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

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BÀI GIẢNG CÁC HỆ VI XỬ LÝ TIÊN TIẾN

 !"#$
 !"#%&'()&!*+&,'
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MỤC LỤC
Chương 1. Giơi thiệu kiến trúc máy tính tiên tiên và xử lý song song
5
 !
" #$%&$'()!
" *+,(-
" .+,/-
" 0-
!1$234506
78/09(:$$;<86
"9(:$=>?@A
"9(:$?>?@
$B$#C4.D$
$B$#C4(*
!1$9E0
!F3GB$/0HC
!1983I$J,/!
!1$K$J0$!
!LL!
Chương 2. Kết nối mạng đa xử lý 20
F78/09E0
?09EHC.M(&N=
O5E#,HG

1$5E#,
&,HP#C
"9E0.M($J0$!
?01(/,,#(!
1$0CQ-
1$0HQA
R$S(/08LHQ
"9E0T
?09E/U/U!
?09E0$9!
?09EE6
?0"9EV34W
!1$?0(1#+%E83G)A
!F7$H5
!1$?0HC
!?0T
Chương 3. Phân tích hiệu xuất của kiến trúc đa xử lý 46
?LX/-
?LX/YZ#[-
\/,/,/4LX]QE*96
1$HJ$$9(:$,/,/A
^_8(/,$!
^_8`.8!
^_Va,b,/&(,,!
cdH5,d(/08L!
&L$;07#E%1(/,,#()!
&L$;0&,!!
&L$;08LHQ%?>)!-
"Ye(C9(:$,/,/!A
!O5,d*$f-

Chương4. Kiến trúc bộ nhớ chia sẻ 70
F78/5E#C4.D$6
($#C4HPH%N?`)6
&C4($LHPH%N?`)6
"9(:$#C4$g.D1$+%1h?`)6
1$5H2i8j.M(&N=6
F3G880$1$+$G#Y6
=M3GI&C41$+6!
=M3GI$$+1$+6!
\3GI$;5E#C4.D$6-
1$/B$=//6-
k(+>8.+Uk(+(/66
k(+>8.+Uk(+&$6W
k(+h$+6A
k(+N.+Uk(+(/]QW
!k(+N.+Uk(+&$W
!1$/B$.M(3l$W
!F78/0/B$W!
!1$/B$L5W6
-V(X#C4.D$A
-0/$lA
-(LA
-^P#CmA
Chương 5. Lập trình song song trên máy ảo song song 94
!?L(3ZFc?U$d(:$B.lA
!1d(:$=+(,/(nk/(+(,A!
!1d(:$7$dA6
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Chương 1. Giơi thiệu kiến trúc máy tính tiên tiên và xử lý song song
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.5&K&'"W(9!/H&'">1-*-B'Z!O!-Z&'5&@;-*-@I>YDE/F/1!
>H--['9(8:'9+5(&K-','@A-E<V@;B'\/-*-'3&'K/1<=9-*-
@I>YDE/FC>1-*-.5&K!].5&-'7>N'9(8*-@I>YDE/F-:&';9
&5B>1&I&*->N'9(R^-*-'E<VR 'N-'('P--*-B'IB'*B&6(+O
&85&K!-T9-*-'3&'KR 'N<[-'(-:&';&'( -/<=9&6HR(>1
<=9&6H-'(+;!-'86-*-'3&'K&6(+O&C5&K!@A--'9&'1'&_'
>1@ 8*-.5&K&_'-:! &&"B"-K@Y'.'"&'9+@`.'-'I&60'@9
-'+8*-.5&K@ &69-*-/H.5&&(aR5.'-'I&60'&'=-&'8

