ciia
nudc Phdp. Ca nudc chia lam

QUiieuL Oil iLdn
ttki
59
83 quan, cd difn tich gan bdng nhau, gidng
nhau ve mat bdnh ehinb. Qudn dugc chia
thanb khu, tdng, xa. To chiic hdnh cbinh nay
thil tieu sy phan cdt phong kien cii, vdi
nhiing tan tich cd xua trong co cau kinb tl
cbinh tri nhu thue quan ndi dja, tod dn lanh
cbiia,
thue dja phuomg, hf thdng do ludng ,
bao dam sy thdng nhat qudc gia va sy ddng
nhat hdnh cbinh.
Trong ITnh vyc phdp cbe cdng thuomg
nghiep, de bao vf quyen lgi kinh te
ciia
giai
cap tu sdn, thdng
2-1791,
Qudc hdi Lap hien
bai bd phudng bdi phong kien vd cdc ddc
quyen
ciia
nd. Do dd nhiing hang rdo can trd
sy phdt trien
ciia
mau dich vd kinh doanh san
/
f r \
xuat da bien mat, tao dieu kien thudn Igi cbo

sy phdt trien cdng thuang nghiep.
Tat cd cdc dao luat ndi tren dugc dua
vdo ndi dung bdn Hien phdp dau tien cua nhd
nudc tu sdn, dugc thdng qua thdng
9-1791
va
cd bifu lyc tir thdng
10-1791.
Mac
dii
cdn cd
nhiing ban che, nhumg Hien phdp 1791 cd
mdt gid tri tien bd vi tuyen bd nguyen tdc
chil quyen
ciia
qudc dan vd xdc lap nen thdng
trj
ciia
giai cip tu sdn dudi binb thire Quan
chil Lap biln. Tuy nhien, trong thdi gian ndm
quyin, phdi Lap biln da Idm quin ehiing
nhan dan thit vpng vi quyin lgi
ciia
bg
khdng dugc gidi quylt, sd phdn
eiia
dat nudc
dang bi de doa bdi sy tin cdng
ciia
phong

kiln chau Au. Dilu nay da lam cbo tu tudng
ddi bai bd
nin
Quan chu ngdy edng cd nhieu
ngudi hudng img.
Ngdy 10-8-1792, quin chiing nhan dan
khdi nghTa tiln
din
Cung difn
Tuylori,
bit
giam nhd vua vd hoang hau, nen quan
chii
bi
sup dd. Qudc bdi Lap phdp trieu tap mdt
Qudc bdi mdi tuyen cir theo phd thdng dau
phieu, gpi la Qudc udc, trong dd phai
Girdngdanh chiem da sd. Nhung kbi da nam
dugc cbinh quyen, phdi Girdngdanh tim mpi
cdch de kim ham Cdch mang, trd thdnh mdt
lyc lugng bdo thu. Trudc nhirng khd khan ve
ddi ndi va ddi ngoai, bp td ra bat lyc va
kbiep nhugc. Cudi ciing cupc khdi nghTa
ngay
31-5
va
2-6-1793
da lat dd nen thdng trj
ciia
phdi Girdngdanh vd dua phai Giacdbanh

len ndm ehinh quyen, thiet lap sy thdng
tri
cua quan chiing vd
ciia
tu sdn vira va nhd.
Phdi Giacdbanh len nam quyen vao
liic
nudc cdng boa dang trai qua chang dudng
nguy hiem nhat do ndi phdn vd ngoai xam.
De Idi cudn dugc da sd quan chiing nhan dan
lao ddng trong nudc ve phia minh, phdi
f
f y '
Giacdbanh thay trudc bet can pbdi
giai
quyet
cdc yeu cau
ciia
quan chiing, phdi xay dyng
ban Hien phdp dan chu nhdm ddt mdt co sd
chinh tri chung cbo cd nudc.
Ngdy 24-6-1793, Qudc udc Giacdbanh
thdng qua Hien phdp. Day la ban Hien phap
tu sdn dan chu nbat trong thdi can dai. Tham
nhuin nhiing tu tudng
ciia Riitxd
vd nhiing
nguyfn vpng chdn chinh ddi quyen ty do
chinh tri rdng rai, nhu cdc nhd dan chu tu san
Ilic bay gid quan

