Báo cáo "Liên minh quân sự giữa chúa Trịnh với Hà Lan trong cuộc nội chiến Trịnh – Nguyễn thế kỷ XVII. " pot

QUAN
HE VIET NAM - CHAU AU
U€N AAINH QUflN SIT GlUti CHUfl TRJNH
V6l
HA
LAN
TRONG
cudc
NOI
CHICN
TRINH
- NGUVIN
THIKV
XVII
• • •
TS.
Tran
Nam
Tien
Dai hgc
Khoa
hgc Xa hgi
vd Nhan
vdn
TP. Ho
Chi
Minh
1.
Vdo cuoi
thi
ky XVI, Hd Lan sd hiiu

trong tay dpi ngii thuang nhdn hiing manh,
ndng ddng, gidu kinh nghifm di bien bae
nliat
the gidi. Den dau the ky XVII, Ha Lan
da xay dyng cbo minh dugc mdt ham dpi
"gdm 15.000 thuyen vd 15 vgn
ngu&i
phuc
vu.
Id
cdc thuyen chien duge trang bi vd
ddng vitng chdi, luc
lugrng
hdi qudn Hd Lan
khdng ngirng
l&n
mgnh trong su ghen ti cua
cdc
nu&c
khde" Uu the vugt trdi ve phuang
tien van chuyen nay
Id
nhan td quan trpng
X f
giiip Hd Lan gidnh phan thdng trong cdc
cudc thuang chien, khdm phd vd chinh pbuc
ddt dai ciing nhu cudp bdc thudc dia. Trong
qud trinh md rdng dnh hudmg, tim kiem thj
trudng, ngudi Hd Lan ciing da hudmg tam
nhin ve phuang Ddng. Nam 1695, dpi

XX
X
^
thuyen ddu tien cua Hd Lan gdm 4 chiec vdi
240 thuy
thii
da khdi hdnh di phuang Ddng.
Chuyen di tuy khdng dat dugc nhirng muc
X X
^
X
dieh de ra nhung da gdp phan "ciing cd niem
tin mdnh liet cua gi&i thuang nhdn Hd Lan
f
y f
7
lite do: cdc chuyen di ve sau neu dugc td
chitc vd dieu hdnh tdt
hem
thi trien vgng
ve
lgi nhudn
tie
nen mdu dich
v&i
phirang
Ddng
se rdt
l&n "
Trudc nhu cau khai thdc phuang Ddng

Clia gidi thuang nhan, Nhd nudc Cdng hda
Hd Lan da de ra gidi phdp thdng nhat cac
cdng ty hifn cd cua cdc thanh phd vdo mpt
cdng ty duy nhat. Tren ca sd dd, ngdy 20-3-
1602,
Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan
(Verenigde
Oost-Indische
Compagnie -
VOC)^
dugc
thanh lap d
thii
dd Amsterdam. Day dugc
xem
Id
mgt trong nhiing cdng ty da qudc gia
dau tien tren the gidi. Ngoai chire nang
thuomg mai, Nhd nudc Hd Lan cdn cho Cdng
ty ddc quyen budn bdn vdi phuang Ddng,
duge phep thay mat Nhd nudc Ha Lan ky
kit
hifp udc, tuyen bd chiln tranh,
diic
tiln va
thanh lap thudc dia. Ngay sau khi thanh lap,
' F. Ia. Polianxki,
Lich sir kinh
te
cdc

nudc.
Tap 2 -
Thdi
ky
chu nghia
tu
bdn,
Truong HQu Quynh djch,
Nxb.
Khoa hoc xa
hpi,
Ha
Noi,
1978,
tr.
91.
Tru6c
hieu
umg
cua chuyin di diu tien
nay,
chi trong
vong 7 nam (1595-1601), da co
15
doan voi
ting
cong
65
t^u
buon Ha Lan di phuong Dong (Hoang

Anh Tuan, Tu
lieu cdc cdng
ty
Dong An Hd Lan va
Anh
vi
Ke
Chg
Ddng Ngodi
thi
ky
XVII.
Nxb. Ha
Noi,
2010,
tr. 22-23).
Cong ty gom c6 6 phong la Amsterdam, Zeeland,
Delfi,
Rotterdam, Hoom va Enkhuizen. Thoi gian
tin
tai cua Cong ty la
21
nam,
sau do sg
dugc
nha nuorc
Ha
Lan can nhic gia
han:
'

Miht minlL
quan
SJU.

65
gidi
lanh
dao cua Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan
da xay dyng hdn mdt chien luge kinh doanh
lau ddi d phuomg Ddng. Mue tieu xuyen sudt
cua Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan Id tien hdnh
f
'4
xay dyng mdt bf thdng cdc thuang diem
f
Uen hodn, mdt mang ludi thuang mai Ndi A
trdi ddi tir Nam Phi den tan viing Vien Ddng
xa xdi, trong dd phan ldn cdc thuomg diem
tap trung d dia ban chau A ngdy nay. Tir ndm
1619,
Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan ddt try sd d
chau A tai Batavia
(tiic
Jakarta thudc
Indonesia ngdy nay). Nam 1623, Cdng ty
chilm ludn cdc ddo Java, Sumatra va lap ra
Dutch East Indies hay Netherlands East
Indies
(xii
Ddng An Hd Lan). Den nam

