Luận văn giải pháp tăng cường quản lý nhà nước trong hoạt động thương mại dịch vụ ở các thành phố lớn của việt nam

bOgiAoducvAdAotao

TRUONG BAI HOC KINH Tg QUOc DAN

DOAN THI THANH HUONG
■

GIAI PHAP TANG CUONG QUAN LY NHA NUCJC
VE BAO VE■ MOI TRUONG TRONG HOAT
DONG
■
■
THUONG MAI-DICH
VU■ 6 CAC THANH PHO
■
■
LC5N CC)A VIET
NAM.
■

LUAN VAN THAC SY KINH t£

CHUY£N NGANH KINH t£ THUUNG MAI

Giao vien hirdng d£n: TS. Nguydn Xuan Quang

T -H 5 • £ i-$
HaNoi, 2002

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MUC
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8

CHIUN I. YEU GAU VA. NOI DUNG QUAN LY NHA Nfflfc VE MOI TRUING
TRONG HOAT DONG THUUNG MAI - DICH VU

11

1. Moi trldng va yeu cau quan ly Nha nldc ve Moi tradng................ 11
1.1. Moi trudng trong nen kinh te xa hoi hien dai........

11

1.2. Quan ly Nha nudc ve MOi trudng - yeu ciu khach quan cua
su phat trien ben vftng.................

12

2. Noi dung cua quan ly Nha nildc v moi trudng trong hoat dong

thu&ng mai - dich vu...................................................................... 13
2.1. Hoach dinh chiSn luo’c bao ve MOi trudng................................. 13
2.2. Xay dung, to churc bo may Nha nudc vfi quan ly MOi trudng..... 14
2.3. XAy dung, ban hanh chfnh sach, quy dinh v£ quan ly bao

ve mOi trudng............................................................................ 16
2.4. To chhc cOng tac quan ly mOi trudng trong hoat dOng

thucng mai - dich vu.................................................................. 17

2.5. Tong ket, danh gia cOng tac quan ly nha nude ve mOi trudng.... 18

3. Moi quan he gi&a quan ly Nha nldc ve moi trirdng va

hoat dong thiong mai - dich vu d cac do thi.. . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 20
3.1. Dac trung cua dO thi.........................................................—.....2O
3.2. Dac trung cua quan ly mOi trudng dO thi............................... ....21
3.3. Anh hudng cua qua trinh phat triO’n thucng mai- dich vu tdi mOi
trading sinh thai va yeu du quan ly nha nudc trong linh vuc nay......23

tyu

Kyd -N-ng ayi

2


LU^lN VAN: (jiai ftltdp fang, tiling ifiidn IgnJtd nu'fte nebao nimiii tntiing trong. hoat itMg
■■ ■

■"

4. Mot so kinh nghiem cua Thegidi va Khu vuc trong link vac phat

trien Thuong mai dudi su quan ly Nha nude ve Moi trudng.......... 30
CHUUNG II. THlTC TRANG QUAN LY NHA Nlflfc VE MOI TRU&NG TRONG HOAT DONG

THITONG MAI - DICH VU ff MOT SO THANH PHO LdN CUA VIET NAM..... 35

1. Khai quat ve he thong quan ly moi trudng cua Viet Nam................ 35

1.1. He thong quan ly moi trudng cua Viet Nam.................................35

1.2. He thong quan ly mdi trudng cap dia phuomg (TP Ha NOi, TP Ho
Chi Minh).................................................................................................. 41

2. Khai quat tinh hinh hoat dong thuong mai - dich vu d thanh pho

Ha Noi va thanh pho Ho Chi Minh....................................................... 47
2.1. Thanh phoHaNOi............................................................................ 47

2.2. Thanh ph<5 Ho Chi Minh..........................

.....51

3. Tac dong cua hoat dong thuong mai - dich vu den moi trudng d
mot so thanh pho Idn.............................................................................. 56

3.1. Tac d6ng cua kinh doanh xuat nhap khaki den moi trudmg.......58
3.2. Tac dong cua hoat dong thuong mai - dich vu den mdi tracing. 76

4. Hoat dong quan ly nha nude ve moi trudng trong linh vuc
thuong mai - dich vu d mot so thanh pho Idn.................................. 85

4.1. Thanh phd Ha Noi............................................................................ 85
4.2. Thanh phtf Ho Chi Minh ................................................................ 87

5. Danh gid tong quat hoat dong quan ly Nha nude ve moi trudng

trong Unh vuc Thuong mai - Dich vu.................................................. 89

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tiBg|^nMiigaail^|bi|gl^|g^Bjn|j|llwM!!^nllalUISBgSiH^SM!Bllg!!tr?gnl8lrlml^olwMia«

CHUUNG III. GIAI PHAP C0 BAN TANG CUUNG QUAN LY NHA NUW VE CONG TAC
MOI TRUUNG NHAM PHAT TRIEN THUUNG MAI -DICH VU VA BAO VE MOI TRUUNG

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1

0 CAC THANH PHO LUN CUA VIET NAM.......................................................... 92

1. Muc tieu va phuong huong phat trien thuong mii va yeu cau
tang cunng bao ve moi touting cua cac thanh photon...................... .92

1.1. Muc tieu, phuong hudng phat trien thuong mai

...... .............92

1.2. Yeu du tang cudng cOng tac bao ve mOi trudng & cac thanh

2. Giai phiap tang cudng quan ly Nha nutic ve bao vv Moi touting Hw0

huOng thuc Say phat trien thuong md. . .. . . . . .. . . . . ... .. . . . ... .. . ..... . .... . . . .. ...102

2.1. Cac giai phap va kien nghi nftng cao viec quan ly nhap khdu
nham bao ve moi trudng va dam bao hoi nhlp quoc te........... 103

2.2. Cac giai phap va kien nghi nham dam bao kha nang phat trien
ben vung cua cac nganh hang xuat khlu cua Viet Nam ......... 105

2.3. Cac giai phap nham dap ting cac tieu chuln vd mat moi trudng
gop ph4n nAng cao sic canh tranh cua hang Viet Nam........... 106
2.4. Cac giai phap quan ly chat che cac dich vu-thuong mai
vdi muc dich bao ve mOi trudng............................................... 108

............................... 109

2.5. Giai phap ve ky

2.6. Ve Giao duc y thuc cOng dong...... :............................................. 111
2.7. Kien toan. td chic bO may bao ve mOi trudng, hoan thien he thOng
chinh sach, phap lult vd thuong mai nham gop phln bao ve moi uudng va thuc
dly thuong mai phat trien..............................................................................112
3. f)ieu kien, thvtc Men giai phap......................................................... 115
3.1. DOi vdi Doanh nghiep

115

3.2. Doi vdi Nha nude:

116
---- .......--------------117

IET

DANH MUC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO................................................................... 120

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si iiNi iiiiflMfiiHN^iitM iiNaoKNfi i hMiBMHinhtNtN wHHg nii

