stanford encylopedia of philosophy

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged)
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Abridged Table of Contents
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A
● Abelard [Abailard], Peter (Peter King)
● abstract objects (Gideon Rosen)
● Academy, Plato's (Wolfgang Mann)
● action (George Wilson)
● action at a distance (Joseph Berkovitz)
● actualism (Christopher Menzel)
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged)
● adaptation (Robert Brandon)

● Adorno, Theodore (Lambert Zuidervaart)
● Aegidius Romanus see Giles of Rome
● Aenesidemus see skepticism: ancient
● aesthetics
❍ and objectivity (Nick Zangwill)
● affirmative action (Robert Fullinwider)
● Agrippa see skepticism: ancient
● akrasia see weakness of will
● Albert of Saxony (Joël Biard)
● altruism
❍ biological (Samir Okasha)
● Alyngton, Robert (Alessandro Conti)
● Ammonius Saccas see Plotinus
● analogy
❍ medieval theories of (E. Jennifer Ashworth)
● analysis (Michael Beaney)
● analytic/synthetic distinction (Georges Rey)
● anaphora (Jeffrey C. King)
● anarchism (Robert Paul Wolff)
● Anaxagoras (Patricia Curd)
● Anaxarchus see Pyrrho
● animal consciousness see consciousness: animal
● animal rights see rights: of animals
● anomalous monism (Steven Yalowitz)
● Anselm, Saint [Anselm of Bec, Anselm of Canterbury] (Thomas Williams)
● Antiochus of Ascalon (James Allen)
● a posteriori knowledge see a priori justification and knowledge
● a priori justification and knowledge (Robin Jeshion)
● Aquinas, Saint Thomas (Ralph McInerny)
● Arcesilaus (Charles Brittain)

● Arendt, Hannah (Dana Villa)
● arete see ethics: ancient
● argument (John Corcoran)
● Aristotelianism
❍ in the Renaissance (Dennis Des Chene)
● Aristotle (Alan Code)
❍ biology (Allan Gotthelf)
❍ ethics (Richard Kraut)
❍ logic (Robin Smith)
❍ mathematics (Henry Mendell)
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged)
❍ metaphysics (S. Marc Cohen)
❍ on non-contradiction (Michael Wedin)
❍ physics (Istvan Bodnar)
❍ poetics (Glenn Most)
❍ political theory (Fred Miller)
❍ psychology (Christopher Shields)
❍ rhetoric (Christof Rapp)
● artifact (Risto Hilpinen)
● artifical intelligence
❍ logic and (John McCarthy)
● artificial intelligence (Selmer Bringsjord)
● assertion (Peter Pagin)
● Astell, Mary (Alice Sowaal)
● attributes see properties
● Augustine, Saint (Michael Mendelson)
❍ relation to Greek philosophy (Charles Brittain)
● Auriol [Aureol, Aureoli], Peter (Russell L. Friedman)
● Austin, John (Brian Bix)

● authority (Tom Christiano)
❍ legal see legal obligation and authority
● automated reasoning see reasoning: automated
● autonomy
❍ in moral and political philosophy (John Christman)
❍ personal (Sarah Buss)
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B
● Bacon, Francis (Juergen Klein)
● Bain, Alexander see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
● basing relation, epistemic (Keith Allen Korcz)
● Baudrillard, Jean (Douglas Kellner)
● Bauer, Bruno (Douglas Moggach)
● Bayes' Theorem (James Joyce)
● Bayle, Pierre (Thomas M. Lennon)
● Beattie, James see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
● behaviorism (George Graham)
● being see existence
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged)
● being and becoming see time
❍ in modern physics see space and time: being and becoming in modern physics
● belief (Eric Schwitzgebel)
● Bell's Theorem (Martin Jones)
● Bentham, Jeremy (Ross Harrison)
● Bergson, Henri (Leonard Lawlor)
● Berkeley, George (Lisa Downing)
● binarium famosissimum [= most famous pair] (Paul Vincent Spade)
● biological information see information: biological
● biology

❍ molecular see molecular biology
❍ notion of individual (Jack Wilson)
❍ notion of self (Alfred Tauber)
❍ teleological notions in see teleology: teleological notions in biology
● biology, philosophy of (Sahotra Sarkar and Paul Griffiths)
● Blair, Hugh see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
● Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (Christopher Martin)
● Bolzano, Bernard (Edgar Morscher)
● Bonaventure, Saint (Tim Noone)
● Boole, George (Sriram Nambiar)
● Boolean algebra
❍ the mathematics of (J. Donald Monk)
● Bosanquet, Bernard (William Sweet)
● boundary (Achille Varzi)
● Boyle, Robert (J. J. MacIntosh)
● Bradley, Francis Herbert (Stewart Candlish)
● Brentano, Franz (Wolfgang Huemer)
❍ theory of judgement (Johannes Brandl)
● Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan (Mark van Atten)
● Brown, Thomas see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
● Buber, Martin (Michael Zank)
● Buridan, John [Jean] (Jack Zupko)
● Burke, Edmund (Ian Harris)
● Burley [Burleigh], Walter (Alessandro Conti)
● Burnet, James [Lord Monboddo] see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
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C
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● Callicles and Thrasymachus (Rachel Barney)

