Tải bản đầy đủ (.pdf) (78 trang)

Hệ thống lý thuyết bài tập chuyên đề sóng cơ học

Bạn đang xem bản rút gọn của tài liệu. Xem và tải ngay bản đầy đủ của tài liệu tại đây (2.69 MB, 78 trang )

 !

 !
















#∃%&∋()∗+,%−./.0.∃%&∋12,∃
 !(1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
∀#∃%&!∋11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
()∗+,−.∗/012∀345∗6∗71









∀#∃%&∋∋


 !

 !

3

891∀91


1:;6∗1,<;=>1<71
?≅∗.∗/0113Α

?≅∗∗?Β+6(∗Χ?∆

∀(! !111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111114

3(5!676 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111∀

?≅∗∗∗;ΕΦ1∗58ΓΗ?

858∀11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111113∀


1:;Ι∗ϑϑ=>1<
?≅∗.∗/0113Ι

?≅∗∗?Β+6(∗Χ?ΙΙ


(5!679::9 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111133

;:8(<=95>?≅6:9::9 1111111111111111111111111111111111134

4(7≅ΑΒΧΒ∆:Ε9311111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111113Φ

1111111113

Γ(Η8ΙΑ∆≅ΒΧΒ∆6:1111111111111111111111111111111111111

:ϑ3≅<7Κ:Λ7Ε1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

;:8(Η8ΙΑ∆≅ΒΧΒ∆6ΜΝ:=9≅<
7Κ:Λ7Ε11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111Γ

Φ(∆≅≅ ΟΠΛ111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111Φ

Θ&Ρ,Σ−∀(Τ∃ΥςΩ&Ξ∃≅Ρ+Ψ%∃Ζ−Ω&[∗∴&]−Ω⊥2/&]Ρ11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111Φ

;:83(ΗΣ2Ω_−+∴+,−.2Σ2+∋α−−+βΡΧ−+Ψ−+βΡ)ΘΡχ∃δΡΩ&Ξ∃≅/βΡ∴εΩφ−+%&−.∗γ−
Ρ+Ψ%∃Ζ−Ω&[∗∴&]−Ωη∗/Θ&1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111ι

?≅∗∗∗;ΕΦ1∗58ΓΗ?Α
858∀411111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111114


1:;Α=>+ΚΛ?ΜΝ6=>

?≅∗.∗/0113∆∆


5ϕ(Οκ≅91111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111114Γ

5ϕ16λ≅µν5(111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111Γ∀

858∀Γ111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111ΓΓ


1:;∆=>Β8∗530+??∀ΟΕ
?≅∗.∗/0113ΠΠ

?≅∗∗1Θ1+6(∗Χ?Π

ο−.∀1! >≅11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111Γι

31;5Α55#11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111Φ

?≅∗∗∗;ΕΦ1∗58ΓΗ?

858∀Φ1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111ιπ


1:;Π=>1<71;∗ϑ∗71Ρ1ϑΣ1Θ1Τ8
858( !3ππι3π∀31111111111111111111111111111111111111111111Ο∃∃∃Υ(ςΩ∃ς!ΞΨΖ!Ξ





 !


 !





()∗+,−
./0123∃41/0
5./0θ−.2ρ∋Θσ%,Ωδ−.2ρ∋%−Ρτ∗υ[−Ρτ,−.∃ϖ&Ρτωξ−.)ψΡ2+βΡ1
ζθ−.−.%−.∋ΘΥθ−.Ρτ,−.Ωθ2Σ2{+η−Ρ|2}%∃ϖ&Ρτωξ−.σ%,Ωδ−.Ρ+∼,{+ωρ−.)∗ϖ−..θ2
)α&{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.1
 τχΡτωξ−.+{Υθ−.∃⊥Ρ−ωα2ΧΥθ−.−.%−.2+Ρτ∗υ[−Ωω2Ρτ,−.2+βΡτ−1
ζθ−.σ2∋ΘΥθ−.Ρτ,−.Ωθ2Σ2{+η−Ρ|2}%∃ϖ&Ρτωξ−.σ%,Ωδ−.Ρ+∼,{+ωρ−.Ρτ−.)α&
{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.1
 θ−.σ2Ρτ∗υ[−Ωω22Ρτ,−.2+βΡ∴+Χ2+βΡ∋Ψ−.)Θ2+βΡτ−1
 θ−.2ρ∴+ϖ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Ωω2Ρτ,−.2+−∴+ϖ−.1
ζωα2Υθ−.(∋Θ∴+,−.2Σ2+.&%+%&Ω&Ξ∃.η−−+%∗−+βΡΡτ−{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.σ%,
Ωδ−.2−.{+%1ωα2Υθ−.2−.∋Θ∗Ζ−.Ωωξ−.Υθ−.∋%−Ρτ∗υ[−Ρτ,−.∃δΡ2+∗∴ε()


1
ζ+,−.2Σ2+.&%+%&Ω&Ξ∃.η−−+%∗−+βΡΡτ−{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.∃Θσ%,Ωδ−.−.ω2
{+%∋Θ
3

1
ζ−.∋ω−.Υθ−.(Υθ−.Ρτ∗υ[−σ%,Ωδ−.2+,2Σ2{+η−Ρ|2}%∃ϖ&Ρτωξ−.Χ−.+%∋ΘΡτ∗υ[−
2+,2+−.−−.∋ω−.1∗ΣΡτΤ−+Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.∋Θ∗ΣΡτΤ−+Ρτ∗υ[−−−.∋ω−.1
5(60371/

 φ∗{+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+Υθ−.Ρο&−.∗γ−:∋Θ∗
:
9
:
2,ΥΡζΡ+Τ{+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+Υθ−.Ρο&≅
Ρτ−{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.∋Θ(∗

9

2,ΥΡζ3


9

2,ΥΡζ
3



1
 φ∗/Ψ∗%∃βΡ∃ΣΡ−−.∋ω−.Ρτ,−.∗ΣΡτΤ−+Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.Ρ+Τ/&−ΩδΥθ−.Ρο&:)ΘΡο&
≅/−.−+%∗9
:
9

91
 δ∋]2+{+%2}%+%&σ%,Ωδ−..&%+%&Ω&Ξ∃2Σ2+−+%∗∃δΡ∴+,−.σΡτ−{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−
Υθ−.(



3
1
58)91/
 ο&∃δΡΩ&Ξ∃≅Σ2Ω_−+Ρτ,−.∃ϖ&Ρτωξ−.(∗

∋Θ∃δΡ+Θ∃/&φ−Ρ+&−Ω&[∗+%Ρ+∼,Ρ+ξ&
.&%−Ρ)α&2+∗∴ε(∗
Ρ
92,Υ
3


Ρζ

1
 ο&∃δΡΡ+ξ&Ω&Ξ∃ΡΣ2Ω_−+(∗

∋Θ∃δΡ+Θ∃/&φ−Ρ+&−Ω&[∗+%Ρτ,−.∴+ϖ−..&%−Ρ+∼,
/&φ−)α&2+∗∴ε(∗

92,Υ
3


ζ
Ρ
1








1:;6∗1,<;=>1<71



 !

 !

4


∀(! !
[Ν∴]⊥!∴]_Ζ%!∋]α∃%!∋βΩχδ!∋!%ε!φ2γ%#χδ!∋2ηςι2ϕ!χφ2]κ
λΩµν

ο?%π!∋∴
ζΞΡΤ∃2Σ2Ωο&∋ω−.Ω⊥2Ρτω−.2}%Υθ−.Ρ%)&φΡ/&Ξ∗Ρ+2∋&−∗%−Ωφ−2Σ2Ωο&∋ω−.ΩΖ
/&φΡ)ΘΩο&∋ω−.2η−ΡΤ∃ΡχΩθΥ∗υτ%)ΘΡ−+Ωο&∋ω−.2η−ΡΤ∃1

(Σ2Ωρ−)_Ρτ,−.2Σ2Ωο&∋ω−.{+&Ρωρ−.Ρ+2+(−φ∗/ωα2Υθ−.Χ∴+,−.2Σ2+Ρ−+
/−.2∃Ρ+Τ)ψ−Ρς2{+&σ−.Ωρ−)_∋Θ2∃Υ−φ∗/ωα2Υθ−.Χ∴+,−.2Σ2+Ρ−+/−.∃Ρ+Τ
)ψ−Ρς2{+&σ−.Ωρ−)_∋Θ∃Υ1

οφ]κ∃ηθρ!χδ!∋(∋Θ∗Ζ−.Ωωξ−.Υθ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Ωω2Ρτ,−.Ρ+ξ&.&%−Ρ1
)
Ρ



 ς2ΩδΡτ∗υ[−Υθ−.{+Ρ+∗δ2)Θ,∃ϖ&Ρτωξ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.)
τ−
)
∋Ψ−.
)
∴+
οϕ!χφχδ!∋Ψ  ∋ΘΡη−Υςσ%,Ωδ−.2}% ∃&Ω&Ξ∃∴+&Υθ−.Ρτ∗υ[−∗%Χ2−.∋ΘΡη−Υς
−.∗γ−.υτ%Υθ−.1
 η−ΥςΥθ−.∴+ϖ−.{+Ρ+∗δ2)Θ,∃ϖ&Ρτωξ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.1
ο1ηςσχδ!∋
(








(
(

ο(%#χδ!∋



 Ρ(%#χδ!∋[


ντηυ!∋]%&!∋χδ!∋∃ηθρ!]%∃!∋κηςι
 Ρ(%#χδ!∋ςϖ!∋∴∋ΖωΩΩΖ]Ζξ∋ϕ!!Ωη!ψ∃ !%π!∋∃ηθρ!
χδ!∋ΞΩ]κ!∋ζ!∋Ω!Ωη

)
1) 

 
+−.Ω&Ξ∃2Σ2+−+%∗∴1Ρτ−{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.Ρ+Τσ%,Ωδ−.2−.{+%−+%∗1
+−.Ω&Ξ∃2Σ2+−+%∗∴ζ
3

1Ρτ−{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.Ρ+Τσ%,Ωδ−.−.ω2{+%1

:;<
 +,−.2Σ2+.&%3.−∋γ&∋&−Ρ&φ{∋Θ/ωα2Υθ−.1
 +,−.2Σ2+.&%−.−∋γ&∋&−Ρ&φ{∋Θ(−∀+,⊥2
Ρ

−∀1

ο?%π!∋∃ι!χδ!∋
ο&Ω&Ξ∃:(∗
:
92,ΥΡζ
ο&Ω&Ξ∃≅2Σ2+:∃δΡΩ,ο−Ρτ−{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.1
θ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Ρ+∼,2+&[∗σωρ−.2}%Ρτ2:Ρ+Τ


9


2,ΥΡζ



9

2,ΥΡζ
3




θ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Ρ+∼,2+&[∗∃2}%Ρτ2:Ρ+Τ
∗

9

2,ΥΡζζ



9

2,ΥΡζζ
3





:





 !

 !

Γ
οκλΩ∋ΖωΩΩΖ]Ζξ∴!∋η{!κςϖ!∋|

2|
Ι

∀ 3 ∀ 3
3
   

  

 
  

φ∗3Ω&Ξ∃Ωθ−∃Ρτ−∃δΡ{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.)Θ2Σ2+−+%∗∃δΡ∴+,−.Ρ+Τ(

3
 


  

  

∀%η}
Λ





 ! ∀
Λτ,−.+&]−Ρω−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.Ρτ−Υ&συΧσυΩω2∴2+Ρ+2+σ%,Ωδ−./&−%∃2+∃
Ω&]−)α&Ρη−Υςσ−.Ω&]−∋ΘΡ+ΤΡη−Υςσ%,Ωδ−.2}%συ∋Θ31
∼+98∗7ϑ

+
≅δΡ−.ωξ&−.γ&/ξ/&Ξ−∗%−ΥΣΡΡ+βυ∴+,−.2Σ2+.&%+%&−.−Υθ−.∋&−Ρ&φ{
/−.∀π∃1.,Θ&τ%−.ωξ&ΩθΩφ∃Ωω23π−.−Υθ−.Ω&∗%Ρτωα2∃⊥ΡΡτ,−.ιΦΥ1
−+2+∗∴εσ%,Ωδ−.2}%−ωα2/&Ξ−1
−+)ψ−Ρς2Ρτ∗υ[−2}%−ωα2/&Ξ−1
ΖϖΖ
%ΡιΦΥΧ3π−.−Υθ−.Χ)ψυ−∀σΩ1
+∗∴εσ%,Ωδ−.
∀
ιΦ



4Υ

/ ψ−Ρς2Ρτ∗υ[−(∀π∃)1
4
∀π




3ΧΓ∃Υ1
+Ι%,Ωδ−.∃2θΡη−ΥςΓππΧ/&−Ωδ9πΧ3Γ∃∃ΧΩω2Ρτ∗υ[−Ρτ,−.∴+ϖ−.∴+
)α&/ωα2Υθ−.ιπ2∃1Τ∃(
%1ψ−Ρς2Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.∃1
/1ψ−Ρς2σ%,Ωδ−.22Ωο&2}%2Σ2{+−Ρ|∴+ϖ−.∴+1

ΖϖΖ

ΓππΧ9πΧ3Γ∃∃πΧ3Γ1∀π

∃Χιπ2∃πΧι∃1)€Χ)
∃%
€
% 



)πΧι1ΓππΑΠχ
/ )
∃%
193193Γππ1πΧ3Γ1∀π

πΧ3Γ2Πχ


+Α≅δΡ−.ωξ&−.γ&/ξ/&Ξ−Ρτϖ−.Ρ+βυ2θ3π−.−Υθ−.∗%∃⊥ΡΡτ,−.ι3.&υΧ∴+,−.
2Σ2+.&%+%&−.−Υθ−.∋Θ∀π∃11−+Ρη−ΥςΥθ−./&Ξ−1)Θ)ψ−Ρς2Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−./&Ξ−1
91πΧ3Γ3ΧΓ∃Υ 143Γ∃Υ   13Γ3ΧΓ∃Υ 143Γ2∃Υ
 
%#!∋Ξ!∋ΖϖΖ(1!ϑ
ΗϒΡΡο&∃δΡΩ&Ξ∃2θ∀π−.−Υθ−.Ρτ∗υ[−∗%−.)α&2+∗∴Τ1
 

  

 
1Σ2Ω_−+Ρη−Υςσ%,Ωδ−.1
∀ ∀
πΧ3Γ
4
 

  

ΗΣ2Ω_−+)ψ−Ρς2Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.
 

