Ap dụng phương pháp phân tích kích hoạt nơtron dụng cụ (INAA) trên lò phản ứng và phương pháp xử lý thống kê đa biến trong nghiên cứu đặc trưng đa nguyên tố và xuất xứ của vật liệu khảo cổ đất nung thu thập từ một số khu di c

BO
KHOA
HOC
VA
CONG
NGHE
VIEN NANG
LlTOfNG
NGUYEN
TU*
VIET NAM
•<ft
BAO CAO TONG KET
DE TAI KHOA HOC
CONG
NGHE CAP
BO
NAM 2007-2008
Ap dung
phirong
phap phan
tich kich
hoat
notron
dung cu
(INAA)
tren lo phan
irng
va
phirong
phap xu ly thong ke da

bien trong nghien
ciru
dac trimg da nguyen to va xuat
xir
cua vat lieu khao co dat nung thu thap
tir
mot so khu di chi,
di tich
6^
Viet Nam
•
(Ma
so:
DT.06/07-09/NLNT)
Ca quan chu tri: Vien Nghien
cihi
Hat nhan
Chu nhiem de tai: NCV, Ths. Cao Dong Vu
Da Lat-12/2009 ^<^/^1
DANH SACH
NHCTNG
NGlTcn THAM GIA THlTC HIEN DE TAI
(Sap theo
thu
tua,
b, c, )
STT
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Ho va ten
Trinh Thi
Tii
Anh
Ho Manh Diing
Nguyen Kim Dung
Pham Thi Hai
Nguyen Van Minh
Pham Ngoc
Som
Nguyen Thi Sy
Le Thj Ngoc Trinh
Cao Dong Vii (CNDT)
Ghi
chii:
GV:
Gidng
vien
CV;
Chuyen
vien
vien chirc
Thac sy, GV
Tian

sy, NCVC
Ti6n
sy, NCVC
Cu nhan, CV
Ti8n
sy, NCVC
Thac sy, NCV
Cii
nhan, NCV
Thac sy, NCVC
Thac sy, NCV
NCV:
Nghien
cuu
vien
NCVC:Nghien ciru vien
chinh
Don
vi cong tdc
Dai hoc Da Lat
Vien Nghien cuu Hat nhan
Vien Khao co hoc Viet Nam
Bao tang Lam Dong
Vien Nghien cuu Hat nhan
-nt-
-nt-
-nt-
-nt-
CO QUAN PHOI HOP THlTC HIEN
1.

BAO TANG LAM DONG, 04 Hung
Vuffng,
Da Lat, Lam Dong
2.
VIEN KHAO CO HOC VIET NAM, 61 Phan Chu Trinh, Ha Noi
MUC LUC
• •
Trang
DANH SACK
NHUTSIG NGl/ClI
THAM
GL\
1
CO QUAN PHOI HOP THU'C HIEN 1
MUC LUC 2
DANH MUC CAC
CHU"
VIET
TAT
3
ABSTRACT 5
TOM
TAT
7
G\6\
THIEU 9
NHUNG
NOI
DUNG DA DANG KY
12

Phan
1:
TONG
QUAN 13
I. Nghien cuu nguon goc trong khao co
13
II.
Phuang phap phan tich kich hoat natron - NAA 23
III.
Xu ly thong ke da bien 32
IV. Luu do qui trinh nghien cuu nguon goc vat lieu khao co dat
nung bang phuang phap NAA va thong ke da bien 38
Phan
2:
THI/C
NGHIEM 39
I. Thu thap mau
39
II.
Xay
d\mg
qui trinh phan tich
kfl-NAA
41
III.
Thiet
kl
chuang trinh MSAP 54
Phan
3:

KET QUA va BINH
LUAN
61
I. Ket qua phan tich
61
II.
Ket qua xu ly thong ke 64
Phan 4: KET
LUAN
77
GlAl
TRINH KINH PHI 79
CAc CONG TRINH KHOA HOC DUOC BIEN SOAN vA CONG 80
BO TRONG KHUON KHO DE
TAI
TAI
LIEU
THAM
KHAO
81
L6I
CAM
ON
83
PHU LUC 84
DANH MUC CAC
CHlT VIET
TAT
Cbi^
viet

t^t
AAS
CA
CRM
DGNAA
HOC
HOI
FA
GTTB
HPGe
IAEA
Tieng Anh
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Cluster Analysis
Certified Reference Materials
Delayed Gamma
Activation Analysis
End of Counting
End of Irradiation
Factor Analysis
(Average Value)
High Purity Germanium
International Atomic
Agency
Neutron
Energy
Tieng Viet
ICP-MS
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass
Spectrometry

INAA
ko-NAA
KDT
LCD
LOQ
LPU
MSAP
Instrumental Neutron Activation
Analysis
k-zero
Standardization Method of
Neutron Activation Analysis
(Relic)
Limit of Detection
Limit of Quantitation
(Reactor)
Multivariate Statistical Analysis
MVSP
Program
Multivariate Statistical Package
NAA
NCHN
NIST
PCA
PC
PGNAA
PTN
QC
Neutron Activation Analysis
(Nuclear Research)

National Institute of Standards
and Technology
Principal Components Analysis
Principal Component
Prompt Gamma Neutron
Activation Analysis
(Laboratory)
Quality Control
Pho ke hap thu nguyen tu
Phan tich nhom
Chat chuan dugc chung nhan
Phan tich kich hoat natron gamma
tri
Ket thiic do
Ket thiic chieu
Phan
tich
nhan to
Gia Tri Tnmg Binh
Dau do ban dan Ge sieu tinh khiet
Co quan Nang luang Nguyen tir
Quoc te
Khoi pho ke plasma cam ung doi
ngau
Phan tich kich hoat natron dung cu
Phuang phap chuan hoa
k-zero
trong phan tich kich hoat natron
Khu Di Tich
Gidi

han phat hien (dinh
tinh)
Giai han phat hien (djnh lugrng)
Lo Phan Ung
Chuang trinh xu ly thong ke da
bien (Da Lat)
Chuang trinh xu ly thong ke da
biSn
(UK)
Phan tich kich hoat natron
Nghien Cuu Hat Nhan
Vien Chuan va Cong nghe Quoc
gia (Hoa Ky)
Phan tich thanh phan chinh
Thanh phan chinh
Phan tich kich hoat
ncrtron
bang
gamma
tiic
thai
Phong Thi
Nghidm
Kiem soat chat
lugng
ChUt
Viet
at
Tieng Anh
Tieng Viet

RSD Relative Standard Deviation
SAM Sample
SD Standard Deviation
SOC Start of Counting
SPSS Statistical Package for Social
Sciences
SRM Standard Reference Materials
UBNN
(People's
Committee)
UNESCO United Nations Educational
Scientific and Cultural
Organization
VHTT Culture Information
XRFA X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis
Do lech chuan tuang doi
Mau
Do lech chuan
Bat dau do
Chuang trinh xu ly thong ke dung
trong khoa hgc xa hgi (Hoa ky)
Chat chuan tham khao
Uy Ban Nhan Dan
To chiic Khoa hgc, Giao
due
va
Van hoa Lien Hiep Quoc
Van hoa Thong tin
Phan tich huynh quang tia X
ABSTRACT