4


BANG CHLf VIET TAT

APEC

Dien dan hop tac kinh te khu vifc
Chau a - Thai binh ditong

ASEAN

Hiep hoi cac nitoc Dong Nam A

WTO

To chifc Thitong mai The gidi

KHCN&MT

Khoa hoc, Cong nghe va Moi tritong

CP

Chinh phu

BVMT

Bao ve Moi trifcrng

TCMT

Tieu chuan Moi trifcrng

- Caafiockh^ 8 -Kinht^thjf^i^-.mai

5


Trang
CHUONG I

1

Scr do 1

Moi quan he gifra Thirong mai va MOi trudng

24

2

Bang 1

Tro gia dien tai 1 $6 nude dang phat tridn

31

3

Bang 2

Tro gia thuoc trir sau d 1 so nude dang phat trien

32

CH 110 NG II

4

So do 2

So do co ca'u to chile cac co quan quan ly moi trudng

38

5

Sodd3

So do cau true to chtrc Cue Moi trudng - Bo Khoa hoc, COng

40

nghe va Moi trudng (T6/2002)
6

So dd4

He thO'ng quan ly nha nude ve mOi trudng cua thanh phd' Ha Noi

44

7

Sodd5

He thong quan ly mOi trudng thanh phd' Ho Chi Minh

46

8

Do thi 1

GDP binh quan dlu ngudi giai doan 1990-2000

47

9

Do thi 2

Co cau cOng - ndng nghiep - dich vu nam 1990-2000

48

10

DO thi 3

So sanh co ca'u cong -nong nghiep -dich vu nam 1990-2000

48

11

Bang 3

Tinh hinh hoat dOng thuong mai - dich vu thanh phO' Ha Noi

50

nam 2001 (tinh theo %)
12

Bang 4

Muc ban cua tung khu vuc nam 2001 thanh pho' Ho Chi Minh

52

13

Bang 5

Tdng mile luu chuyen hang hoa va dich vu xa hoi 9 thang nam

52

2002
14

So do 6

Moi trudng sinh thai, thanh phd' mdi trudng sinh thai va cac hoat

57

dong anh hudng len moi trudng sinh thai

15

Bang 6

Nh4p khdu mot s0' mat hang cua Viet Nam giai doan 1999-2001

59

16

Bang 7

Chat luqng khOng khi tai 3 diem nut giao thOng thanh pho'

62

17

Bang 8

ThO'ng ke so lucfng chq cua Ha NOi va thanh pho Hd Chi Minh

78

18

Bang 9

Chat thai ran nguy hai phan loai theo tinh chat va theo nganh

82

san xuat tit cong nghiep va sinh hoat cua Ha Noi


LUlUlAlfc.^ZaZ pJtdfi tdng.erton
thirtieth* ttutt

dteh. tf-u tf ede t/tunJi fihd liftt eutL^t^iei ffluttt

ianSsj ■•*''□'■■■<** r., .

19

Bang 10

Chat thai ran nguy hai phan theo khu cong nghiep tai Ha Noi

83

20

Bang 11

Nong do chi (Pb) trung binh ngay (mg/m3) trong khong khi tai

83

cac nut giao thdng cua mot so do thi Viet Nam
21

Bang 12

Thanh phan chat thai ran 1 so do thi d Viet Nam nam 1998 (%

84

theo trong lupng)
22

Bang 13

Thanh phan cac rac thai y te'd Viet Nam

84

23

Bang 14

Luong chat thai ran cong nghiep nguy hai phat sinh tai 1 sO' tinh,

85

thanh d Viet Nam (ta'n/nam)
CHUONG III

24

D6 thi 5

Phat trien kinh te' gan lien vdi bao ve moi trudng = phat trien ben
vung

114

25

Do thi 6

Ca'u true co ban chinh sach mdi trudng hien dai

114

- £ao hoc khdaS- Kinh ft thuffng mai

7


LU&NVANL

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pAAlAt eiia 'BW <9£orm

MdDAU
1. Tinh cap thiet cua de tai

Bao ve mdi trudng sinh thai dang trd thanh mot van de mang tinh toan cau,
moi trudng sinh thai d day bao gdm cac yeu td tu nhien va yeu to vat chat nhan
tao quan he mat thiet vdi nhau bao quanh con ngudi, co anh hudng tdi san xuat,
su tdn tai, phat trien cua con ngudi va thien nhien.
Ndn kinh td Viet Nam hien dang tirng budc hoi nhap vdi nen kinh td The
gidi, Viet Nam da tham gia vao cac to chdc kinh td khu vuc nhu APEC, ASEAN,
va dang xuc tidn qua trinh gia nhap td chiic thuong mai the gidi (WTO).

Phat trien kinh td va thuong mai trong dieu kien Qudc td hoa va tu do hoa
thuong mai, Vidt Nam se cd nhung van de cap bach ve kinh td, xa hoi va moi
trudng. Mdt trong nhung thach thiic doi vdi Viet Nam hien nay la van dd d
nhidm moi trudng ngay cang gia tang til cac hoat dong thuong mai, dich vu. Dd
la nguy co o nhidm mOi trudng tit viec nhap khau cac thidt bi cu, cong nghe lac
hau. nguyen lieu phe thai, hang hoa kem chat luong khdng dam bao cac tieu
chuan ve sinh mOi trudng, khai thac qua mire tai nguydn thien nhien vi muc dich
thuong mai nhu chat pha rtrng, khai thac lau cac loai gd qui hidm, danh bat thuy
hai san... luu thong cac loai hang hoa, vat tu cd nguy co gay o nhidm mOi trudng
nhu xang dau, thudc nd, hoa chat, phan bon, thuoc trit sftu... Ngoai cac hoat dong
thuong mai ndu tren thi hoat dong cua cac loai hinh dich vu nhu nha hang, khach
san, cac cho, cac diem gidt mo gia sue, cac didm ban xang dau. hoa chat cung
gay anh hudng rat Idn den moi trudng.

Ben canh nhung tac dong moi trudng cua cac loai hinh thuong mai noi trdn,
van de md rong thuong mai qudc td cua Viet Nam trong tuong lai dang gap phai
nhung trd ngai rat Idn ve mat mOi trudng. Hoi nhap vdi the gidi, Viet Nam se cd
co hoi dd md rong thi trudng xuat khaiu nhung phai chap nhan su canh tranh het
sue gay gat vdi cac nude trong khu vuc va tren thd gidi. Ddi vdi cac hoat dong
nhap khau, chung ta phai didu chinh mure thud theo quy dinh cua cac td chuc,
cam kdt loai bo dan cac hang rao-thud quan vd thuong mai de thuc hien qua

trinh tu do hoa. Khi han che vd mat thuong mai duoc bai bo thi cac quy dinh vd
moi trudng trong budn ban qudc td se duoc sir dung nhu la hang rao can ddi vdi

Dolui cjhi

- Cao hoc kh6a8 — KinhtG thtfcmg mai

8


cua Nha nuOc vd bao ve mOi trudng trong hoat dong kinh doanh thucng mai dich vu, huOng din cac doanh nghiep tim hieu va tuin thu nhung quy dinh va
tidu chuin moi trudng quoc te, Viet Nam.
De tai “ Giai phap tang cudng quan ly Nha nudc ve bao ve moi trudng
trong hoat dong thucng mai - dich vu & cac thanh pho lOn cua Viet Nam”
vOi mong muon gop phiin nghien cUu, de xuat mot so giai phap trong quan ly
Nha nuOc ve Moi trudng doi vOi hoat dong Thucng mai - Dich vu nham thuc
diy phat trien thucng mai ben vung.
2. Muc tieu nghien cfiu

- Lam ro cc s& khoa hoc cua su hinh thanh va phat trien cOng tac quan ly
nha nuOc ve mOi trudng & cac thanh pho lOn VN doi voi hoat dong thucng mai dich vu.