1641,
ngudi Ha Lan ldm chu hodn todn eo
biln Malacca ma trudc day do ngudi Bd Ddo
Nha kilm sodt. Do vay, Cdng ty Ddng An
Ha Lan eung lam
chii
ludn con dudng budn
ban hd tieu qua eo bien Malacca.
Mang ludi thuang mai Ndi A dugc xay
dung dam bdo chdc chan cbo cdc thuang
nhan Hd Lan xam nhap vdo phuang Ddng vd
thilt lap mdt hf thdng budn bdn rdng ldm d
khu vyc nay.
Din
giiia
thi
ky XVII, mang
'* Thirong diSm
la
nh&ng
co so
bu6n bdn
cua cac nuoc
phirong Tay, la nai dat
ciia
hang, kho chiia hang h6a,
phong lam viec cua
thuoTig
nhan nudc
ngodi,

c6 khi
dirge
xem nhu la mgt ca quan dai dien cua mgt cong
ty
lom,
Ilic nay la cac cong ty Dong
An.
Lien quan mat
thigt
din
hoat dgng cua cac thuang dilm nay la cong
ty Dong An.
Vl
nguyen tic, do la cong ty cua nhffng
tap doan tu ban doanh
nghidp
tu nhan, nhung
ding
thai cung
dirge sir
hS trg rit
16n
vl nhilu
mat
cua
chinh phu. Hoat dgng
ciia
cac cong
ty
Dong An se

thong qua hoat dgng cua cac thuang dilm dat tai cdc
nuac phuang Dong ma nuac do dat quan
h?
thong
thuang.
ludi
thuomg mai Ndi A cd vai trd quan trpng.
quylt dinh sy thanb cdng
ciia
Cdng ty Ddng
An Hd Lan. Chinh vien Toan quyen Cornells
f
van der Lijn da pbdi thira nhan: "He thdng
Ihuang mgi Ngi A
Id
linh hdn cita Cdng ty
[Ddng An Hd Lan] nen edn duge bdo ve
nghiem nggt, bdi neu linh hdn bi huy hogi Ihi
thi xdc tdt yiu se bi tan
rira"^
Trong he
tbong cdc thuomg diem, cdc thuomg diem d
An Dp vd Nhat Bdn cd vai trd rat quan trpng,
quylt djnh sy thanb bai
ciia
mang ludi
thuomg mai Ndi A. Trong qud trinh xay dyng
mang ludi thuomg mai Ndi A, cdc thuomg
nhan Hd Lan cung da
chii

y gay dyng quan
he mau dich vdi Dai Viet.
Ngay tir nam
1601,
bai thuomg thuyen
Ha Lan
Id
Leiden va Haarlem da den vimg
biln Dang Trong, sau dd dd bd len dat Dang
Trong vd da cd mdt cudc dung dp vii trang
vdi nhan dan dia phuomg. Cudc dung dp
khdng lam ngudi Ha Lan thay ddi y djnh
thilt lap quan bf thuomg mai vdi vuomg qudc
Dang Trong cua chiia Nguyen. Tai Hdi An,
phdi dodn Ha Lan da dugc chiia Nguyen tiep
ddn tir tl. Tuy nhien, do nghe tin ddn rang
quan dia phuang dang chuan bj tan cdng vao
hg,
ngudi Hd Lan da vdi va rdi Hdi An, ddt
pha vai ngdi nha cua dan ban dia khi chay
^
Dan theo Om Prakash, "European and Asian
Merchants in Asian Maritime Trade,
1500-1800:
Some Issues of Methodology and Evidence", in J. M.
Flores, (ed.), Revista de Cultura
13/14:
The Asian
Seas
1500-1800,

Local Societies, European
Expansion and the Portuguese, Macao,
1991,
pp.131-
139.
66
NGHIEN
Cifu
CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW
N°l 1 (134).2011
thodt ra
bien^
Ndm
1613,
Gidm doe thuang
diem Hirado (Nbat Ban) da cho thuyin chd
cdc thir ngd voi, Ien da, chd den Ddng Trong
xin budn bdn, nbung kbdng dat ket qud. Cd
the ndi, nhung cudc
tiep xiic
ddu tien giira
ngudi Ha Lan vdi chiia
Nguyen
d Ddng
Trong deu that bai vd pban nao dd de lai an
tugng kbdng tdt cbo quan
be
bai ben vc sau.
Cdc ndm
1617

den
1618,
chiia
Nguyen
Phiic Nguyen giri tbu cbo Cdng ty Ddng An
Ha Lan de ngbj bg tdi Dang Trong budn
bdn Thdi diem nay, quan bf giiia Hd Lan
vd thj trudmg Trung Qudc dang cdng thdng vi
kbdng tiep can dugc
luc
dja Trung Qudc.
Trudc tinh the ndy, ngudi Hd Lan mudn tim
mdt khu vyc budn bdn ddng vai trd trung
gian giiia vimg bien Ddng Nam A vd Trung
Qudc. Dia diem ndy phai ddp
iing
duge nhu
X
cau tieu thy bdng hda
ciia
Hd Lan vd mua
dugc cdc loai hdng bda
ciia
Trung Qudc. Tuy
nhien, viec trien khai quan hf vdi Dai Vift
dien ra khd cham. Mai den ndm
1633,
vifc
budn bdn
ciia

ngudi Hd Lan vdi chiia
Nguyen d Dang Trong mdi duge bit diu.
Trong ndm nay, Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan da
giri sir gia den Hdi An thdm dd thi trudmg vd
giri qua bieu len Sai Vuomg. Ndm 1636, mdt
/
A,
thuomg diem
ciia
Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan
dugc md d Hdi An.
Tir nam 1636 den
1637,
moi nam cd hai
7 7
tdu Ha Lan
tdi
Dang Trong de trao ddi, budn
Hoang Anh
Tuin, sdd, tr. 25.
'
Vi?n
Sir
hgc,
Lich sir Viet
Nam,
tap
IV:
The
kyXVII-

XVIII,
Nxb.
Khoa
hgc xS
hgi,
Ha
Ngi,
2007,
tr.
259.
bdn. Cde tdu Hd Lan thudmg xuit phdt tir
Hirado (Nhat Ban), qua Taiyuwan (cdng An
Binh d Ddi Loan) tdi Dang Trong. Nhung
trong thdi dilm nay, cdc thuang nhan Ha
Lan kbdng djch ndi cdc thuomg nhdn Nhat
Bdn trong vifc tbu mua to, ngudn Igi chinh
yeu cua bg. Do khdng xam nhap dugc thi
trudng to d Ddng Trong, thuang mai dinh
ddn, ngudi Hd Lan hudmg tam nhin ra Dang
Ngodi. Llie ndy cung
Id
thdi diem chinh
quyen Mac phu d Nbat Bdn thi hdnh chinh
sdch Tda qudc (sakoku), do dd cdc thuong
nhdn Nbat pbdi tir bd mang
ludi
budn ban
vdi cdc qudc gia Ddng Nam A. Nhan co hoi
ndy, Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan da tim each
thay the ngudi Nhdt trong xuat khau to lua