nifm,
Hien phdp
1793
ddnh
diu mdt budc tiln vT dai so vdi Hien phdp
1791.
Hiln phdp
1793
khang dinh cdc quyen
ty do dan chu cua cdng dan, thu tieu hoan
toan eac dac quyen phong kien, khdng dinh
Phdp
la
mpt nude cdng hod thdng nhat kbdng
the phan chia.
60
NGHIEN
Cifu
CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW
N°l 1 (134).2011
Kit
ciu hdnh cbinh mdi ay ciing nhiing
dao luat, nhiing ban Hien phdp
dugc
ban
hanh trong tien trinb cdch mang Phdp dd
tbii
tieu
mpi vet
tich

eua sy phan cdch vd bift lap
pbong kien, do dd gdp phan dua qud trinb
binh thanb dan tdc tu sdn Phdp den cho hodn
thien. "Chinh vi nhirng le do md cho den nay
han 200 ndm sau cdch mgng. su phdn chia
hdnh chinh dy vdn tdn
tgi"
2.
Dau tranh chdng ngogi xdm, bdo
v^
dpc
lap dan
tpc
Sau khi ngyc Baxti thdt thu, bpn quy tdc,
tang
IQ"
pban ddng da trdn khdi nudc Phdp,
cdu cuu sy giiip da
ciia
the lyc phong kien
chau Au. Sau khi bd trdn khdng thdnh, nhd
Vua ddt tat cd hy vpng vao sy can thifp
ciia
nudc ngodi de nhanh chdng tien edng chdng
"bpn
siic
sinh ndi loan" Dau nam 1790, y
dinh can thiep vii trang chdng nudc Phdp bat
dau hinh thdnh. Yeu cdu chdng lai "sy
lay

lan
ciia
cdch mang" lam dju di mdi bat bod
giiia cdc nudc qudn
chii.
Cdc chinh phu phdn
ddng vd chuyen che da cdng khai len tieng
de doa nudc Phdp. Ngdy 27-8-1791, Ao
hodng Ledpdn 11 va vua Phd Vinhem
II
ky
/
7
ban tuyen bd ciing hdnh ddng de bdo vf vua
Phdp.
Thdng
2-1792,
hai nudc ky ket Hifp
udc Lien minh quan sy chdng Phdp, mdi de
doa can thifp vii trang cua cdc nudc phong
kien chau Au chdng
lai
cdch mang Phdp den
gin.
Thdng
3-1792,
hoang de Ledpdn II chet.
Hodng de mdi cua Ao, Phrdngxoa I la mdt
ngudi hilu chiln, da khdng giau giem viec
dng ta dang ndn ndng mudn khai chien vdi

cdcb mang Phdp. Nudc Ao trd thanh trung
tdm can thifp phdn each mang
ciia
chdu Au.
Dc gidnh the
chii
ddng, ngay
20-4-1792.
Qudc bdi Lap phdp tuyen chien vdi Ao.
Nudc Phdp tuyen chien trudc, nhung dieu do
tuyet ddi khdng lam thay ddi viec nudc Phap
da tien hdnh mdt eupc chien tranh chinh
nghTa vd ty ve. Lenin da viet: "Todn the
y
nhdn ddn, ddc biet
Id
qudn chiing, nghia
Id
nhirng giai cdp bi dp buc da ditng len vdi
long nhiet tinh edeh mgng vd
b&
ben, tdt
cd
deu nhdn xet ddy
Id
euge chien tranh ehinh
nghTa,
tu ve vd
sir
that ehinh nd la

nhir
the.
Nu&c Phdp cdch mgng dd tu ve chdng lgi
chdu Au phdn ddng vd qudn
chii"^
Nhung
quan Phdp do cdc tudng td quy tdc chi huy
khdng mudn thdng trdn, cd y
riit
lui tao thuan
Igi cbo quan Ao tien sau \ ao trong nudc. Lo
ngai trudc nhirng that bai d bien gidi, cam
phan trudc sy phan bdi cua bgn tudng td va
^
7 f
sT
quan, quan chiing nhan dan da ndi day dau
tranh chdng nha Vua vd budc Qudc hdi Lap
phdp phdi thdng qua sic
Ifnh
tuyen bo
"TI
qudc lam nguy" vdo ngay
11-7-1792.
Tit ca
nhimg ngudi dan dng cd
thi
cim vu khi deu
pbdi tdng qudn.
Trudc khi the cdch mang

ciia
quan
chimg, ngdy 25-7-1792, cdng tudc
Brunsviek, tu
Ifnh
quan dpi can thifp nhan
danh vua Ao va Phd da cdng bd bdn tuyen
ngdn, bgc lg mgt cdch rd
rft
nhiing am muu
*
Tran
Van
Trj (1989), Dgi
cdch mgng Phdp
1789,
NXB
Giao
dye,
H^
Noi,
tr. 49.
A.
Manfrit
(1963),
Dgi cdch mgng Phdp
1789',
NXB
Su
that