Application of chemical composition determination of archaeological sample as a
support
tool
for provenance research has quickly developed in the recently decades,
particularly in the Latin American countries. Many analyzing methods such as, XRFA,
NAA, ICP-MS, AAS, etc., have been used for this purpose. The most effective and
successful method, however, is NAA which has been carried out by some groups all
over the world
''^.
In
Vietaam,
problem of determining the provenance of archeological samples by
scientific tools has not been employed. Some previous researches were not completely
done and can not thoroughly solve the provenance question.
Twenty five years since
Dalat
nuclear research reactor has been renewed and re-
operated, along with other trends of
research.
Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis
- INAA has being invested and
successflilly
applied in different disciplines such as:
geology, environment, petroleum, agriculture, biology, etc.
Besides, there are some highly culture remains and ruins of archaeology which
need to be researched, preserved, maintained and restored in Viemam. From that fact,
along with the success of some
smdies
on the world in the recently decades, in combine
with the domestic archaeologist, we carried out a theme named "Application of reactor-

based INAA and multivariate statistical analysis technique for multielements
characterization and provenance research of archaeological materials collected from
some archaeological site, relic places in Vietnam"
Collection of provenance information from the multi-elemental characterization
and their interrelations is the goal of the authors. The obtained results from this study
are the first foundation for setting up a database of raw-clay material in some places in
Vietaam; Take part in the provenance research on pottery and the restoration of highly
culture remains and ruins which are being naturally devastated. In this research, 03
archaeological sites were chosen for investigation, as follow: (1)
Cattien
archaeological
site (Lamdong), (2) My Son Holy land (Quangnam), and (3) Emperor's rampart relic
(Binhdinh).
The contents of our research includes: (i) Investigation and collection more than
250 samples (raw-clay materials, ancient brick and pottery) at 03 archaeological sites;
5/118
(ii) Setting up the multi-element analyzing procedure by the reactor-based ko-NAA
method; and (iii) Designing of
01
computer program in order to statistically treat the
data by Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Clusters Analysis (CA).
The main results of this study can be summarized as follow: (1) The analyzing
procedure for 29 elements (Al, As, Ba, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Dy, Eu, Fe, Ga, Hf, K, La, Lu,
Mn, Na, Nd, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sm, Ta, Tb, Ti, Th, U, V and Yb) by ko-NAA method was set
up,
(2) Analyzed data with 8062
analytes
for 29 elements, as mentioned above, in 278
archaeological samples and raw-clay materials collected in this study were achieved,
and (3) A computer program for statistical multivariate analysis PCA and CA was

designed and developed. Initial information about the provenance of collected samples
was suggested.
6/118
TOM TAT
Viec ap dung cac phuang phap phan tich thanh phan hoa hgc Uong vat lieu khao
CO
dat nung (dat set nguyen lieu, gach, gom
sii,
do tao tac dat nung, v.v ) de ho trg cho
nghien
ciiu
nguon goc da phat trien mgt
each
nhanh chong frong vai thap ky qua, dac
biet la a cac nuac My
La-tinh.
Co nhieu ky thuat phan tich nhu XRFA, NAA, ICP-MS,
AAS,
v.v , da dugc
sii
dung de xac dinh dac tnmg thanh phan da nguyen to cac vat lieu
khao CO, tuy nhien, phuang phap co thai gian su dung dai nhat va dugc danh gia la
thanh cong nhat trong lich su
iing
dung trong nghien
ciiu
nguon goc chinh la phuang
phap NAA
(Neufron
Activation

Analysis)''.
Q
Viet nam, van de nghien
ciiu
nguon goc cac vat lieu khao co bang cac cong cu
khoa hgc hien dai duong nhu chua timg dugc ap dung truac day, hoac neu co ciing chi
dung lai a nhung nghien
ciiu
rai rac chua giai quyet bai toan nguon goc mgt
each
triet
dk.
Hai muai lam nam qua, tir ngay Lo Phan Ung
(LPLf)
dugc khoi phuc va dua vao
khai thac,
sii
dung, cimg vai nhiing huang nghien
ciiu
khac tai Vien Nghien
ciiu
Hat
nhan (NCHN), phuang phap phan tich kich hoat
nafron
dung cu (Instrumental Neutron
Activation Analysis - INAA) ciing da dugc dau tu, nghien
ciiu
phat trien va ting dung
thanh cong frong nhieu
ITnh

vuc nhu: Dia chat, moi truang, dau khi, nong nghiep, sinh
hgc,
v.v
Ben canh do, a nuac ta hien dang ton tai kha nhieu cac cong trinh kien tnic co, phe
tich khao co hgc can dugc nghien
ciiu,
bao duong, trimg tu va ton tao. Tir nhting thuc te
nhu vay, cimg
vcri
thanh tuu tren the giai da dat dugc trong nhimg thap ky qua, ket hgp
vai cac nha Khao co trong nuac, chiing toi da xay
dimg
mgt de tai ve "Ap dung phucmg
phdp
phdn tich kich hogt natron dung cu (INAA) tren
Id
phdn img
vd
phucmg phdp
xic
ly
thdng ke da bien trong nghien
ciru
ddc trung da nguyen td vd xudt xu cua vdt lieu khdo
cd ddt nung thu thdp
tie
mot sd khu di
chi,
di tich a
Viet

Nam ".
Thu thap thong tin, dii lieu dac trung ve nguon goc cua cac vat lieu khao co dat
nung tir dac tnmg thanh phan da nguyen to va moi tuang quan giiia chiing la muc tieu
ma nhom tac gia de tai nham den. Tir do, dat nen mong cho viec tao lap ca so dir lieu ve
dac trung thanh phan hoa hgc cho dang nguyen lieu, cho cac vimg nguyen lieu set d
Viet Nam nham gop phan vao viec nghien
ciiu
nguon goc do tao tac dat nung co. Ngoai
7/118
ra, nhirng ket qua nghien
ciiu
nay con
la cii
lieu tham khao quan frgng cho cac nha xay
dung frong nghien
ciiu
tim ngudn nguyen lieu phu hgp phuc vu cong tac trimg tu va ton
tao cac khu di tich, phe tich co gia tri van hoa cao dang ngay cang xu6ng cap va mai
mgt. Trong khuon
kh6
cua nghien
ciiu
nay, ba dia diem dugc chgn de khao sat la: (1)
Khu di tich khao
c6
hgc Cat Tien (Lam
D6ng),
(2) Khu di tich My San (Quang Nam),
(3) Khu di tich Thanh Hoang De (Binh Dinh).
Nhiing ngi dung chu

y8u
cua dk tai bao g6m: (i) Khao sat va thu thap fren 250 mau
vat (mau dat set nguyen lieu, gach co va g6m
c6)
tai 03 khu di tich neu fren; (ii) Xac lap
qui trinh xac dinh da nguyen to frong cac vat
lieu
khao co bang ky thuat ko-NAA fren
LPU; Va (iii) thilt ke
01
chuang trinh may tinh dk
xii
ly thdng ke bg
s6
lieu phan tich
fren ca sa sir dung hai phuang phap xir ly thong ke da bien la phan tich thanh phan PCA
(Principle Components Analysis) va phan tich nhom CA (Clusters Analysis).
Nhirng ket qua chinh da dat dugc qua de tai c6 the tom tat nhu sau: (1) Bg qui
frinh phan tich 29 nguyen to (Al, As, Ba, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Dy, Eu, Fe, Ga, Hf, K, La, Lu,
Mn, Na, Nd, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sm, Ta, Tb, Ti, Th, U, V va Yb) bing ko-NAA da dugc xac
lap;
(2) Bg dii lieu phan tich vdi 8062 chi tieu phan tich cua 29 nguyen to neu fren frong
278 mau vat khao co, set nguyen lieu thu thap dugc qua de tai; (3) Xac lap 01 qui trinh
xir ly so lieu phan tich bang hai phuang phap thong ke da bien so PCA va CA. Ddng
thai,
Cac thong tin, dii lieu ban dau ve nguon goc cho cac doi tugng nghien cuu da dugc
dua ra.
8/118
GlGl
THIEU