6
Ddng Ngodi sang Nhdt Ban dk ddi
liy
bac,
ddng vd sau ndy
Id
vdng. Ci Vift Nam, day
ciing Id thai ky chinh quyin Le-Trjnh dang
tim cdcb md rdng quan hf vdi cdc nudc
phuomg Tay nhdm thu mua vii khi phuc vu
cho cugc chien tranh vdi Dang Trong. Tren
CO
sd dd, nam 1637, Cdng ty Ddng An Ha
Lan da cir tdu
Grol
sang Dang Ngodi, gap
chiia Trinh de thiet lap quan hf mau dicb va
bang giao. Day dugc xem
Id
mdt sy khdi diu
cbo qud trinh quan hf thdng trim giiia ngudi
Hd Lan vd chinh quyin cua cdc chiia Trinh
6
Dang Ngoai (1637-1700), trong dd mdt lien
minh quan sy giiia hai ben ciing dugc hinh
thdnh.
2.
Thang 3-1637, tau Ha Lan Grol
din
Dang Ngoai. Thuyin

trudhg Kdrel
Hartsinck
da d
J,.
:„ "lu
>£ieM itiinlt
qudn
iut
67
dan duge va xin dugc budn bdn d Ddng
Ngoai. Muc tieu quan trpng
Iiic
ndy
ciia cbiia
Trinh Id tim cdcb thiet lap lien minh qudn sy
vdi ngudi Hd Lan de tiln hdnh chiln tranh
thu phuc cbiia Nguyen d Dang Trong. Muc
tieu ndy dugc cbiia Trjnh cdng khai bdy td
vdi
Korel
Hartsinck trong budi gap mat. Sau
cudc gap ndy, chua Trjnh cbo phep ngudi Hd
Lan ddt mdt thuomg diem d Dang
Ngodi^
De
the hien thifn chi cua minh, chua Trjnh da
nban Hartsinck lam con nudi, ban cbo mii do
ciia
quan, lai ddt ten cbii Dang Ngodi Id
Heyung-tuong^

vd cbo phep ngudi Hd Lan
dugc ty do budn bdn d Dang Ngodi. Sy kifn
nay da dugc nhd nghien
ciiu
ngudi Phdp
George Dumoutier tudng thudt lai nhu sau:
"Budi tiep kien
ciia
vua Le Thdn Tdng ddnh
cho ngudi Hd Lan da dien ra rdt thudn lgi,
hg nhdn dugc nhieu dn siing uu di
ciia vi
hodng de vd tranh
thii
cdm tinh duge nhieu
vi quan trong trieu do cdch irng xie
ciia
hg vd
cd le nhieu hom
Id
do nhUng mdn qud bieu.
Bdn thdn Hartsinck da du kheo lea de nhd
vua nhdn minh ldm con
nudi"
Sau dd chiia Trinb lai tien them mdt
budc,
ddt van de lien minh quan sy vdi
vl
dja dilm Cong ty Dong An
Hd

Lan lap thuang
diem a Dang Ngoai, nhilu tai lieu cho la Pho Hien
(Hung
Yen).
Nhung hien nay van con co nhilu y kiln
khac nhau. Xem them
D6
Thj Thuy Lan, "Vi su tin
tgi cua
throng diim Hd Lan a Phd Hiin the
kyXVII",
Tap chi Nghien
ciiu
Lich sir, sl 8 (368), 2008, tr. 64-
75.
'
Hoang Anh
TuSn,
Sdd, tr. 27.
G. Dumoutier, Les comptoirs Hollandais de Pho-
Hien ou Pho-Khach, pres de Hung-Yen (Tonkin) au
XVIf
Steele,
pp. 222.
ngudi Hd Lan de ddnh Dang Trong. Trong
nam 1637, cbiia Trinb da giri cho Toan
quyen Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan mdt
biic
tbu
de nhd ngudi Hd Lan giiip do chdng chua

Nguyen d Ddng Trong.
Biic
thu" cd doan:
f
"( ) Mgt sd ngu&i hung bgo (lire hg
Nguyen) da thiet lap mot chinh quyen tdeh
biet tgi bien gi&i phia nam eua Bdn qudc.
Chung dang dua vdo
vi
tri phdng thu virng
chdc eua ehung de chdng lgi trieu dinh
(eiia
nhd Le tgi Thdng Long). Bdn qudc ehua ldm
gi ehung ed vi e nggi rdng ed mdt edi gi do
khdng dodn tru&c ed the xdy ra tren bien. Vi
f f
Quy qudc vuomg cd thien chi vdi Bdn qudc.
f
7
r
Quy qudc vuomg cd the cho Bdn qudc 2 hoge
3 tdu, hoge 200 linh bdn gidi duge khdng,
X y
f
nhu mgt bdng chung ve su tdt bung
eiia
Quy
qudc vuomg. Nhitng ngudi linh do ed the
giiip Bdn qudc bdn dgi bdc. Ngodi ra, xin
hay cho Bdn qudc 50 thuyen chien vai binh

linh chgn lgc vd dgi bdc cd sire edng phd
f
r r
mgnh
Sau khi chien thdng, Bdn qudc se
tdng cho binh linh
ciia
Quy qudc vuong
20.000 den 30.000
Igng
bgc. Cdn ve phdn
Quy qudc vuong, bdn qudc se trao cho Quy
f
'19
qudc vuomg Qudng Nam de tri vi "
Thu viet bang chu Han nen nguai Ha Lan khong
dgc dugc. Hg nhcr mgt thong djch vien Nhat Ban
6
Nagasaki ten
1^
Meison chuyen sang tieng Ha Lan.
Meison gai ban djch cho nguai Ha Lan va giu nguyen
ban la thu.
'^ Iwao
Seiichi, About the letter asking
help
from the
Duch Navy, sent by Annam to
Wulan
(Ha Lan),