$V-@,'-','-T9>3-<[-*-R @9DE/F/1&69-*-!*+&,'!'R^=
.5&K@IM'O(R DE/F8&9-'6^! &R @9DE/FQ@&&K-@ '9'
'I>N'3&'K@IDE/F'9''4&8169C>3-B'*&&6;! &R @9DE/FR9
X!'O(R @IDE/F-b-:&';'3(W(M'I>O-'B',>N>3-B'*&&6;! &'3
@IDE/F'3((4&-98$ &(@;!.'*--T9R @9DE/F/1@ 9&1-985(! &R
DE/F&6'3PB=-KC-*-R DE/F-c/>dQ'&@ R0'&'C!P-<['3(
(4&(+M!8
1.1 Tổng quan về máy tính qua 4 thập kỷ.
Z('5&-*-'1.'9'U-!*+&,'@O('4&&6,6^@J-:RK.e(+HB'*&
&6;.'*-'9(-T9!*+&,'89XR9&-'C&!f#'96C<f.&BC9<f&g6.8
1.1.1 Kỷ nguyên batch.(Batch Era)
2!hijkC!*+&,'/N&'( -'3$lmjn&'K&6Y&6-*--"&+8\+/1! &
/!*+&,'DE/F&'f/"@;'0'>N-*-R @U-&'o@V-/pCR2>1`@_9C'-'9
-:=&69@`<q/3(q9-*-!*+8'7'0'&'1'H-*-!*+&,'&)B&6(/N>1
/1! &<&H(-'(r-T9!*+&,'&6'O(&')B.e83$lmjn-:! &'3@O(
'1'C'O("q/)B&60'C>1<(/A@_9/1hn$8K-@ '&@ -T9!*+
-c&'4B8(+'H!*+&,'1+-b@T/N@;'p&6A-[/7-'O(-'I&60'
&6R 'NC!P-<[R DE/F&6(&\!B'M-'(+;&L! &-'I&60'1+9
-'I&60'.'*-8
1.1.2 Kỷ nguyên time-sharing
*-!*+&,'/N-T9&'.a!*+&,'DE/F&'f.'K@J@A-@P&O!:>q
-']->1-(K'q2!hijn8b&&'@;!@:C'q&5R &6-"'3
R*<d>1&5R &6-"'3B'Z-?@J'69.e(+H!*+&,'!8
'7'sC'9'C>1*-M>L9B'MH@A-E<V6 6J&6-*--"&+8(+
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hixnC6y61C&6H&'Y&6@J&X&'9/!*+&,'&'I!zh{*-!*+&,'
/NDE/F<q/3(&)B&6(C>1z|{-*-!*+&,'!&!f#'968G>N-*-!*+
&,'W(+!"'sC-*-H(!*+&,'@J69@>1&'9!9>1-( --'I8GH(!*+&,'

@Z(&H/1tjjnnC@A-N&'3(>12!hijhRS&6/t9&96B69&869+
ff96-'6B69&@JN&'3(H(!*+&,'-'B',l'3((4&&K&'4&C69+#hC>1
2!hixj8
1.1.3 Kỷ nguyên desktop
*-!*+&,'-*'\zv{C@A-N&'3(>12!hixxRS&)B@1v6-f6
f-'/+C6&'G&96C9<+C!!<6fCBB/fC>1'O(&)B@1.'*-C&22
(4&/1!>3--T9E<V8*-!*+&,'-*'\&L&)B@1!B9WCBB/fC
$Ctf//C>1'O(&)B@1.'*-'9'-':&6SHB'`R5C>1@J/1!&'9+@`R
!P&-T91'!*+&,'8
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&'9+&'5-*-!*+&,'/N>1!>12!hiin8$*+<f.&B-:&';-:.'M2&,'
&*9>N-*-!*+&,'/N!''4&'*&'1'-'~R^! &B'Z!8
(+'HC-*-<f&B-*'\@JN!@A-.5&K>1-*-B'?-'3@3&*/N'I
W(9!<36 z•{8
1.1.4 Kỷ nguyên mạng máy tính.
e(+H&'?&C'9+-cU/1!"'0'!!*+&,'C@JB'*&&6;'5&?-
'9'-':<'q&5R &6-"'3!8"'3!>A&D9-"
'3DE/Fz-"'3>DE/F{&6(K&'q2!hiin8G=&2@ &R5-"(4&
!@J/1!-'7&9-'(+;&LW(9@;!/4+R DE/F/1!&6(&\!9W(9@;!
/4+!/1!&6(&\!8
6'q2!hi€n>1hiinC&'5N@J-'?.5=69@-T9'O(!*+
&,'&'I!-:'O(R DE/F8'7@A-B'\&'1''9/-','zh{
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1.1.5 Các xu hướng hiện tại
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1.2 phân loại kiến trúc máy tính của Flynn
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1.3 Kiến trúc SIMD
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&6(98}}w@JE<V! &I@X.5&K1+8*-.5&K!&6
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1.4 Kiến trúc MIMD
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&O-b''(-Z(*B<V! &!"'0'&6(+O&.'B'*&&6;B'Z!O!?
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@A-U/1-*-'3G$vz@9DE/F@KD?{8$pR DE/F-:-I' @U-l>5&''9(
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6H>1R >DE/F&!p7&!8w0.'"-:R 'N&1-V-HR]&R( -B'M
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&'@A-&'=-'3R^-PB/3'El')C-'7B'M@A-! &/)B&60'>H>5&
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.5&K&f6f&&6@:-*-7&>DE/FlR 'N'P-/1!*+-'T&f6f&'P-/1-*-