Ngudn goc, theo dinh nghia frong khao co hgc la mgt khoa hgc ve cac loai co vat
tao tac ma trgng tam la xac dinh nguon goc dia ly cua chiing bang
each
so sanh dac
trung hoa hgc cua cac vat lieu co nguon goc da biet vai cac mau chua ro lai lich. Qua
trinh nay thuang bao gom viec xac dinh cac tinh chat vat ly, hoa hgc cua cac vat lieu de
lam nen co vat. Nai ma mgt co vat dugc tim thay co the
each
xa hang ki-16-met hoac
hang tram ki-16-met tir nai no dugc tao thanh va giiia chiing co the la mgt khoang thai
gian dai su dung hoac frao ddi.
Ngoai yeu to nien dai, cac thong tin ve nguon goc cua di vat co vi tri dac biet quan
trgng frong nghien
ciiu
khao co. No giiip cho cac nha nghien
ciiu
co them thong tin, cir
lieu trong viec giai ma, lien ket, kiem chiing va luan giai cac van de ve khao co, nhan
chung, lich su, v.v Tir do, hieu biet ky luang han ve cac hoat dgng san xuat cua nguoi
CO,
tim ra nhirng con duong giao thuang mua ban cac nguyen lieu tho, san vat tao tac,
ciing nhu cac mo hinh di tni trong qua
khii '^'.
Trong nghien
ciiu
khao co hgc, do tao tac dat nung (pottery) la doi tugng frgng
tam. Vdi kha nang ton tai frong thai gian dai ma khong bi phan huy, cac san vat tao tac,
manh va la thong diep ro net nhat ma nguoi xua de lai. Ngoai ra, no con dugc xem la
san pham cua qui trinh cong nghe dau tien cua loai nguai.
O nuac ta, frong kho tang di san kien tnic cua dan tgc, nghe thuat kien tnic

Champa co vi tri dac biet quan trgng. Trong suot mgt thai gian dai, gan 900 nam tir cuoi
the ky
thii
VII den niia dau the ky XVII, nguoi Cham da xay dung nen mgt nen kien
tnic dgc dao vdi hang tram den thap, trai dai suot tu dai dat mien Trung, Tay Nguyen
den vimg Nam bg. Qua bao thang tram
ciia
lich su, thien tai khac nghiet va thdi gian,
ngay nay so lugng den - thap Champa con lai khong nhieu, lai frong tinh trang hu hong,
xuong cap nghiem trgng, nhung do la nhimg di san kien tnic v6 gia khong chi cua Quoc
gia ma con cua nhan loai, la bang chung ve mgt nen van hoa Champa co
rue
ra, giau
ban sac rat can dugc giu gin, ton tao va bao ton. Cho den nay, ky thuat va nghe thuat
xay dung den thap ciia nguoi Cham co van con nhieu bi an, dieu nay da thu
hiit
su quan
tam cua nhieu nha khoa hgc trong va ngoai nuac tir nhieu chuyen nganh, nhieu
ITnh
vuc
khac nhau. Nhieu de tai nghien cuu theo nhieu hudng khac nhau da dat dugc nhiing
thanh cong nhat dinh. Trong do dang
chii
y co de tai
\k ""Nghien
cim ky thudt xdy dung
thdp
Chdm
phuc vu trung tu
vdphdt

huy gid trj di
tich "
do TS. Trdn Ba
Vi?t
thugc
Vi^n
9/118
Khoa hgc Cong nghe Xay dung thugc Bg Xay dung
lam chii
nhifm.
De tai da khong
nhimg di sau giai quyet cac van de khoa hgc, cong nghe trong xay dung den thap
Champa, ma con lam ro han rat nhieu van de hen quan ve
lich
sii,
nghe thuat, khao
c6,
dan tgc, kiln tnic, v.v
.'^^
Tuy vay, mang nghien
ciiu
ve dac trung thanh
phSn
hoa hgc
cua cac vat lieu khao
c6 dit
nung nham phuc vu cho nghien
ciiu
nguon goc frong khao
c6 de tai fren da khong de cap

din.
Ngoai ra, mgt so cong trinh nghien
ciiu
dan
le
khac
da timg dua ra
vSn
dl, song, bai toan vl nghien
ciiu
nguon goc
vin
con bo ngo va chua
dugc tap trung giai quylt mgt
each
triet de, frong khi do nhung thong tin ve nguon goc
CO
mgt y nghia rat lan frong nghien
ciiu
khao co hgc.
Trong nghien
ciiu
nguon goc cac mau vat tao tac khao co dat nung nhat thiet phai
di tir dac trung thanh phan hoa hgc
ciia
chiing va cac nguon nguyen lieu kha
di
de lan
theo dau tich cua timg manh va rieng biet tir nai phat hien ra chiing cho den nai chiing
dugc tao ra. Nhieu ky thuat phan tich nhu XRFA, NAA, ICP-MS, AAS, v.v da dugc

sir dung de xac dinh thanh phan da nguyen to cac vat heu khao co, tuy nhien, phuang
phap
CO
thai gian sir dung dai nhat va dugc danh gia
la
thanh cong nhit frong lich su
ling dung trong nghien
ciiu
nguon goc chinh la phuang phap
NAA^'^.
Q
Viet Nam, cac phuang phap co dien thuang dugc su dung tir truac cho
din
nay
trong xac dinh nguon goc co vat noi chung, co vat dk
nimg
noi rieng la cac phuang
phap so sanh
true
quan dua vao viec nghien
ciiu
cac tai lieu tir xua dl lai, dua fren cac
hga tiet, hoa van
ciia
co vat, ciing nhu tir cac thong tin ve nien dai, van hoa v.v Cac
phuang phap nay to ra it hieu qua trong nhung truong hgp nhu:
C6
vat bi
biin
dang do

dieu kien tu nhien, do thai gian, v.v cung nhu cac san pham dugc tao ra tir su giao thoa
ciia
cac nen van hoa khac nhau.
Hai muai lam nam qua, tir ngay Lo Phan U'ng (LPU) Hat nhan (Da Lat) dugc khoi
phuc va dua vao khai thac, su dung, cimg voi nhirng hudng nghien
ciiu
khac tai Vien
Nghien
ciiu
Hat nhan (NCHN), phuang phap phan tich kich hoat nafron dung cu
(Instrumental Neufron Activation Analysis - INAA) ciing da dugc
dkn
tu, nghien
ciiu
phat trien va
iing
dung thanh cong frong nhilu
linh
vuc nhu: Dia chk, moi truang,
dau
khi,
nong nghiep, sinh hgc, v.v
Tir nhiing ket qua dat dugc fren till gidi ve nghien
ciiu
ngudn gdc, nhung tiln bo
frong
ITnh
vuc phan tich hat nhan frong nudc va nhu
cki
thuc tl cua nganh khao

c6
hoc
nudc nha vl nghien
ciiu
ngudn gdc cac di vat dk nung, phdi hgp voi cac nha khao
c6
frong
nuac,
de tai "Ap dung phuang phdp phdn tich kich hogt natron dung cu (INAA)
10/118
tren
Id
phdn
ung vd
phuang phdp xu ly thdng ke da bien trong nghien cuu ddc trung da
nguyen td vd xudt
xic
cua vdt lieu khdo cd ddt nung thu thdp
tir
mgt sd khu di
chi,
di tich
a Viet Nam " da dugc xay dung va thuc hien trong 2 nam (2007-2008), vdi kinh phi
350,0 trieu dong.
De tai nay dat ra nham muc dich md ra hudng
iing
dung mdi cho nganh phan tich
hat nhan d Viet Nam va gop phan vao giai quyet bai toan nghien
ciiu
ngudn goc trong