TohoGaKu, sl 23, 1962, tr.
109-118.
Xem thgm
Thuan H6a, Nhiing cuoc doi ddu
giira
nhd Nguyen &
nguai Hd Lan. Trong Nhiing vdn de lich sir vi triiu
dgi cuoi citng a
Viet
Nam, Nxb. Van hoa Sai Gon, TP.
H6
Chi Minh, 2002, tr. 16.
68
NGHIEN
cau
CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW
N°l 1 (134).2011
Nhim thuylt pbuc ngudi Ha Lan, cbiia Trinh
Trdng vd
tbi
tir Trinh Tac thudng xuyen giri
thdng thu va qud bilu tdi Todn quyin cua
Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan la Antonio van
Diemen d Batavia (Indonesia) cung nhu cdc
vi gidm ddc thuomg mai
ciia
Cdng ty tai Dai
Loan vd Nhat Bdn. Ndm
1639,
chiia Trinh cir

mdt
sii
bd sang thdm Batavia nhim tdng
cudng quan bf bang giao vdi phia Hd Lan.
Sy himg manh
ciia
Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan
d phuong Ddng, ciing nhu quy md rdng ldn
ciia
tdng bdnh dinh Cdng ty d Batavia da tao
an tugng manh cho
sii
dodn. Trong bdo cdo
ve chuyen di giri cbo cbiia Trinh,
sii
dodn da
X f
de nghj chiia Trinb thdt chat bom niia quan hf
A
I -y
bang giao vdi Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan
Sau nhiing cudc thuomg thuyet lien tyc
tu giiia ndm
1637
cbo den ndm
1638
ve lien
minh quan sy, ndm 1639, ngudi Hd Lan
quyet dinh xay dyng lien minh vdi Dang
Ngodi. Phia Hd Lan ky vgng rang, thdng qua

cdc mdi quan hf bang giao mat thiet, ehinh
quyen Le-Trjnh se trao cho Cdng ty nhieu
ddc quyen budn bdn tai Dang Ngodi, ddng
thdi hy vgng chiia Trinh se bdi thudng cho
ngudi Hd Lan nhiing tdn that md hg Nguyen
da gay ra cbo Cdng ty trong nhiing ndm
•il4
trudc dd Ndm 1640, phia Ha Lan da cir
'^ Hoang Anh
TuSn,
Sdd, tr. 27.
''*
Truac khi quyet djnh lien minh
v6i
chiia Trjnh,
nguai Ha Lan da co mgt
khoang
thai gian do
dg
trudc
dl nghj
Clia
chiia Trinh.
Vi
thuc te,
ngu6i Hi
Lan
vin
chu truang mgt chiln lugc lau dai tren
bin

dao D6ng
Duong, do do hg
vSn
muon duy
tri
moi quan he hoa
hilu voi chiia Nguyin a Dang
Trong.
Do
d6,
tuy thilt
lap quan he vai
Dang
Ngoai
nam
1637,
Cong
ty Dong
Nicolaas Couckebaker Idm dai difn chinh
thire cua minh dk tien hdnh vifc tbdo
luan
vdi chiia Trinh cdc dilu kifn lien minh.
Cupc
thdo luan thdi gian dau di vao cho be tac do
chiia Trinh Trdng thing thimg tir chdi nhiing
yeu ciu dugc xem
Id
"qua ddng" cua phia
Ha
Lan vl cdc khodn bdi thudng vd ddc quyen

trong thuang mai. Tuy nhien, phia Ha Lan
van tiep tuc the hifn mong mudn thiet lap
lien minh vdi Dang
Ngodi'^
Miia
be nam
1640,
Todn quyen vd Hdi ddng Cdng ty
Ddng An ebo biet Batavia rat mong muon
lien minh vdi Dang Ngodi de chdng lai Dang
Trong. Tuy nhien, phia Ha Lan khdng nhan
dugc sy phan hdi tir phia
chiia
Trinh. Nam
1641,
Todn quyen lai giri thu cho chiia Trinh
thdng bdo se dua qudn sang lien ket vdi chiia
Trinh. Trudc sy
nhift
thdnh eua phia Hd Lan,
chiia Trinh thdng bdo ddng y thiet
lap
lien
minh vdi Hd Lan.
3.
Trong ndm 1641, chiia Trinh Trang
giri thu cho Toan quyin Ha Lan d Indonesia
yeu cau giiip 5 chien bam, 600 binb linh vu
trang diy du, vdi tram dai bdc, 200 phao
binh Chiia Trinh ciing thdng bdo cbo phia

An
Ha
Lan van tilp tuc duy
tri
thuang dilm a Hoi
An. Nhung sau d6
1
nam, phia Ha Lan da quylt djnh
tir
bo thuang dilm a Hgi An tren co sa tinh loan
nhffng nii ro c6
thi
gap phai khi duy tri quan
he
chinh
thiic v6i ca
Dang
Ngoai
lln
Dang Trong. (Xem
Hoang Anh
Tuin,
Sdd,
tr. 27)
John Kleinen, Vi
nhung ngudi
bgn
cH
vd
nhirng

ngudi bgn gid mgo
-
Quan he ciia Hd Lan vdi Dang
Trong
thi
ky
XVII.
Trong Su
tir vd
ring:
Bon ihi ky
quan he Hd Lan
-
Vi$t
Nam,
Nxb.
Thi
giai,
Ha
Noi,
2008,
tr.
28.
Dan theo Nguyin Phan Quang Truang Hiiu
Quynh
IVPH
t-t:v f
liiijrwt
«».>.»,
,.,„

•i,,„i
hinrn
Mieu
mink qudn
iu£
69
Batavia, Ddng Ngodi se ddng y bdi thudmg
cho Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan nhiing khodn
that thodt ma chiia Nguyin da gay ra Cdng ty
trong thdi ky trudc dd neu Cdng ty giiip dd
Dang Ngodi chinh phuc thdnh cdng Ddng
Trong'^
Ngdy 14-5-1641, Todn quyin Ha
Lan tai Batavia giri thu cho chua Trinh
Trdng, viet rdng hg da sdn sang cir tdu den de
phdi hgp ddnh Dang Trong. Theo ke boach,
quan dpi chiia Trinb se ddng tai cira bien
Nhat Lf (Qudng Binh) de cbd ham dpi Hd
Lan den tham chien. Mdt
lien
minh quan sy
Dang Trong - Hd Lan timg budc dugc binb
thanb.
Nham that chat lien minh vdi phia Hd
Lan, dau ndm
1642,
chiia Trinh lai cir
sii
bd
sang Batavia hdi dam vdi phia Cdng ty Ddng