- Danh gia thuc tien hoat dong thucng mai - dich vu va cong tac quan ly
nha nuOc ve moi trudng sinh thai & cac do thi lOn cua nudc ta .
- Phin tich nhung anh hu&ng tieu cuc cua qua trinh phat tridn thucng mai dich vu tdi moi trudng sinh thai & mot so thanh pho' lOn cua Viet Nam
- De xuit cac giai phap tang cudng quan ly Nha nuOc ve bao ve moi trudng
trong hoat dong thucng mai - dich vu & cac thanh pho lOn cua Viet Nam gop phin
thuc diy phat trien thucng mai ben vung.

3. Doi ttfong

- Hoat dong thucng mai va anh hu&ng cua no den moi trudng sinh thai &
Viet Nam
- He thOng td chUc quan ly, chlnh sach Nha nuOc ve mOi trudng & ctfp
Trung ucng va dia phucng (cac TP lOn)
4. Pham vi nghien ctfu

Cong tac quan ly nha nuOc ve moi trudng va tac dong cua hoat dong thucng
mai - dich vu den moi trudng & 2'thanh phd' lOn cua Viet Nam : Ha Noi va Ho
Chi Minh.

9


LUIHJAN: Qiai fthap. tang. eu&ng guan. Ig nhatufSeoi bdo oitnSi tru&ng trong float Song

ii.

. ôã , .

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. .

.

v.

, .

.

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.

5. Phuong phap nghien cufu

- Phuong phap phan tich, tdng hop, ke thira, so sanh, thong ke, didu tra,
danh gia nhanh va phuong phap chuyen gia.
- Tren co sd phan tfch cac van ban va tai lieu v£ quan ly moi trudng, ve hoat
dong thuong mai - dich vu, cac quy dinh phap luat ve thuong mai va moi trudng
cua Viet Nam va cac td chute quoc te.
6. Nhufng dong gop khoa hoc cua luan van:

D6 xuat cac giai phap co kha nang thuc thi de vtru giu vung duqc su tang
trudng kinh te lien tuc, vira bao ve duqc mdi trudng cho the he hien tai va mai
sau
7. Ket cau cua luan an:

Ngoai phan md dau va ket luan, luan van duqc bd cue gom ba chuong:

CHUUNG I. YEU CAU VA NAl DUNG QUAN LY NHA NITOC VE MDI TRUUNG
TRONG HOAT DONG THUUNG MAI - DICH VU

CHUUNG II. THUC TRANG QUAN Lt NHA NUftC VE MOI TRUUNG TRONG HOAT
DONG THUUNG MAI - DICH VU U MOT SO THANH PHO LUN CUA VIET NAM

CHUUNG III. GIAI PHAP CU DAN TANG CUUNG QUAN Lt NHA NUUC VE CONG
TAC MOI TRUUNG NHAM PHAT TRlfN THUUNG MAI -D|CH VU VA

GAO VE M Al TRUONG 0 CAC THANH PHO LOIN CUA VIET NAM.
•

■

10


CHUONG I

YEU CAU VA NOI DUNG QUAN LY NHA NU&C VE MOI TRUONG

TRONG HOAT DONG THUUNG MAI - DICH VU
■

■

■

■

M

1. MOi TRUONG VAYEUCAUQUANLYCtlANHANUdCV^ MOi TRUONG

1.1.Mdi trudng trong nen kinh te - xa hoi hien dai:
MOi trudng trong nen kinh td - xa hoi hien dai d day duqc hieu la moi
trudng sinh thai bao gom cac yeu to tu nhien va yeu td' vat chat nhan tao quan he
mat thiet vdi nhau bao quanh con ngudi, co anh hudng ted san xuat, su ton tai,
phat trien cua con ngudi va thien nhien.

Cd the hieu moi trudng sinh thai bao gom ba chuc nang :

- Doi vdi con ngudi mOi trudng la noi sinh song cua con ngudi.
- MOi trudng la noi chua dung tai nguycn can thiet cho ddi sO'ng va san xuat
cua con ngudi.
- MOi trudng la noi chtra dung phe lieu thai ra tit qua trinh sinh song va san
xuat cua con ngudi.

Chat luqng cua mOi trudng cao hay thap phu thuOc vao kha nang cua mOi
trudng co lam tdt 3 chuc nang tren hay khong. Chat I irong cua moi trudng bi
xem la suy thoai neu khdng thuc hien duqc ca ba hoac mot trong nhung chuc
nang nay. MOi trudng luc do se khOng con la noi d phu hop cua con ngudi, hoac
se khdng con kha nang cung cap cho con ngudi nhung tai nguyen can thiet de
duy tri cuoc song va hoat dOng cua ho, hoac se khong chura ndi cac chat thai ma
con ngudi muon day ra khdi noi minh song va hoat dong. Dieu do khang dinh
mOi trudng chinh la su song con cua con ngudi, cua dan tOc.
Mot trong nhung da'u hieu the hien ro net xu the toan cau hoa do la mire do
thuong mai duqc tu do hoa tren thi trudng quoc te va mdc do hoi nhap kinh te
trong khu vuc va the gidi cua cac td chuc va cac quoc gia tren the gidi trong
nhung nam cuoi the ky 20 va dau the ky 21 nay hang loat cac td chuc thuong
mai qud'c te , khu vuc mau dich tu do va viec tham gia ky ket cac edng udc va
Ghi <7hanh during.- Cao hoc kh6a 8.-Kinhtt thitcrng mai

11


LUANHAN;

filtufitdnij ett'o'nq quanIq nhaftutfa oiban&i.mil truifnq t/fituf hoot ftfatq

IhiMtq mai -

w

f/ww/i eft®

cac thoa thuan thuong mai, thud quan la nhung bieu hien xu the tat yeu cua toan
cau hoa. Hien nay cac qudc gia dang phat trien dac bict quan tam tdi viec chong
lai va loai bo su suy giam kha nang tiep can thi truong cua cac san phdm xuat
khau nay sinh tir vide tuftn thu hay ticn hanh kinh doanh sao cho phu hop vdi cac
yeu cau moi trudng.