khao
CO
ma doi tugng chinh la co vat dat nung, bao gom: Set nguyen lieu, gach co va do
tao tac noi chung. Trong do, nghien cuu set nguyen lieu nham muc dich tao ra cac co sd
dii lieu ve nguon; Gach co la mgt dang cua di vat dat nung dugc xem la co nguon goc
tai cho, lgi dung yeu to nay de nghien
ciiu
xay dung qui trinh ban dau; Gom
sii
la doi
tugng chinh trong bai toan nghien
ciiu
nguon goc trong khao co. Tuy nhien, de giai
quyet van de mgt
each
day
dii
tren qui mo toan quoc hay rgng han la khong gian van
hoa cua khu vuc (gom nhieu quoc gia lan can) thi can co rat nhieu thdi gian, co khi len
den hang chuc nam hay lau hon niia va phai co nguon kinh
phi,
nhan luc
dii
ldn, vdi su
tham gia
ciia
nhieu chuyen nganh khac nhau nhu khao co, dia chat, dia hoa, vat ly, toan
hgc,
v.v '^'.
Thu thap thong tin, dir lieu dac trung ve nguon goc cua cac vat lieu khao co dat

nung tir dac trung thanh phan da nguyen to va moi tuong quan giiia chung la muc tieu
ma nhom tac gia de tai nham den. Tir do, thiet lap qui trinh nghien
ciiu
nguon goc, dat
nen mong cho viec tao lap co sd dii lieu ve dac trung thanh phan hoa hgc cua cac dang
nguyen lieu, cho cac vimg nguyen lieu, cac dang gom
sii,
do tao tac dat nung d Viet
Nam.
De giai quyet muc tieu
ciia
de tai, ba dia diem dai dien dac trung cho tinh trang
cac khu di tich d Viet Nam dugc chgn de khao sat do la: (1) Khu di chi khao co hgc Cat
Tien (Lam Dong), (2) Khu di tich My Scm (Quang Nam), (3) Khu di tich Thanh Hoang
De (Binh Dinh). Nhiing ngi dung
chii
yeu da thuc hien bao gom: (i) Khao sat va thu
thap han 250 mau vat (set nguyen lieu, gach co va gom co) tai 03 khu di tich neu tren;
(ii) Xac lap qui trinh xac dinh da nguyen to frong cac vat lieu khao co bang ky thuat ko-
NAA tren LPU; Va (iii) thiet ke 01 chuang trinh may tinh de xir ly thong ke bg so lieu
phan tich tren ca sd su dung hai phuang phap xir ly thong ke da bien la phan
tich
thanh
phan chinh PCA va phan tich nhom nhom CA.
11/118
NHCTNG
NOI
DUNG
DA
DANG KY

1.
Khao sat, thilt kl
idy
mau dam bao cac tieu chi phuc vu nghien cuu khao
c6,
tinh dai dien cho
vimg,
vj tri lay
mhi
va cac tieu chuan phuc vu cho
phan tich INAA.
"'
2.
Tiln hanh thu thap khoang 210 miu bao
g6m:
Set nguyen lieu, gach
c6,
gom
CO
tir
3
khu di chi, di tich.
3.
xay
dung quy trinh
phan tich
da nguyen to trong doi
tugmg
mau khao co
dat

mmg bang INAA cho khoang 32 nguyen to (Na, K, Rb, Cs, Al, Sc, Ti, V,
Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, As, Sb, Zr, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Yb, Lu, La, Hf, Ta,
Ca, Sr, Ba, U va Th) va ap dung phan tich 210 mau thu thap qua de tai.
4.
Xii
ly thong ke da bien de danh gia tuong quan tir
bg
so lieu
phan
tich nham
khao sat dac tnmg thanh phan,
xuat xii
ctia cac
mau
vat khao co theo timg
loai,
nhom
mau
va vimg
lay
mau.
Tir do chi ra cac dac tnmg chi thi cho
timg viing khao sat.
12/118
Phan 1
TONG QUAN
Trong phan nay chiing toi se trinh bay mgt
each
tom
luge

cac van de lien quan den
nghien
ciiu
nguon goc frong khao co hgc va cac phuang phap dugc ap dung.
I. Nghien
cihi
nguon goc trong
Ichao
co
Nghien
ciiu
nguon goc khao co hgc da va dang phat trien ciing vdi cac nganh khoa
hgc dia hoa, dia chat va phan tich. Nhiing vat lieu khao co thudng cd nguon goc tir dat,
da, gom, kim
loai
va v6 so. Do cac chat lieu dia chat co su phan bo dia ly khac nhau,
chiing ta co the xac dinh dugc nguon goc dua vao su khac biet nay. Tir
nhung
dii lieu
phan tich dieu tra, cac nha nghien
ciiu
co the tra ldi chinh xac cac tao vat do da dugc
lam ra tir dau va tir loai nguyen vat lieu nao. De tai nay chiing toi tap trung nghien
ciiu
xay dung qui trinh nghien
ciiu
nguon goc cho doi tugng vat lieu khao co bang dat nung.
1.
Ddt set va do
tgo

tdc ddt nung
Dat set (hay set): La mgt thuat ngu dugc dimg de mieu ta mgt nhom cac khoang
vat phyllosilicat nhom ngam nudc, thong thudng co dudng kinh hat nho hon
2\im.
Dat
set bao gom cac loai khoang chat phyllosilicat giau cac oxit va hidroxit cua
silic
va
nhom cung nhu bao gom mgt lugng ldn nudc tham gia vao viec tao cau tnic va thay doi
theo tung loai dat set. Dat set noi chung dugc tao ra do su phong hoa hoa hgc
ciia
cac
loai da chiia silicat dudi tac dgng
ciia
axit cacbonic nhung mgt so loai dat set lai dugc
hinh thanh do cac hoat dgng thuy nhiet. Dat set dugc phan biet vdi cac loai hat dat da
nho khac co frong dat, chang han nhu bim nhd kich thuac nho
ciia
chiing, hinh dang tao
bong hay tao lap, kha nang
hiit
nudc ciing nhu chi so do deo
cao''''^l
Trong cac nguon tai lieu khac nhau, ngudi ta chia dat set ra thanh ba hay bon
nhom chinh nhu sau: kaolinit, montmorillonit-smectit,
illit
va chlorit (nhdm cuoi ciing
khong phai
liic
nao cdng dugc coi la mgt phan

ciia
dat set va doi khi dugc phan loai nhu
la mgt nhom rieng, trong pham vi phyllosilicat). Co khoang 30 loai dat set 'nguyen chat'
khac nhau frong cac nhom nay, nhung phan ldn dat set 'tu nhien' la cac hon hgp
ciia
cac
loai khac nhau nay, cimg vdi cac khoang chat da phong hda
khac^'*'^'^'.
Sir dung ddt
set:
Dat set la chat mem deo khi am, dieu nay cd nghTa la rat de tao
dang cho nd bang tay. Khi kho nd frd nen ran chac hon va khi bi "nung" hay lam ciing
bang
nhi?t
do cao, dat set trd thanh ran vTnh cim. Thugc tinh nay lam cho dat set trd
13/118
thanh mgt chat ly tudng de lam cac do gom
sii
cd do ben cao, dugc
sii
dung ca frong
nhirng muc dich thuc te cdng nhu dimg de lam do frang tri. Vdi cac dang dk set khac
nhau va cac dilu kien nung khac nhau, ngudi ta thu dugc dat nung, gom
va
sii.
Loai
ngudi da phat hien ra cac thugc tinh huu ich cua dat set tir thdi tien su va mgt trong
nhiing dd tao tac sdm nhat ma ngudi ta da bilt den
la
cac binh

d\mg
nudc lam frr dit set
dugc lam kho dudi anh
n4ng
mat trdi. Phu thugc vao cac hgp chat cd frong dk, dk set
cd thl cd nhilu mau khac nhau, tir mau frSng, xam tdi mau dd-da cam
sam'^l
Da hinh thimh
tit
dung nham
nui
hia
—
da
nui tin
(Igneous
rocks) Tram tich (sedimentary)
Su
phong hoa
(-weathering)
Dat set
neuj'en
smh-
Qiia trinh
xoi mon
.1
Set thu cap
(L6ng
dong tu nhien)
Qui