An Ha Lan. Mdt sy
kifn
xdy ra vdo thdng
11-1641
da khien cbo ngudi Ha Lan cdng
them Cling ran trong thdi do ddi vdi chiia
Nguyen d Dang Trong. Ngdy
26-11-1641,
hai chiec tdu Gulden Buijs vd Maria de
Medicis tren dudng tir Dai Loan ve Batavia
bj ddm d bd bien Dang Trong. Tat cd nhiing
ngudi Ha Lan song sdt (82 ngudi) deu bi bdt
giam tai Hdi An vd hang hda thi bi cbinh
quyin Ddng Trong tich thu. Cdc cudc thuang
thuylt dl thd cdc con tin Ha Lan
diu
that
bai'«
(1427-1858),
quyin 2, tap 1, Nxb. Giao
due,
1976, tr.
149.
"
John Kleinen, Bai da
din,
tr. 29.
'*
Li Tana, Xir Ddng Trong - Lich sir kinh ti - xa hoi
Viet Nam

thi ky 17 vd
18,
Ban djch
ciia
Nguyen
Nghj,
Nxb,
Tre„TP.
Hi
Chi Minh, 1999, tr. 230.
CCing
thai
dilm nay, mgt doan tau Ha Lan do Jacob van Liesvelt
chi huy cung
din
khu vuc biln
Da Ning
(Tourane)
Thdng 5-1642, phia Ha Lan cir mdt ham
dpi gdm 5 tdu (Kievit, Meerman, Wakende
Boei,
Zeeuwsche
Nacbtegaal vd Brack) ciing
222 thiiy tbu vd Iinh den Viet Nam. Chi huy
cua ham dpi nay la Thiiy su dd ddc Jan van
Linga. Ngdy 31-5-1642, phia Ha Lan cap
vjnh Cambir (Quy Nhon), ddt ehdy 400 bode
500 ngdi nhd vd kho thdc vd bat giii 38
ngudi'^
Ngay

lap
tire, ngudi Ha Lan nhan ra
rdng "chinh quyen Quinam (Dang Trong
TG) da bdy binh bd tran tai cdc vimg ven
7
f
y
"yrt
bien trong the tran phdng
tbii
rdi" Do dd,
kbi linh Hd Lan tien vdo dat lien, bp da bi
quan dpi chua Nguyen bao gdm
150
quan
mai pbuc sdn tan cdng, thiet hai 23 ngudi
ciing vdi vien ehi huy Van Liesvelt. Khi Jan
Van Linga yeu eau chiia Trinh dem quan tan
cdng qudn chua Nguyen, Trinh Trang ndi
rang dng da phdi quan di nhung pbdi hdi
binh vi ngudi Ha Lan khdng xuat hien. Cbiia
Trinb yeu cdu Cdng ty phdi ham dpi sang
Dang Ngodi vdo
miia
xuan nam tdi de cimg
vdi dpi Dang Ngodi di ddnh Dang Trong.
Nhung dieu ndy ed ve nhu Id mdt sy
lira
ddi
mang tinh ngoai giao

ciia
chua Trjnh nham
che day su khdng sdn
Idng
lien ket
lyc
lugng
bit dan thuang va doi trao doi tu binh voi chinh
quyen
Dang
Trong. Tuy nhien cugc thuang thao that
bai do phfa
Dang
Trong khong
d6ng
y.
"
Thuan H6a, Nhiing cuoc doi ddu
giUa
nhd Nguyen
& nguai Hd Lan. Trong Nhirng vdn de lich
sir
vi triiu
dgi cuoi citng a
Viet
Nam, Sdd, tr. 245.
^°
Xem Wilhelm Jozef Maria Buch, De Oost-Indische
Compagnie en Quinam: de betrekkingen der
Nederlanders met Annam in de

XVIIe
eeuw, H. J.
Paris,
Amsterdam, 1929.
70
NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW
N°l 1 (134).2011
chdng
Nguyen
Thang 3-1643, phia Ha Lan lai giri den
mdt ham dpi gdm 5 tau chiln (Kievit,
Wakende Boei,
Zeeuwsche
Nacbtegaal,
Wijdcncs va Zandvoort) ciing 290 quan do
Johannes Lamotius cbi buy,
den
cira sdng
Thai Binh chd hdi quan vdi chua Trjnh de
tan cdng "nbung ngirdi Dang Trong xau
xa"" Nbung khi den nai, bp nban thay rang
quan dpi
ciia
chua Trinh chua san sang cbo
sy hgp tdc. Sy chain tre mdt cdcb khd bieu
ciia
chiia Trjnh Trdng
lai
khien cho ke boach
hgp binh mdt Ian niia bj dd vd. Phia Hd Lan

da khdi hanh ve lai Batavia, chi de
lai
chiec
tau Wakende Boei de giiip chiia Trinh. Sau
dd, hai chiec tdu Keivit va Zeeuwsche
Nacbtegaal cung quay lai vi nhd
miia
gid
bac,
kbdng the ve Batavia
Tiep dd, vdo thdng
7-1643,
phia Ha Lan
van kien nhdn pbdi den mdt ham dpi khde do
Pieter Baeck chi buy de phdi hgp vdi chua
Trjnh ddnh chiia Nguyen. Vira den Ddng
Trong, ciing vdi 3 chiec tau cdn luu lai d
Dang Ngoai, lyc lugng Ha Lan ky nay cd 3
tau Wijdenes, Waterhond vd Vos chd theo
200 linh, trong khi di ngang qua viing bien
Cil Lao Cham (Hdi An), ngdy
7-7-1643,
bam
dpi Ha Lan da dung dp quan dpi cua cbiia
Nguyen. Dodn chien thuyen quan Nguyen do
Nguyen Phiic Tan chi huy lap
tiic
td chirc
vdy danh dpi tau do Baeck dan dau, khien
ehiing hodng loan bd chay. Trong tinh