    
 

    

 !


 !

Φ
+∆1τ−∃⊥Ρ∃δΡ2+βΡ∋Ψ−.2θ∃δΡΥθ−.2ρΧ−.ωξ&Ρ%∗%−ΥΣΡΩω2∴+,−.2Σ2+.&%∀Γ
Ω−+Υθ−.∋&−Ρ&φ{∋ΘΧΓ∃)ΘΡ+ξ&.&%−Υθ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Ωω2∴+,−.2Σ2+Ωθ∋ΘιΥ1ΗΣ2Ω_−+
/ωα2Υθ−.Χ2+∗∴Τ)ΘΡη−Υς2}%Υθ−.Ωθ1
+
+,−.2Σ2+.&%∀ΓΩ−+Υθ−.∋Θ∀4
∀4
ΓΧ
πΧ3Γ∃)
ι
ΓΧ
πΧΓ∃Υ


πΧΓΥ



31

+Π1ο&∃δΡΩ&Ξ∃Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ2+βΡ∋Ψ−.2θ∃δΡ−.∗γ−σ%,Ωδ−.)α&Ρη−Υς∀3πΧΡο,τ%Υθ−.
′−Ω_−+Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ2+βΡ∋Ψ−.1ΗϒΡΓ.−∋γ&∋&−Ρ&φ{Ρτ−∃δΡ{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.Χ)[∃δΡ
{+%Υ,)α&−.∗γ−Χ.−Ρ+−+βΡ2Σ2+.−Ρ+−∃πΧΓ∃1−+Ρς2ΩδΡτ∗υ[−Υθ−.Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ
2+βΡ∋Ψ−.1
+
+,−.2Σ2+.&%Γ.−∋γ&∋&−Ρ&φ{∋Θ4
4
ΓΧπ

πΧ∀3Γ∃)∀Γ∃Υ1

+1≅δΡΥθ−.2θΡη−ΥςΓππ)ΘΡς2Ωδ∋%−Ρτ∗υ[−Γπ∃Υ1Ψ&+%&Ω&Ξ∃.η−−+βΡΡτ−
{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.2Σ2+−+%∗∃δΡ∴+,−./%,−+&∗ΩΞ.&%2+−.2θΩδ∋]2+{+%
4

€
+
%2θ(


πΧι∃


3

4

σ


πΧπ≤ιΓ∃≤ΧιΓ2∃1

+1≅δΡΥθ−.∃Ρτ∗υ[−Ρτ,−.Ρ+ϒ{)α&Ρς2ΩδΓπππ∃Υ1&φΡΩδ∋]2+{+%2}%Υθ−.∃Ωθ
+%&Ω&Ξ∃.η−−+%∗−+βΡ2Σ2+−+%∗3∃Ρτ−2−.∃δΡ{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.∋Θ
3

1−+/ωα2
Υθ−.)ΘΡη−Υς2}%Υθ−.∃Ωθ1
+

%2θ(



3

3

4σ≤∃


Φ3Γ1

+1≅δΡ−.∗γ−{+ΣΡΥθ−.2ρσ%,Ωδ−.Ρ+∼,{+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+
42,Υ 4  
4
  #


 
 
 
 
1&φΡ
σ%,Ωδ−.Ρο&+%&Ω&Ξ∃.η−−+%∗−+βΡΡτ−2−.∃δΡ{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.2Σ2+−+%∗πΧΓ∃2θ
Ωδ∋]2+{+%∋Θ


1ΗΣ2Ω_−+2+∗∴ΤΧΡη−Υς)ΘΡς2ΩδΡτ∗υ[−2}%Υθ−.Ωθ1
+

%2θ(



3



Φσ∃


3
πΧΓΥ


3)


Φ∃Υ1

+1≅δΡΥθ−.−.%−.Ρτ∗υ[−Ρτ−Υ&συτβΡσΘ&2θ{+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+Υθ−.∋Θ(∗Φ2,Υ4Ρ
πΧπ31τ,−.Ωθ∗)ΘΩω2Ρ−+/−.2∃)ΘΡΡ−+/−..&υ1ΖυΣ2Ω_−+(&−ΩδΧΡη−
ΥςΧ/ωα2Υθ−.)Θ)ψ−Ρς2Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.1
+
 !

 !

ι
%2θ(9Φ2∃



3
3



3
πΧπ3∀ππ2∃∀∃)∀ππ133ππ
2∃Υ3∃Υ1

+1≅δΡΥ&συΩΘ−+γ&Χ∃−+ΧτβΡσΘ&Χ2θΩη∗:σ%,Ωδ−.)α&Ρη−ΥςΡ+%υΩ′&Ρτ,−.
∴+,−.Ρχ4πΩφ− ΓΧΡ+∼,{+ωρ−.)∗ϖ−..θ2)α&Υ&συ1θ−.Ρο,Ρ+Θ−+∋%−
Ρτ∗υ[−Ρτ−συ)α&)ψ−Ρς2)Γ∃Υ1
 %+,4π1−+2+∗∴ε)Θ/ωα2Υθ−.2}%Υθ−.Ρτ−συ1
 /−+Ρη−ΥςΩΞΩ&Ξ∃≅2Σ2+:∃δΡ∴+,−.3π2∃∋∗ϖ−∋∗ϖ−σ%,Ωδ−.2−.{+%)α&
σ%,Ωδ−.Ρο&:1
+
 %%2θ(


πΧπ3ΓΥ)πΧ∀3Γ∃∀3ΧΓ2∃1
 /%2θ(



13




13

3∴∴


1
∴
∃%



∃%
3Χ∀

∃&−



∃&−
∀ΧΦ1Τ∴⁄−−∴3

∃
Γπ1
+(≅δΡ−.ωξ&∗%−ΥΣΡ∃δΡ2+&φ2{+%,−′&∋−Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ/&Ξ−)ΘΡ+βυ−θ−+ϖ∋−2%,Φ
∋η−Ρτ,−.∀Γ.&υΧ2,&Υθ−./&φ−∋ΘΥθ−.−.%−.1−+2+∗∴εσ%,Ωδ−.2}%Υθ−./&Ξ−€
91Υ14Υ1ΓΥ1ΦΥ
=%&∋∀( )∗+, − !./ 0#%






 .1 234
5 126 781−4+94:.1 ; <∗ =41>02?;1
26 .1 ; <∗7
≅Α∗3
∀ Φ ∀ ∀
 
∀Γ 

 

 
  
∗.

 
 

 


+Ι ≅δΡ −.ωξ& ∗%− ΥΣΡ ∃⊥Ρ /&Ξ− Ρ+βυ 2θ Γ −.− Υθ−. Ω& ∗% Ρτωα2 ∃⊥Ρ ∃Τ−+ Ρτ,−.
∴+,−.Ρ+ξ&.&%−∀πΥ)ΘΩ,Ωω2∴+,−.2Σ2+.&%+%&−.−Υθ−.∋&−Ρ&φ{∋ΘΓ∃1−+
)ψ−Ρς2Υθ−./&Ξ−€
91∀∃13∃1∃14∃

Β% >.+3%
∀ Γ ∀ 3
 

∀π Γ

 

 
  
∗.
3
1 1Γ 3 
Γ
  #
   &∋
∃1 Χ ∆ Ε3 4+ΦΓ4



+Α
3ππι1≅δΡ−.∗γ−{+ΣΡΥθ−.σ%,Ωδ−.Ρ+∼,{+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+∗%2,Υ3πΡ2∃1
τ,−. ∴+,−.Ρ+ξ& .&%− 3Υ Υθ−. Ρτ∗υ[− Ω Ωω2 ∗Ζ−.Ωωξ−. /−. /%,−+&∗ ∋η−/ωα2
Υθ−.€
 ϑ1∀π1  (13π1 11π1 +14π1
=%Η1 .Ι.+ϑ∗

 

+∗.
3 3
πΧ∀ 

 

 
 
   
Β1!∃ΚΙ ! )∀3 +.1 ∃1 5 ΛΜΝ3 .∗Ο
2?ΠΘ 25 Ρ73Σ40
ΤΜΝ


 !

 !


≅Α∗
ΜΝΡ

∗
πΧ∀
3
Ρ


∗.ΡΛΤ


+∆≅δΡΥθ−.2θΡη−ΥςΓππΧ2θΡς2Ωδ∋%−Ρτ∗υ[−Γπ∃Υ1%&Ω&Ξ∃.η−−+%∗−+βΡΡτ−
{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.{+&2Σ2+−+%∗.η−−+βΡ∃δΡ∴+,−.∋Θ/%,−+&∗ΩΞ.&%2+−.2θΩδ
∋]2+{+%/−.



τ%σ€
 ϑ1πΧ∀∀Φ∃1  (1πΧ4ιΦ∃1 1πΧ3∃1 +14Χ3≤Γ∃1
=%)Φ%.1 3 Ι26404
3 1


 


  
Ρ∗.
Φ




.1 23%
Γπ
πΧι 
Γππ

#

   
Α∗∃Υ Χ:Ι#4
πΧι
πΧ∀∀Φ 
Φ Φ
 #


  

ΛςΩ7Ω

+Π(
≅δΡΥθ−.∃2θΡη−Υς4Γπ∋%−Ρτ∗υ[−)α&)ψ−Ρς2Φπ∃ΥΡτ,−.∴+ϖ−.∴+1δ
∋]2+{+%.&%+%&Ω&Ξ∃2Σ2+−+%∗σ∀∃Ρτ−∃δΡ{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.∋Θ(
91
πΧΓ  
.
 
 
1
∀ΧΓ  
.
 
 
 1
3ΧΓ  
.
 
 
1
ΧΓ  
.
 
 

Β%
3 1 31 1∀

3ΧΓ
πΧ≤

 
 

   
Μ.1 23
Φπ
πΧ≤ 
4Γπ

#

   
ΝΛςΩ7&

+(
ψ−Ρς2Ρτ∗υ[−∃Ρτ,−.∴+ϖ−.∴+∋Θ4π∃ΥΧ∴+,−.2Σ2+.&%+%&Ω&Ξ∃.η−−+%∗
−+βΡΡτ−2−.∃δΡ{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.σ%,Ωδ−.−.ω2{+%−+%∗∋ΘπΧ≤∃1η−Υς∃∋Θ(
91≤Γ1∀ιπ13ππ133Γ
Β)Φ3 126  ?∃2640
3 1
31 ∀



 

   


Ξ:ϑΙ4ϑ∗∃ΛΤΑ∗
31 31πΧ≤Γ ∀Χι 
 #

  
∗
4π
3ππ 
∀Χι

 

  
ΛςΩ7&

++&/&−Ωδ2}%Υθ−.Ρ−..β{Ωϖ&Χ−−.∋ω−.σ,Υθ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Ρ−./%,−+&∗∋η−1
91&∃∀41&∃∀3  1−.3∋η− 1−.4∋η−
(−−.∋ω−.
3
1
3
∃ Ω
Ψ 
ψυ∴+&/&−ΩδΡ−..β{Ωϖ&Ρ+Τ−−.∋ω−.
3 3 3
1 ∞ 14
∞ 4 4
3 3 3
∃ Ω ∃ Ω ΖΩ

Ψ Ψ
   
−.4∋η−

+(&]∗{+%2}%3Υθ−..&ς−.−+%∗{+&/−./%,−+&∗ΩΞ∴+&.&%,Ρ+,%Υθ−.+,Θ−Ρ,Θ−
Ρτ&]ΡΡ&∗1
91π    1ƒ4  1ƒ3   1ƒ

(Ωδ∋]2+{+%2}%3Υθ−..&ς−.−+%∗∋Θ(
3 ∀

 
  
Ρ+Τ∴+&.&%,Ρ+,%2+−.∃α&Ρτ&]Ρ
Ρ&∗1βυ∴πΡ%2θ
 
 


 !