Tuy nhien, cac qudc gia tren the gidi dcu nhan thay rang cac chrnh sach
thuong mai va mdi trudng phai cd vai tro hd trq lan nhau nham thuc day phat
trien ben vung va dang nd luc giai quyet cac chmh sach mdi trudng cd tmh chat
rong khap tren toan the gidi, tham chi cac bien phap thuong mai de dat duoc
muc dich bao vd mdi trudng duoc su dung ngay cang nhieu hon.

Mot dieu dd nhan thay rang, toan cau hoa da cd nhung tac ddng qua lai
dang ke ddi vdi mdi trudng. Nhung tac ddng nay cd anh hudng to Idn ddn vide
bao vd moi trudng cung nhu phat trien ben vung d tirng qudc gia.
1.2. Quan ly nha nude ve mdi trirdng - yeu cau khach quan cua sir

phat trien ben vumg

O nhidm mdi trudng va suy thoai mdi trudng trong nhieu trudng hop khong
phai didn ra ngay turc thi ma hau qua cua nd cd the keo dai cho the he mai sau.
Mat khac, tai nguyen mdi trudng thudc sd huu chung khdng cua rieng ai nen
phai cd su quan ly cua Nha nude va cd he thong luat phap cua Nha nude vd mdi

trudng quy dinh ro rang thi qua trinh phat tridn kinh td cua thd he hom nay mdi
khdng gay anh hudng den thd he mai sau va mdi dam bao duoc ngudn tai nguydn
thien nhidn khdng nhanh chong bi can kiet, mdi mong giu duoc can bang sinh
thai.

Thuc tidn cua phat trien kinh td xa hoi cua nude ta trong thdi gian vira qua
da chung minh rang khong quan ly mdi trudng se din den nhung hau qua lau dai
kho ludng trudc duoc.

Mdi trudng dang la van de ca'p bach cua moi thdi dai, la thach thuc gay gat
ddi vdi tuong lai phat trien cua tat ca cac qudc gia tren hanh tinh trong dd co
Viet Nam. Giai quyet van dd vd cung rong Idn nay doi hoi su cd gang thudng
xuyen, nd luc chung cua moi ca nhan, moi cong ddng, moi qudc gia va toan the
nhan loai, ddi hoi su hop tac chat che lien nganh.

Trong nhitng nam qua chung ta da tach rdi phat trien kinh te vdi quan ly va
bao ve mdi trudng. Khdng quan ly va bao ve tdt mdi trudng thien nhien thi

Caphockh6a8 — Kinh tethitffngmai

12


LUANKAN: Qiai pltdp tang tiding guan tg nha nidte. oi bao rd mdi tridfng trong hoat itdng

thifang mai

ilieh out it tile thanh fthn

't

khdng the cd phat trien lau ben, ngugc lai khong phat trien se khdng cd dicu kien
de bao ve mdi trudng trudc sure ep cua su gia tang dan sd' va su doi ngeo. Bod vay
mdi quoc gia can quan ly mdi trudng ngay cang cd hieu qua.

Dd dat dugc phat tridn kinh te bdn vung trong mdi quoc gia, viec quan ly
mdi trudng doi hoi phai mang tmh cap bach va can dugc ket hgp tit nhung giai
doan dau cua ke hoach hoa. Dieu nay giup nang cao hieu suat kinh te, tao dieu
kien ph an chia cong bang cac chi phi la lgi ich cua phat trien, dong thdi tranh
dugc nhung mat mat khdng can thict doi vdi cac phuong an phat trien trong
tuong lai.
2. NOI dung cOa quAn ly NHA Nl/dc v£ MOI truOng trong hoat DONG

THUONG MAI-DICH VU

Tu do thuong mai va van de bao ve moi trudng (dugc hieu la nhung hoat
dong gift cho moi ttrudng trong lanh, sach dep, dam bao can bang sinh thai, ngan
chan, khac phuc cac hau qua xau do con ngudi va thien nhicn gay ra cho moi
trudfng, khai thac str dung hop ly va tiet kiem tai nguycn thien nhien) dang trd
thanh nhung van de mang tinh toan cau.
Quan ly nha nude ve moi trudng sinh thai la rat quan trong, t£t ca cac hoat
dong cua con ngudi deu anh hudng den mdi trudng sinh thai. Hoat dong thuong
mai dich vu la mot trong nhung hoat dong quan trgng cua nen kinh te va doi hoi
phai cd su quan ly cua nha nude trong do cd cong tac quan ly nha nude vd moi
trudng vdi cac chinh sach cu the de dieu phoi cac hoat dong thuong mai - dich
vu dam bao su phat trien kinh te bdn vung khi ma cac yeu to va cac ngudn du tru
cho phat tridn kinh te dang ngay cang can kiet, bi lang phi va o nhidm mdi
trudng tram trong, cung nhu trudc sue ep cua su gia tang dan sd'.

2.1.Hoach dinh chien I urge ve bao ve mdi trirdng

Muc tieu dan giau nude manh, xa hoi van minh phai dugc thuc hien tren co
so dam bao su phat trien lau bdn trong moi trudng lanh manh vdi nhung bien
phap quan ly sir dung moi trudng, tai nguycn hop ly co hieu qua. Muon dam bao
dupe su hai hoa nay, cimg vdi chien lupc phat trien kinh te, can cd mdt chien
luge bao ve mOi trudng vdi nhung hoat dong cd dinh hudng.

Tur nam 1991 nude ta da cd kc hoach qud'c gia ve mOi trudng va phat trien
ben vung cho giai doan 1991-2000: thuc hien chien luge nay cung nhu hang loat
cac hoat dong quan ly mOi trudng lien quan, chung ta budc dau dat dugc nhung

s .
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.
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13


LUiNJiAN: ^idi phu ft tang. earing ifudn Ig nha nritie al baa oi moi trifling trong hoof (tong

fgirtMtg nufi • rfp-.ta »<< dede thank photon eua Q'W 'Ztam

ket qua quan trong. Nhieu chinh sach , van ban phap luat ve bao ve mdi trudng
da duoc ban hanh nhu Luat Bao vd Moi trudng (1993),Nghi dinh 175/CP vd
“Hudng dan thi hanh Luat Bao vd Mdi trudng”, Nghi dinh 26/CP ve”xir phat vi

pham hanh chinh trong linh vuc bao ve mdi trudng”. Dae biet nam 1998, Bo
Chinh tri Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang da ban hanh chi thi 36/CT-TW ve
“Tang cudng cong tac bao ve mdi trudng trong thdi ky cong nghiep hoa , hien
dai hoa dat nude”. Hd thdng quan ly nha nude ve Bao ve mdi trudng tir Trung
uong ddn dia phuong va d cac Bo nganh da duoc hinh thanh, ngay cang duqc
tang cudng va di vao hoat ddng ne nep, nang cao.
Tuy nhien, de giai quyet hai hoa mdi quan hd giua phat tridn kinh td- xa hoi
va bao vd mdi trudng theo hudng phat trien ben vung, tiep theo sau ban Ke'
hoach Quoc gia ve mdi trudng va phat trien ben vung 1991-2000, thuc hidn chi
thi cua Thu tudng Chinh phu, Bo KHCN&MT da phoi hqp vdi cac Bo/nganh va
dia phuong xay dung Chien luqc Bao ve Mdi trudng quoc gia 2001-2010 va
Dinh hudng Ke hoach hanh dong uu tien ve bao ve mdi trudng trong giai doan
2001-2005.