thi
cip bdch, doi phuang ddnh ty phdng lira
dit
ehdy cbiic tdu tien phong do cbinh Baeck chi
huy, gidi vay cho bam dpi trong tieng sung
, _, ^ "yt
ren vang Ian lira khdi mil trdi Theo
Dgi
Nam thuc luc tiin bien thi trdn ddnh nay lai
xdy ra d gan edng Eo (tire Thuan An, Phu
Vang, Thira
Thien
Hue ngay nay). Theo Le
Thanb Khdi:
"Cw(5c
chien ndy qua that
Id
mgt
ten
hga. Tdu De Wijdeness (tdu hoa
lieu)
bi tidu diet, Thiiy su do ddc Pieter Baeck
hi
giet, hai tdu khde phdi ma du&ng mdu thdo
'yc
chgy
"
Theo cdc tu
lifu
Ha Lan, trong cuoc

ddi dau ndy cd 7 chien thuyen
ciia
Dang
Trong bj phd
hiiy,
700 den 800 Iinh bj giet.
Sir trieu Nguyen da ghi
lai
tran danh
quan ndy nhu sau: "Bdy gid gidc O Lan
ddu
thuyen ngodi bien,
cirirj)
bdc ldi hudn. Qudn
tudn bien bdo tin. Chua
(Ngu>en Pbiic
Lan)
dang bdn ke hogch ddnh dep. The lu (sau
ndy Id chiia Nguyen Phiic Tan) lite thi mat
bdo
v&i
Chu&ng ca Tdn Thdt Trung udc
dua
Ihity
qudn ra ddnh. Trung
Idy e&
ehua bdm
y
f f r t
menh,

ngdn nggi ehua quyet. The
tir
ddc
sudi
chien thuyen cua minh tien thdng ra. Trung
' '
f
f f
y
bdt ddc dl ciing ddc sudt chien thuyen theo
di, den cua bien thi thuyin Thi tu dd ra
ngodi khai Trung lay
c&
vdy lgi, nhirng
The
^'
Thuan Hoa, sdd, tr. 247.
^^
Wilhelm Jozef Maria Buch, sdd, tr. 29.
"
Hoang Anh
TuSn,
sdd, tr. 29.
Ton Chau Quan, Nguyin Phiic Tdn vd trdn
hdi
chiin ljch sir ndm 1644, Tap chi Xua & Nay, sl 304,
2008,
tr.
12-13.
"

Le Thanh Khoi, Le Viet Nam. Les Editions de
Minuit, Paris, 1955, tr. 248. Theo Qudng Nam qua
cdc thai dgi, C6 hoc tung thu, quyin I, 1974,
tr.
144
cho ring 'ngudi Hd Lan qud mdt tinh thdn din
noi
tu
phd tdu
D'''!
n'^-'i
Ti:£/;!j"
Mieu niluh
qudn su'
71
tir khdng quay lgi. Trung ben giuc binh
y
r
^ ^
thuyen tien theo. Chien thuyen tru&c vd sau
ludt nhanh nhu bay. Gidc trdng thdy cd sg.
X
'
nhdm thdng phia ddng md chgy, bd rai lgi
mdt chien thuyen l&n. The lir ddc qudn vdy
ban.
Tudng gidc the cimg phdng lira tu ddt
chet. The lir ben thu qudn
ve"^
^

Dien bien
tren dugc sir gia Le Quy Ddn xdc dinh xay ra
nam Quy
Miii
(1643) va tdm lugc: "Con thir
hai (Phuc Lan)
Id
Phuc Tdn dem thiiy qudn
ddnh phd dugc mudi chiec
Idu
cua gidc
O
Lan a cira Eo. Phuc Lan khen
Id
dimg, ben
f
•y'7
CO
y dung ldm con ndi nghiep
"
Ket thiic tran ddnh, bam dpi Ha Lan bj
coi nhu
Id
that bai vi bp kbdng cd
dii
siing
than cdng tren tdu md lai cdn ddnh gid thdp
phia ke
tbii.
Hai chiec tdu cdn lai thdo chay

ve phia bdc vd budng neo d vjnh Bac Bd,
khdng nghl den viec dirng lai de hgp quan
vdi quan ddi
cbiia
Trjnh dang ddng d cira
bien Nhat Le. Trong kbi dd, lyc lugng cbiia
Trinh d day cd kboang
100.000
quan va
nhieu thuyen chien. Trong ddi quan
ciia
chiia
Trjnh
liic
nay cd sy tbam gia cua vua Le
Than Tdng. Sau khi khdng the hdi quan vdi
phia Ha Lan, chiia Trinh da cho nit quan ve.
Phia Ha Lan
hit siic
bit man vdi bdnh ddng
ciia
cbiia Trjnh. Tuy nhien, de trdnh mat mat,
vj phu trdch thuomg dilm Ha Lan d Hirado,
^^ Qu6c sii
quan trilu Nguyen,
Dgi Nam thuc luc
tiin
bien,
ban dich Vien
Sii

hoc, Nxb.
Sii
hgc, 1962, tr.
73-74.
^' Le
Quy Don,
Phu bien tgp
luc,
ban djch Vien Sir
hoc,
Nxb.
van
hoa - Thong tin, Ha
Ngi,
2007, tr. 65-
66.
Jan van Elserack da cd gdng chdng che vdi
cbiia Trinh Trdng rang Cdng ty Ddng An Ha
Lan da thyc sy chien thdng Cd the ndi,
cudc chien giira thiiy quan chua Nguyen vdi
tdu chien Ha Lan trong nam 1643 la cudc
dung dp ddu tien
ciia
quan Dai Vict vdi tau
thuyen den tir phuong Tay vdi nhumg ky
nang va phuang tien ky thuat
virgl
trdi. Phan
thang thudc ve quan dpi chiia
Nguyen

la
mpi
sy tat yeu, qua dd danh gia dung
ihuc krc
quan sy
ciia
Dang Trong luc bay gid.
4.
That bai trong nhirng lan hanh quan
den Viet Nam da khien cho phia Ha Lan nan
chi.
Trong kbi dd, cbiia Trjnh van mong
mudn tiep tyc duy tri lien minh. Ve that bai
vdo
miia
be ndm
1643,
trong tbu giri Toan
quyen Ha Lan va Hdi ddng Ddng An. chiia
Trjnh da than phien ve viec dpi tau
ciia
Cdng
ty kbdng hdi quan diing diem hen la cua
sdng Nhat Le, ddng thdi chi trich sy
"nhiit
nhat"
ciia
dpi quan Ha Lan: "Tdi cir ludng
Todn quyen giiip dd tdi lau chien vd hinh
.sT