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1.4.1 Tổ chức bộ nhớ dùng chung
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-)B>1:>N.'M2''9(8$pR DE/F@O(-:&'9''CR @3!CR 'N@3!C
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&'5&.5'3&'KR 'N<[-'(B'M@A-Df!D‡&89X!.;!*&&6(+-)BC
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&';<[-'(X&1(+H18$"'0'@O(.';&6(+-)B&'=-'3>3-.;!&69
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/=-&6(+-)Bz/Z&'E&6(+-)B{85(-:'qp/=-&6(+-)B>1-*-(X&1(+HC
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.'"'AB/3RY-'P8*-+H(-Z(-T9W(*&60'<[-'(-:&';&'9+@` <(-T9
RM@O(.';&6(+-)B&6W(*&60'&'=-&'8@O(.';&6(+-)B>N'qW(+

&]-@XR ':9D*-@Y'-'?-2-T9'3&'K8:'q61R( -@XR ':9'
-'5&'9&6(+-)B-T9W(*&60'-'9o(X&1(+H<[-'(8XR ':9
&',-''AB@M!RM/A&'"&/(&'"@7>1@M!RM-'?-2'3&'K8M
>3/1! &&,'2'3&'K2-'P-*-W(*&60'&6(+-)B&[+F>1-*-(X&1
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&',-'>N'9(C<[-'(z-'9o{-'B'‡B&6(+-)BC-cRM>3/'-'5:8
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.';85(!"#@(R 'N.'"R)&6W(*&60'DE/F!1-:! &+H(-Z(@5C&'0
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!N@5&6.'R 'N@9R)DE/F! &+H(-Z(&6N-@:CR DE/F+H(-Z(-:&';
q+H(-Z(@:&6H'1-'@5.'R 'N6J''P-:-:&';/PB/-*-+H(-Z(>1
/Z9(@:8
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-:&';-'9&'1'&6(+-)BR 'N@X'4&z${C&6(+-)BR 'N.'"@X'4&
z(!9{C>1.5&67-R 'N-'~<[9-'fz${86'3&'K$C&4&-M-*-
R >DE/F-:&';&6(+-)B>1R 'N<[-'(&'"W(9!/H&'"K'
! &R DE/F&6(+-)B>1R 'N-T9:8w0>)+C&4&-M-*-R >DE/F-:&'9&6(+
-)B''9(&R4&.a>Y&6,'N8$/H&'"@A-E<V&6$-:&';/1
! &R(C'O(R(CR -'(+;!-'@;!-'‡C'9+! &R 'N@9-`86'3&'K
$C!pR >DE/F-:.•!&'f! &B'Z-T9R 'N<[-'(8 'N1+-'~
-:! &.'"9@Y9-'~8w0>)+CR4&.aR >DE/F1-b-:&';&6(+-)B&6=-&5B
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1.4.2 Tổ chức bộ nhớ truyền tin
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-T9! &'3&'K&6(+O&-:&';@A-.5&K&'f'O(-*-'.'*-'9(C&L-4(&67-
K.5&@P-&6&N-*-!B'\&*>O!P&@Y9/F8wO(+H&]-CB'IB'*B
&6(+O&-:.'M2!S6 9W(+!"/N8'M2-:&';!S6 <d@5! &
/A&'5/1-'7&9-:&';&2K/AR DE/F!1.'"/1!M!@*.;'3((4&
&,'&*8
*-R @9DE/F&6(+O&E<V! &/&!&_'&6&6(+O&'"-V-R 8
Œ(9&6U&6K@:/1!'0'H(.'KC! &/!@J&'('7&=W(9&\!
&6&'9<18$!]&/N|>1m-'O(/\-)Z'4&-b@A-E<V
&6'3&'K&6(+O&8ZB'MDf!D‡&'9+5(&KW(9&6U&6>3-&'5&.5-*-
!/H&'"-''3&'K&6(+O&8:/1R2&'"/H.5&>1&'9&60'J
-T9!82&'"/H.5&@A-@Y''_9/1KR&-:&';@A-&6(+O@&6! &
@I>Y&'9zR&l{8'9&60'J-T9!@A-@Y''_9/1&'9@;
'1&'1'! &W(*&60'&6(+O&8I-'5@O(.';/(X•6!'/f&6&6(+O&
@J@A-@969>12!hi€x'! &=&'9+&'5-'-I-'5@O(.';/(X/(&6q#
>1#-'(+;&5B&6(+O&'K@;/1!M!.,-'&'N--T9R @3!-Z&'5&>1M!@ &6Š
&6(+O&86-I-'5@O(.';/(X•6!'/fC! &:&@A--'9&'1'-*-
@I>Y's'I@A-U/1-*-Ž/&zR&@O(.';/(/A{@;-*-Ž/&<-'(+;&'f
.;(@K-[>NŽ/&@Z(-T9:&<d@57&@,-'8'Ž/&@Z(RY-'P<&]-
'Q!C-*-Ž/&-c/-bRY-'P86-'IkC-'7&9Q'H-?(-'