 !


+ Τ∃ )ψ− Ρς2 Υθ−. ∃ /&Ξ∗ Ρ+_ /& {+ωρ−. ΡτΤ−+( ∗  3≤2,Υ3π  3πππΡ
914∃Υ  1∀∃Υ 1∀4∃Υ 1∀ππ∃Υ
(
Σ{ σ−.{+ωρ−. ΡτΤ−+ Υθ−. ( 
3
1 1  


[ Ω1  



 
 Ως& 2+&φ∗ ∋− {+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+ Ρτ− Ρ% Ρ+βυ
3






Υ∗υτ%
3
3π ∀π
 
  
∃Θ
3πππ
1   1  ∀ππ
3 ∀π 3
 
 
 
 
   
∃Υ91


+Ι≅δΡ∃&−+−Ωω2.−)Θ,Ωη∗2}%∃δΡ∋ΣΡ+ϒ{−∃−.%−.)Θ2+ο∃)Θ,
∃⊥Ρ −ωα21 +& Ωη∗ ∋Σ Ρ+ϒ{ σ%, Ωδ−. Ρ+∼, {+ωρ−. Ρ+♣−. Ω−. )α& Ρη− Υς   ∀ππ
ΧΡο,Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ−ωα2∃δΡΥθ−.2θ/&−Ωδ%πΧΓ2∃1&φΡ∴+,−.2Σ2+.&%
.−∋γ&∋&−Ρ&φ{∋Θ42∃1−+)ψ−Ρς2Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ−ωα21
91∀ππ2∃Υ   1Γπ2∃Υ  1∀ππ2∃Υ 1∀Γπ2∃Υ
(Σ{σ−.2ϖ−.Ρ+2Ρτ2−.+&]∃∴+,−.2Σ2+.&%−−.−Υθ−.∋&−Ρ&φ{∋Θ(

 ∀
4 

 
τ,−.Ωθ−∋ΘΥς−.−Υθ−.(Ρ%2θ

4
4  ∀ πΧΓ

     
2∃ψυ
1 ∀ππ1πΧΓ Γπ  
  # 

  

+Τ−)Θ,+Τ−+)♦Ρ%Ρ+βυΡχ−.−Υθ−.Ρ+∀Ωφ−−.−Υθ−.Ρ+2Σ2+−+%∗≤







+ΙΘ&Ρψ{Ρωρ−.Ρ(.∗γ−{+ΣΡΥθ−.Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ−ωα2Ρο,σ%,Ωδ−.)α&Ρη−Υς
∀ππ.υτ%Υθ−.Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ−ωα21&φΡ∴+,−.2Σ2+.&%ι.−∋γ&/−.Υθ−.
∋&−Ρ&φ{∋Θ2∃1−+)ψ−Ρς2Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ−ωα2€
91Γπ2∃Υ13Γ2∃Υ1∀ππ2∃Υ1∀Γπ2∃Υ

(
Σ{σ−.2ϖ−.Ρ+2Ρτ2−.+&]∃∴+,−.2Σ2+.&%−−.−Υθ−.∋&−Ρ&φ{∋Θ(

 ∀
4 

 
τ,−.Ωθ−∋ΘΥς−.−Υθ−.(Ρ%2θ


 ι ∀ πΧΓ
Φ
     
2∃ψυ
1 ∀ππ1πΧΓ Γπ  
  # 

  

+ΙΙ≅δΡ −.∗γ− Υθ−.2ρ σ%, Ωδ−.Ω&[∗+,ΘΡ+∼,{+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+








3
∀π2,Υ


Ω
1
+,−. 2Σ2+.&%+%&Ω&Ξ∃ .η− −+%∗−+βΡΡτ− {+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.∃Θ Ρο& Ωθσ%,
Ωδ−.2}%2Σ2{+η−Ρ|∃ϖ&Ρτωξ−.∋]2+{+%−+%∗
3

∋ΘΓ∃1ΖυΡ−+)ψ−Ρς2Ρτ∗υ[−
Υθ−.1
91∀Γπ∃Υ  1∀3π∃Υ   1∀ππ∃Υ  13ππ∃Υ

+(
δ∋]2+{+%.&%+%&{+η−Ρ|Ρτ−{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.∋Θ(





















 !

 !

∀π
3 3 1Γ
3 3

   

 
    
 ψυ/ωα2Υθ−.∋Θ(
3π 
#


Υ∗υτ%)ψ−Ρς2Ρτ∗υ[−
Υθ−.(

∀π
1 1  3π1  3ππ 

3 3
#
 

 
 
 
   


+ΙΑ
+,∃δΡ∃&−+−2+ο∃−+♥)Θ,∃⊥Ρ−ωα2)Θσ%,Ωδ−.Ω&[∗+,Θ)α&Ρη−Υς3π
1 .ωξ& Ρ% Ρ+βυ τ−. +%& Ω&Ξ∃ 9 )Θ  Ρτ− ∃⊥Ρ −ωα2 2−. −∃ Ρτ− {+ωρ−.
Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.2Σ2+−+%∗∃δΡ∴+,−.σ∀π2∃∋∗ϖ−σ%,Ωδ−.−.ω2{+%)α&−+%∗1
−+ )ψ−Ρς2 Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.Χ/&φΡ τ−. )ψ−Ρς2 Ωθ2+)Θ,∴+,−. Ρχ πΧ≤ ∃Υ Ωφ−∀
∃Υ1
91∀ππ∃Υ 1π∃Υ   1≤π∃Υ  1≤Γ∃Υ

(δ∋]2+{+%.&%+%&{+η−Ρ|Ρ+∼,{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.∋Θ(

3
3 ∀



 

   
,+%&Ω&Ξ∃σ%,Ωδ−.−.ω2{+%)ψυΡ%2θ(
3 ∀ 3 ∀

3 3
∃ ∃ 



 
 
∗υτ%(
3 31πΧ∀13π 4
3 ∀ 3 ∀ 3 ∀


∃ ∃ ∃
  
  
,.&
Ρ+&φΡ2+,)ψ−Ρς2Ρ+∗δ2∴+,−.
πΧ≤ ∀ 
 #
 
−−Ρ%Ρ+%υ/&Ξ∗Ρ+22}%)Θ,(


4
πΧ≤ ∀
3 ∀


  


.&&τ%(
3 ∀ 4

 
∗υτ%(
∀ΧΓ





4
3 ∀
πΧ≤

 
∗υτ%
3



+%υ(
∀ΧΓ 3

 
 σ, ∴ Ρ+∗δ2 ⁄ −− ∋βυ ∴3 )Θ Ρ+%υ )Θ, /&Ξ∗ Ρ+2
4 4
πΧ≤ 
3 ∀ 313 ∀
 #


  
 

+Ι∆


≅δΡΥ&συΩΘ−+γ&τβΡσΘ&2θΩη∗9σ%,Ωδ−.)α&Ρη−Υς)ΘΡ+∼,{+ωρ−.
)∗ϖ−..θ2)α&Υ&συ1&−Ωδσ%,Ωδ−.∋Θ42∃Χ)ψ−Ρς2Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.Ρτ−Ωυ∋Θ
4 ∃Υ1 ΗϒΡ ∃δΡ Ω&Ξ∃ ≅ Ρτ− συ )Θ 2Σ2+ 9 ∃δΡ Ω,ο− 3≤2∃Χ −.ωξ& Ρ% Ρ+βυ ≅
∋∗ϖ−∋∗ϖ−σ%,Ωδ−.∋]2+{+%)α&9∃δΡ.θ2
3 ∀
3


  
)α&∴πΧ

∀Χ

3Χ−+
/ωα2Υθ−.

1&φΡΡη−Υς2θ.&ΣΡτ_Ρτ,−.∴+,−.Ρχ33Ωφ−3Φ1
91≤2∃  1∀32∃  1∀42∃  1∀Φ2∃

+
(
δ∋]2+{+%.&%+%&{+η−Ρ|Ρ+∼,{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.∋Θ(
 !


 !

∀∀

3
3 ∀
3


 


   

}
(/Θ&−Θυ−.ωξ&Ρ%ΩΖ2+,Υ♠−Ωδ∋]2+{+%
ωρ−.Ρ−+ω/Θ&Ρτ−Ρ%2θ(
3 ∀ 3 ∀
4 4
∃ ∃ 



 
 

∗υτ%(
3 ∀
4


 ∃

 
Ρ+%υΥς)Θ,Ρ%2θ(
4 3 ∀
3 ∀
41πΧ3≤ πΧ3≤

 ∃

  

,
33 3Φ 
 
 
−−Ρ%2θ(
3 ∀
33 3Φ 
πΧ≤



 

&&τ%Ρ%2θ(
3ΧΓ≤ Χ∀4 
∃ ∃
   

)ψυ
3 ∀ 31 ∀
3Γ 
πΧ3≤ πΧ3≤

 
 
  

)ψυ
4
πΧ∀Φ  ∀Φ


# #

    

+ΙΠ
(≅δΡ Υθ−.2ρ+2 Ρτ∗υ[− Ρτ,−. ∃δΡ Ρτωξ−. ΩΘ− +γ&15+ωρ−. ΡτΤ−+ σ%, Ωδ−.
2}%−.∗γ−2θσο−.(
4  

 1  #

 

 
 
1−+/ωα2Υθ−.


1+,/&φΡ)ψ−Ρς2Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.
) 4π 2∃Υ −+ Ωδ ∋]2+{+% 2}% +%& Ω&Ξ∃ 2Σ2+ −+%∗ ∃δΡ ∴+,−.4π 2∃ Ρτ−
2−.{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.)ΘΡο&2−.Ρ+ξ&Ω&Ξ∃1
91

∀3 1

3   1

   1

Φ

+
δ∋]2+{+%.&%+%&{+η−Ρ|Ρ+∼,{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.∋Θ(

 
3 13 Φ
 
 
 
  
∗υτ%
3 3 3 14π
4π1Φ 
 

   



    


+Ι
≅δΡΥθ−.2ρ+2Ρτ∗υ[−Ρτ,−.∃δΡΡτωξ−.ΩΘ−+γ&15+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+σ%,Ωδ−.2}%
−.∗γ− 2θ σο−.(
42,Υ  

  #

 







 
1 −+ Ωδ ∋]2+ {+% 2}% σ%, Ωδ−. Ρο& 2−. ∃δΡ
Ω&Ξ∃/βΡ∴εΥ%∗∴+,−.Ρ+ξ&.&%−πΧΓΥ1
91
Φ

 1

∀3  1

   1


≤

+

Υ%∗∴+,−.Ρ+ξ&.&%−

ΡπΧΓ.&υΥθ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Ωω2∗Ζ−.Ωωξ−.σ

5+ωρ−. ΡτΤ−+ σ%, Ωδ−. Ρο& ≅ 2Σ2+ −.∗γ− ∃δΡ ∴+,−. σ ∋Θ (

3
42,Υ  



  #
 

 


 




 
  τ,−. Ωθ  Ρ+ξ& Ω&Ξ∃ Ρ {+% σ%, Ωδ−. 2}% ≅ ∋Θ (


3



 


 


 




 
  1 %∗ Ρ+ξ& Ω&Ξ∃ ΡπΧΓΥ Ρ+Τ {+% σ%, Ωδ−. Ρο& ≅ ∋2 −Θυ ∋Θ(
 !

 !