H"
^'
QfUuMJtn lUi lidn
t&e
61
cua bgn xam lugc nudc ngoai. Ban tuyen bd
ndi rd quan ddi lien minh ed nhifm vu:
"Chdm diet su hdn
logn
ben trong nudc
Phdp, khdi phuc chinh quyen hgp phdp, trd
lgi an ninh vd tu do cho nhd vua vd trirng tri
nhirng ngudi ldm logn" Tuyen ngdn cdn
\ f
canh bdo rang, neu xdy ra mdt sy
xiie
pham
nao den nhd Vua vd Hodng gia,
dii Id
nhd
nhdt di niia, thi nhdt dinh Paris se bi trimg
phat bang quan sy va se hodn todn bi dap do.
Nba Vua vd bgn can
thifp
dy tinh nhiing
ldi de doa ay se lam cho nban dan Phdp
khiep sg, nhung ehiing da ldm. Ban Tuyen
ngdn da kich ddng
Idng
cam phan cua nhan

dan, lam cho cudc khdi nghTa vdn khdng the
trdnh khdi eang nhanh chdng bimg nd.
Cudc khdi nghTa ngay 10-8-1792
ciia
quin chiing nhan dan da gidnh duge thdng
lgi.
Nen qudn chu syp dd, vua Lui XVI vd
hodng hau bi bit, cde dai than eii cua nhd
Vua bj cdch ehiic, phdi Girdngdanh len nim
chinh quyen.
Sy sup do cua nen quan
ehii
va sy phdt
triln
ciia
cdch mang Phdp Idm the
lyc
phong
kiln pban ddng chau Au
tiic
gian dien eudng.
Ngdy 19-8-1792, ban 80 van quan Ao - Phd
do cdng tude Brunsviek chi huy, vugt bien
7 7
r
gidi,
xam nhap lanh thd Phdp. De chdng lai
nhung lye lugng can thifp, ngudi Phdp dua
ra 3 dao binh cua Duymurie, Kellerman vd
Budn, gdm 82.000 quan. Tuy nhien, trong

hang ngii cdc tudng td cd nhieu ngudi theo
phdi quan chu nen sdn sang phdn bdi Td
qudc.
Ngay 20-8-1792,
Brunsviek
bao vay
Ldngvi. Ngay 23-8, vien chi huy cu dilm
nay, tuy dang nim trong tay 70 khau dai bdc
vd nhilu binh linh, da nop thdnh cho ke
thii
md khdng khdng cy. Quan Phd tiln ve
Vecdoong, can
cii
eudi eiing de bdo vf Paris.
Ngdy 2-9-1792, thdnh Vecdoong thit tbu,
con dudng vdo Paris bj md toang.
Nudc Phdp dang dirng trudc mdt nguy
CO nghiem trpng. Lien qudn Ao Phd dang
tiln vdo nudc Phdp. Nudc Anh trieu bdi dai
sii
d Paris ve vd giri mdt cdng ham cho Phdp
vdi y sdn sang gia nhap qudn dpi lien minh
pbong kiln. Tay Ban Nba tien banh nhieu
boat ddng qudn sy d bien gidi Pyrene. Tat ca
chau Au phdn cdcb mang da lien minh chdng
nudc Phdp cua cdch mang. O Paris va cdc
thdnh phd khde, bpn bdo hodng vd bpn phdn
cdch mang du cdc loai ciing ngdc dau day
chdng ddi.
Trudc nhiing gid phut quyet djnh ay.

Cdng xa Cach mang da trd thdnh linh bdn
eua edng cudc bdo vf Td qudc. Hp ra ldi keu
gpi nhdn dan diing day cam vii khi tieu diet
quan
thii.
Nhiing doan quan tinh nguyen
dugc thanh lap va di ra mat tran.
Ngay 20-9-1792, quan dpi Phdp va Phd
doi
difn
nhau tren nhiimg ngpn ddi d Vanmy.
Quan Phd dan thdnh dpi ngii ehinh te xdng
thing vdo nhiing vi tri cua qudn Phdp. Theo
tiing hd "Td qudc mudn ndm", nhiing ngudi
yeu nude Phdp xdng vdo chdn ddnh quan
thil. Cudc tin cdng bi diy
liii.
Quan Pho pbdi
nit lui. Nudc Phdp cdch mang da chien thdng
lien
minh phan cdch mang chau Au tran dau
tien. Nudc Phdp da dugc
ciim
thodt nhd tam
Idng
ai qudc
nhift
thdnh cua hang
trifu
ngudi