trinb
to nhien
Nghien. tan thanh
bpt min
•
Su
dvng *^'
'™^
^'*°
'•°'
^*''" ngwoi)
Thai hoi
(roi
\-ii)
ra
tv»
nhien
chiu
tac ding
aia then
uet,
thoi gian (Diagenesis)
Khai
quat. thu thap. phan tich. dac Dung hoa
Dat set dugc
nung ket frong
liia
da
tao ra nhiing do gom
sii

dau tien va hien
nay nd van la mgt
frong nhiing vat lieu
re tien nhat de san
xuat va sir dung rgng
rai nhat. Gach, ngdi,
noi tir dat, cac dd tao
tac nghe thuat tir dat,
bat dTa, than bugi va
tham chi ca cac nhac
cu nhu dan ocarina
deu dugc lam tir dat
set. Dat set ciing dugc
sii dimg
trong nhieu nganh cong nghiep,
chSng
han frong san
xuat giay, xi mang, gom
sii
va cac bg lgc hda
hgc^^'^l
Do tgo tdc ddt nung (pottery): La cac vat dung, cac tac phim nghe thuat dugc
lam bang dat nung bdi cac thg gom. Do dat nung bao gom cd 3 loai chinh nhu:
D6
gdm
thd (earthenware), do sanh (stoneware) va do
sii
(porcelain).
D6
tao tac dit nung duac

xem la san pham
ciia
qui trinh cong nghe dau tien cua
loai
ngudi co tinh nghe thuat cao
va cdn tdn tai cho den ngay nay. Chiing dugc tao ra vdi hai muc dich chinh la phuc vu
cho nhu cau sir dung hang ngay va frang fri. Nguyen lieu chinh dl san suit la dit set
chiia khoang
-70%
dat set frong thanh phan, phan con lai la phu gia
tiiy
theo loai cone
nghe. Chiing thudng dugc tao hinh bang tay, sau do dugc nung d nhiet do cao tir 900-
1400°C tiiy
theo loai. Gdm tho, la loai gom tiiudng khong dugc frang men va dugc nung
Hinh 1: Vong ddi
ciia
mgt san vat dit
nimg^^^
14/118
d nhiet do tir
1000-1150°C,
sau khi nung thuang cd mau tir trang cho den dd
tiiy
vao
nguyen lieu.
Do sanh thudng dugc nung d nhiet do tir
1200-1315°C,
sau khi nung thudng cd mau xam hoac hoi nau, thudng loai
nay cd trang men.

Loai
thii
3 la gom sir, thudng dugc lam tir set cao lanh
(Kaolin), co nhiet do nung tir
1200-1400°C,
thudng cd mau
trang, cd do ben cao. Co vat dat nung sdm nhat dugc biet cho
den ngay nay la dugc tim thay d Cong hda Sec, dugc san xuat
trong khoang thdi gian tu nam 29.000-25.000 trudc cong
nguyen (hinh
2)'^'.
2.
Sa
luac
ve lich
sir
Y niem ve phan img hat nhan cd the dugc dimg cho phan
tich dinh lugng dugc Georg Hevesy va
Hidle
Levy dua ra nam
1936,
khi ho chilu mudi cac nguyen to dit
hilm
bing mgt
^'"^ ^- '^^^^ v? "*
dat nung (Venus of
nguon phat natron tu nhien Ra(Be) (Ehmann va Vance 1991).
Dolni)
co nien dai
Ho da phat hien thiy nhilu nguyen td dit hilm da trd nen cd

khp^ng
30.000 nam
tuoi dugc tim thay d
hoat do phdng xa cao sau khi dugc chieu bdi natron, hoat do Cong hda
Sec'*'.
nay dugc phat ra tir nhieu nguyen to khac nhau va giam dan
theo cac tham so thdi gian khac nhau (T1/2). Tu phat hien nay hg da nhan ra ve tiem
nang cua viec nhan dien
su
cd mat cua nhiing nguyen to frong mau vat la hon hgp cua
nhieu nguyen to thong qua viec do cac
biic
xa khac nhau va chu ky ban huy
ciia
nhirng
nguyen to phdng
xa^'.
Trong nhung thap nien 50-60, hang loat LPU tren the gidi dugc xay dung vdi
thdng lugng nafron du ldn de cho phep do nhay
ciia
NAA dat tdi mirc cd the dap
iing
dugc yeu cau
ciia
cac bai toan phan tich thuc te. Them vao do la nhirng tien bg vugt bac
ve tinh phiic tap, do nhay
ciia
cac thiet bi ghi do hat nhan va hang fram cac thi nghiem
do dac cac thong sd hat nhan lien quan den phan
iing

hat nhan nhu tiet dien phan
iing,
chu ky ban
hiiy,
do phd bien ddng vi, ti so re nhanh , v.v ) da dugc tien
hanh''l
Tiem nang
iing
dung
ciia
phuang phap NAA lin dau tien da dugc Robert
Oppenheimer thira nhan nhu mgt cong cu cua khao co hgc vao
miia
thu nam
1954,
ong
ta da dl nghi Dodson va Sayre tai PTN qudc gia Hoa Ky Brookhaven (BNL) sir dung
15/118
phuang phap NAA nhu mgt
each
kha
dT
de xac dinh nguon goc cua cac manh gdm khao
c6.
Ciing trong thdi gian nay, mgt nhom nghien
ciiu
tai Dai hgc Oxford ciing bit dau
tiln hanh nhung
th\rc
nghiem vdi NAA tren cac doi tugng gom va tiln

cd^'l
Nhiing
iing dimg
ban dau da gap phai tra ngai bdi do phan giai kem cua cac he do
phd gamma, nhung
sir
ra ddi cua dau do (detector) Ge[Li] vao dau nhirng nam 1960 da
mang lai nhirng cai tiln dang kl ve do phan giai cho cac he do pho, dieu nay da tao ra
mgt lan sdng cho ling dung NAA trong nganh khao co hgc. Bai bao cao cua Sayre
(1965) vl phan tich thiiy tinh
c6
la bao cao diu tien ve
vi?c
su dung va nhung lgi the
cua dau do Ge[Li] frong
NAA^'l
Nam 1969 Perlman va Asaro da dua ra mgt mo ta vl phuang phap chuin hda so
sanh trong NAA de ap dung trong xac dinh nguon goc tai PTN Lawrence Berkeley
Laboratory (LBL). Tir do NAA dugc cac nha khao co sir dung nhieu ban frong khoang
thdi gian
1970-1980
de xac dinh nguon gdc cho cac doi tugng gom co, khoang
niii
lira
(obsidian), da tram tich (chert) va cac dang nguyen lieu khac. Den nay, mgt ca sd dii
lieu ve thanh phan hda hgc vdi sd lugng mau Ien den hang fram nghin mau da dugc tao
lap va lien tuc cap nhat tren toan chau
My^''^.
Tir nhiing nam
1990

cho den nay, NAA dugc xem nhu mgt cong cu frong nghien
ciiu
nguon goc cua khao co hgc, cho du so lugng cac LPU tren the gidi cd suy giam,
nhung hieu suat va cong suat
iing
dung NAA trong khao co thi van dugc duy tri d
miic
cao va ngay cang rgng rai
^
.
3.
Nguyen ly nguon goc
Y tudng ve viec xac dinh nguon goc dua fren thanh phan hda hgc cua mau vat da
dugc biet den tir nhiing nam dau cua thap ky 70. Tuy nhien, Weigand va cac cong su
cua ong
(1977)
dugc xem la nhting nguoi dau tien da cd nd luc tim
hiiu
nguon gdc cac
CO
vat thong qua viec phan
tich
cac thanh phan cua nd mgt
each
tudng minh qua nguyen
ly
CO
ban dugc ong phat bieu nhu sau: "Tdn tgi
nhiing
su khdc biet trong thdnh phan