nhirng chd mdi md chdng
ihdy
den. ha chiec
Idu luu lgi Ddng Ngodi tir mita xudn. Idi dd
chu edp ddy du cho thuy thu vd binh si de hg
ed the ciing tdi tien vdo Poutsin [cira sdng
Nhdt Le]. Tdi coi trgng hg vi nghi rdng hg
Id
nhirng chien binh kien cudng. Vdy nhirng hg
chdng giiip tdi, ciing chdng cd lay mot chiit
diing khi ndo de chien ddu v&i ke
thii
[ehi
ngu&i Ddng Trong]. Khi tdi ra lenh cho hg
xdng len de bdn phd qudn dich, hg lir chdi vd
28
Wilhelm Jozef Maria Buch, sdd, tr. 33.
72
NGHIEN
Cifu
CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW
N°11 (134).2011
cho tdu chgy l&i chgy lui ngodi viing nu&c
sdu, cdch qud xa b& bien. Bai le do ddm
ngu&i
Ddng Trong dirng cudi, het sire khinh
bl hg
"'
Sau dd, chiia Trjnh tiep tuc keu gpi
sy hgp tac

ciia
phia Hd Lan: "De nghi Todn
quyen cir mgt hgm dgi cimg
v&i
5.000 qudn
den dc cimg tdi lien ddnh Ddng Trong cho
den khi gidnh duge thdng lgi cudi citng.
Nhung Todn quyen nen cdn nhde cir di
nhirng chien binh dimg cdm. dirng dua
thuang nhdn sang b&i neu Todn quyen cd
giri den 20 tdu ciing khdng ldm gi dugc qudn
Ddng Trong bai chiing
&
edeh xa ddt liin. Vi
vdy. Todn quyen nen cir qudn dgi sang chien
ddu tren bd
"
Mac dil phia Ddng Ngodi mudn tilp tyc
lien
minh, ngudi Hd Lan van quylt dinh
doan tuyft vifc
lien
minh quan sy vdi cbiia
Trinh chdng lai Ddng
Trong'"
Nhiing
biia
X
X
/

ben ve ddc quyen kinh te cua cbiia Trinh
liic
ndy khdng cdn khien ngudi Hd Lan quan tdm
vi theo hp cbiia Trjnh khdng bao gid cd the
den
bii
dugc cbo Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan
29
VOC
1149,
Gelranslateerden hrieif
van den
Toncquinsen coninq aen den gouvemeur generael,
1643,
fos. 683-685 (Ban djch
ciia
Hoang
Anh
TuSn).
30
Nt.
Mac dil khong c6n lien minh v6i Dang Ngoai,
nhung phia Ha Lan van dan phuang duy tri tinh trang
chien tranh vai Dang Trong. Nam 1644, phia
Ha
Lan
da phai mgt ham dgi sang danh pha hb biln Dang
Trong nhung khong thu dugc ket qua. Ngay ca sau
khi da ky ket hoa uac vdi chua Nguyen
vao nam

1651,
quan he Ha
Lan
-
Dang
Trong
vin tin
tai trong
khong khi
thii
han. Trong thai gian nay, phia Ha Lan
chi thj cho cac tau cua Cong ty buon ban qua khu vuc
bien Dong tan cong va bit giff cac thuang thuyin
ngoai quoc den buon ban vai
xii
Dang Trong (Xem
Wilhelm Jozef Maria Buch, Sdd, tr. 74-103).
f f
nhiing mat mdt tir cudc chien. Day ciing la
quan dilm cua
Karel
Hartsinck khi bdo cao
vdi Ban Gidm ddc d Amsterdam rdng "cdi
f * f
qudc gia Ddng Ngodi hgi bgc dy neu co
chien thdng Ddng Trong di chdng nira
ciing
f
khdng giir
l&i

hira
v&i
Cdng
ty,
vi the
Cdng ty
nen bd ke hogch chinh phuc Ddng
Trong.
de
cho chinh
ngu&i
Ddng Ngadi tu ldm "
Ngay sau khi phia Ha Lan quyet djnh
cham dut lien minh quan sy vdi Ddng Ngoai,
quan hf giiia thuang diem Ha Lan tai day
vdi chinh quyen Le-Trinb ngay cang xau di.
Pban Idm cdc ddc quyen budn ban phia trieu
dinh trao cbo phia Cdng
t>'
trudc
da>
bi bai
bd. Trudc sy viec ndy. cbiia Trjnh Trdng lai
giri thu cho Todn quyen Ha Lan d Batavia
yeu cdu: 1. Neu thyc bung giup Trjnh thi
phdi giiip du 200 chien ham vd 4 van linh; 2.
Neu khdng, thi tir nay Iui tdi budn bdn xin ciir
theo If cu: 25.000
lang
bac thul, 40.000 lang

bac ddt trudc de mua to cbo Cbiia. Khdng
thyc hifn mdt trong hai dilu tren thi xin
dimg den Dang Ngoai budn bdn
niia^^
Bilt
khd
Idng
can thifp quan sy vao Viet Nam,
Todn quyin Ha Lan d Batavia ddnh ehju nop
thul vd dat tiln mua to cua Chua. Thai do
lanh nhat cua chiia Trjnh vdi ngudi Ha Lan
cdn tao dieu kifn cho quan lai nhiing nhieu
thuomg diem, ep ngudi Ha Lan nop bac dl
ddi liy to lua voi gia cao, ddng thdi gay kho
de cho cdng
vifc
lam an cua thuang dilm.
^^
Wilhelm Jozef Maria Buch, Sdd, tr. 100.
Nguyen Phan Quang
Truang
Hffu Quynh
Nguylr
Mihi niltilt
qudit
lu!
12>
Sau thdi ky ddng bang trong quan bf
(1644-
1651),