∀3
3
3
 πΧΓ



 



 


  




 
      υ Ωδ ∋]2+ {+%
3 ∀
3 3
  πΧΓ   1 
  Φ
 
 
    
  
 
        

+Ι
≅δΡ−.ωξ&Σ2+∃δΡϖ−ωα2Ω&Ρτ−Ωωξ−.Χ∃&/ωα2Ω&Ωω2Γπ2∃1+∗∴εσ%,
Ωδ−.τ&−.2}%−ωα2Ρτ,−.ϖ∋Θ∀
ν
.ωξ&ΩθΩ&)α&)ψ−Ρς2)Ρ+Τ−ωα2Ρτ,−.ϖ/_
Υθ−.ΥΣ−+∃ο−+−+βΡ1−+)ψ−Ρς2)€
913Χ≤∃+191∀Χ≤∃+191∀ΧΓ∃+1%Ρτ_∴+Σ2


+
(
Ρ+∼,.&Ρ+&φΡΡ+Τ
Γπ 
#


∃Θ)ψ−Ρς2
Γπ
1 Γπ   πΧΓ   ∀Χ≤  

  #  #  ∃# 


     
91
+Ι
τ−∃⊥Ρ−ωα22θ∃δΡ−.∗γ−σ%,Ωδ−.Ρο,τ%Ρο&Ω&Ξ∃:∃δΡσ%,Ωδ−.Ω&[∗+%2θ
Ρη−ΥςΓπ1τ−∃⊥Ρ−ωα2∗βΡ+&]−−+−.)−.Ρτ−Ωγ−.Ρ∃:Χ∃&)−.2Σ2+
−+%∗2∃1ψ−Ρς2Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ−ωα2∋Θ(
91∀3π2∃Υ1Φπ2∃Υ1∀Γπ2∃Υ1∀≤π2∃Υ

+
1 } Ζ !∋ ∃! ]{!∋   ∃ ! α !%# χ ∴ !Ωη  γ%# χδ!∋ εθ
 
#


Ωθ
1 1Γπ ∀Γπ  

  # 

  








+Ι
η∗92}%∃δΡσυσ%,Ωδ−.Ρ+∼,{+ωρ−.Ρ+♣−.Ω−.)α&2+∗∴ε∀πΥ1&φΡ)ψ−
Ρς2Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.Ρτ−συ∋ΘπΧ3∃ΥΧ∴+,−.2Σ2+.&%+%&Ω&Ξ∃.η−−+%∗−+βΡσ%,Ωδ−.
−.ω2{+%∋Θ/%,−+&∗€
91∀ΧΓ∃13∃1∀∃13ΧΓ∃

+
δ∋]2+{+%.&%+%&{+η−Ρ|Ρ+∼,{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.∋Θ(

3
3 ∀



 

   
,+%&Ω&Ξ∃σ%,Ωδ−.−.ω2{+%)ψυΡ%2θ(∴+,−.2Σ2+
.η−−+%∗−+βΡ.&%+%&Ω&Ξ∃σ%,Ωδ−.−.ω2{+%∋Θ(

3 ∀ 3 ∀ 1 31π ∀πΧ31∀π
∀ 
3 3 3
∃ ∃ 
 #

  
   
  
1 }
( .η− −+%∗ −+βΡ −−
Ρτ,−.{+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+Ρτ−Ρ%∋βυπ





 !

 !

∀
+Α
θ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Ρχ9Ωφ−≅)α&/ωα2Υθ−.
Φπ 
#


≅2Σ2+9∃δΡΩ,ο−σ2∃
1,)α&Υθ−.Ρο&9Ρ+ΤΥθ−.Ρο&≅2θΡ−+2+βΡ−Θ,Υ%∗Ωυ€

91γ−.{+%)α&−+%∗1α∃{+%+ρ−∃δΡ∋ω−.

3


1τ↔{+%+ρ−∃δΡ∋ω−.∋Θ

1≅δΡΡ−+2+βΡ∴+Σ2

1%ΩΖ/&φΡ{+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+Υθ−.2Σ2+−.∗γ−∃δΡΩ,ο−∋Θσ∋Θ(


3
2,Υ 


[  



 
−φ∗Ω&Ξ∃≅−∃Υ%∗−.∗γ−9
≅2+ψ∃{+%+ρ−9


3
2,Υ 


[  




 
φ∗Ω&Ξ∃≅−∃Ρτωα2−.∗γ−9

+∼,.&Ρ+&φΡΡ%2θΩδ∋]2+{+%
3 3 1π
Φπ

 
 

   

ψυΥθ−.Ρο&≅Ρτ↔{+%+ρ−Υθ−.Ρο&9∃δΡ∋ω−.∋Θ


∀(+&/&−Ωδ2}%Υθ−.Ρ−..β{Ωϖ&Χ−−.∋ω−.σ,Υθ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Ρ+%υΩ′&/%,−+&∗
∋η−€
91&∃←1&∃↑1+ϖ−.Ρ+%υΩ′&1−.4∋η−
+
−.∋ω−.Υθ−.( 

+6Ι∗/?,<ΕΕ34;=>

5!585 
ζ&Υ|/&Ξ∗Ρ+2Υθ−.Ρο&−.∗γ−:∋Θ(∗
π


912,Υ
Ρ
1


ΗϒΡΥθ−.Ρο&≅2Σ2+:∃δΡΩ,ο−:≅1
−+(

)
1) 


ζ5+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+Υθ−.Ρο&≅σ,−.∗γ−:Ρτ∗υ[−Ωφ−(


∗ 912,Υ Ρ3  2,Υ 3  
  


  
 
  
)α&∴(Ρ


)


+ψ−ϒΡ(%,Ωδ−.≅2+ψ∃{+%+ρ−σ%,Ωδ−.:∃δΡ∋ω−.3





δ∋]2+{+%(
}%Ω&Ξ∃≅Υ,)α&−.∗γ−(

3



∀
:



ϑ

8

Ξ

 !

 !

∀4
}%+%&Ω&Ξ∃≅ΧΥ,)α&−.∗γ−(
3 ∀
3
→ →

 



  
3
%&Υθ−.2−.{+%(

3



∴3




∴1


%&Υθ−.−.ω2{+%(

3



∀∴3





3∴ζ∀
3


%&Υθ−.)∗ϖ−.{+%(

3
4
∀∴3
3
∀∴3







 +↓(
+&≅Ρτωα2:Ρ+Τ{+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+Υθ−.Ρο&≅∋Θ(

∗ 912,Υ Ρζ3  2,Υ 3  
  


  
 
  




∼+98∗7ϑ


+
1≅δΡ∃&−+−Ωω2.−)Θ,Ωη∗∃δΡ∋ΣΡ+ϒ{−∃−.%−.)Θ2+ο∃−+♥)Θ,∃⊥Ρ−ωα21
+&∋ΣΡ+ϒ{σ%,Ωδ−.)α&Ρη−Υς∀3πΧΡο,τ%Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ−ωα2∃δΡΥθ−.2θ/&−ΩδπΧΦ2∃1
&φΡ∴+,−.2Σ2+.&%.−∋γ&∋&−Ρ&φ{∋Θ42∃1&φΡ{+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+Υθ−.2}%{+η−Ρ|Ρο&
Ω&Ξ∃≅Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ−ωα22Σ2+∃δΡ∴+,−.∀32∃1+−.ς2Ρ+ξ&.&%−∋2∃&−+−2+ο∃
)Θ,∃⊥ΡΡ+,Σ−.)ΘΩ&∗ς−.Χ2+&[∗σωρ−.+ωα−.∋−1
+
%2θ(≤

42∃





4#
πΧΓ2∃15+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+Υθ−.Ρο&−.∗γ−(∗92,Υ

Ρζ

1
%2θ

3


34πτ%σΥ∴+&ΡπΡ+Τπ

2,Υ

π2,Υ

3


)Τ)°π




3

1ψυΡο&−.∗γ−Ρ%2θ(∗πΧΦ2,Υ34π

Ρζ
3

2∃1ο&≅Ρ%2θ(
 ∗

πΧΦ2,Υ34π

Ρζ
3





Ρ13
πΧΦ2,Υ34π

Ρζ
3

4≤

πΧΦ2,Υ34π

Ρζ
3

2∃1

+Ι
1≅δΡΥθ−.−.%−.Ρτ∗υ[−Ρχ≅Ωφ−:τγ&Ωφ−Ρτ−2−.∃δΡ{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.)α&
)ψ−Ρς2)∀≤∃Υ1&φΡ≅∃)Θ≅::15+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+Υθ−.Ρο&:∋Θ∗
:
Γ2,Υ4

Ρ

Φ

2∃1&φΡ{+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+Υθ−.Ρο&≅)ΘΡο&1
+
%2θ(


)


31
∃1Τ≅Ρτωα2:Ρ+∼,2+&[∗Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.−−(


Γ2,Υ4

Ρ
Φ

ζ


13
Γ2,Υ4

Ρ
Φ

ζ


Γ2,Υ4

Ρζ
Φ


2∃1Υ%∗:−−(


Γ2,Υ4

Ρ
Φ




13
Γ2,Υ4

Ρ
Φ




Γ2,Υ4

Ρ
3

2∃1

+Α

η∗92}%συ2%,Υ∗2−.Ωω2∋Θ∃2+,σ%,Ωδ−.Ρ+∼,{+ωρ−.)∗ϖ−..θ2)α&συ

)α&/&−Ωδ32∃Χ2+∗∴ε∀ΧΦΥ1%∗ΥΡ+ΤΥθ−.2+∗υΞ−Ωω2∀3∃σ2Ρ+∼,συ1
%−+/ωα2Υθ−.1
 !

 !

∀Γ
/&φΡ{+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+σ%,Ωδ−.Ρο&∃δΡΩ&Ξ∃2Σ2+Ωη∗9∀ΧΦ∃1+−.ς2Ρ+ξ&.&%−∋29)_
Ρτ/&−σωρ−.1
%#!∋Ξ!
∀ΧΦ∃Χ932∃ΧΡΥΧ∀3∃
%

−+

€
/



€σ

∀ΧΦ∃
Ρ%2θ)

∀3
Ρ


4∃Υ

ωα2Υθ−.(

)141∀ΧΦΦΧ4∃
 /




3ΓΧ∀
ΦΧ∀
33


τ%σΥ
5+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+σ%,Ωδ−.Ρο&9(∗
9
92,Υ

1Ρ32,Υ∀Χ3Γ

1Ρ2∃1
5+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+σ%,Ωδ−.Ρο&≅2Σ2+9Ω,ο−

∀ΧΦ∃1


92,Υ

1Ρ3






32,Υ∀Χ3Γ

1Ρ3
4ΧΦ
ΦΧ∀


η
8
Ιχ[2ΙΠ

Λ
3

ν[ν
Ω&[∗∴&]−Ρ


)


ΧΡ


4
ΦΧ∀

πΧ4Υ
+∆
≅δΡΥθ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Ρτ,−.∃δΡ∃ϖ&Ρτωξ−.∋Θ∃2+,2Σ2Ω&Ξ∃2}%∃ϖ&Ρτωξ−.σ%,Ωδ−.1
&φΡ{+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+σ%,Ωδ−.2}%2Σ2Ω&Ξ∃Ρτ,−.∃ϖ&Ρτωξ−.2θσο−.(
∗42,Υ


1Ρζ

2∃
∀1−+)ψ−Ρς2Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.1&φΡ/ωα2Υθ−.

34π2∃1
31−+Ωδ∋]2+{+%−.)α&2−.∃δΡΩ&Ξ∃Υ%∗∴+,−.Ρ+ξ&.&%−∀Υ1
1Τ∃Ωδ∋]2+{+%σ%,Ωδ−.2}%+%&Ω&Ξ∃2Σ2+−+%∗3∀π2∃Ρ+∼,{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−)Θ,2−.
∃δΡΡ+ξ&Ω&Ξ∃1
41υΩδ2}%∃δΡΩ&Ξ∃Ρ+ξ&Ω&Ξ∃Ρ∋Θ2∃1Τ∃∋υΩδ2}%−θΥ%∗Ωθ∀3Υ1
%#!∋Ξ!
∗42,Υ


1Ρζ

2∃

942∃Χ





τ%σ
∀
 
34π2∃Χ)€
3
 

€ΧΡ∀Υ

 
3
€Χ3∀π2∃
4

∗2∃Χ∗
Ρ∀3
€

∀%2θ(

333






 

ΦΥ



)1

)



Φ
34π
4π2∃Υ
3)α&Ρ
π
Ρ+Τ






π
ζ


Υ%∗Ρ∀ΥΡ+Τ

3
±



Ρ
π
ζ∀ζ

″




3







≥


1Ρ
π
ζ∀ζ




Ρ
π
ζ







∃ΩΞ

 !

 !