● Cambridge Platonists (Sarah Hutton)
● Campbell, George see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
● Carnap, Rudolf (Thomas Ricketts)
● Carneades (James Allen)
● Cassirer, Ernst (Michael Friedman)
● casuistry see reasoning: moral
● categories
❍ medieval theories of (Robert Andrews)
● category theory (Jean-Pierre Marquis)
● causation
❍ backward (Jan Faye)
❍ causal processes (Phil Dowe)
❍ counterfactual theories of (Peter Menzies)
❍ and manipulability (James Woodward)
❍ medieval theories of (Graham White)
❍ mental see mental causation
❍ the metaphysics of (Jonathan Schaffer)
❍ probabilistic (Christopher Hitchcock)
● causation, in the law (Antony Honoré)
● change (Chris Mortensen)
● character, moral (Marcia Homiak)
● character/trait (Manfred Laubichler)
● childhood, the philosophy of (Gareth Matthews)
● children, philosophy for (Michael Pritchard)
● Chinese room argument (David Cole)
● Christian theology, philosophy and (Michael Murray)
● Church-Turing Thesis (B. Jack Copeland)
● Church's Thesis see Church-Turing Thesis
● citizenship (Daniel Weinstock)
● civil rights (Andrew Altman)

● Clarke, Samuel (Ezio Vailati)
● Cockburn, Catharine Trotter (Patricia Sheridan)
● cognitive science (Paul Thagard)
● cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral (Mark van Roojen)
● Cohen, Hermann (Lanier Anderson)
● Collins, Anthony (William Uzgalis)
● color (Barry Maund)
● common knowledge (Peter Vanderschraaf)
● communitarianism (Daniel Bell)
● comparative philosophy
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❍ Chinese and Western (David Wong)
● compatibilism (Michael McKenna)
● composition, the vagueness of see problem of the many
● computer ethics
❍ basic concepts and historial overview (Terrell Bynum)
● computing, modern history of (B. Jack Copeland)
● concepts (Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence)
● condemnation of 1277 (Hans Thijssen)
● Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de (Lorne Falkenstein)
● conditionals (Dorothy Edgington)
❍ counterfactual (Peter Menzies)
● confirmation (Branden Fitelson)
● Confucius (Jeffrey Riegel)
● connectionism (James Garson)
● connectives (Ray Jennings)
● conscience
❍ medieval theories of (Douglas Langston)
● consciousness (Robert Van Gulick)

❍ animal (Colin Allen)
❍ higher-order theories (Peter Carruthers)
❍ and intentionality (Charles Siewert)
❍ representational theories of (William Lycan)
❍ self- see self-consciousness
❍ unity of (Andrew Brook)
● consequentialism (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong)
❍ rule (Brad Hooker)
● constitutionalism (Wil Waluchow)
● constructivism (Andrews Reath)
● continuant see change
● contractarianism (Ann Cudd)
● contracts, theories of (Jody Kraus)
● Conway, Lady Anne (Sarah Hutton)
● cosmology
❍ methodological debates in the 1930s and 1940s (George Gale)
❍ and theology (Adolf Gruenbaum)
❍ and theology (John Leslie)
● cosmopolitanism (Pauline Kleingeld and Eric Brown)
● counterfactuals see conditionals: counterfactual
● creationism (Michael Ruse)
● criminal law, theories of (Antony Duff)
● critical theory (James Bohman)
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● Cudworth, Ralph see Cambridge Platonists
● cultural evolution see evolution: cultural
● Curry's paradox (JC Beall)
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D

● Dante Alighieri (Winthrop Wetherbee)
● Daoism see Taoism
● Darwinism (James Lennox)
● Dasein see Heidegger, Martin
● David (Christian Wildberg)
● Davidson, Donald (Jeff Malpas)
● death (Steven Luper)
● decision theory
❍ causal (James Joyce)
● democracy (Tom Christiano)
● demonstration
❍ Aristotle's theory of see Aristotle: logic
❍ medieval theories of (John Longeway)
● demonstratives see indexicals
● deontological ethics see ethics: deontological
● dependence, ontological (Brian Leftow)
● Derrida, Jacques (Irene Harvey)
● Descartes, René (Alan Nelson)
❍ epistemology (Lex Newman)
❍ life and works (Kurt Smith)
❍ modal metaphysics (David Cunning)
❍ ontological argument (Lawrence Nolan)
● Descartes, René: ethics (Donald Rutherford)
● descriptions (Peter Ludlow)
● desert (Owen McLeod)
● Desgabets, Robert (Patricia Easton)
● determinates vs. determinables (David H. Sanford)
● determinism, causal (Carl Hoefer)
● developmental biology (Lenny Moss and Paul Griffiths)
❍ epigenesis and preformationism (Kelly Smith)