Muc tieu hudng cac hoat ddng BVMT nham dam bao mdi trudng sd'ng co
chat luqng tot cho ngudi dan, sir dung hqp ly tai nguyen thien nhien, ap dung cac
cong nghe tidn tien dd tiet kiem tai nguyen va bao ve mdi trudng, ddng thdi ddng
gop cd hidu qua vao su nghiep bao ve mdi trudng toan efiu.
Hidn nay nhieu dia phuong cung da bat dau tien hanh xay dung chien luqc
bao ve mdi trudng cua minh vdi cac muc tidu phu hqp vdi dieu kidn va kha nang
cua dia phuong nhu: ngan chan o nhidm, suy thoai mdi trudng tai dia phuong;
bao vd tai nguyen, mdi trudng sinh thai; thuc hidn cac du an nang ca'p co sd ha
tring va tang cudng hieu luc quan ly nha nude ve mdi trudng, dam bao phat trien
ben vung.

Cdng tac nay dang gop phan dinh hudng cho cac hoat ddng bao vd mdi
trudng nham str dung tiet kiem ngudn luc de nham dat hieu qua td'i da ve BVMT
vdi cdng tac qui hoach, kd' hoach hoa phat tridn kinh td' xa hdi, phat trien vung
kinh te.
Xay

2.2.

dung, td churc bo may Nha node ve quan ly mdi trodng

De thuc hien nhung noi dung ve quan ly nha nude trong cdng tac bao ve
mdi trudng, cac van ban phap luat qui dinh quyen han nhidm vu cua co quan nha
nude trong linh vuc bao vd mdi trudng va to chuc bo may Nha nude ve quan ly

14


LU|HWt Qidi phtifi tdnq euduq qudn Iq rihd /tufa. ol bdooinwl trutdnq tronq honi itbnq

thiieinq mat - dteh «w rf aw thanh f>h» Idn cua

Mw

mOi trudng (tinh den thang 7/2002) nhu sau:
1. Chinh phu thong nhat quan ly Nha nude vd bao ve moi trudng trong
pham vi ca nude.
2. Uy ban nhan dan tinh, thanh pho true thuoc trung uofng theo dieu 124 cua
hien phap cd quydn ban hanh quyet dinh va chi thi trong linh vuc BVMT tai dia
phuorng.
3. BO Khoa hoc, COng nghe va MOi trudng(KHCNMT) chiu trach nhiem
trudc chinh phu thuc hien chute nang quan ly nha nude ve bao ve mOi trudng va
co quan Nha nude giup BO trudng BO KHCN MT thuc hien choc nang nay la Cue
MOi trudng thudc BO KHCNMT. Quyen han va nhidm vu cua Cue MOi trudng
do BO trudng Bo KHCNMT quy dinh, bao gom:

- Xay dung trinh Chinh phu ban hanh theo tham quydn cac van ban phap

luat vd bao vd moi trudng .
- Xay dung trinh Chinh phu quyet dinh chien luqc chinh sach vd bao ve mOi
trudng .

Chu tri xay dung, trinh chinh phu quyet dinh va phO'i hop to chute thuc hien
cac ke' hoach dai han va hang nam ve phong chong, khac phuc suy thoai moi
trudng, 0 nhidm mOi trudng, su cd mOi trudng, vd cac cOng trinh cd lidn quan
ddn bao vd moi trudng .

- To chirc xay dung quan ly he thong quan trac chung vd mOi trudng.
- Danh gia hien trang mOi trudng ca nude, dinh ky bao cao Chinh phu va
QuO'c hoi.
- Th aim dinh bao cao danh gia tac dOng mOi trudng(DTM) cua cac du an,
cac co sd theo qui dinh cua phap luat.
- Chi dao vide to chute, nghien cutu ap dung tien bO khoa hoc, ky thuat trong
linh vuc bao vd mOi trudng, td chute, xay dung va ap dung he thong tieu chuan
moi trudng (TCMT). Ca'p, thu hdi giay chutng nhan dat TCMT. Td chute tap huan
can bo khoa hoc mOi trudng va quan ly bao vd moi trudng .
- Hudng dSn va kiem tra viec thi hanh phap luat vd BVMT. To chiic cOng
tac thanh tra, khieu nai, td cao trong pham vi tham quyen.

'frit GWtj



LUAN-KAN: tydl fiiuip tatuj. eating quan lq nha nude or tdo or mdi trating. trong hoat itgng

- Trinh chrnh phu vide tham gia cac to chuc quoc td, ky ket hoac tham gia
cac didu udc quoc td vd bao ve mdi trudng, tien hanh cac hoat dong qudc td lien

quan tdi viec bao ve moi trudng .
- Bo Khoa hoc,Cong nghe va Mdi trudng phoi hop vdi cac Bo, cac co quan
ngang Bo, co quan thuoc Chinh phu thuc hien nhiem vu bao vd mdi trudng .

4. Cac Bo va cac co quan ngang Bo, co quan thuoc Chinh phu thuc hien
nhiem vu bao vd mdi trudng co nhidm vu sau :
- Xay dung va trinh Chinh phu ban hanh, ban hanh theo tham quyen cac
van ban vd bao ve mdi trudng thuoc pham vi nganh phu trach phu hop vdi qui
dinh cua luat bao ve mdi trudng .

- Chi dao va kidm tra viec thuc hien cac qui dinh cua phap luat, cac ke
hoach va bien phap vd BVMT theo hudng dan cua Bo KHCNMT trong pham vi
nganh minh va cac co sd thudc quyen quan ly true tiep.

- Quan ly cac cdng trinh cua nganh lidn quan tdi bao vd mdi trudng.
- Phoi hqp theim dinh bao cao DTM cua cac du an, cac co sd dang hoat
ddng.

- Giai quyet cac tranh chap khieu nai, td cao, kidn nghi, xtr ly cac vi pham
phap luat vd BVMT trong pham vi tham quydn.
5. Sd Khoa hoc,Cdng nghe va Mdi trudng va Sd Thuong mai chiu trach
nhidm trudc UBND tinh, thanh phd true thudc trung uong trong linh vuc bao ve
mdi trudng va phat tridn thuong mai tai dia phuong
2.3.Xay dung, ban hanh cac van ban, cac chinh sach bao ve mdi

trudng

Mot trong cac ndi dung hang dau va cap bach trong hoat ddng bao ve mdi
trudng la thuc hidn nghiem tuc Luat Bao ve Mdi trudng, cac van ban dudi luat va
cac quy dinh vd tieu chuain mdi trudng.