62
NGHIEN
Cifu
CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW
N°l 1 (134).2011
dan va nhd sy lanh dao kien quyet cua Cdng
xa Cdch mang va phdi Giacdbanh.
Tir cudi ndm
1792,
vifc
xir tri nhd Vua
nhu the ndo trd thdnh van de ehinh trong
nhiing cudc tranh
luan
tai Quoc udc. Phdi
Girdngdanh tim mgi cdch dl lin trdnh vin de
nay. Nhumg ngudi ta da tim thiy cdc bdng
chiing ve sy ddng muu eua nhd Vua vdi ke
thil
ciia
nudc Phdp nen quan chiing nban dan
vd phdi Giacdbanh yeu edu dua Vua ra xet
xir de trimg trj vi tdi phan qudc. Ngdy
21-1-
1793.
vua Lui XVI bi chat dau vd sau dd
khdng
lau,
hoang hau Mari Angtoannet eung
ehju chung sd pban.

Tir thdng 3-1793, nudc Phdp lam vdo
mdt cudc khimg hodng nghiem trgng vl
chinh tri, kinh te, xa hdi. Sy phdt triln cua
cdch mang ldm cbo
thi
lyc phong kiln phan
ddng chdu Au hodng sg. Cdc nude Anh, Tay
Ban Nha, Hd Lan da liy vifc
xii
tir Lui
XVI
lam cd gia nhap vao lien minh phdn cdcb
mang chdng Phap. Nude Phdp cdng hod bi
phong tod vd cd lap, phdi mdt minh chdng
lai
f
A
tdt cd chdu Au phdn ddng. Trong tinh hinh
dd, pbdi Girdngdanh dang nim quyin td ra
bat lyc trong vifc td chiic qudc phdng. Ddng
le pbdi ddng vien todn dan chdng ke
tbii,
hp
lai tiep tuc
xiic
tien cudc diu tranh be pbdi
chdng nhiing ngudi Giacdbanh vd van theo
dudi chinh sdch phdn dan chu, lam nga trude
nhiing nhu ciu vd yeu sdch
ciia

nhan dan.
CJ
trong nudc, thang 3-1793, bao ddng phan
each
mang nd ra d Vangde, va tir dd lan ra
vimg Tay Bic, Nodcmdngdi, Bratanha. CJ
ngoai mat tran, quan dpi cdch mang tilp tuc
f \
that bai, quan ddng minh vugt qua bien gidi
trdn vao lanh thd Phdp. Dd
Id
mdt
tronj
nhiing Iy do gidi thich vi sao vdo ngdy
2-6-
1793,
phdi Girdngdanh bi qudn chung nhar
dan vd giai cap tu sdn each mang
lat
dd.
Phdi Giacdbanh len nam chinh quyin
trong llie van mfnh cua nudc cdng hoa
lam
f f
vdo cdnh nguy khdn nhat. Quan dpi cua bpn
xam
lugc
tir ba phia Bdc, Ddng vd Ddng
Nam dang tien vdo nudc Phdp. Ndm dao
quan nudc ngodi dang ddn ep cdc todn quan

Phdp mft mdi, trang bj kem, mat tinh than do
hdnh ddng phan bdi cua tudng Duymurie.
Mayenxa that thu, Valenxien bj bd ngo.
Paris
lai
bj uy hiep. Ham ddi Anb tiep vien
cbo bgn phien loan vd phong tod cdc hai
cdng cua Phdp. Cdc cudc bao ddng phdn each
mang lan nhanh tir noi ndy sang noi khac.
Din
giiia thdng 6, bao ddng da nd ra d 60
f \ ,
trong sd 83 quan. Chinh quyen cua Qudc udc
Giacdbanh chi cdn nam dugc Paris dang doi
kem vd mdt phin nhd lanh thd. Sd menh chl
dp cdng hoa nhu "ngan can treo tren sgi tdc"
De
ciim
thodt nudc cdng boa non tre. trong
thdng 6 va thdng 7 nam
1793.
phai
Giacdbanh da thi hdnh nhilu cbinh sdch tiln
bd, ddp limg yeu ciu cua quin
cbiirig
nhan
dan nhu: van dk rudng dit, tbu tieu cdc dac
quyen phong kiln, ban banh gid tdi da cac
mat hang thilt ylu, ban hanh Hiln phdp dan
chil Nhd vay, phdi Giacdbanh da dugc