❍ evolution and development (Jason Scott Robert)
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● diagrams (Sun-Joo Shin and Oliver Lemon)
● dialectic (Pierre Keller)
● dialetheism [dialethism] (Graham Priest)
● Dionysius the Areopagite see Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
● disjunction (Ray Jennings)
● distributive justice see justice: distributive
● diversity (David Kahane)
● divine command theory see voluntarism, theological
● divine illumination (Robert Pasnau)
● doing vs. allowing harm (Frances Howard-Snyder)
● double effect, doctrine of (Alison McIntyre)
● dualism (Howard Robinson)
● Dunbar, James see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
● Duns Scotus, John (Thomas Williams)
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E
● ecology (Sahotra Sarkar)
❍ conservation biology (Sahotra Sarkar)
● Edwards, Jonathan (William Wainwright)
● egalitarianism (Richard Arneson)
● egoism (Robert Shaver)
● Einstein, Albert
❍ Einstein-Bohr debates (Don Howard)
❍ the hole argument see space and time: the hole argument
❍ philosophy of science (Don Howard)
● Elias (Christian Wildberg)
● emergent properties (Timothy O'Connor and Hong Yu Wong)

● Emerson, Ralph Waldo (Russell Goodman)
● emotion (Ronald de Sousa)
● Empedocles (Richard Parry)
● entailment see logical consequence
● envy (Justin D'Arms)
● Epictetus (Anthony Long)
● epiphenomenalism (William Robinson)
● episteme and techne [= scientific knowledge and expertise] (Richard Parry)
● epistemic basing relation see basing relation, epistemic
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● epistemic closure principle (Steven Luper)
● epistemology
❍ Bayesian (William Talbott)
❍ evolutionary (Michael Bradie and William Harms)
❍ feminist see feminism, interventions: feminist epistemology and philosophy of science
❍ moral see moral epistemology
❍ naturalized (Richard Feldman)
❍ social (Alvin Goldman)
❍ virtue (John Greco)
● epsilon calculus (Jeremy Avigad and Richard Zach)
● equality (Stefan Gosepath)
❍ of opportunity (Richard Arneson)
● equivalence of mass and energy (Francisco Flores)
● Eriugena, John Scottus (Dermot Moran)
● eternity (Brian Leftow)
● ethics
❍ ancient (Richard Parry)
❍ computer see computer ethics: basic concepts and historial overview
❍ deontological (Piers Rawling and David McNaughton)

❍ environmental (Andrew Brennan and Yeuk-Sze Lo)
❍ feminist see feminism, interventions: feminist ethics
❍ natural law tradition (Mark Murphy)
❍ and personal identity see personal identity: and ethics
❍ utilitarian see consequentialism
❍ virtue (Rosalind Hursthouse)
● ethics, morality and practical reason see morality and practical reason
● eudaimonia see ethics: ancient
● euthanasia
❍ voluntary (Robert Young)
● events (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi)
● evil, problem of (Michael Tooley)
● evolution (Phillip Sloan)
❍ cultural (William Wimsatt)
● evolutionary game theory see game theory: evolutionary
● evolutionary psychology see sociobiology
● existence (Barry Miller)
● existentialism (Steven Crowell)
● experimentation
❍ in physics see physics: experiment in
● exploitation (Alan Wertheimer)
● extrinsic see intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties
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F
● fallacies see logic: informal
❍ medieval theories of (Andrea Tabarroni)
● fatalism (Hugh Rice)
● federalism (Andreas Føllesdal)

● feminism, approaches to (Nancy Tuana and Sally Haslanger)
❍ analytic philosophy (Ann Garry)
❍ continental philosophy (Penelope Deutscher)
❍ intersection of analytic and continental philosophy (Georgia Warnke)
❍ intersection of pragmatism and continental philosophy (Shannon Sullivan)
● feminism, interventions (Sally Haslanger and Nancy Tuana)
❍ feminist environmental philosophy (Karen Warren)
❍ feminist epistemology and philosophy of science (Elizabeth Anderson)
❍ feminist ethics (Rosemarie Tong)
❍ feminist history of philosophy (Charlotte Witt)
❍ feminist moral psychology (Claudia Card)
❍ feminist philosophy of language (Jennifer Saul)
❍ feminist philosophy of law (Anita Allen)
● feminism, topics (Sally Haslanger and Nancy Tuana)
❍ feminist perspectives on reproduction and the family (Debra Satz)
❍ feminist perspectives on sexuality (Nancy Tuana)
❍ feminist perspectives on the self (Diana Meyers)
● Ferguson, Adam see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
● Ferrier, James see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
● Feyerabend, Paul (John Preston)
● Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (Dan Breazeale)
● fictionalism (Mark Eli Kalderon)
❍ modal (Daniel Nolan)
● film, philosophy of (Thomas Wartenberg)
● Fitch's paradox of knowability (Joe Salerno and Berit Brogaard)
● fitness (Alexander Rosenberg and Frederic Bouchard)
● folk psychology
❍ as mental simulation (Robert M. Gordon)
❍ as a theory (Ian Ravenscroft)
● Forms [Platonic] see Plato: metaphysics and epistemology