Nghi dinh 175/CP cua Chinh phu hudng dan thi hanh luat BVMT va mot sd
van ban quan trong dd BVMT nhu chi thi sd 200/TTg cua Thu tudng chinh phu
vd bao dam nude sach va ve sinh mdi trudng ndng thon; chi thi 46/ TTg cua Thu
tudng Chinh phu vd viec cam san xua't, buon ban va ddt phao; thong tu Lien bo
155/TTLB giua Bd KHCNMT va Bd Kd hoach Dau tu vd kd hoach hoa cdng tac
ftMm Ghl ^Thanh Atting.- Cao hoc khtia8 - Kinh t^: thuong mai

16


LU|UIAN: tydi phap. tang. eiting qudn lg nha ntfte oi bd& oi mdi trudng tsang. hngt tynq

thu’dng mai ■ ilieh du & ede. thanh phd' fdn eua CDiii Mam

bao ve moi trudng.

Nam 1998, BO Chfnh tri Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang da ban hanh chi
thi 36/CT-TW vd “Tang cudng cong tac bao ve moi trudng trong thdi ky cong
nghiep hoa , hien dai hoa dat nude”.
Dang va Chfnh phu da chi dao cac Bo/nganh phO'i hop xay dung chien luge
phat trien kinh td - xa hOi dong thdi vdi chien luge bao ve mdi trudng quoc gia
giai doan 2001-2010, Dinh hudng ke hoach hanh dong uu tien ve bao ve moi
trudng giai doan 2001-2005.

B0 tieu cliuan mOi trudng (ISO 14000) dap ting budc dau nhu cau cap bach
ve can cd phap ly cho cac mat hoat dong bao ve mOi trudng nhu xay dung, tham
dinh, bao cao danh gia tac ddng mOi trudng cua cac du an dau tu, edng tac kiem
tra, kiem soat mOi trudng.
Nghi dinh 26/CP cua Chfnh phu vh xtr phat vi pham hanh chfnh vd bao ve
mdi trudng cung vdi mdt so thdng tu ve le phi bao ve moi trudng, cap giay phep

dat tieu chuain moi trudng la edng cu dac luc de cac co quan quan ly nha nude ve
BVMT trien khai cac bien phap giam thieu, ngan chan va day lui 0 nhidm moi
trudng trong cac hoat ddng kinh ie-xa hoi.

Cac thong tu hudng din ve cac hoat ddng nhu danh gia tac dong mdi
trudng , ting phd su co moi trudng, thanh tra moi trudng,... cung dugc ban hanh.
C) cac dia phuong hau het cac Sd KHCNMT da tham muu cho cac UBND cap
tinh ban hanh cac chi thi, van ban hudng din thuc hien luat BVMT.

De hoa nhap vdi cac hoat dong BVMT cua quoc te, nha nude ta tiep tuc phd
duyet cac cong udc qudc te lien quan den BVMT nhu Luat bien, Cdng udc ve da
dang sinh hoc. Ke hoach hanh dong ve da dang sinh hoc cua Viet Nam do Thu
tudng chfnh phu phe duyet thang 12/95, bien soan va xuat ban cuon sach edng
udc qudc te vd mdi trudng danh dau mot budc tien bo cua cac hoat dong trong
linh vuc nay.
2.4. To chUc cong tac quan ly mdi trudng trong hoat dong thucng mai

- dich vu

- Xay dung va to choc thuc hien chien luge, chfnh sach va phap luat ve bao
ve mdi trudng trong hoat dong thuong mai- dich vu.
- Xly dung, quan ly cac edng trinh bao ve moi trudng, dinh ky danh gia va


Ihutttmtg mai - ilieh tut i tat thanh ph# IAt mil (Dili Qtam

du bao tinh hinh moi trudng, cac cong trinh bao vd moi trudng nhu: de dieu, khu
rhng dm, vudn quoc gia,...

- Cac ca quan Nha nudc co thim quyen (Bo KHCNMT va Sd KHCNMT)

co thim quyen thim dinh, bao cao, danh gia tac dong moi trudng cua cac ca sd
dang hoat dong va doi vol cac du an.
- Xay dung he thong tieu chain moi trudng, cfp, thu hoi gitfy chting nhan
dat tieu chuan moi trudng cho cac ca sd san xuat, kinh doanh thuang mai.
- Giam sat, thanh tra, ki^m tra phap luat ve BVMT, giai quyet tranh chap,
khieu nai, to cao ve mOi trudng, xfr ly vi pham phap luat ve bao ve moi trudng
cua cac hoat dong thuang mai.

- Nang cao trinh do khoa hoc ky thult, quan ly, phap ly ve bao ve moi
trudng cho cac can bo quan ly moi trudng cip trung uang, dia phuang va doanh
nghiep .
- Quan he quoc te trao doi cac kinh nghiem ve bao ve moi trucmg va phat
trien thuang mai.

Viet Nam san sang hop tac vdi cac nudc, cac to chfic qudc td' vd bao ve moi
trudng, tham gia cac hoat ddng quoc te, cac quan he qudc td de nham trao doi
thong tin, cong nghe gop phin giai quydt cac vin de moi trudng cua Viet Nam,
khu vuc va toan ciu dd'i vd*i hoat dong thuang mai - dich vu.
Tong
2.5.

ket, danh gia cong tac quan ly nha ntfdc ve moi trudng

Trong nhfing nam vha qua cdng tac quan ly nha nudc ve bao ve moi trudng
trong hoat dong thuang mai da co nhfing buOc tien dang ke th trung uang ddn
dia phuang. Viec xty dung chien luoc dai han vB bao ve moi trudng da duoc chu
trong va moi mat hoat dong thuc hien Luat Bao ve Moi trudng dang phat trien
ca ve chieu rong cung nhu chieu sau. Cac van ban phap luat ve bao ve moi
trudng dang duoc tiep tuc xay dung va hoan thien, trong do quan trong nhit la
viec ban hanh Nghi dinh 26/CP ve xfi phat vi pham hanh chinh ve bao ve mdi

trudng va Bo TCMT.
Hoat dong ke khai vB tinh trang o nhidm mdi trudng tai cac ca sd dang
hoat ddng da trien khai tren pham vi ca nuOc, ddng thdi viec lap va thim dinh
bao cao danh gia tac dong moi trudng cac du an dang din di vao ne nep, giup
cho viec ngan chan cac 6 nhidm mdi phat sinh.