quan hf giiia Dang Ngoai vdi Cdng ty
Ddng An Hd Lan phdt trien trd lai, nhung
X
^
ciing
trdi
qua nhieu giai doan thdng tram
khde nhau cho den khi thyc sy cham dirt vdo
ndm 1700.
5.
Nbin chung, sy
hifn difn ciia
thuomg
r
X
diem Ha Lan d Ddng Ngoai ciing nhu nhieu
thuomg nhan ngoai qudc khde da gdp pban
ddng ke vdo nhiing chuyen bien kinh te xa
hpi Ddng Ngoai the ky
XVII.
Mac
dii
gidi
f
7
ban chil yeu vdo boat ddng mau dich ddi bac
lay to lua vd cung cap vii khi cho phu Chiia
X
X
nhdm tranh thu ddc quyen budn bdn, sy

bifn
dien vd boat ddng eua ngudi Hd Lan d Dang
Ngodi the ky XVII da dnh hudmg sau sdc den
sy phdt trien ehung
ciia
lich sir Vift Nam.
Dac bift vl mat qudn sy, sy binh thanh lien
minh qudn sy giura cbiia Trinh vd ngudi Ha
Lan (1637-1643) da cho thiy mdt bude phdt
triln quan trgng trong lich sir Vift Nam ndi
chung va lich sir quan sy ndi rieng.
Nam 1627, cudc chiln tranh Trinh -
Nguyen nd ra. Sau mdt thdi gian, chiia Trinh
da nhan ra ring hg khdng the ddnh bai chiia
Nguyen cbi bing sue lyc
ciia
minh. Do dd,
nhu ciu tim kilm mdt ddng minh de ciing cd
siic
manh cbo Dang Ngoai ludn dugc chiia
Trinh quan tam. Va trong qua trinh tilp
xiie
vdi ngudi phuang Tay, chiia Trinh da chgn
Ha Lan - mdt qudc gia phuang Tay dang cd
uu
thi
ban cd. Tir phia Ha Lan, trong qud
trinh tilp can vao Viln Ddng, hg ciing rit
can tim kiem nhiing dong minh de cd the
giiip hg md rdng dnh hudmg, phdt trien viec

budn bdn, trong dd mdt pban ciing do nhiing
xung dot trudc dd giiia hp vdi Dang Trong.
Hom the, vife lien minh vdi Dang Ngodi cdn
Id CO hdi de ngudi Hd Lan can thiep vao
viing dit ndy tdt bom bao gid bet. Dd chinh la
nhiing co sd dk
lien
minh quan sy giira Dang
Ngoai vd Ha Lan dugc binb thanh. Tuy
nhien, lien minh ndy ngay tir khi hinh thanb
da cbo thay day
Id
mdt lien minh khdng ben
viing. Vd sau mdt thdi gian, lien minh nay da
f
tan ra md khdng dem lai mdt ket qua nao.
Lien minh quan sy Dang Trong - Ha
Lan that bai do nhieu nguyen nhan. Trudc
tien, trong qud trinh
lien
minh vdi cbiia
Trinb,
phia Ha Lan khdng tim hieu ky ve
thyc lyc Dang Trong vd ddnh gid thap tiem
lyc hdi quan
ciia
chiia Nguyin d Dang
Trong. Dilu ndy dan den thai dp
chii
quan

eiia
ngudi Hd Lan. Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan
da phe phdn rit ndng ne cdc chi huy cdc ham
dpi eua minh vi tdi kbdng sdn sdng
iing
phd
vdi cdc cupc tin cdng eua ddi phuang. Trong
cd hai lin doi diu vdi quan chiia Nguyen,
ngudi Hd Lan
ludn
bj dat vao the bi ddng va
ludn thit
thi
khi chiln tran nd ra. Ben canh
dd, nguyen nhdn quan trpng nhit khien
lien
minh quan sy giiia chua Trinh vd ngudi Ha
Lan khdng cd hifu qud, dd chinh Id thdi dp
thilu
tinh
hgp tdc cua phia chiia Trinh. Trong
tit ca nhiing lin xuit quan
eiia
phia Hd Lan
diu
khdng dugc sy ho trg tu phia chiia Trinh.
74
NGHIEN
CCfU
CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW

N°l 1 (134).2011
Thit vgng vl thdi do
lung
chirng cua chiia
Trjnh, Batavia quylt dinh buy bd lien minh
quan sy vdi Ddng Ngoai. Sau cudc xung dpt
vdi Dang Trong, uy tin
ciia
Cdng ty Ddng
An Ha Lan tai Vien Ddng cd pban suy gidm.
Cudc xung dot vdi Ha Lan trong nhirng
nam
1640
cung da phan dnh mdt budc ngoat
trong sire manh quan sy
ciia
chua Nguyen d
Dang Trong. Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan, vdi
mdt lyc lugng hdi thuyen khd manh, trang bj
vu kbi tdi tan vdo thdi bay gid, da ehinb
pbuc dugc Batavia (Indonesia) nbung kbdng
the chien thdng dugc quan ddi Ddng Trong.
Dieu nay chirng td qudn ddi chiia Nguyen,
ddc biet
Id lyc
lugng hdi quan
Iiic
nay khd
manh. Theo Dgi Nam thuc lue lien
^

X
«„
7
bien.
quan ddi trieu Nguyen duge chuan bi
khd ebu ddo vi hg da nhan dugc mat bdo tir
mdt nhdm trinh sat ddc biet gpi
Id
tuan hai.
Ngoai ra, trieu Nguyen cdn cd nhiing thdp
canh dpc theo bd bien. Dieu ddng
chii
y
cbinh
la
tinh chu ddng tan cdng
ciia
cbiia
Nguyen ddi vdi ddi phuomg. Trong cdc cudc
chien, chiia Nguyen cd thdi dp cuong quyet
ddi vdi ngudi Hd Lan,
ludn
sdn sdng cho mdt
cudc chien vd ludn d vj tri chu ddng. Biet
duomg ddu vd chien thdng vdi mdt ham ddi
thien chien, cd kinh nghifm, tirng bd
chii
viing bien nhu Ha Lan, cho thdy lye lugng
hdi quan
ciia

chiia Nguyen thudc loai manh,
cd kha ndng bdo vf dugc viing bien thudc
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