∀Φ
δ∋]2+{+%(

3

4
ι

ι13
34π
3∀π1313






∃ΩΞ

4∗2∃Χ∗
Ρ∀3
€Ρ−1

−
Φ
∀3



3σΩ
ψυΥ%∗−3σΩΩ&Ξ∃−ΘυΥ♦Ρτο−.Ρ+Σ&−+ωΡ+ξ&Ω&Ξ∃ΡΧ−.+%∋Θ∋ο&2θ∗2∃1

+Π
≅δΡ∗2η∗−+Ψ.−)Θ,∃Ρ+,%σ%,Ωδ−.)α&Ρη−Υς∀3π1+,∗2η∗2+ο∃
−+♥)Θ,∃⊥Ρ−ωα2−.ωξ&Ρ%Ρ+βυ2θ∃δΡ+]Υθ−.Ρτ−∋%−Ρ,τ%%∃ΘΡ∃Ω&Ξ∃2+ο∃:2}%
∗2η∗)α&∃⊥Ρ−ωα21+,/&−ΩδΥθ−.∋Θ9πΧΓ2∃)Θ∴+ϖ−.Ω′&1
%−+)ψ−Ρς2Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ−ωα21&φΡτ−.∴+,−.2Σ2+.&%∀π.−∋γ&∋&−Ρ&φ{∋Θ
∋4ΧΓ2∃1
/&φΡ{+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+σ%,Ωδ−.2}%Ω&Ξ∃≅Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ−ωα22Σ2+:∃δΡΩ,ο−∀32∃+,
σ%,Ωδ−.Υθ−.Ρο&:2θ/&Ξ∗Ρ+2∗:92,Υ

1Ρ1
2−+∴+,−.2Σ2+.&%+%&Ω&Ξ∃Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ−ωα2σ%,Ωδ−.2−.{+%Χ−.ω2{+%Χ)∗ϖ−.{+%1
τ−2−.Ωωξ−.Ρ+♣−.∗%:1
%#!∋Ξ!∋ΖϖΖ
%2θ∀3πΧ9πΧΓ2∃
%

)€Χ&φΡτ−.∴+,−.2Σ2+.&%υ∀π.−∋γ&∋&−Ρ&φ{∋Θ∋4ΧΓ2∃1

/



Ρ€∀32∃
2

−+∴+,−.2Σ2+.&%+%&Ω&Ξ∃Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ−ωα2σ%,Ωδ−.2−.{+%Χ−.ω2{+%Χ
)∗ϖ−.{+%1

%Ρ%2θ(

3

3

1∀3π34π

τ%σΥ
+,−.2Σ2+υ∀π.−∋γ&Ρ+Τ2θ−υ∀σΩ
∋−1





Γ14


4


πΧΓ2∃




1

πΧΓ1∀3π
χ

/&Ξ∗Ρ+2Υθ−.Ρο&:(∗
:
92,Υ

1ΡπΧΓ2,Υ34π

1Ρ2∃
&Ξ∗Ρ+2Υθ−.Ρο&≅2Σ2+:∃δΡΩ,ο−∀32∃1
 ∗

92,Υ

1Ρ3




πΧΓ12,Υ34π


Ρ3

ΓΧπ
∀3
πΧΓ1Υ&−34π

Ρ4≤


η
8
2ΠχΙ∆

[ν
Ω&[∗∴&]−
Υ3Χπ
Φπ
∀3
)

Ρ


ψυΥθ−.Ρο&≅2−.{+%)α&Υθ−.Ρο&:1
2%&Υθ−.2−.{+%(

3




∴3




∴1

πΧΓ1∴2∃)α&∴


ψυ+%&Ω&Ξ∃σ%,Ωδ−.2−.{+%Χ∴+,−.2Σ2+.&%2+−./−.∃δΡΥς−.∗υ−∋η−
/ωα2Υθ−.1
%&Υθ−.−.ω2{+%(

3



∀∴3




3∴ζ∀
3

∴ζ
3




πΧΓ1∴ζ
3

2∃)α&∴


%&Ω&Ξ∃σ%,Ωδ−.−.ω2{+%2θ∴+,−.2Σ2+/−.∃δΡΥς∋♦∋η−/ωα2Υθ−.1
%&Υθ−.)∗ϖ−.{+%(

3
3
∀∴3






 !

 !

∀ι

3∴ζ∀
4
ΓΧπ
4



3∴ζ∀πΧ∀3Γ13∴ζ∀2∃)α&∴


%&Ω&Ξ∃σ%,Ωδ−.)∗ϖ−.{+%2θ∴+,−.2Σ2+/−.∃δΡΥς∋×∋η−∃δΡ{+η−Ρω/ωα2
Υθ−.
+
≅δΡΥ&συΩΘ−+γ&−∃−.%−.2θΩ&Ξ∃Ωη∗:σ%,Ωδ−.Ρ+∼,{+ωρ−.Ω−.)α&/&−
Ωδ9Γ2∃ΧπΧΓΥ1ψ−Ρς2Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.∋Θ4π2∃Υ1&φΡ{+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+Υθ−.Ρο&≅2Σ2+:
σΓπ2∃1
91
Γ2,Υ4 Γ  

  #
 
 
  
Γ2,Υ4 3ΧΓ  

  #
 
 
 
1
Γ2,Υ4  

  #
 
 
   

Γ2,Υ4 3Γ  

  #
 
 
 
%#!∋Ξ!
(
1!ϑ

5+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+σ%,Ωδ−.2}%−.∗γ−(
2,Υ  
1
 Ω  #



τ,−.Ωθ(
 
 
 
   
 

 
    

Γ2,Υ4  
1
  #



1
5+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+σ%,Ωδ−.Ρ%&≅(
3
2,Υ 


 Ω 



 

τ,−.Ωθ(


   
   
σΓπ2∃
Γ2,Υ4 Γ  

  #
 
 



1η 
≅δΡ −.ωξ& ∗%− ΥΣΡ ∃δΡ 2+&φ2 {+%, Ρτ− ∃⊥Ρ/&Ξ−Χ Ρ+βυ−θ −+ϖ 2%, ∀π ∋η− Ρτ,−.

∴+,−.Ρ+ξ&.&%−3ιΥ1+∗∴Τ2}%Υθ−./&Ξ−∋Θ
 913Χ4ΓΥ1  13Χ≤Υ1  13ΧιΥ1 
1Υ1
1ηΙ
≅δΡ−.ωξ&∗%−ΥΣΡΥθ−.Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ+γΡ+βυ∴+,−.2Σ2+.&%+%&−.−Υθ−.∋&−Ρ&φ{
/−.∀3π2∃)Θ2θ4−.−Υθ−.∗%Ρτωα2∃⊥ΡΡτ,−.ΦΥ1ς2ΩδΡτ∗υ[−Υθ−.Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ−ωα2∋Θ

91πΧΦ∃Υ1  1πΧ≤∃Υ1  1∀Χ3∃Υ1  1∀ΧΦ∃Υ1
1η Α
ο& ∃δΡ Ω&Ξ∃ : Ρτ− ∃⊥Ρ −ωα2 υ− Ρ−+ 2θ ∃δΡ −.∗γ− σ%, Ωδ−. Ω&[∗ +,Θ Ρ+∼,
{+ωρ−.Ρ+♣−.Ω−.)α&Ρη−Υς31χΩ&Ξ∃:2θ−+−..−Υθ−.Ρτ−∋%−τδ−.τ%%
∗−.∗%−+1+,−.2Σ2+.&%+%&.−Υθ−.∴φΡ&φ{∋Θ3π2∃1ς2ΩδΡτ∗υ[−Υθ−.Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ
−ωα2∋Θ

913π2∃Υ1  14π2∃Υ1  1≤π2∃Υ1  1∀3π2∃Υ1
1η∆
≅δΡΥθ−.∃2θΡη−ΥςΓ∀π∋%−Ρτ∗υ[−Ρτ,−.∴+ϖ−.∴+)α&Ρς2Ωδ4π∃ΥΧΩδ∋]2+
{+%2}%Υθ−.Ρο&+%&Ω&Ξ∃≅ΧΡτ−2−.∃δΡ{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.2Σ2+−+%∗Γπ2∃∋Θ

91
τ%σ
3


1  1
τ%σ

3

1  1

τ%σ
3

1  1
τ%σ


1
1ηΠ
≅δΡΥθ−.2θΡη−ΥςΓππ2θΡς2Ωδ∋%−Ρτ∗υ[−Γπ∃Υ1%&Ω&Ξ∃.η−−+βΡΡτ−2−.
{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.{+&2Σ2+−+%∗∃δΡ∴+,−.∋Θ/%,−+&∗ΩΞ.&%2+−.2θΩδ∋]2+{+%
/−.

τ%σ1

91∀∀ΧΦ2∃1  14ιΧΦ2∃1  13Χ2∃1  14Χ3≤Γ∃1
1η
.ωξ&Ρ%Ω⊥Ρ2+Τ∃Ρτ,−.−ωα2∃δΡ−.∗γ−∃2θΡη−Υςι3Γ)ΘΡς2ΩδΡτ∗υ[−∃
Ρτ,−. −ωα2 ∋Θ ∀4Γπ∃Υ1 +,−. 2Σ2+ .&% +%& Ω&Ξ∃ .η− −+%∗ −+βΡ Ρτ,−. −ωα2 σ%, Ωδ−.
−.ω2{+%∋Θ

91πΧ3Γ∃1  1∀∃1  1πΧΓ∃1  1∀2∃1
1η
ο&Ω&Ξ∃Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ−ωα2υ−Ρ−+2θ−.∗γ−σ%,Ωδ−.Ω&[∗+,Θ2−.{+ωρ−.Ρ+♣−.
Ω−.)α&Ρη−ΥςΓπ1+&ΩθΡτ−∃⊥Ρ−ωα2+Τ−+Ρ+Θ−++%&Υθ−.Ρτ−Ωγ−.Ρ,1ο&+%&
Ω&Ξ∃≅Χ 2Σ2+−+%∗2∃Ρτ−Ωωξ−.Ρ+♣−.Ω−.Ω&∗%∋∗ϖ− σ%,Ωδ−. 2−.{+% )α&
 !

 !


∀≤
−+%∗1&φΡτ−.ΧΡς2ΩδΡτ∗υ[−Υθ−.Ρ+%υΩ′&Ρτ,−.∴+,−.Ρχιπ2∃ΥΩφ−≤π2∃Υ1ς2Ωδ
Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ−ωα2∋Θ

91ιΓ2∃Υ1  1≤π2∃Υ1  1ιπ2∃Υ1  1ι32∃Υ1
1η
ο&Ω&Ξ∃Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ−ωα2υ−Ρ−+2θ−.∗γ−σ%,Ωδ−.Ω&[∗+,ΘΡ+∼,{+ωρ−.Ρ+♣−.
Ω−.)α&Ρη−Υς1+&ΩθΡτ−∃⊥Ρ−ωα2+Τ−+Ρ+Θ−++]Υθ−.Ρτ−Ωγ−.Ρ∃1ο&+%&Ω&Ξ∃
≅Χ−∃2Σ2+−+%∗Γ2∃Ρτ−Ωωξ−.Ρ+♣−.Ω&∗%∋∗ϖ−σ%,Ωδ−.−.ω2{+%−+%∗1&φΡΡς2
ΩδΡτ∗υ[−Υθ−.Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ−ωα2∋Θ≤π2∃Υ)ΘΡη−Υς2}%−.∗γ−σ%,Ωδ−.Ρ+%υΩ′&Ρτ,−.∴+,−.
Ρχ4≤Ωφ−Φ41η−Υςσ%,Ωδ−.2}%−.∗γ−∋Θ

91Φ41  14≤1  1Φπ1  1ΓΦ1
1η
≅δΡΥθ−.2ρ+2∋%−Ρτ∗υ[−Ρτ,−.∴+ϖ−.∴+2θ/ωα2Υθ−.