18


Ul^NJlAlk

'iHrnt

pitdfi. tang. cu'^ag quan. tgnhd ntffa.Dt bae oJLtn&i Ir^ihig trong hoat ifong

Mft

dzr

etze

&£rt «m

-

Cac ke hoach, htrong dan nhftm giai quyet, khac phuc cac su co, kiem soat
o nhidm va quan ly chat thai dang duqc hoan thien.
Bd Khoa hoc, Cdng nghe va MOi trudng da chi dao cac dia phuomg giai
quyet, khac phuc hang loat su co mOi trudng do con ngudi cung nhu thien tai gay
ra va xay dung cac phuong an ngan ngtra va kidm soat o nhiOm, phong chong

suy thoai mdi trudng.

Tang cudng cOng tac to choc thanh tra moi trudng va da rut ra dune nhieu
bai hoc kinh nghiem trong linh vuc nay.

Cac co quan quan ly cac cap da co thong tin ve hien trang moi trudng nhd
cong tac theo doi, tong hop tinh hinh moi trudng tren pham vi toan qudc.
Mang ludi quan trac moi trudng qudc gia da duqc hinh thanh, bao gdm 20
tram quan trSc dang hoat ddng. Cac chuong trinh quan tide da va dang duqc thuc
hien cho cho hau het cac thanh phan mdi trudng va ket qua quan trdc budc dau
da duqc xfr ly cho cac muc dich quan ly.

Hoat dong thOng tin tuyen truyen, giao due, dao tao da dan dan nang cao
nhan thuc cua cac nganh, cac cap va dan chung len mdt budc, gop phan thuc
ddy cac mat cong tac BVMT trong hoat dong thuong mai - dich vu tren pham vi
ca nude.
Viec tin hoc hoa va xay dung cac co sd du lieu ve mdi trudng dang duqc
tfch cue trien khai tai cac co quan quan ly moi trudng va cac doanh nghiep san
xual kinh doanh thuong mai..

Ke hoach BVMT giai doan 2001-2005 da duqc xay dung d cap qudc gia va
cho ca cac nganh, cac dia phuong dam bao phat trien kinh te ben vung di ddi vdi
viec bao ve moi trudng.
Quan he hop tac vdi cac td chirc qudc td, cac nude trong va ngoai khdi
ASEAN dang tidp tuc duqc md rdng nham tang cudng tidm luc cho cac co quan
moi trudng, thuc hien cac du an BVMT va phat trien thuong mai, trien khai cac
cong udc qudc td va dao tao can bo.
Tuy nhidn, trong thdi gian qua cong tac quan ly Nha nude vd bao ve mdi
trudng trong hoat dong thuong mai - dich vu con chua thuc su cd hieu qua, the
hien d cac mat:

~7kl 'Jltanh

j — CflO hoc

8 —te tAlfttflg mai


LUlHJtiH:

pJtafi tdng eUong qurin li/nhdnudo plba& oi nt&i trifling trong hoat itdng

- He thong td chirc quan ly mdi trudng con yeu khong tuofng xurng voi
nhidm vu, doi ngu can bo lam cdng tac moi trudng con thieu rat nhieu.
- Hd thong van ban dudi luat bao ve mdi trudng , cac qui hoach, chinh sach,
chien lupc trong linh vuc nay con chua ddng bo d ca cap trung uong l;ln dia
phuong.

- Td chuc hoat dong quan ly mdi trudng trong hoat dong thuong mai - dich
vu chua co hidu qua.
- Dau tu kinh phi cho hoat ddng bao vd mdi trudng con rat nhd be so vdi
ydu cau can co.

- Van dd chien lupc phat tridn ben vung cap nganh, van de giao due va dao
tao, nang cao nhan thurc mdi trudng, van de quy hoach phat tridn dd thi.......cung
la mot trong nhung va'n dd chua dat.

Nhung yeu kem nay la nguyen nhan gop phan lam cho mdi trudng nude ta
tidp tuc xuong cap dat ra nhung thach thurc nang ne cho giai doan tdi
3. M6l QUAN HE GlOA QUAn Lt NHA NUftC VE MOi TRUONG VA HOAT DONG

THUONG MAI - DICH VU 0 CAC DO THI
3.1. Dac trimg cua do thi

Cung vdi cdng nghiep hoa, qua trinh dd thi hoa d VietNam dang didn ra
tuong doi nhanh. Nam 1990 mdi cd khoang 500 dd thi ldn nhd, den nay da tang
len 623 dd thi ldn nhd, trong dd cd 4 thanh pho true thudc trung uong (Ha Ndi,
Hai Phong, Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh va Da Nang), 82 thanh phd thi xa thudc tinh,
con lai la 537 thi trft'n.

Dd thi hoa lam tang ddng ngudi di cu chinh thurc va khdng chinh thurc th
nong thdn ra thanh thi, lam tang sure ep ve nha d va ve sinh mdi trudng dd thi.
Tuy rang trong thdi gian qua ha lang ky thuat dd thi da dupe quan tam ddu tu cai
tao nang cap nhieu, nhung cho den nay hd thong giao thdng, he thdng cap nude,
thoat nude d dd thi Viet Nam vfin con rat thap kem. He thdng thoat nude ddu la
he thdng chung cho ca nude thai sinh hoat, nude thai cdng nghiep va nude mua.
Chua cd cac tram xd ly nude thai tap trung, nude thai chi dupe xir ly so bo rdi
chay thang vao song hd gay o nhhidm mdi trudng nude mat. Vd mua mua, nude
thoat khdng kip, nhieu dd thi bi ung ngap, ty le dan dd thi dupe cap nude sach
tinh trung binh ca nude nam 1995 mdi dat 47 %, nam 1998 dat 53%.

20


tluitinjtj. ttiql -dich ou^ cxielhanltpk£l#n eutL
Ngudn thai chinh gay 0 nhidm khong khi va tid'ng on b do thi la giao thong
van tai va cac nha may, xi nghiep nam xen ke trong cac khu dan cu. O nhidm bui
trong khdng khi la co tinh pho bie'n b tit ca cac do thi, ndng do bui trung bmh
ngay throng vuot TCCP tir 1,5 den 3 Idn, cd noi con nang hon. Noi chung mdi

trudng khdng khi b cac dd thi Viet Nam chua bi d nhidm cac khi ddc hai CO,
NO2, SO2, trir b mot sd KCN nam trong thanh phd. O nhidm chi (Pb) trong
khdng khi b cac drong giao thdng Idn, nut giao thdng Idn b 4 thanh phd Idn
da xdp xi bang TCCP (0,005 mg/m3). Muc dn b cac khu phd ve ban dem deu
dudi hoac xap xi 70 dBA, con trong cac gid ban ngay thi cao hon 70 dBA, ca biet
cd noi cao tdi 90 dBA.
Tinh trung binh th 1996 ddn 1999 luong chat thai ran phat sinh d cac thanh
phd Idn (Ha Ndi, Hai Phong, TP. Hd Chi Minh, Da Nang) la khoang 0,6 - 0,8
kg/ngudi/ngay, b cac dd thi con lai la 0,3 - 0,5 kg/ngudi/ngay. Ty Id thu gom
chat thai ran dao ddng tir 40% den 70%; Cac loai chat thai ran (sinh hoat, cdng
nghiep, chat thai nguy hai) chua duoc phan loai, ddu chdn chung vdi nhau, cac
bai chdn rac da duoc xay dung khong dung ky thuat va chua hop vd sinh, vi vay
da gay ra o nhidm ddi vdi mdi trudng xung quanh. Tuy vay, mot tid'n bd dang
khich le la trong 2-3 nam gan day b nhieu dd thi da c1hu tu xay dung cac lb dot
chat thai ran nguy hai do cac co sb y td' thai ra.
Dac
3.2.