giira cdc ngudn nguyen lieu tu nhien khdc nhau md nd vugt qud su khdc biet giua cdc
thdnh
phdn quan sdt dugc trong ciing mot nguon nguyen lieu
".
Ngay nay, phat bilu nav
dugc xem nhu la 'Nguyen ly ngudn
gdc'
ciia
cac nha Khao
c6^^'.
Nd dugc hieu rang do tao tac dugc tao ra tir mgt nguon nguyen lieu tho nao do co
the dugc xac dinh mgt
each
thanh cong thong qua viec phan tich thanh phin hda hoc
16/118
ciia
chimg, mien la
su
khac biet giiia cac nguon khac nhau phai du ldn so vdi su khac
bi^t giCra
chimg trong cimg mgt nguon.
Phucmg phdp tiep can: Viec xac dinh nguon goc cd the theo mgt trong hai hudng
rieng biet dugc giai thich bdi H. Neff (2000) va dugc dan ra d hinh 3. Neu cac ngudn
dugc dinh vi va nhan dien mgt cac ro rang, vi du nhu trong trudng hgp
ciia
cac ddng
khoang
niii
lira, nguyen lieu tho tir cac nguon nay dugc phan lap, va tu dd, nguon goc
ciia

cac co vat chua biet dugc so sanh vdi cac nhom da biet ngudn gdc
(each
tiep can
thirl)t'«l
Mat khac, neu nguon dugc phan bo rgng, dac biet diing trong trudng hgp cac
nguyen lieu tho lam gom, viec lay mau va phan lap cac ngudn kha
dl
la rat khd (hay
khdng thuc te).
Doi
vol nhfing
nguon dirac khoanh vung
va de nhan dien (nhirng luong khoang
(obsidian flows) va cac via da lo thien)
(D
Lay mau va phan tich nguyen lieu tho tir cac
nguon da xac dinh
\
Tir nhirng nhom tham khao va nhirng mau da
biet nguon goc, dac tnmg hoa chung mot
each
thong ke
i
Lay mau va phan tich cac mau vat chua ro
nguon goc va so sanh chung vdi cac nhom
tham khao da biet.
Doi vdi nhirng nguon nguyen lieu tren dien
rong va co
dvcrag
bien khong ro rang (gom,

sir)
ai)
Lay mau va phan tfch cac mau vat chua biet
nguon goc
4
Sir dung cac mo hinh duoc thira nhan, chia
nho dii lieu chua ro nguon goc, dac trung hoa
thong ke theo nhom.
i
Lay mau va phan tich cac nguon nguyen Heu
cang rong cang tot, so sanh vdi cac nhom chua
ro nguon goc de suy luan nguon goc hoac cac
vimg nguyen heu
Idia di
cua chiing theo nhom.
Hinh 3; Hai
each
tiep can de xac dinh nguon goc (H.
Neff,
2000)'''
'
Va nhu vay, cac nghien
ciiu
nguon goc mau gom sir dung
each
tiep can loai trir
theo do cac nhdm tham khao dugc thiet lap tir cac mau gom chua ro nguon gdc
(each
tiep can
thii

II).
Trong nghien
ciiu
nay chiing tdi sir dung ca hai each tiep can neu tren.
4. Chon lua
cdc
dia diem nghien cuu
Dua fren cac tieu
chi:
(1) Tinh can thiet; (2) Tinh dai dien; (3) Kha nang thu thap
mau, trong de tai nay ba khu di tich da dugc chgn de khao sat la: Khu di tich Cat Tien:
Dai dien cho cac khu di chi khao co hgc dang trong qua trinh nghien
ciiu
chua ro chu
nhan; Khu di tich My Son: Dai dien cho kien tnic Champa da dugc cong nhan bdi
UNESCO; Khu di tich Thanh Hoang
De:
Dai dien cho nen van hda ngudi Viet mugn.
17/118
CHINA
Cat Tien
Archaeological
Site
Hlnh 4: Vi tri tuang ddi cua ba khu di tich dugc chgn khao sat
4.1.
Khu di tich Cat Tien
(Lam
Dong)
Theo quoc 16 so 20 tir Da Lat di TP. Ho Chi Minh chimg 150 km tdi nga ba
Madaguoi, re phai di gan 40 km

niia
theo dudng tinh lg
721
se den khu di tich Cat Tien.
Di tich Cat Tien hay
con dugc ggi la Thdnh dia
Cdt Tien la mgt quan the di
tich rgng ldn dugc phat hien
nam 1985, gom nhieu phe
tich kien tnic nam rai rac
dgc theo ta ngan (bd frai)
song Ddng Nai, vdi chieu
dai phan bo ban
15km
tir xa
Quang Ngai (xa dia dau cua Hinh
5:
Gdc Tay Nam mgt
phi
tich tai go 2C khu Thanh
huyen Cat Tien giap vdi dia Cat Tien dang frong qua frinh khai quat.
huyen Da Teh)
din
xa
E)iic
Pho huyen Cat Tien. Cac di tich kiln tnic dugc tap trung
chii
ylu frong mgt bon dia hep mat Dong, Tay, Bic giap
niii
bao quanh, mat Nam giap

18/118
song Dong Nai tai thon 1 xa Quang Ngai (d day hien cd
11
phe tich kien tnic da dugc
khai quat khao co va nhieu thanh to kien tnic khac mdi dugc tham sat nghien
ciiu)'"'
12,13,14]
Trai qua 8 lan khai quat khao co (tir nam
1994
den nam 2006) cac nha khoa hgc da
lam xuat
16
nhieu cong trinh kien tnic dd
la
cac dang den thap, mg thap, dai thd, nha dai,
mang dan nudc, dudng di lat bang gach da va khu vuc 16 san xuat gach co, v.v Cac
kien tnic d day dugc xay dung
chii
yeu bang gach san xuat tai chd va da khoi van
chuyen tir nai khac tdi su dung
lam
cac cau kien kien tnic nhu cgt da, mi cira va che tac
cac ngau tugng Linga-Yony, tugng cac vi than Uma, Ganesa, v.v trong
tin nguong
An
Do giao. Tat ca cac kien tnic dugc khai quat deu d dang phe tich chi cdn phan nen
mdng. Qua binh do kien tnic den thap, mg thap, v.v cac nha khoa hgc nhan dinh day
la
mgt khu thanh dia vdi nhieu den thd chiu anh hudng van hda An Do giao cua mgt
cgng dong cu dan co ton tai

each
ngay nay hom mgt ngan
nam'"^.
Su phan bo rgng ldn, cac loai hinh kien tnic da dang va cac di vat thu dugc qua
cac cuoc khai quat cho thay tam quan frgng, tinh da dang, phong
phii ciia
khu thanh dia
nay. Tren ca sd do cac nha khoa hgc budc dau nhan djnh
"'Qudn
the di tich Cdt Tien cd
quy md rdt lan, mang ddc diem cua mot qudc gia cd cd su phdt trien khd sam, cd mdi
quan he rdng vai nhieu nen vdn hda khdc a vung Nam Ddng Ducmg vd the gioi ben
ngoai. Nien dgi cua di tich dugc dodn dinh
tic
khodng the ky
IV-IX sau
cdng
nguyen
".
Ve van de
chii
nhan den nay van la mgt bi an chua dugc giai ma, rat can su quan tam
nghien
ciiu ciia
cac nha khoa
hgc''^'^^.
Vdi quy mo va tinh chat dac biet, thanh dia Cat Tien da dugc Bg VHTT cong nhan
la di tich lich sir - van hda cap quoc gia nam 1997. Nam 2006 co quan chuyen trach la
Ban quan ly di tich Cat Tien
true