1+,−.2Σ2+.&%+%&
Ω&Ξ∃Ρτ−2−.∃δΡ{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.σ%,Ωδ−.)∗ϖ−.{+%−+%∗∋Θ(

91
4
∀∴3σ


1 1
3
∀∴3σ


1 1




∀∴3σ
1 1


∴σ
1
1η
≅δΡΥθ−.∃Ωω2∃ϖΡ/&{+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+υ92,Υ3






Ρ
1ς2Ωδ22Ωο&2}%
{+−Ρ|∃ϖ&Ρτωξ−./−.4∋η−Ρς2ΩδΡτ∗υ[−Υθ−.∴+&
 91

4

91 1



931 1




91  1



941

1η
τ−Υ&συ:9ΧΩη∗92ςΩ_−+)ΘΩη∗:σ%,Ωδ−.Ω&[∗+,Θ2θ{+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+∗
:

Γ2,ΥΓ

Ρ2∃1ς2ΩδΡτ∗υ[−Υθ−.Ρτ−συ∋Θ342∃Υ)Θ.&Υ|Ρτ,−.∗ΣΡτΤ−+Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.
/&−ΩδΥθ−.∴+ϖ−.Ω′&15+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+Υθ−.Ρο&Ω&Ξ∃≅2Σ2+:∃δΡΩ,ο−3Χ42∃∋Θ

91∗

Γ2,ΥΓ

Ρζ

32∃1  1∗

Γ2,ΥΓ

Ρ

32∃1


1∗

Γ2,ΥΓ

Ρ

42∃1  1∗

Γ2,ΥΓ

Ρζ

42∃1
1ηΙ
θ−.2ρ∋%−Ρτ∗υ[−Ρχ−.∗γ−:σ2Ρ+∼,∃δΡΩωξ−.Ρ+♣−.)α&/&−Ωδ∴+ϖ−.Ω′&1∝
Ρ+ξ&Ω&Ξ∃ΡπΧΡο&:2θ{+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+(
Ρ2,Υ9∗
:


2∃1≅δΡΩ&Ξ∃2Σ2+−.∗γ−∃δΡ∴+,−.
/−.∀3/ωα2Υθ−.2θ∋&ΩδΓ2∃Ρ+ξ&Ω&Ξ∃/−.∀32+∗∴Τ1&−Ωδ2}%Υθ−.∋Θ(
 91Γ2∃1  13ΧΓ2∃1  1Γ
3
2∃1  1∀π2∃1
1ηΑ
≅δΡ∃&−+−2+ο∃−+♥)Θ,∃⊥Ρ−ωα2σ%,Ωδ−.Ω&[∗+,Θ)α&Ρη−Υς4π1
.ωξ&Ρ%Ρ+βυτ−.+%&Ω&Ξ∃9)ΘΡτ−∃⊥Ρ−ωα22−.−∃Ρτ−{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.2Σ2+
−+%∗∃δΡ∴+,−.σ3π2∃∋∗ϖ−σ%,Ωδ−.−.ω2{+%−+%∗1&φΡΡς2ΩδΡτ∗υ[−Υθ−.−∃

Ρτ,−.∴+,−.Ρχ∃ΥΩφ−Γ∃Υ1ς2Ωθ∋Θ
 91ΧΓ∃Υ1  14Χ3∃Υ1  1Γ∃Υ1 
1Χ3∃Υ1
1η∆
τ,−.Ρ+ξ&.&%−∀3Υ∃δΡ−.ωξ&∗%−ΥΣΡΡ+βυ2θΦ−.−Υθ−.Ω&∗%Ρτωα2∃⊥Ρ∃Τ−+1
ς2ΩδΡτ∗υ[−Υθ−.∋Θ3∃Υ1ωα2Υθ−.2θ.&ΣΡτ_∋Θ

914Χ≤∃1  14∃1  1Φ∃1  1πΧ4≤∃1
1ηΠ
.∗γ−{+ΣΡΥθ−.Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ−ωα2Ρο,σ%,Ωδ−.)α&Ρη−Υς∀ππ.υτ%2Σ2
Υθ−.2θ/&−Ωδ9πΧ42∃1&φΡ∴+,−.2Σ2+.&%ι.−∋γ&∋&−Ρ&φ{∋Θ2∃1ς2ΩδΡτ∗υ[−
Υθ−.Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ−ωα2∋Θ

913Γ2∃Υ1  1Γπ2∃Υ1  1∀ππ2∃Υ1 1∀Γπ2∃Υ1
1η
≅δΡ−.∗γ−:σ%,Ωδ−.)α&Ρη−Υς3ΓΡο,τ%Υθ−.Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ−ωα21&φΡ∴+,−.
2Σ2+.&%∀∀.−∋γ&∋&−Ρ&φ{∋Θ∀∃1ς2ΩδΡτ∗υ[−Υθ−.Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ−ωα2/−.(
 913Γ2∃Υ1  1Γπ2∃Υ1  1∀ΧΓπ∃Υ1 
13ΧΓ∃Υ1
1η
≅δΡΥθ−.∃2θΡη−ΥςΦΦπ∋%Ρτ∗υ[−Ρτ,−.∴+ϖ−.∴+)α&Ρς2Ωδπ∃ΥΧΩδ∋]2+
{+%2}%Υθ−.Ρο&+%&Ω&Ξ∃2θ+&]∗Ωωξ−.Ω&Ρχ−.∗γ−Ρα&/−.3π2∃∋Θ(
 91
τ%σ
3


1  1
τ%σ


3

1  1
τ%σ
Γ
4

1  1
τ%σ
4
Γ

1
 !

 !

∀
1η
θ−.∃2θΡη−Υς4Γπ∋%−Ρτ∗υ[−)α&Ρς2ΩδΦπ∃ΥΡτ,−.∴+ϖ−.∴+1&%+%&
Ω&Ξ∃2Σ2+−+%∗∀∃Ρτ−2−.{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Ρ+Τ2+−.σ%,Ωδ−.

912−.{+%1 1)∗ϖ−.{+%1 1−.ω2{+%1 1∋]2+{+%

41
1η
≅δΡΥθ−.2ρ+22θΡη−Υςσ%,Ωδ−.∋Θ4ππΧ∋%−Ρτ∗υ[−Ρτ,−.∴+ϖ−.∴+)α&Ρς2
Ωδ∋Θ3ππ∃Υ1%&Ω&Ξ∃≅Χ2Σ2+−.∗γ−∃∋η−∋ωΡ∋Θσ

4Γ2∃)Θσ

3
1&φΡ{+%2}%Υθ−.
Ρο&Ω&Ξ∃≅Υα∃{+%+ρ−Ρο&Ω&Ξ∃∋Θ

τ%σ1&ΣΡτ_2}%σ
3
/−.
 913π2∃1  1ΦΓ2∃1 
1ιπ2∃1  1∀4Γ2∃1
1ηΙ
≅δΡΥθ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ−ωα2/&Ξ−2θ/ωα2Υθ−.

3∃1+,−.2Σ2+.&%+%&
Ω&Ξ∃.η−−+%∗−+βΡΡτ−2−.{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.σ%,Ωδ−.2−.{+%∋Θ

913∃1  1∀ΧΓ∃1  1∀∃1  1πΧΓ∃1
1ηΙ
≅δΡΥθ−.−.%−.Ωω2∃ϖΡ/&{+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+∗92,Υ

πΧπ33ΡΡτ,−.ΩθΧυ
Ωω2Ω,/−.2∃)ΘΡΩ,/−.Υ1ωα2Υθ−.Ω,/−.2∃∋Θ
 91Γπ1 
1∀ππ1  13ππ1  1Γ1
1ηΙΙ
≅δΡ−.ωξ&∗%−ΥΣΡ∃δΡ2+&φ2{+%,Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ/&Ξ−Ρ+βυ−θ−+ϖ∋−2%,ι∋η−Ρτ,−.∀≤
.&υ)ΘΩ,Ωω2∴+,−.2Σ2+.&%+%&Ω−+Υθ−.∋&−Ρ&φ{∋Θ∃1ς2ΩδΡτ∗υ[−Υθ−.Ρτ−
∃⊥Ρ/&Ξ−∋Θ(
 91πΧΓ∃Υ1  1∀∃Υ1  13∃Υ1  1∀ΧΓ∃Υ1
1ηΙΑ
≅δΡΥθ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ−ωα2/&Ξ−2θ/ωα2Υθ−.


Γ∃1+,−.2Σ2+.&%+%&
Ω&Ξ∃.η−−+%∗−+βΡΡτ−2−.{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.σ%,Ωδ−.∋]2+{+%−+%∗π
π
∋Θ

91Γ∃1  13ΧΓ∃1  1∀Χ3Γ∃1  1ΧιΓ∃1
1ηΙ∆
≅δΡσυΩΘ−+γ&σΘ&2θΩη∗9σ%,Ωδ−.)α&Ρη−Υς)ΘΡ+∼,{+ωρ−.)∗ϖ−..θ2)α&
συΧΡς2ΩδΡτ∗υ[−Υθ−.Ρτ−συ∋Θ4∃Υ1ΗϒΡΩ&Ξ∃≅Ρτ−συ)Θ2Σ2+9∃δΡΩ,ο−3≤2∃Χ
−.ωξ&Ρ%Ρ+βυ≅∋∗ϖ−σ%,Ωδ−.∋]2+{+%)α&9∃δΡ.θ2


∴

ζ

3)α&∴πΧ

∀Χ∂&φΡ
Ρη−ΥςΡτ,−.∴+,−.Ρχ33Ωφ−3Φ1ωα2Υθ−.

/−.

913π2∃1  13Γ2∃1  14π2∃1  1∀Φ2∃1
1ηΙΠ
&Υ|Ρο&−.∗γ−:2θΥθ−.σ%,Ωδ−.Ρ+∼,{+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+(
Ρ2,Υ9∗
:



1θ−.−Θυ
Ρτ∗υ[−σ2Ρ+∼,Ρτ2:)α&Ρς2Ωδ)Χ/ωα2Υθ−.∋Θ

15+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+Υθ−.2}%∃δΡΩ&Ξ∃≅
−∃Ρτ−{+ωρ−.:2Σ2+−.∗γ−Υθ−.∃δΡ∴+,−.σ∋Θ(
 91

)
σ
ΡΥ&−9∗


1   1

σ
3Ρ2,Υ9∗



1
 1

)
σ
Ρ2,Υ9∗


1   1


σ
3Ρ2,Υ9∗



1
1η Ι
≅δΡ Υθ−. 2ρ +2 ∋%− Ρτ∗υ[− Ρτ− ∃δΡ {+ωρ−. Ρτ∗υ[− Υθ−. )α& Ρς2 Ωδ 4π2∃Υ1
5+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+Υθ−. 2}%∃δΡΩ&Ξ∃: Ρτ−{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Ωθ ∋Θ∗
:
32,Υ3

Ρ2∃15+ωρ−.
ΡτΤ−+Υθ−.Ρο&∃δΡΩ&Ξ∃−∃Ρτωα2:)Θ2Σ2+:∃δΡΩ,ο−∀π2∃∋Θ

91∗

32,Υ3

Ρζ

32∃1  1∗

32,Υ3

Ρ

32∃1

1∗


32,Υ3

Ρζ

42∃1  1∗

32,Υ3

Ρ

42∃1
1ηΙ
≅δΡΥθ−.2ρ+2∋%−Ρτ∗υ[−Ρτ,−.∃δΡ∃ϖ&Ρτωξ−.)ψΡ2+βΡΡο&∃δΡΩ&Ξ∃2Σ2+−.∗γ−
∃2θ{+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+Υθ−.∗42,Υ


Ρ

3

2∃1ς2ΩδΡτ,−.∃ϖ&Ρτωξ−.Ωθ2θ.&ΣΡτ_

91πΧΓ∃Υ1  1∀∃Υ1  1∀ΧΓ∃Υ1  13∃Υ1
1ηΙ
+,{+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+∗92,ΥπΧ4

ζι

Ρζ


15+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+−Θυ/&Ξ∗σ&↔−
 91∃δΡΥθ−.2+ουΡ+∼,2+&[∗∃2}%Ρτ2)α&Ρς2ΩδπΧ∀Γ∃Υ1
 1∃δΡΥθ−.2+ουΡ+∼,2+&[∗σωρ−.2}%Ρτ2)α&Ρς2ΩδπΧ3∃Υ1
 1∃δΡΥθ−.2+ουΡ+∼,2+&[∗σωρ−.2}%Ρτ2)α&Ρς2ΩδπΧ∀Γ∃Υ1
 1∃δΡΥθ−.2+ουΡ+∼,2+&[∗∃2}%Ρτ2)α&Ρς2Ωδ∀ιΧΓ∃Υ1
 !

 !