trimg cua quan ly mdi trufdng do thi

Cac co quan dia phuong chiu trach nhidm cho viec phat trien, lap ke' hoach
va quan ly nhung trung tarn dd thi, cac dd thi cua nudc ta hien nay phai doi mat
vdi hang loat va'n de dang lam cho mdi trudng dd thi xau di. Bbi vay, dieu co ban
trudc khi bat tay vao viec quan ly mdi trudng do thi, can vach ra chie'n luqc
chung va cac giai phap ma chinh quydn dd thi phai lua chon:
- Tur luc: Viec quan ly dd thi trudc het la trach nhidm cua dia phuong, phai
suy nghi va hanh dong mot each sang tao de giai quyet cac nhu cau cua dia
phuong minh.

- Phu thuoc lan nhau: Chinh quyen dd thi nen coi chinh quydn trung uong

la ngudn cung cap chuydn mon va mdt phin tai chinh chur khdng phai la noi
cung cap cac dich vu ma do thi budfc phai dua vao.
- Dao tao: Phai dao tao can bo mdt each thich hop vd quan ly do thi.
- Thu thap du lieu: Day la mot nhidm vu quan trong cua can bd quan ly dd


thi.
- Loi cuo'n cong dong: Can phai ldi cuo'n cong ddng d dia phuong trong
vific quyet dinh thuc thi edng vide va huy ddng tdi da ngudn vdn dia phuong de
thuc hien cac nhiem vu.

- Tuyen truyen thong tin: Str dung tat ca cac loai phuong tien thong tin dai
chung va huy ddng cac td churc dia phuong nang cao nhan thtre cua edng ddng.

tieu vd thuong mai va mdi trudng de nham dat duqc cac muc tieu do. Mdi nam
hoac thudng xuyen hon, eftn phai danh gia nhung thanh tuu da dat duqc cung
nhu cac khd khan ton tai neu co.
- Bo khung phap ly: Phai dua ra nhung quy dinh va quy che rd rang cho cac
khoan Id phi thuong mai - dich vu va nhung che tai trong viec xir phat nhung vi
pham vd mdi trudng sinh thai.

Doi vdi edng tac quan ly nha nude vd bao ve mdi trudng d cac do thi gom
nhiing chu dd chinh sau:
- He thong thoat nude phai duqc dau tu xay dung ngay tir khi bat dau quy
hoach dd thi dam bao phu hop vdi su phat tridn cac khu dd thi va su gia tang
dan so'
- He thong giao thong phai duqc quy hoach mot each huu hieu

- Phu xanh thanh pho', tao nen cac he thd'ng cay xanh va khdng gian thoang
mat

- Mdi trudng xay dung dam bao vd mat my quan va ve sinh thanh pho
- Cai thien cac khu nha 6 chudt vd mat ve sinh mdi trudng
- Dam bao cho ngudi dan dd thi cd sue khoe mdi trudng
- Kiem soat o nhidm nude, d nhidm khdng khi
i
- Quy hoach sir dung dat hop ly.
- Quan ly chat thai ran (rac thai th hoat ddng chq, nha hang, khach san...),
chat thai dac biet (hoa chat, y te, doc hai, dd chay...)

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mat - ifffih tbf A mir thank pkfi'fM eua

Qlam

S.S.Anh hudng cua qua trinh phat trien thuong mai - dich vu tdi moi
trudng sinh thai va yeu cau quan ly nha nudc trong ITnh vuc nay

Vao cuoi nhung nam 1980, quan tam cua quoc te.da chu y tdi moi lien ket
giira thuong mai va moi trudng tang len dang ke. Mdt nhan t0 thuc te dong gop
vao su quan tam nay la cudc tranh cai gifta My va MehicO ve nhttng su ngan can
thuong mai cua My trong viec nhap khiu ca ngu cua MehicO. My cho rang
Mehico da khOng du kha nang ngan chan viec danh bat ca ngu co the xay ra rui
ro doi vdi ca voi, bdi vay da dat ra mot cam van nhap khiu ca ngu vao nam 1990.
Mehico da phan dOi lai bien phap nay, khang dinh rang nhung sac luat bat buOc
phuc tung cua My da khOng thich hop vdi mot trong hai luat phap quoc te hoac
nhung qui dinh cua GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade).
Su viec ca biet neu tren, thuc su da lam chan dong the gidi trong linh vuc

chinh sach thuong mai phai xem xet tdi mOi trudng. COng nghiep quoc te , cung
nhu su gia tang cua chting, nhieu du luan cho rang cln. quan tam tdi su lanh
manh cua mOi trudng, bat diu yeu clu co nhung bien phap mdi. chd'ng lai cac
quoc gia dO'i sir vo trach nhiem. vdi mOi trudng. Vf du mOt sd cac nudc thuoc EU
(European Union) da thao luan nhung ngan cam thuong mai chdng lai viec nhap
khiu gd nhiet doi,
TU nhung v£n de tren cua the gidi cho tha'y chinh sach thuong mai cua cac
quoc gia cung phai xem xet lai. Muon dam bao mot su phat trien co tinh ben
vung tao ra su lanh manh cho mOi trudng, trong chinh sach thuong mai phai
duoc hoi nhap cac chinh sach mOi trudng.
De co kha nang hOi nhap chinh sach mOi trudng vao chinh sach thuong mai,
doi hoi phai co mot su nghien ctfu ve ban chit ly thuyfit thuong mai va mOi
trudng, xem. xet kha nang tac ddng qua lai cua chung voi nhau. Day thuc su la
mot cOng viec khOng don gian.
3.3.1. Mdi quan he giifa bao vi) moi tnrtoig via thutrng mai

MO'i quan he giua phat trien thuong mai va bao ve mOi trudng la vln de
phuc tap, co ca mat tich cuc va tieu cuc phu thuoc chinh sach kinh te va mOi
trudng, di£u nay the hien tinh hiewqua cua cac chinh sach.

Xu the toan ciu hoa kinh td da thuc dly qua trinh tu hoa thuong mai, tao
dieu kien cho cac quoc gia xich lai gin nhau, lien ket va xam nhap lln nhau.
.

Cin phai nhtfn manh rang dau tu vao mOi trudng va hoat dong thuong mai

iWiili iitiMlM

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