&5&'I>OW(*&60'&6(+O&8
1.5 Các kết nối mạng
 *-!/H&'"@9DE/FzG{-:&';@A-B'\/<=9&6H! &K&H(-',8
'7R9X!zh{B'I&'?-'&@ z@XR '9+R4&@XR {Cz|{-'5/A-
.;!*&z&)B&6('9+.'"&)B&6({Czm{-*-.%&'()&-'(+;!-'z!-''9+:
&{C>1z†{&"B"z&_''9+@ {8
1.5.1 Phương thức hoạt động.
'fB'I&'?-'&@ C@A-B'\/&'1'@XR >1R4&@XR 8
6B'I&'?-'&@ @XR C&4&-M-*-&'1'B'Z&6'3&'KE<V
-'(! &D(@X'X@;&1R '3'&@ &'f.;(/ #&fBzD('YB{8$P&
.'*-CB'I&'?-'&@ .'"@XR .'"@c's! &D(@X'X-'(8
'9+>1@:C&,'3(R]&&9+@A-E<V@;B'K'AB'&@ -T9-*-'3&'K
.'"@XR 86.''3&'K@XR -:D('N-')!'I>N-*-'3&'K
.'"@XR C-'7.'"-'&69'>1M''S'9(8
1.5.2 Chiến lược kiểm soát.
 'f-'5/A-.;!*&C-:&';@A-B'\/&'1'&)B&6(>1B'&)B
&6(86-*-'3&'K@O(.';&)B&6(C! &@I>Y@O(.';&6(&\!<(+'4&
@A-E<V@;*!*&>1.;!*&-*-&'1'B'Z-T9'3&'K86@O(.';
B'&)B&6(C-'?-2@O(.';@A-B'\R`-'-*-&'1'B'Z.'*-'9(&6
'38'?-2>1@ &-)+-T9-*-@I>Y@O(.';&6(&\!-:&';&6S&'1'! &&6S
/N&6'3&'K@O(.';&)B&6(86.'!B'\RK/1! &'3&'K
&)B&6(C&'0!/H&'"'O(&Z/1B'&)B&6(8
1.5.3 Các kỹ thuật chuyển mạch
'f-I-'5-'(+;!-'C!/H&'"-:&';@A-B'\/&'1'-'(+;
!-'#!-'>1-'(+;!-'#:86-I-'5-'(+;!-'#!-'C! &@<d'1
-'~'B'M@A-&'5&/)B&6N-.'R]&@Z(9&5Bq9(X>1@,-'8<d@J
&'5&/)BQ>d&X&&6(K&.'M&'9&6(+O&'"86-I-'5-'(+;
!-':C&6(+O&'"q9(X>1@,-'&'=-'3&'"W(9&']@A--'9&'1'
-*-@I>Y's'ICU/1-*-:&86H@@5@,-'C-*-:&-:&';@A-E&L
! &7&&N7&.'*-R^-*-'/(&6q>1-'(+;&5B-'@5.'&N@A-@;!@5-T9