thugc sd VHTT Lam Dong dugc thanh lap. Nam 2007
Du an quy hoach, tu bo va ton tao khu di tich Cat Tien da dugc Bg VHTT va UBND
tinh Lam Dong phe duyet.
Thanh dia Cat Tien se dugc dau tu, nghien
ciiu,
tu bo va ton tao trd thanh mgt khu
du lich Lich
sii
-
Van
hda tien tdi lap ho sa trinh chinh
phii
de nghi UNESCO xet cong
nhan la di san van hda the gidi.
4.2.
Khu di tich My San (Quang Nam)
Khu di tich My Som hay cdn ggi la Thdnh dia My San thugc xa Duy
Phii,
huyen
Duy Xuyen, tinh Quang Nam, each thanh pho Da Nang khoang 69km va each thanh co
19/118
Tra Kieu khoang 20km, la to hgp bao gom nhieu den dai Champa, trong mgt thung liing
dudng kinh khoang 2km, bao quanh bdi doi
niii.
Day timg la nai td chiic ciing tl cua
vuang trieu Champa ciing nhu la lang mg
ciia
eae vi vua Champa hay hoang than, quoc
thich. Thanh dia My San dugc coi la mgt frong nhiing trung tam den dai chinh cua An
Do giao d khu vuc Dong Nam A va la di san duy nhit

ciia
the loai nay tai Viet
Nam''^l
Thong thudng
ngudi ta hay so sanh
thanh dia nay vdi cac
to hgp den dai chinh
khac d Dong Nam A
nhu Borobudur (Java,
Indonesia), Pagan
(Myanma), Angkor
Wat (Campuchia) va
Ayutthaya (Thai Lan).
Tir nam 1999, thanh
^ • ^
Hinh 6; Mgt phan quang canh nhdm thap B, C va D tai Thanh
UNESCO chgn la mgt dia My San
trong cac di san the gidi tai phien hgp
thii
23 cua Uy ban di san thl gidi theo tieu chuin
C (II) nhu la mgt vi du dien hinh ve trao ddi van hoa va theo tieu chuin C (III) nhu la
bang chiing duy nhat
ciia
nen van minh Chau A da bien
mat''^''^^.
My Som c6 le dugc bit diu xay dung vao thl ky 4. Trong nhieu thl ky, thanh dia
nay dugc bo sung them cac nggn thap ldn nhd va da trd thanh khu di tich chinh cua van
hda Champa tai Viet Nam. Ngoai chiic nang hanh le, giiip cac vuang trieu tilp can vdi
cac thanh
than.

My San con la trung tam van hda va tin nguong cua cac trilu dai
Champa va la nai chon cat cac vi vua, thay tu nhieu quyln lue. Nhung di vat diu tien
dugc tim thay ghi dau thdi dai vua Bhadravarman I (Pham
H6
Dat) (tri vi tir nam
381
den
413),
vi vua da xay dung mgt thanh dudng de thd ciing Linga va Shiva. My San
chiu anh hudng rat ldn
ciia
An Do ea ve kien tnic - the hien d cac
din
thap dang chim
dam trong huy hoang qua
khii,
va ve van hda - the hien d cae ddng bia ky bing ehir
Phan cd fren cac tim bia.
Dua tren cac tam bia van tu khac, ngudi ta bilt nai day da timg cd mot
din
thd
diu tien dugc lam bing go vao thl ky 4. Han 2 thl ky sau dd, ngoi
din
bi tiiieu buy
20/118
trong mgt tran hda hoan ldn. Vao dau the ky 7, vua Sambhuvarman (Pham Phan Chi)
(tri vi tir nam 577 den nam 629) da dimg gach de xay dung lai ngdi den con tdn lai den
ngay nay (cd
le
sau khi dai do tir Khu Lat ve Tra Kieu). Cac trieu vua sau do tiep tuc m

sira lai cac den thap cii va xay dung cac den thap mdi de thd cac vi than. Gach la vat
lieu tot de luu giir ky
lic ciia
mgt dan tgc ky bi va ky thuat xay dung thap
ciia
ngudi
Cham cho tdi nay van con la mgt dieu bi an. Ngudi ta van chua tim ra ldi giai dap thich
hgp ve chat lieu gan ket, phuang thiic nung gach va xay
dung''^l
Nhiing nggn thap va lang mg cd nien dai tir the ky 7 den the ky 14, nhung cac ket
qua khai quat cho thay cac vua Cham da dugc chon cat a day tir the ky 4. Tong sd cong
trinh kien tnic la tren 70
chiee.
Thanh dia My Son cd the la tnmg tam ton giao va van
hda
ciia
nha nudc Champa khi
thii
do
ciia
quoc gia nay la Tra Kieu hay Dong Duomg.
Sau khi vuang qudc Chiem Thanh lui tan, thanh dia My Son da chim trong lang
quen hang the ky, den nam
1885,
nd mdi dugc phat hien. Mudi nam sau, cac nha nghien
ciiu
bat dau thuc hien cac cuoc phat quang, nghien
ciiu
khu di tich nay.
Cd the chia viec nghien ciru cua cac nha khoa hgc Phap ve My Son thanh hai giai doan:

• Tir nam
1898
den
1899:
Louis de Finot va
Laimet
de Lajonquere nghien
ciiu
cac
van bia.
• Tir nam
1901 din
1902:
Henri Parmentier nghien
ciiu
ve nghe thuat, nam
1904
ong cimg Olrpeaus to chiic khai quat khao co hgc tai day.
Din
nam 1904, nhiing tai lieu ca ban nhat ve My Som da dugc L. Finot va H.
Parmentier cong bd. Tu cong trinh nghien
ciiu ciia
H. Parmentier, ngudi ta biet
each
day
han 100 nam My San cdn 68 cong trinh kien tnic, va ong da chia chiing thanh cac nhom
tir A, A'
din
N.
Nha nghien

ciiu
nghe thuat
P.
Stem chia di tich Cham Viet Nam thanh 7 phong
each nghe thuat theo qua trinh tiln trien cua nd. My Son cd
dii
dai bieu cac phong
each,
trong dd cd 2 phong
each
xuit phat tu My Son. Dac biet phong
each
My Son
Al
vdi
xuit phat la
din Al
thudng dugc ggi la kiet tac kien tnic cua di tich Cham. Cac nha
khao
c6
hgc Phap chia cac cong frinh kiln tnic d My Son ra lam
10
nhdm chinh: A, A',
B,
C, D, E, F, G, H, K dl dat ten cho moi lang mg tiieo kieu ghep chii cai va
sd'^'^l
4.3.
Khu di tich Thanh Hoang De (Binh Dinh)
21/118
Thanh Hoang De nam tren dia phan xa Nhom Hau va thi trin Dap Da, huyen An

Nhan, tinh Binh Dinh each Tp. Quy Nhom khoang 20km ve hudng Tay Bic. Thanh
Hoang De dugc trieu dai Tay Som xay dung vao nam 1775 tren ea sd thanh Do Ban
(hay Cha Ban) eua vuang quoc Champa de lai va duge chinh thiic ggi ten la Thanh
Hoang
DI
tir nam
1778.
Trong suot mgt thdi gian dai tir
1776
den 1793, thanh la dai ban
doanh cua quan Tay Som va sau do la kinh do cua chinh quyen trung uang Hoang De
Thai
Diic
- Nguyen Nhac'' .
Thanh Hoang De
nguyen la mgt tong the
kien tnic hinh chii nhat,
gom ba vdng thanh:
Thanh Ngoai, Thanh Ngi
va Tir Cam Thanh. Thanh
Ngoai cd chu vi la 7400m.
Thanh Ngi dugc ggi la
Hoang Thanh cd hinh chu
nhat dai 430m, rgng
^•^^••K
—
—
w^'^m
f
•i