● Foucault, Michel (Gary Gutting)
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged)
● Francis of Marchia (Christopher Schabel)
● freedom
❍ divine (William Rowe)
❍ of speech (David van Mill)
● free rider problem (Russell Hardin)
● free will (Timothy O'Connor)
● Frege, Gottlob (Edward N. Zalta)
❍ logic, theorem, and foundations for arithmetic (Edward N. Zalta)
● function (John Corcoran)
❍ in biology see teleology: teleological notions in biology
● functionalism (Janet Levin)
● future contingents
❍ medieval theories of (Calvin Normore)
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G
● Gadamer, Hans-Georg (Jeff Malpas)
● game theory (Don Ross)
❍ and ethics (Christopher Morris and Bruno Verbeek)
❍ evolutionary (J. McKenzie Alexander)
● Gassendi, Pierre (Saul Fisher)
● generalized quantifiers (Dag Westerståhl)
● general relativity
❍ early philosophical interpretations of (Thomas A. Ryckman)
● genetics (Ken Waters)
❍ evolutionary (Michael Wade)
❍ gene (Hans-Joerg Rheinberger)
❍ genotype/phenotype distinction (Richard Lewontin)

❍ molecular genetics (Ken Waters)
● geometry
❍ finitism in (Jean-Paul Van Bendegem)
❍ in the 19th century (Roberto Torretti)
❍ non-Archimedean (Philip Ehrlich)
● Gerard, Alexander see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
● German Philosophy
❍ in the 18th century, prior to Kant (Brigitte Sassen)
● Gersonides (Tamar Rudavsky)
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● Giles of Rome (Roberto Lambertini)
● globalization (William Scheuerman)
● Godfrey of Fontaines (John Wippel)
● Godwin, William (Mark Philp)
● Green, Thomas Hill (Colin Tyler)
● Gregory of Rimini (Christopher Schabel)
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H
● Habermas, Jürgen (James Bohman)
● haecceity
❍ medieval theories of (Richard Cross)
● Hamann, Johann Georg (Gwen Griffith-Dickson)
● Hamilton, William see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
● Hartley, David (Richard Allen)
● Hartshorne, Charles (Dan Dombrowski)
● hedonism (Andrew Moore)
● Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (Paul Redding)
● Heidegger, Martin (Thomas Sheehan)
● Herder, Johann Gottfried von (Michael Forster)

● heritability (Steve Downes)
● hermeneutics (Bjørn Ramberg and Kristin Gjesdal)
● Heytesbury, William (John Longeway)
● Hilbert's Program (Richard Zach)
● Hobbes, Thomas
❍ moral and political philosophy (Sharon A. Lloyd)
● Holbach, Paul-Henri Dietrich (Baron) d' (Michael LeBuffe)
● holes (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi)
● Holkot [Holcot], Robert (Hester Gelber)
● Home, Henry [Lord Kames] see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
● homology see character/trait
● homosexuality (Brent Pickett)
● human genome project (Lisa Gannett)
● humanism, civic (Athanasios Moulakis)
● Humboldt, Wilhelm von (Kurt Mueller-Vollmer)
● Hume, David (William Edward Morris)
❍ moral philosophy (Rachel Cohon)
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged)
● Husserl, Edmund (Christian Beyer)
● Hutcheson, Francis see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
● Hutton, James see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
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I
● idealism
❍ British (William Sweet)
● identity
❍ of indiscernibles (Peter Forrest)
❍ personal see personal identity
❍ relative (Harry Deutsch)

❍ transworld see possible worlds
● identity politics (Cressida Heyes)
● identity theory of mind (J. J. C. Smart)
● idiolects (Alex Barber)
● imagery, mental see mental imagery
● immutability (Brian Leftow)
● impartiality (Troy Jollimore)
● incompatibilism
❍ (nondeterministic) theories of free will (Randolph Clarke)
❍ arguments for (Kadri Vihvelin)
● indexicals (David Braun)
● inequality see equality
● inertial systems see space and time: inertial frames
● informal logic see logic: informal
● information
❍ biological (Peter Godfrey-Smith and Kim Sterelny)
● information:semantic conceptions of (Luciano Floridi)
● Ingarden, Roman (Amie Thomasson)
● innate/acquired distinction (Paul Griffiths)
● innatism
❍ linguistic (Fiona Cowie)
● insolubles [= insolubilia] (Paul Vincent Spade)
● integrity (Damian Cox, Marguerite La Caze, and Michael Levine)
● intelligent design, theory of see creationism
● intentionality (Pierre Jacob)
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged)
❍ ancient theories of (Victor Caston)
❍ consciousness and see consciousness: and intentionality
❍ medieval theories of (Calvin Normore)

● intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties (Brian Weatherson)
● inverted qualia see qualia: inverted
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J
● Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich (George di Giovanni)
● James, William (Russell Goodman)
● justice
❍ distributive (Julian Lamont)
❍ intergenerational (Lukas Meyer)
❍ international (Michael Blake)
❍ as a virtue (Michael Slote)
● justification, epistemic
❍ a priori see a priori justification and knowledge
❍ contextualist theories of (Michael Williams)
❍ foundationalist theories of (Richard Fumerton)
❍ internalist vs. externalist conceptions of (George Pappas)
● justification, political
❍ public (Fred D'Agostino)
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K
● Kant, Immanuel
❍ moral philosophy (Robert Johnson)
● Kierkegaard, Søren (William McDonald)
● killing vs. letting die see doing vs. allowing harm
● Kilvington, Richard (Elzbieta Jung-Palczewska)
● knowledge
❍ analysis of (Matthias Steup)
❍ a priori see a priori justification and knowledge
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged)

❍ self- see self-knowledge
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L
● Lange, Friedrich Albert (Nadeem J. Z. Hussain)
● language of thought hypothesis (Murat Aydede)
● Laozi (Alan Chan)
● law
❍ and ideology (Christine Sypnowich)
❍ limits of see limits of law
❍ nature of see nature of law: natural law theories
❍ rule of see rule of law and procedural fairness
● law and language (Timothy Endicott)
● laws of nature (John W. Carroll)
● learning theory, formal (Oliver Schulte)
● legal obligation and authority (Leslie Green)
● legal philosophy (Martin Stone)
❍ economic analysis of law (Lewis Kornhauser)
● legal positivism see nature of law: legal positivism
● legal punishment see punishment, legal
● legal realisms see nature of law: legal realisms
● legal reasoning
❍ interpretation and coherence (Julie Dickson)
❍ precedent and analogy (Grant Lamond)
● legal rights (Kenneth Campbell)
● Le Grand, Antoine (Patricia Easton)
● Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (Alan Nelson)
❍ ethics (Donald Rutherford)
❍ modal metaphysics (Jan Cover)
❍ on the problem of evil (Michael Murray)
❍ philosophy of mind (Mark Kulstad and Laurence Carlin)

● liberalism (Gerald Gaus)
● libertarianism (Peter Vallentyne)
● liberty
❍ positive and negative (Ian Carter)
● life (Bruce Weber)
● lifeworld see Husserl, Edmund
● limits of law (John Stanton-Ife)
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged)
● Locke, John (William Uzgalis)
● logic
❍ ancient (Robin Smith)
❍ and artificial intelligence see artifical intelligence: logic and
❍ classical (Stewart Shapiro)
❍ deontic (Paul McNamara)
❍ free (Harry Deutsch)
❍ fuzzy (Petr Hajek)
❍ and games (Wilfrid Hodges)
❍ history of (John Corcoran)
❍ infinitary (John L. Bell)
❍ informal (Leo Groarke)
❍ in the 12th century (Christopher Martin)
❍ intuitionistic (Joan Moschovakis)
❍ many-valued (Siegfried Gottwald)
❍ modal (James Garson)
❍ non-monotonic (Aldo Antonelli)
❍ paraconsistent (Graham Priest and Koji Tanaka)
❍ provability (Rineke Verbrugge)
❍ relevance (Edwin Mares)
❍ substructural (Greg Restall)

❍ temporal (Antony Galton)
● logical consequence (JC Beall and Greg Restall)
● logical constructions (Bernard Linsky)
● logical form (Paul Pietroski)
● logic and ontology (Thomas Hofweber)
● Lotze, Rudolf Hermann (David Sullivan)
● luck
❍ justice and bad luck (Jonathan Wolff)
❍ moral (Dana K. Nelkin)
● Lucretius (David Sedley)
● Lvov-Warsaw School (Jan Wolenski)
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
M
● Maimon, Salomon (Peter Thielke and Yitzhak Melamed)
● Maimonides [Moses ben Maimon] (Sarah Pessin)
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged)
● Malebranche, Nicolas (Tad Schmaltz)
❍ theory of ideas and vision in God (Lawrence Nolan)
● Mally, Ernst
❍ deontic logic (Gert-Jan Lokhorst)
● Maritain, Jacques (William Sweet)
● Marsilius of Inghen (Maarten Hoenen)
● Marxism (Jonathan Wolff)
● Masham, Lady Damaris (Sarah Hutton)
● mass/energy equivalence see equivalence of mass and energy
● materialism
❍ eliminative (William Ramsey)
● mathematics
❍ constructive (Douglas Bridges)