-'78•(@;!-T9-'(+;!-':/1E<V-*-&1(+H!'3(W(M'I
>N-'(+;!-'!-'C'A-@;!-T9:/1@ &6Š-*-:&R5@`8
1.5.4 Tô pô
"B"!/H&'"/1! &'1!*'D&L-*-R >DE/F>1R 'N>1-[
! &R >DE/F>1R 'N8:-*-'.'*-C-*-&"B"!"&M-*-'&'?-.5&KR >DE/F
>1-*-R 'N>NR >DE/F>1-*-R 'N.'*-8w,<VC! &&"B".5&K'1-'~'/1
! &W(*&60'*'DC&6@:!pR >DE/F@A-.5&K>N&4&-M-*-R DE/F.'*-
&6!*+&,'8"B">c/1! &*'D.5&K>DE/F.>N-*->DE/F/\-)-T9
:C-*-R >DE/Fz.#h{>1z.‰h{8
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R4&.a7&1&6!8.,'-T9!@A-@Y''_9/1@<d-=-@C
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>3-@Y'/A'3(28
Chương 2. Kết nối mạng đa xử lý
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>YDE/F@A-.5&K&'"W(9!/H&'">1-*-B'Z!O!-Z&'5&@;-*-@I>Y
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-','-*-@I>YDE/F1+C>1!.5&K].5&-'7>N'9(8*-!@9DE/F
-:'O(.;(&6(+O&'"8'7-:&';@A-B'\/&'f-*-!"'0'&6(+O&'"
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-'~{86(+O&'"&6'3&'KR 'N<[-'(@A-&'=-'3R^-*-'>5&>1
@U-&LR 'N&1-V-C&6.'&6(+O&'"&6'3&'K&6(+O&@A-&'=-'3
&'"W(9E>1')-*-/3'86-M'9&6'ABC.5&K!@:>9&6cW(9
&6U&6>3-D*-@Y'&K-@ &6(+O&'"86-'I1+C-'7&9Q&0!';(
-*--4(&67-/H.5&.'*-'9(@A-E<V@;.5&K'O(R DE/F>1-*-!"@(R
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&'7--'I>NB'Z@*'*'3(W(M>1B'\&,-'-*-.5&K!.'*-'9(8
2.1 Phân loại kết nối mạng
6B'Z1+C-'7&9&0!';(B'\/<=9&6H-4(&67-/H.5&-T9-*-
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2.2 Mạng kết nối động dựa trên BUS
2.2.1 Hệ thống bus đơn
(@I@A--/1-*-'@IM'4&@;.5&K-*-'3&'K@9DE/F80'|8|
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! &(-'(8
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-*-R >DE/F9&5B>N-[! &R 'N<[-'(8,-'&'N-@;'0'-T9! &
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M>1<Š<1@;!S6 C-*-R @9DE/FR(@I-:N'>OR2&'"R(>1
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W(M/1-'~-:! &&'9&*-&6(+-)B<Š69&! &&'@;!'4&@Y'8*-@P-&,'-T9

! &K!*+&,'R(@I&'I!@J-:!P&&6H&'Y&6@A-&:!&]&&6M|8h
M|8h$ &K@P-@;!-T9'3&'KR(@I&'I!'3-:
2.2.2 Các hệ thống nhiều bus
w3-E<V'O(R(@;.5&K'O(R DE/F/1! &W(*&60'!S6 &=
'H-*-'3&'KR(@I<[-'(83&'K@9DE/F'O(R(E<V! &KR(
@;.5&K'O(R DE/F>1'O(!"#@(R 'N86&6'AB1+C-:
&';-:'O(I@X.5&K{8$ &&6K@:-:&';/1.5&K'O(R(>NR 'N#R(
@Z+@Tz$(/&B/fR(g&'Ž(//R(#!f!6+-f-&z$•${{C.5&K'O(R(
>NR 'NR(@Iz!(/&B/fR(g&'/fR(!f!6+-f-&z$G${{C.5&
K  'O(  R(  >N  R  'N  R(  ! &  B'Z  z!(/&B/f  R(  g&'  B96&9/  R(#  !f!6+
-f-&z$v${{C>1.5&K'O(R(>NR 'N<=9&6H/NBz!(/&B/fR(g&'
-/9#R9f<!f!6+-f-&{z$${{80'|8m!''U9-*-I@X.5&K@K
>N&6'AB•jR >DE/FC$•†!"#@(R 'NC>1•†R(8*-I@X.5&K
'O(R(>NR 'NR(@Z+@T-:&4&-M-*-!"#@(R 'N.5&K>N&4&-M-*-R(8
*-I@X.5&K'O(R(>NR 'NR(@I-:!p!"#@(R 'N.5&K>NR(-V
&';z6H{8*-I@X.5&K'O(R(>NR 'NR(! &B'Z-:!p!"#@(R 'N
.5&K>N! &&)B'AB--T9R(8*-I@X.5&K'O(R(>NR 'N<=9&6H/NB
-:R 'N-'9&'1'-*-/NBC&'f@:!p/NB@A-.5&K>N! &':!R(-V&';8$ &
/NB-'~/1! &&)B'AB-*-!"@(R 'N&[+F8
&9-:&';!"&M'q.5&K@:R^-*-'E<VK.5&K-Z&'5&>1
&M&6H!pR('R;(<Š&6M|8|86RM1+C.R;(<ŠK/NB„R;(
<ŠKR(-'!p':!C>1$‚R;(<ŠK!"#@(R 'N&6/NB‚8
'0-'(C-4(&'O(R(@9DE/F-:! &K&,'2'4B<d'@ &-)+
-9>1<Š<1B'*&&6;&'H!8$ &R(RY/pQ@;/z#h{@.'"RY/pq9-*-
R >DE/F>1-*-!"@(R 'N8$P&.'*-C.'K/AR(,&'IK/A-*-!"#
@(R 'Nz'P-KR DE/F{C&69'-'4BR(Q&28
0'|8mz9{5&K'O(R(>NR 'NR(@Z+@Tz$•${CzR{.5&K'O(R(
>NR 'NR(@Iz$G${Cz-{.5&K'O(R(>NR 'NR(! &B'Z
z$v${>1z<{.5&K'O(R(>NR 'N<=9&6H/NBz$${8
ƒ|8|*-@P-@;!-T9.5&67-'O(R(