1η Ι
≅δΡ −.∗γ− Υθ−. 2ρ σ%, Ωδ−. Ω&[∗ +,Θ Ρ+∼, {+ωρ−. ΡτΤ−+( ∗  92,ΥΓ

Ρ ζ

32∃1τ,−.ΩθΡΩ,/−..&υ1+,−.2Σ2+.&%+%&Ω&Ξ∃.η−−+%∗−+βΡΡτ−{+ωρ−.
Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.∃Θ{+%σ%,Ωδ−.∋]2+−+%∗

3∋ΘπΧιΓ∃1ωα2Υθ−.)ΘΡς2ΩδΡτ∗υ[−Υθ−.∋η−
∋ωΡ∋Θ(

91∀Χπ∃3ΧΓ∃Υ1 1∀ΧΓ∃ΓΧπ∃Υ1 13ΧΓ∃∀Χπ∃Υ1 1πΧιΓ∃∀ΧΓ∃Υ1
1ηΑ
≅δΡΥθ−.2ρΧ)α&{+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+∗π2,Υ41∀π

ΡΓπ2∃ΧΡτ∗υ[−σ2Ρ+∼,Ρτ2
:ΧΡτ,−.ΩθΡ,οΩδΩ,/−.∃ϒΡ∃ΧΡ+ξ&.&%−ΡΩ,/−..&υΥ1ς2ΩδΡτ∗υ[−Υθ−./−.
 91Γπ∃Υ1 
1≤π∃Υ1  1∀ππ∃Υ1  1∀3Γ∃Υ1

1ηΑ
≅δΡ−.∗γ−:σ%,Ωδ−.)α&Ρη−ΥςΓπΡο,τ%Υθ−.Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ−ωα22θ/&−Ωδ
2∃2,&−+ω∴+ϖ−.Ω′&∴+&Υθ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Ω&1&φΡ∴+,−.2Σ2+.&%ι.−∋γ&∋&−Ρ&φ{∋Θ2∃1
&Ξ∃≅−∃Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ−ωα22Σ2+−.∗γ−:Ω,ο−/−.Γ2∃1+−Ρπ∋Θ∋2{+η−Ρ|−ωα2
Ρο&:Ω&∗%)_Ρτ2−/−.Ρ+∼,2+&[∗σωρ−.1ο&Ρ+ξ&Ω&Ξ∃Ρ

∋&Ωδσ%,Ωδ−.Ρο&≅/−.
32∃1&Ωδσ%,Ωδ−.Ρο&≅)Θ,Ρ+ξ&Ω&Ξ∃Ρ
3
Ρ

ζ3Χπ∀Υ/−./%,−+&∗€
 9132∃1 
132∃1  1π2∃1  1∀ΧΓ2∃1
1ηΑΙ
≅δΡ−.ωξ&∗%−ΥΣΡ∃δΡ2+&φ2{+%,Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ/&Ξ−ΧΡ+βυ−θ−+ϖ2%,∀π∋η−Ρτ,−.
∴+,−.Ρ+ξ&.&%−ΦΥ)ΘΩ,Ωω2∴+,−.2Σ2+.&%+%&Ω−+Υθ−.∋−2ψ−∋Θ∀π∃1ς2Ωδ
Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ/&Ξ−∋Θ

913ΧΓ∃Υ1  13Χ≤∃Υ1  14π∃Υ1  1Φ∃Υ1
1ηΑΑ
≅δΡΥθ−.2ρ+2∋%−Ρτ∗υ[−Ρτ,−.∴+ϖ−.∴+2θ/ωα2Υθ−.

1+,−.2Σ2+.&%+%&
Ω&Ξ∃Ρτ−2−.∃δΡ{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.σ%,Ωδ−.−.ω2{+%−+%∗∋Θ
 91
4
∀∴3σ



1 1
3
∀∴3σ


1 1



∀∴3σ
1 1


∴σ
1

1ηΑ∆
θ−.2ρ∋Θ
 91ΥΡτ∗υ[−2+∗υΞ−Ωδ−.2ρΡτ,−.∴+ϖ−.∴+1
 1−+−.σ%,Ωδ−.2ρ∋%−Ρτ∗υ[−Ρτ,−.∃ϖ&Ρτωξ−.1
 12+∗υΞ−Ωδ−.Ρωρ−.Ως&2}%)ψΡ−ΘυΥ,)α&)ψΡ∴+Σ21
 1Υ2,σΖ−Ρ∗η−+,Θ−.&%2Σ2{+η−Ρ|2}%∃ϖ&Ρτωξ−.1
1ηΑΠ
ς2ΩδΡτ∗υ[−Υθ−.Ρτ,−.∃δΡ∃ϖ&Ρτωξ−.
91

{+Ρ+∗δ2)Θ,/−2+βΡ∃ϖ&Ρτωξ−.)ΘΡη−ΥςΥθ−.1
1

{+Ρ+∗δ2)Θ,/−2+βΡ∃ϖ&Ρτωξ−.)Θ/&−ΩδΥθ−.1

1

2+{+Ρ+∗δ2)Θ,/−2+βΡ∃ϖ&Ρτωξ−.1
1

Ρ−.Ρ+∼,2ωξ−.ΩδΥθ−.1
1ηΑ
≅δΡΥθ−.2ρ+2∋%−Ρτ∗υ[−Ρτ,−.∃δΡ∃ϖ&Ρτωξ−.9)α&)ψ−Ρς2)
9
)Θ∴+&Ρτ∗υ[−
Ρτ,−.∃ϖ&Ρτωξ−.2θ)ψ−Ρς2)

3)
9
1ωα2Υθ−.Ρτ,−.∃ϖ&Ρτωξ−.Υ♦

91∋α−.β{+%&∋η−/ωα2Υθ−.Ρτ,−.∃ϖ&Ρτωξ−.91
 1/−./ωα2Υθ−.Ρτ,−.∃ϖ&Ρτωξ−.91
 1/−.∃δΡ−|%/ωα2Υθ−.Ρτ,−.∃ϖ&Ρτωξ−.91
 1∋α−.β{/ς−∋η−/ωα2Υθ−.Ρτ,−.∃ϖ&Ρτωξ−.91
1ηΑ
ωα2Υθ−.∋Θ
 91∗Ζ−.Ωωξ−.∃Θ∃&{+η−Ρ|2}%∃ϖ&Ρτωξ−.Ω&Ωω2Ρτ,−.∀Υ1
 1∴+,−.2Σ2+.&%+%&{+η−Ρ|2}%Υθ−.σ%,Ωδ−.−.ω2{+%1

1∴+,−. 2Σ2+.&%+%&{+η−Ρ|Υθ−..η−−+βΡΡτ−{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.σ%,Ωδ−.
2−.{+%1
 1∴+,−.2Σ2+.&%+%&)_Ρτ%−+%∗−+βΡ2}%∃&{+η−Ρ|2}%Υθ−.1
1ηΑ
+−2∗Ρτ∋ξ&

]!∋
1Ξ{+−∋,ο&Υθ−.−.%−.+%υΥθ−.σ2−.ωξ&Ρ%σ%)Θ,(
 91Ρς2ΩδΡτ∗υ[−Υθ−.)Θ/ωα2Υθ−.1
 !

 !

3∀
 1{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.)ΘΡη−ΥςΥθ−.1
 1{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.)ΘΡς2ΩδΡτ∗υ[−Υθ−.1

1{+ωρ−.σ%,Ωδ−.)Θ{+ωρ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.1
1ηΑ
+−2∃ΡχΡ+2++{−+βΡΩ&[−)Θ,2+Ρτς−.1+&Υθ−.2ρΡτ∗υ[−2Θ−.%−.∗γ−
Ρ+Τ∂∂2Θ−..&∃1
 91/&−ΩδΥθ−.1     1Ρη−ΥςΥθ−.1
 1/ωα2Υθ−.1    
1/&−Ωδ)Θ−−.∋ω−.Υθ−.1
1η∆
+−2∗Ρτ∋ξ&
1
1−.∋ω−.2}%Υθ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Ρχ∃δΡ−.∗γ−Ω&Ξ∃Υ♦(
 91.&∃Ρ∋])α&/Τ−+{+ωρ−.∗Ζ−.Ωωξ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.Χ∴+&Ρτ∗υ[−Ρτ,−.∴+ϖ−..&%−1

1.&∃Ρ∋])α&∗Ζ−.Ωωξ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.Χ∴+&∃ϖ&Ρτωξ−.Ρτ∗υ[−∋Θ∃δΡΩωξ−.Ρ+♣−.1
 1.&∃Ρ∋])α&∗Ζ−.Ωωξ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.Χ∴+&Ρτ∗υ[−Ρτ−∃⊥ΡΡ+,Σ−.2}%2+βΡ∋Ψ−.1
 1∋∗ϖ−∴+ϖ−.Ω′&∴+&∃ϖ&Ρτωξ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.∋Θ∃δΡΩωξ−.Ρ+♣−.1
1η∆
+−2∗Ρτ∋ξ&
]!∋

1+&∃δΡΥθ−.2ρΡτ∗υ[−Ρχ∴+ϖ−.∴+)Θ,−ωα2Ρ+ΤΩο&∋ω−.
−Θ,Υ%∗Ωυ∴+ϖ−.Ρ+%υΩ′&(
 91ς2ΩδΡτ∗υ[−Υθ−.1   
1η−ΥςΥθ−.1
 1ωα2Υθ−.1     1−.∋ω−.1
1η∆Ι
(+−2∗Ρτ∋ξ&
]!∋
1θ−.σ2
912+Ρτ∗υ[−Ωω2Ρτ,−.2+βΡτ−1
1Ρτ∗υ[−Ωω2Ρτ,−.2+βΡτ−Χ2+βΡ∋Ψ−.)Θ2+βΡ∴+1
1Ρτ∗υ[−Ωω2Ρτ,−.2+βΡτ−Χ2+βΡ∋Ψ−.Χ2+βΡ∴+)Θ2Ρτ,−.2+−∴+ϖ−.1
1∴+ϖ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Ωω2Ρτ,−.2+βΡτ−1

>#?6≅Α1)4Β?6≅6Χ4∆Β&≅1
)9ΕΦΓΗ∃,%#?+Ι1ΧΑ1)+ϑΚ∀7Λ&Ε
Μ+ϑΝ6Χ47ΛΟ

+ Ιϑ Α( ∆ϑ Πϑ ( ϑ + ϑ (
( Ιϑ Α+ ∆ϑ Π( + 1 ( 1 Ιϑ
Ι( ΙΙ( ΙΑ1 Ι∆+ ΙΠ+ Ιϑ Ιϑ Ι+ Ιϑ Α(
Α( ΑΙϑ ΑΑ( Α∆( ΑΠ1 Αϑ Α1 Α+ Α+ ∆(
∆( ∆Ι(








=Ε%Ε1
11111111111111111τωξ−.(5111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111


 !∀#∃%%&∋
&%,Ρ+,%2}%+%&Υθ−.{+ΣΡτ%Ρχ+%&−.∗γ−Υθ−.∴φΡ+{

Χ
3
2Σ2+−+%∗∃δΡ∴+,−.4(
ΗϒΡΩ&Ξ∃≅2Σ2++%&−.∗γ−∋η−∋ωΡσ

Χσ
3

1:;Ι∗ϑϑ=>1<




=

=
Ι

 !

 !

33

5+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+Υθ−.Ρο&3−.∗γ−
∀ ∀
92,Υ3 
 
 
 
)Θ
3 3
92,Υ3 
 
 
 

5+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+Υθ−.Ρο&≅σ,+%&Υθ−.Ρχ+%&−.∗γ−Ρτ∗υ[−Ρα&(

∀ ∀
92,Υ3 3 


 
  

  
)Θ
3
3 3
92,Υ3 3 


 

  

  

5+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+.&%,Ρ+,%Υθ−.Ρο&≅(

Λ

∴


∀ 3 ∀ 3 ∀ 3
3 ,Υ ,Υ 3
3 3

   
 Ω  
 

  
 
  
   
   
   
   

&−Ωδσ%,Ωδ−.Ρο&≅(
∀ 3
3 ,Υ

3

 
Ω Ω 



 
 
 
 
 
)α&
∀ 3
  
  

:;<
ς22Ωο&(
∴ ⁄
3 3
4 4

 
   
 
    

ς22Ρ&Ξ∗(
∀ ∀

∴ ⁄
3 3 3 3
4 4

 
   
 
      

=ΠΚΗΘΡ
∀ 3
π
  
   
Σ
&Ξ∃σ%,Ωδ−.22Ωο&(σ
∀
σ
3
∴

∴

⁄
ςΩωξ−.+,⊥2ΥςΩ&Ξ∃∃− Γ ](
4 4

 



&Ξ∃σ%,Ωδ−.22Ρ&Ξ∗∴+ϖ−.σ%,Ωδ−.(σ
∀
σ
3
3∴ζ∀
3

∴

⁄
ςΩωξ−.+,⊥2ΥςΩ&Ξ∃∃− Γ ](
∀ ∀
3 3
4 4

 
  

∋=ΠΚΗ6ΧΡ
∀ 3
   
   
Σ
&Ξ∃σ%,Ωδ−.22Ωο&(σ
∀
σ
3
3∴ζ∀
3


∴

⁄
ςΩωξ−.+,⊥2ΥςΩ&Ξ∃22Ωο&∃− Γ ](
∀ ∀
3 3
4 4

 
  

&Ξ∃σ%,Ωδ−.22Ρ&Ξ∗∴+ϖ−.σ%,Ωδ−.(σ
∀
σ
3
∴

∴

⁄
ςΩωξ−.+,⊥2ΥςΩ&Ξ∃22Ρ&Ξ∗∃− Γ ](
4 4

 


:;<
α&/Θ&Ρ,Σ−ΡΤ∃ΥςΩωξ−.σ%,Ωδ−.22Ωο&)Θ∴+ϖ−.σ%,Ωδ−..&%+%&Ω&Ξ∃≅Χ
2Σ2++%&−.∗γ−∋η−∋ωΡ∋Θσ
∀≅

Χσ
3≅
Χσ
∀
Χσ
3
1
 ⊥Ρ

σ

σ
∀≅
σ
3≅


σ

σ
∀
σ
3
)Θ.&Υ|

σ

°

σ


1
 ζ%&−.∗γ−σ%,Ωδ−.2−.{+%(
!
2Ωο&(

σ

°∴

°

σ


!
2Ρ&Ξ∗(

σ

°∴ζπΧΓ

°

σ


ζ%&−.∗γ−σ%,Ωδ−.−.ω2{+%(
!
2Ωο&(


σ

°∴ζπΧΓ

°

σ


!
2Ρ&Ξ∗(

σ

°∴

°

σ


ς.&ΣΡτ_−.∗υ−2}%∴Ρ+,∃Ζ−2Σ2/&Ξ∗Ρ+2Ρτ−∋ΘΥςΩωξ−.2η−ΡΤ∃1



()∗+,−..−/0

 !