❍ inconsistent (Chris Mortensen)
● mathematics, philosophy of
❍ indispensability arguments in the (Mark Colyvan)
❍ nominalism in the see nominalism: in the philosophy of mathematics
● measurement
❍ in quantum theory see quantum theory: measurement in
● medieval philosophy (Paul Vincent Spade)
❍ literary forms of (Eileen Sweeney)
● medieval theories
❍ analogy see analogy: medieval theories of
❍ categories see categories: medieval theories of
❍ causation see causation: medieval theories of
❍ conscience see conscience: medieval theories of
❍ of demonstration see demonstration: medieval theories of
❍ fallacies see fallacies: medieval theories of
❍ future contingents see future contingents: medieval theories of
❍ haecceity see haecceity: medieval theories of
❍ intentionality see intentionality: medieval theories of
❍ modality see modality: medieval theories of
❍ of obligationes see obligationes, medieval theories of
❍ practical reason see practical reason: medieval theories of
❍ properties of terms see terms, properties of: medieval theories of
❍ relations see relations: medieval theories of
❍ of singular terms see singular terms: medieval
● memory (John Sutton)
❍ epistemological problems of (Tom Senor)
● Mencius (Kwong Loi Shun)
● Mendelssohn, Moses (Daniel Dahlstrom)
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged)

● mental causation (John Heil)
● mental content (Brian Loar)
❍ causal theories of (Charles Wallis)
❍ externalist theories of (Joe Lau)
❍ narrow (Curtis Brown)
❍ nonconceptual (José Bermúdez)
❍ teleological theories of (Karen Neander)
● mental illness (Christian Perring)
● mental imagery (Nigel Thomas)
● mental representation (David Pitt)
● metaethics (Geoff Sayre-McCord)
❍ moral cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism see cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral
❍ moral epistemology see moral epistemology
❍ moral non-naturalism see non-naturalism, moral
❍ moral particularism see moral particularism
❍ moral realism see moral realism
❍ moral skepticism see skepticism: moral
● metaphysics in the 16th century
❍ Francisco Suárez see Suárez, Francisco
● Mill, Harriet Taylor (Dale E. Miller)
● Mill, James (Ross Harrison)
● Mill, John Stuart (Fred Wilson)
● mind
❍ computational models of (Steven Horst)
❍ identity theory of see identity theory of mind
● miracles (Michael Levine)
● modality
❍ medieval theories of (Simo Knuuttila)
● modal logic see logic: modal
● model theory (Wilfrid Hodges)

❍ first-order (Wilfrid Hodges)
● Mohism (Chris Fraser)
● Mohist Canons (Chris Fraser)
● molecular biology (Lindley Darden)
● monism (Andrew Cortens)
❍ anomalous see anomalous monism
● Montesquieu, Baron de (Hilary Bok)
● moral character see character, moral
● moral dilemmas (Terrance McConnell)
● moral epistemology (Richmond Campbell)
● morality, definition of (Bernard Gert)
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged)
● morality and practical reason (David McNaughton and Piers Rawling)
● moral non-naturalism see non-naturalism, moral
● moral particularism (Jonathan Dancy)
● moral psychology (Owen Flanagan)
● moral realism (Geoff Sayre-McCord)
● moral reasoning see reasoning: moral
● moral responsibility (Andrew Eshleman)
● moral skepticism see skepticism: moral
● multiculturalism see diversity
● multiple realizability (John Bickle)
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
N
● nationalism (Nenad Miscevic)
● Natorp, Paul (Alan Kim)
● naturalism in legal philosophy (Brian Leiter)
● natural law
❍ tradition in ethics see ethics: natural law tradition

● natural selection (Robert Brandon)
❍ units of (Lisa Lloyd)
● nature of law (Andrei Marmor)
❍ interpretivist theories (Nicos Stavropoulos)
❍ legal positivism (Leslie Green)
❍ legal realisms (Brian Leiter)
❍ natural law theories (Robert George)
❍ pure theory of law (Andrei Marmor)
● necessary and sufficient conditions (Andrew Brennan)
● neologicism (Fraser Macbride)
● neuroscience, philosophy of (John Bickle and Peter Mandik)
● neutral monism (Leopold Stubenberg)
● Newton, Isaac
❍ views on space, time, and motion (Robert Rynasiewicz)
● Nicholas of Autrecourt (Hans Thijssen)
● Nietzsche, Friedrich (Robert Wicks)
● noema see Husserl, Edmund
● nominalism
❍ in the philosophy of mathematics (Otávio Bueno)
● non-naturalism, moral (Michael Ridge)
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged)
● Novalis [Friedrich Leopold, Baron von Hardenberg] (Andrew Bowie)
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
O
● object (Henry Laycock)
● objectivity
❍ in aesthetics see aesthetics: and objectivity
● obligation
❍ legal see legal obligation and authority