2.2.3 Bus đồng bộ
(-:&';@A-B'\//1@XR 'P-.'"@XR 8'9-T9!U&69
@`z9&*-{&6HR(@XR @J@A-R5&&6N-86W(*&60'')>1l'P-&
&'"&&6HR(C-*-&'5&RYD‡&@5&'9&69@`z&'9&*-{86*/CR(.'"
@XR B'V&'( ->1=‘-:-T9<q/3(>1=‘1-T9&'5&RY@;R]&@Z(&69
@`R(8
6! &'3&'KR(@I@9DE/FC=B'\DER(z@O(B'K.H'{/1-Z&'5&
@;MW(+5&-*-&69'-'4BR(<Š69.'-:'O(R DE/F-'&69'@;&6(+-)B>1
R(86&6'AB1+CR >DE/F!(KE<VR(E+H(-Z(@5R W(M/F
R(83&'K1+@969W(+5&@Y'CE<V! &B'I*(&H'4&@Y'C-4B
W(+O&6(+-)B>1R(-'R >DE/F&6! &.'M&'9'4&@Y'zR @O(
.';R(CW(M/FR({8Œ(*&60'&'"W(9W(+O/1!-'TR(&L! &R DE/F&NR DE
/F.'*-@A-U/1R]&&9+>1@c'sE<V'9&,'3(@O(.';+H(-Z(R(>1-4B
W(+OR(8,'3(@Z(-'~696^! &R DE/F@9+H(-Z(W(+O/1!-'T-T9R(C
&6.'&,'3(&'?'9-'~696^W(+O/1!-'TR(@J@A--4B8$ &&,'3(&'?R9C
@A-U/1R(R)C&'@A-E<V@;-'R5&'3&R(-:@A-E<V'9+
.'"80'|8†!''U9! &'3&'K'>)+8
6W(*&60'W(+5&@Y'R DE/F1@A-W(+O.;!*&R(CR W(M/FR(
E<V! &B'I*(&H@Y'&6N-86K-*-B'I*(&H@A-E<V
/1(&Hd('HC(&HD9+z/(\B'H{@IMC(&H''9(C>1(&HE
<VZ@\+'4&z}{8G9(!p-'(.aB'\DEC&6(&HW(9+z/(\B'H{@I
MC&4&-M-*--4B@ (&HRYM!! &-'pC&6@:R DE/F(&H&'4B'4&<1'
(&H-9'4&86-I-'5(&H''9(C.''9'P-'O(+H(-Z(@A-&69C
-'7-:-I' @A-DE/F9'9(86&'()&&*}C(&H-9'4&@A-
&69-'-*-R >DE/F.'"E<VR(&6&'9/\('4&8
0'|8†I-'5R]&&9+R(z9{v'IB'*B„>1zR{&'98
2.3 Kết nối mạng dựa trên chuyển mạch
6.;(!1+C.5&Kq9-*-R >DE/F>1-*-!"@(R 'N@A-
&'=-'3R^-*-'E<V-*--'(+;!-'@IM83-:R9&"B".5&K-IRM
-6R96C! &&ZC>1'O(&Z8

2.3.1 Mạng Crossbar
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