quan chung nhan dan tich
eye
ung
hg.
Ddng
thdi chinh quyin Giacdbanh tdng cudng trin
dp bpn phan dgng vd td chirc qudc phdng dl
1
•) 7 r
bao vf Td qudc.
Ngay 23-8-1793, Qudc udc Giacdbanh
thdng
CI^'i£l
.'SSlf"
Jis:;™.:?;:
r.T.rs''
rjo"",? " ""^
r^'-rig
QUdem ixu tidn
lae
63
toan qudc. Dieu I eua sic
Ifnh
tuyen bd: "Tir
f
7
gid phut ndy cho den khi ndo ke
thii
bi dudi
ra khdi ldnh thd cua nu&c Cgng hod, tdt cd

nhirng ngu&i
Phdp deu bi trung dung thudng
fi f
xuyen "
Sac
Ifnh
quy dinh rd
nhifm
vu
ciia
tit cd nbung ngudi Phdp, edn ddc than bay
da lap gia dinh, ddn dng hay ddn bd, tham cbi
cd tre em vd ngudi gid. Cudc ddng vien ehua
timg cd
ciia
todn dan nay ehi ed the thyc
hifn
trong mdt cudc chien tranh chinh nghTa.
7 y
Cudc ddng vien nay da ed vii tinh than yeu
nudc ciia dai da sd nhan dan. Vi the,
Sdc
lenh
Tdng ddng vien duge nhan dan Phdp,
dac bift Id ndng dan hudng ung nhift
lift.
Mudi bdn dao quan dugc thdnh lap trong
thdi gian ngdn nhdt vd len dudng ra mat tran
vdi tinh than chien ddu rat cao.
Ci trong nudc, eae nganh cdng nghifp

deu hudng ve phyc vy qudc phdng. Cde nhd
7 f
khoa hoc ndi tieng nhu
Beetdlie,
Lazora
Cdend
da tich
eye
tham gia nghien euu cdc
nguyen ly, chien thuat mdi vd td chirc hf
thdng phdng thu bdo vf cdch mang. Chinh
nhd su no lye eua toan dan tde, quan Phdp da
gianh duge thing lgi dau tien d Ddng Bdc
vao thdng 9 vd thdng
10
ndm
1793,
ldm thay
ddi han cue difn chien tranh. Quan Ao bj tan
ra, quan Anh vd eae vuomg qudc
Diie
phdi
riit
Iui. Chua thing lgi hodn toan, song nude
Phdp bit diu thodt khdi cugc khung hodng
quan sy. Cudi ndm
1793,
quan Phdp chuyen
f
7

sang tan cdng, quan Anh bi ddnh dudi khdi
Tuldng, quan Phd - Ao bi ddnh bai d Anddt.
Tren
lanh
thd nudc Phdp, quan
tbii
da bj quet
sach. Cuoi eiing, ngay 26-6-1794, trong tran
Pholoruyt,
qudn ddi cdcb mang Phdp da hodn
todn ddnh bai quan dpi
lien
minh. Cudc chien
dau chdng ngoai xdm bdo vf ddc lap dan tdc,
bdo vf thdnh qud cdcb mang da ket thuc
thdng lgi. Nhifm vu dan tdc dugc gidi quyet
trift
de.
3.
Ket luan
Dai cdcb mang Phdp ndm
1789
da de lai
cbo nudc Phdp mdt di sdn tbieng lieng dd la
sy thdng nhat qudc gia vdi y thiic "dan tdc
Id
mdt vd khdng the phdn chia" Sy thdng nhat
dd vira la hf qua, vira Id nen tdng
ciia
tbiet

cbe xa hdi tu sdn, tren dd binh thanb nhirng
nguyen ly ca bdn ve nhd nudc, phdp
luat,
kinh te vd xa hdi. Y thiic thdng nhat dan tdc
dd da tao nen
siic
manh cho nude Phdp trong
cudc dau tranh bdo ve ddc lap dan tdc. Cdcb
mang da xod bd quy tdc the tdc vd sy ngdn
cdch phong kien ddi vdi lanh thd vd sy giao
fry
^ ^ f
luu kinh te. Van de dan tdc dugc
gidi
quyet
mdt cdch trift de, qudc gia dan tdc dugc
thdng nhat da tao dieu
kifn
cho sy phdt trien
manh me eua phuomg thirc sdn xuat tu bdn
chil nghTa
liic
bay gid, cua khoa bpc ky thuat,
XX X
gdp phan tao nen nen vdn hod tinh than vd
vat chat cao trong lich sir nude Phdp vd trong
lieh sir van minh nhan loai.
A.
Manfra
(1963),

Dgi cdch mgng Phdp
1789,
NXB
S\rthat,HaN9i,tr.253.