● obligationes, medieval theories of (Paul Vincent Spade)
● obligations
❍ special (Diane Jeske)
● Ockham [Occam], William (Paul Vincent Spade)
● Olivi, Peter John (Robert Pasnau)
● Olympiodorus (Christian Wildberg)
● omega (John Corcoran)
● omnipotence (Joshua Hoffman and Gary Rosenkrantz)
● ontological arguments (Graham Oppy)
● ontology
❍ and information science (Barry Smith)
● original position (Fred D'Agostino)
● other minds (Alec Hyslop)
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
P
● pain (Murat Aydede)
● panpsychism (William Seager)
● pantheism (Michael Levine)
● paradox
❍ Curry see Curry's paradox
❍ Fitch's paradox of knowability see Fitch's paradox of knowability
❍ Russell's paradox see Russell's paradox
❍ Simpson's paradox see Simpson's paradox
❍ St. Petersburg paradox (Robert Martin)
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged)
❍ Zeno's paradoxes see Zeno's paradoxes
● parenthood (Tim Bayne and Avery Kolers)
● Pascal's wager (Alan Hájek)
● paternalism (Gerald Dworkin)

● Patrizi, Francesco (Dennis Des Chene)
● Paul of Venice (Alessandro Conti)
● Peirce, Benjamin (Ivor Grattan-Guinness and Alison Walsh)
● Peirce, Charles Sanders (Robert Burch)
❍ logic (Eric Hammer)
● Penbygull, William (Alessandro Conti)
● perception (Tim Crane)
❍ epistemological problems of (Laurence BonJour)
● personal identity (Eric T. Olson)
❍ and ethics (Jennifer Whiting)
● persons see personal identity
● Peter of Spain [= Petrus Hispanus] (Joke Spruyt)
● phenomenology (David Woodruff Smith)
● Philip the Chancellor (Colleen McCluskey)
● Philo of Larissa (Charles Brittain)
● Philoponus (Christian Wildberg)
● philosophy of law see legal philosophy
● physicalism (Daniel Stoljar)
● physics
❍ experiment in (Allan Franklin)
❍ holism and nonseparability (Richard Healey)
❍ intertheory relations in (Robert Batterman)
❍ Reichenbach's common cause principle (Frank Arntzenius)
❍ structuralism in (Heinz-Juergen Schmidt)
❍ symmetry and symmetry breaking (Katherine Brading and Elena Castellani)
● Plato (Richard Kraut)
❍ ethics and cosmology (Dorothea Frede)
❍ ethics and politics in The Republic (Eric Brown)
❍ friendship and eros (C. D. C. Reeve)
❍ metaphysics and epistemology (Allan Silverman)

❍ naming and knowledge (David Sedley)
❍ on the sophist and the statesman (Christopher Rowe)
❍ rhetoric and poetry (Charles Griswold)
❍ shorter ethical works (Paul Woodruff)
❍ Utopia (Chris Bobonich)
● pleasure (Leonard D. Katz)
● Plotinus (Lloyd Gerson)
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged)
● pluralism
❍ in biology (Sandra Mitchell)
● plurality of forms see binarium famosissimum
● plural quantification (Allen Hazen)
● Popper, Karl (Stephen Thornton)
● pornography
❍ and censorship (Caroline West)
● possible worlds (John Divers)
● poverty of the stimulus argument see innatism: linguistic
● practical reason (Jay Wallace)
❍ medieval theories of (Anthony Celano)
● practical reason, morality and see morality and practical reason
● predicate calculus see logic: classical
● preformationism see developmental biology: epigenesis and preformationism
● Presocratic Philosophy (Patricia Curd)
● Principia Mathematica (A. D. Irvine)
● Prior, Arthur (B. Jack Copeland)
● prisoner's dilemma (Steven Kuhn)
● privacy (Judith DeCew)
● private language (Stewart Candlish)
● probability, concepts of see probability calculus: interpretations of

● probability calculus
❍ interpretations of (Alan Hájek)
● problem of the many (Brian Weatherson)
● procedural fairness see rule of law and procedural fairness
● process philosophy (Nicholas Rescher)
● proof theory (Wolfram Pohlers)
● properties (Chris Swoyer)
❍ emergent see emergent properties
● property (Jeremy Waldron)
● propositional attitude reports (Thomas McKay)
● propositions
❍ singular (Greg Fitch)
❍ structured (Jeffrey C. King)
● providence, divine (Hugh J. McCann)
● Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (Kevin Corrigan)
● psyche see soul, ancient theories of
● punishment (Hugo Adam Bedau)
● punishment, legal (Antony Duff)
● Pyrrho (Richard Bett)
● Pyrrhonism see skepticism: ancient
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A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
Q
● qualia (Michael Tye)
❍ inverted (Alex Byrne)
❍ knowledge argument (Martine Nida-Rümelin)
● quantum mechanics (Jenann Ismael)
❍ Bohmian mechanics (Sheldon Goldstein)
❍ collapse theories (Giancarlo Ghirardi)