AM
r
£
aaUs^Af^Mm.
i
I
t
-_^^-z.
^—_ ^_
Mi
'
'
'
_.__ ^
Hinh
7:
Cong chinh Thanh Hoang Dk
370m. Ben trong thanh ngi la Tir Cam Thanh ciing cd hinh chir nhat dai 174m, rgng
126m
dugc xay theo hudng Bac
Nam''^.
Sau khi trieu dai Tay Son that bai, Thanh Hoang
DI,
danh diu mgt thdi vang son
eua Tay Son ciing bi do nat. Tren nen cii cua thanh, nha Nguyen cho xay mgt khu lang
mg thd hai vien quan nha Nguyen da chet d day la Vd Tanh va Ngo Timg Chau. Day la
mgt khu lang mang phong each my thuat thdi Nguyen nam trong quin thl di
tieh''^l
Thanh Hoang de trong lich
sii

la nai khdi ngudn cua nhung euge xuit binh eua
nghTa quan Tay Som, dat nen mdng eho su thong nhat dat nuac va ea viec ehiing kiln
nhung su kien bi trang trong nhung nam thang cuoi
ciia
trilu dai ba anh em Nguyln
Nhac,
Nguyln Hue va Nguyln
Lir''^l
Sau khi nha Tay San sup do, thanh Hoang de bi nha Nguyln (Nguyen Anh) pha
buy. Di tich thanh Hoang dl da dugc Nha nudc cong nhan va
xip
hang hi
eu6i
nam
1982''^l
22/118
Mac du bi nha Nguyen pha buy nhung nhung gi con sdt lai du de cho du khach tham
quan thanh Hoang de tudng nhd mgt Vuang trieu Tay Som da lam rang danh lich sir
dimg
nudc va giii nudc cua dan tgc
ta''^l
II.
Phuong
phap phan
tich kich
hoat
notron
- NAA
1.
Casavgtly

Moi mgt nguyen to ton tai trong tu nhien cd cac thong so dac tnmg nhu: Khoi
lugng nguyen tir
{M),
do pho bien dong vi
(9),
tiet dien bit natron (cr), v.v
Product
Nuctoui
Cornpound
Nuclcui
Del eyed
Gamma
ray
Ca sd
ciia
phuang phap
NAA la dua
fren phan
iing
hat nhan giira
hat nafron va
mgt hat nhan
ben. Nguyen
tac chung la Hinh
8:
Bieu do minh hga qua trinh
ciia
mgt phan
iing
hat nhan

ban pha mau bang
chiim
ncrtron hoac cac hat tich dien nhu a, d, p, v.v Khi tuong tac
vdi natron trong LPU, san pham tao thanh sau phan
iing
la cac ddng vi phong xa. Moi
mgt dong vi phdng xa cd cac dac trung nhu: Hoat do (A), chu ky ban huy
(T/zi),
cudng
do phat
biic
xa
(P^,
nang lugng
biic
xa phat ra
(Ef),
v.v Bdi dong vi phdng xa la
khong ben nen cd khuynh hudng tim ve mgt frang thai can bang hom bang each phan ra
phdng xa. Trong dd phan ra
P'
phat ra tia y la mgt trong
nhung
qua trinh bien doi hat
nhan tir frang thai khong ben ve trang thai ben. Cac tia y phat ra trong qua trinh phan ra
cd nang lugng dac trung cho timg hat nhan. Dimg mgt he pho ke gamma ta thu dugc
phd gamma bieu dien su phu thugc giua nang lugng gamma va so dem. Xir ly pho
gamma nay chiing ta cd the xac dinh dinh tinh hay dinh lugng thanh phan cua cac
nguyen to cd mat frong
mau''*l

2.
Phdn
img
hat nhdn
Phan
ling
hat nhan giu vai trd trung tam trong toan bg phuang phap phan tich kich
hoat NAA. Trong mgt phan
iing
hat nhan, khi mgt hat photon tdi (vd: Natron (n),
Proton (p+) hay hat Alpha (a)) tuong tac vdi hat nhan bia se xay ra mgt trong hai
hi?n
23/118
tugng hoac tan xa hoac hap thu. Bieu do minh hga mgt phan
iing
hat nhan tieu bilu cua
qua trinh hip thu photon tdi duge dua ra frong hinh 8, va theo sau la su phat ra ca hat
tiie
thdi va tia gamma
tiie
thdi de sinh ra hat nhan phdng xa (con ggi la dong vi phdng
xa).
Mgt phan
iing
hat nhan cdn cd the mo ta bdi bieu thiic sau:
^
a
+
A->fX]->b
+ B+Q (1)

hoac frong
each
vilt ngin ggn ed thl ky hieu nhu sau: A(a,b)B. O day ky hieu a la chi
photon tdi, A la hat nhan bia, [X] la hat nhan hgp phin frong frang thai kich thich, B la
hat nhan san phim (thudng la hat nhan phdng xa), b la hat
thii
cip hoac la
biic
xa, va Q
tdng nang lugng giai phdng hay hap thu frong qua trinh xay ra phan ung. Neu Q duomg,
phan ling dugc ggi la phan
iing
tda nhiet, Q am, phan
iing
dugc ggi la phan
iing
thu
nhiet. Cac phan
iing
hat nhan dugc gay ra bdi eae nafron la loai phan ling tda nhiet, va
nang lugng ngudng qui udc la zero (0). Trong hau het eae
iing
dung eua phan tich kich
hoat natron, hat nhan san pham B la hat nhan phong xa va ehiing phat ra mgt hay nhieu
tia gamma tre. Ky thuat dua tren viec do cac
biic
xa gamma fre dugc ggi la phan ti'eh
kich boat gamma tre (Delayed Gamma Neufron Activation Analysis - DGNAA). Thong
thudng DGNAA dugc ggi la phan tich kich boat nafron dung cu INAA (Intrusmental
Neutron Activation Analysis). Trong thu tuc phan tich INAA eae budc

xii
ly hoa nhu
tach, chiet, lam giau, v.v trudc va sau khi chieu xa la khong su
dimg''l
3.
Pho natron
Id
phdn ung vd tiet dien phdn img
Nhung
16
phan ung hat nhan van hanh fren ea sd phan hach nhien lieu
^^^U
ngay
nay thudng tao ra ngudn nafron c6 cudng do lan va rit thich hgp cho NAA. Phd nafron
frong
16
phan
iing
la dugc khdp tii 3 phan phan bo theo nang lugng eua nafron duge ehi
ra frong hinh 9. Trong vimg nang lugng cao, cac nafron van cdn phin ldn nang lugng
goc
ciia
chiing tir qua trinh phan hach (khoang 2-6MeV) va thudng dugc ggi la natron
phan hach hay
'natron
nhanh\
Cac ncrtron nhanh nay mit nang lugng mgt each nhanh
chdng thong qua qua trinh tan xa dan hdi vdi cac vat lieu lam cham ben frong
16
phan

ling nhu la nudc va graphite. Nhung nafron ed nang lugng tir 0,5-1 MeV thudng duge
ggi la
'natron
tren
nhief.
Su phan bo cua cac nafron frong viing nang lugng fren nhiet
la gin diing vdi qui luat
l/E.
Nhung nafron cd nang lugng <0,5 MeV thudng dugc ggi
la
'natron
nhiet\
Nhung nafron nhiet, mgt each gin diing, co van toe nhu nhau (v)
chiing phan bo theo phan bo Maxwell-Boltzman, co dang:
24/118