 !

3
ΗϒΡ+%&σ%,Ωδ−.

•
3
Ρο&Ωθ{+ΣΡτ%+%&Υθ−.∴φΡ +{
2−.{+%

•
3
∋Θ+%&−.∗γ−∴φΡ+{1
& Υ| {+ωρ−. ΡτΤ−+ Υθ−. Ρο& −.∗γ−(
3∀

∗∗



92,Υ

Ρ
5+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+Υθ−.Ρο&≅σ,

Ρτ∗υ[−Ωφ−(

∗ 92,Υ

Ρ





92,Υ

Ρ





92,Υ











σ113
Ρ1

5+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+Υθ−.Ρο&≅σ,
3
Ρτ∗υ[−Ωφ−(


3
∗ 92,Υ

Ρ

3


92,Υ

Ρ


3


92,Υ










3
σ113

Ρ1

δ∋♥2+{+%2}%+%&Υθ−.(
3 ∀
→ σ σ →
3

  





3

)α&σ
∀3
 
(∋Θ+&]∗ΥςΩωξ−.Ω&1
 

5+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+σ%,Ωδ−.Ρο&≅σ,Υθ−.Ρχ

•
3
Ρτ∗υ[−Ωφ−(∗

∗

ζ∗

3

ψυ ∗

  92,Υ

Ρ 

σ113



 ζ 92,Υ

Ρ 

σ113
3


  9±2,Υ 

Ρ 

σ113



ζ 2,Υ


Ρ 

σ113
3


″
η
8
Ιϑχ



Ι
ΛΞ

νχ

Λ




ΡΞ
Ι
ν
 Ρ
&−ΩδΥθ−.Ρο&≅(
3 ∀
9  39→2,Υ → →→ 3 → 2,Υ →

3

  Ω
 


  

 ζ5+%/%−Ωη∗Ρο&≅(
∀ 3
 
  

 




%+−.Ω&Ξ∃2θ/&−Ωδ22Ωο&
(
9
∃%
39



σ
∀3
 
∴





Ξ
Ι
ΛΞ

ς


)α&∴
Χ11113Χ∀Χπ




1]_Ζ∋ΖΩΩ!_Ζ∴]ΖξδΖλη]%&!∋]ΖβΩΩΖχδ!∋#Ζ]δγ!∋κ
χφ!∋ηθ !ϕ!γ%#χδ!∋
/+−.Ω&Ξ∃2θ/&−Ωδ/−.π(
9
∃&−
π


Ξ
Ι
ΛΞ

[ςΡ

3

ν

[ΙςΡν
3


)α&∴
Χ11113Χ∀Χπ




1Ζξη∋ΖΩΩ!_Ζ∴]ΖξδΖλη]%&!∋]ΖβΩΩΖχδ!∋#Ζ]δγ!∋κ
χφ!Ω!∋ηθ !ϕ!γ%#χδ!∋
1}


φ∗{+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+Υθ−.Ρο&≅σ,:Ρτ∗υ[−Ωφ−∋Θ(
2,Υ 3  

 
 Ω



 
)α&σ≅:
Ρ+Τ5+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+Υθ−.{+−οΡο&≅∋Θ(



2,Υ 3  
2,Υ 3  



  




 




 
Ζ  Ω

 
 Ω






 =ΠΚΗ6Χ




&−Ωδσ%,Ωδ−.2}%Ω&Ξ∃≅(9

39

2,Υ
∀ 3
3
 









∀

3
σ
3
σ
∀


 !


 !

34

∼+98∗7ϑ
+
∀(τ−∃⊥ΡΡ+,Σ−.2}%2+βΡ∋Ψ−.2θ+%&−.∗γ−∴φΡ+{9Χ2θ{+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+σ%,Ωδ−.
∋Θ(
9 
∗ ∗ 32,Υ∀π Ρ2∃
  
1ψ−Ρς2Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.∋Θ∃Υ1
%&φΡ{+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+Υθ−.Ρο&≅2Σ2+9Χ∃δΡ∴+,−.∋η−∋ωΡσ∀∀Γ2∃σ33π2∃
/−+/&−Ωδ)Θ{+%/%−Ωη∗2}%Υθ−.Ρο&2Σ2+94Γ2∃)Θ2Σ2+Φπ2∃
=6ΤΚΥ
%ωα2Υθ−.(
) 3 ) 3 1
πΧΦ∃ Φπ2∃
 ∀π
 
     
 

5+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+Υθ−.Ρο&≅σ,9Ρτ∗υ[−Ωφ−(

9≅
3 σ
∗ 32,Υ∀π Ρ  32,Υ∀π Ρ 2∃
3



     


5+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+Υθ−.Ρο&≅σ,Ρτ∗υ[−Ωφ−(
3
≅
3 σ 3
∗ 32,Υ∀π Ρ  32,Υ∀π Ρ 2∃



     


5+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+Υθ−.Ρο&≅∋Θ(


 
9≅

ζ
≅


32,Υ∀π Ρ 
3

 
ζ

3
32,Υ∀π Ρ 


 


ι
42,Υ Υ&−∀π Ρ 2∃
∀3 ∀3
 
 
1
/&−ΩδΥθ−.Ρο&19

39

2,Υ
∀ 3

 


→
Φπ 4Γ
313 → 3 3
Φπ




 #


5+%/%−Ωη∗2}%Υθ−.Ρο&
 3 ∀
ι
σ σ  Φπ 4Γ τ%σ
Φπ 4
  
        

&Ξ∃≅2+ψ∃{+%+ρ−
+%&−.∗γ−∃δΡ.θ2
ι
τ%σ
∀3


+Ι
1τ,−.Ρ+−.+&]∃.&%,Ρ+,%Υθ−.−.ωξ&Ρ%Ρο,τ%Ρτ−∃⊥Ρ−ωα23−.∗γ−Υθ−.9Χσ%,
Ωδ−.)α&{+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+∗
9
∗

Γ2,Υ∀π

Ρ2∃1ψ−Ρς2Υθ−.∋Θ3π2∃Υ1,&/&−ΩδΥθ−.
∴+ϖ−.Ω′&1&φΡ{+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+σ%,Ωδ−.Ρο&Ω&Ξ∃≅2Σ2+9Χ∋η−∋ωΡιΧ32∃)Θ≤Χ32∃1
+
%2θ(



3
πΧ3Υ

)42∃


392,Υ



∀3


2,Υ

Ρ



∀3


31Γ12,Υ
4

12,Υ∀π

ΡΧ≤Γ



∗

Γ
3
2,Υ∀π

ΡζπΧ∀Γ

2∃1


(∗Θ(∗1:ϑ?Β8Ε∗ϑϑ=>
??
ΩΖ!∋η{!ϑ2(ΞΩ]κ!∋ζ!∋Ω
χ{+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+.&%,Ρ+,%Υθ−.(
3 ∀ ∀ 3
  
3 1 1 1

   
[ Ω 1 1 
 

 
 
   
 
   

   

%−+ψ−Ρ+βυ/&−Ωδ.&%,Ωδ−.Ρ′−.+{∋Θ(
3 ∀
 
3 1 2,Υ

 
Ω Ω





 !

 !


&−ΩδΩοΡ.&ΣΡτ_22Ωο&
3 ∀
3 ∀
 

3


 
1   ∃






#   #  



&−ΩδΩοΡ.&ΣΡτ_22Ρ&Ξ∗
3 ∀
3 ∀
 
3 ∀
3
π



 
1 1   ∃




#  #   

1}
φ∗:∋ΘΡτ∗−.Ω&Ξ∃2}%Ω,ο−9Ρ+ΤΡο&π+,⊥22Σ2Ω&Ξ∃−∃Ρτ−Ωωξ−.Ρτ∗−.Ρτ2
2}%Ω,ο−9ΧΥ♦σ%,Ωδ−.)α&/&−Ωδ22Ωο&)Θ/−.(
3


Ω Ω

)Τ∋2−Θυ
∀ 3
 



ΙΩΖ!∋η{!ϑ2(ΞΩ]κ!∋!∋%Ω

%−+ψ−Ρ+βυ/&−Ωδ.&%,Ωδ−.Ρ′−.+{∋Θ(
3 ∀
 
3 1 2,Υ
3

 
Ω Ω




 

1}
φ∗:∋ΘΡτ∗−.Ω&Ξ∃2}%Ω,ο−9Ρ+ΤΡο&π+,⊥22Σ2Ω&Ξ∃−∃Ρτ−Ωωξ−.Ρτ∗−.Ρτ2
2}%Ω,ο−9ΧΥ♦σ%,Ωδ−.)α&/&−Ωδ22Ρ&Ξ∗)Θ/−.(
π




)Τ∋2−Θυ
∀ 3
 



ΙΩΖ!∋η{!ϑ2(ΞΩ]κ!∋η!∋Ω

%−+ψ−Ρ+βυ/&−Ωδ.&%,Ωδ−.Ρ′−.+{∋Θ(
3 ∀
 
3 1 2,Υ
4

 
Ω Ω




 

1}
φ∗:∋ΘΡτ∗−.Ω&Ξ∃2}%Ω,ο−9Ρ+ΤΡο&π+,⊥22Σ2Ω&Ξ∃−∃Ρτ−Ωωξ−.Ρτ∗−.Ρτ2
2}%Ω,ο−9ΧΥ♦σ%,Ωδ−.)α&/&−Ωδ(
3

Ω Ω

 )Τ∋2−Θυ
∀ 3
 



∼+98∗7ϑ

+
3ππ≤1ο&+%&Ω&Ξ∃9ΧΡτ,−.∃ϖ&Ρτωξ−.Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.2θ+%&−.∗γ−∴φΡ+{σ%,
Ωδ−.2−.{+ωρ−.)α&{+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+∋η−∋ωΡ∋Θ(
1   

[  1  #


)Θ
1   

[  1  #
 
 
1
&φΡ)ψ−Ρς2)Θ/&−Ωδσ,∃&−.∗γ−Ρτ∗υ[−Ω&∴+ϖ−.Ω′&Ρτ,−.∗ΣΡτΤ−+Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.1τ,−.
∴+,−..&%9)Θ2θ.&%,Ρ+,%Υθ−.σ,+%&−.∗γ−Ρτ−.υτ%15+η−Ρ|)ψΡ2+βΡΡο&Ρτ∗−.
Ω&Ξ∃:2}%Ω,ο−9σ%,Ωδ−.)α&/&−Ωδ/−.(
91
3

13%1π1%

Θ&.&&(
+∼,.&Ρ+&φΡ−+Τ−)Θ,{+ωρ−.ΡτΤ−+Υθ−.Ρ%Ρ+βυ+%&−.∗γ−σ%,Ωδ−.−.ω2{+%−−Ρο&:
∋ΘΡτ∗−.Ω&Ξ∃2}%9Υ♦σ%,Ωδ−.)α&/&−Ωδ22Ρ&Ξ∗
π





+Ι
 τ− ∃⊥Ρ −ωα2 2θ +%& −.∗γ− 9Χ  σ%, Ωδ−. ∋η− ∋ωΡ Ρ+∼, {+ωρ−.
ΡτΤ−+
1   
3

[  1  #


 
)Θ
1   

[  1  #
 
 
1,& )ψ− Ρς2 )Θ/&− ΩδΥθ−.∴+ϖ−.Ω′&
Ρτ,−.∗ΣΡτΤ−+Ρτ∗υ[−Υθ−.1Σ2Ω&Ξ∃Ρ+∗δ2∃⊥Ρ−ωα2−∃Ρτ−Ωωξ−.Ρτ∗−.Ρτ22}%Ω,ο−
9Υ♦σ%,Ωδ−.)α&/&−Ωδ(
91
3


13%1π1%
Θ& .&&( , /Θ& τ% 2+, +%& −.∗γ− σ%, Ωδ−. )∗ϖ−.  {+% 
3 ∀
3 3
 
   
     
−− 2Σ2
Ω&Ξ∃Ρ+∗δ2∃⊥Ρ−ωα2−∃Ρτ−Ωωξ−.Ρτ∗−.Ρτ22}%9Υ♦σ%,Ωδ−.)α&/&−Ωδ
3

Ω Ω
 )Τ∋2−Θυ
∀ 3
 



×