❍ Copenhagen interpretation of (Jan Faye)
❍ Everett's relative-state formulation of (Jeffrey Barrett)
❍ Kochen-Specker theorem (Carsten Held)
❍ many-worlds interpretation of (Lev Vaidman)
❍ modal interpretations of (Michael Dickson)
❍ the problem of the classical limit in (Guido Bacciagaluppi)
❍ relational (Federico Laudisa and Carlo Rovelli)
❍ the role of decoherence in (Guido Bacciagaluppi)
● quantum theory
❍ the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen argument in (Rob Clifton)
❍ and free will (Barry Loewer)
❍ identity and individuality in (Steven French)
❍ measurement in (Henry Krips)
❍ quantum entanglement and information (Jeffrey Bub)
❍ quantum gravity (Steven Weinstein)
❍ quantum logic and probability theory (Alexander Wilce)
❍ uncertainty principle in see Uncertainty Principle
❍ von Neumann vs. Dirac (Fred Kronz)
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
R
● Ramsay, Allan see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
● rationality
❍ Bayesian see epistemology: Bayesian
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged)
❍ historicist theories of (Carl Matheson)
● realism (Alexander Miller)
❍ moral see moral realism
❍ scientific see scientific realism
❍ semantic challenges to (Drew Khlentzos)

● reasoning
❍ automated (Frederic Portoraro)
❍ moral (Henry Richardson)
● redistribution (Christian Barry)
● reference (Marga Reimer)
● reflective equilibrium (Norman Daniels)
● Rehberg, August Wilhelm (Fred Beiser)
● Reid, Thomas (Gideon Yaffe)
● Reinhold, Karl Leonhard (Dan Breazeale)
● relations see properties
❍ medieval theories of (Jeffrey Brower)
● relativism (Chris Swoyer)
● reliabilism see justification, epistemic: internalist vs. externalist conceptions of
● religion
❍ epistemology of (Peter Forrest)
● replication (David Hull)
● representation, political (Melissa Williams)
● republicanism (Philip Pettit)
● respect (Robin S. Dillon)
● responsibility
❍ collective (Michael J. Smith)
● Richard the Sophister [Ricardus Sophista, Magister abstractionum] (Paul Streveler)
● Rickert, Heinrich (Lanier Anderson)
● Ricoeur, Paul (Bernard Dauenhauer)
● rights (Fred Schauer)
❍ of animals (Lori Gruen)
❍ of children (David William Archard)
❍ human (James Nickel)
❍ legal see legal rights
● role obligations see obligations: special

● Rorty, Richard (Bjørn Ramberg)
● Rosmini, Antonio (Denis Cleary)
● Royce, Josiah (Kelly A. Parker)
● rule consequentialism see consequentialism: rule
● rule of law and procedural fairness (Robert George)
● Russell, Bertrand (A. D. Irvine)
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged)
❍ moral philosophy (Charles Pigden)
● Russell's paradox (A. D. Irvine)
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
S
● Saadiah Gaon (Sarah Pessin)
● Santayana, George (Herman Saatkamp)
● Sartre, Jean-Paul (Thomas Flynn)
● scepticism see skepticism
● Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von (Andrew Bowie)
● schema (John Corcoran)
● Schlegel, Friedrich (Andrew Bowie)
● Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel (Michael Forster)
● School of Names (Chris Fraser)
● Schopenhauer, Arthur (Robert Wicks)
● Schütz, Alfred (Michael Barber)
● scientific explanation (James Woodward)
● scientific instruments (Davis Baird)
● scientific knowledge
❍ social dimensions of (Helen Longino)
● scientific progress (IIkka Niiniluoto)
● scientific realism (Richard Boyd)
● scientific unity (Sandra Mitchell)

● Scottish Philosophy
❍ in the 18th Century (Alexander Broadie)
❍ in the 19th century (Gordon Graham)
● Scottus [Scotus] Eriugena [Erigena], John see Eriugena, John Scottus
● Scotus, John Duns see Duns Scotus, John
● secession (Allen Buchanan)
● self
❍ feminist perspectives on the see feminism, topics: feminist perspectives on the self
● self-consciousness (Shaun Gallagher)
● self-knowledge (Brie Gertler)
● self-respect see respect
● Sellars, Wilfrid (Jay Rosenberg)
● set theory (Thomas Jech)
● sexuality
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