Nâng cao hiệu quả kinh tế xã hội của xuất khẩu lao động việt nam trong điều kiện hội nhập kinh tế quốc tế

BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO
•

•

•

TRUONG DAI HQC KINH TE QUOC DAN
LE HONG HUYEN

DAI HOC KTQD

TRUNGTAM
TIN_ _THlf VIEN
_THONG
_
•

NANG CAO HIEU QUA KINH TE-XA HOI
CUA XUAT KHAU LAO DONG
VIET
•
• NAM

TRONG HIEU KIEN HOI NHAP KINH TE QUOC TE

LUAN
VAN THAC
SI KINH TE
•
•

DAI HOC KTQD

TRUNj^M/|;
THONG
_ _ _ _ _TIN THU VIEN
•

Ha Noi- Nam 2006


BO• GIAO DUC
• VA DAO TAO
•
TRUONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN

LE HONG HUYEN

NANG CAO HIEU QUA KINH TE-XA HOI

CUA XUAT KHAU LAO DONG
VIET
NAM
•
•
TRONG DIEU KIEN HOI NHAP KINH TE QUOC TE

LUAN
VAN THAC
SI KINH TE

•
•
Chuyen nganh Kinh te Chi'nh tri

Ngudi hudng dan khoa hoc\
PGS.TS. Phan Thanh Pho

Ha Noi- Nam 2006


LO'I CAM DOAN

Toi xin cam doan day la cong trinh nghien
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cwu cua ca nhan toi. Cac so lieu, ket qua trong
luqn van la trung thuc va co nguon goc ro rang.

Tac gid luan van

LE HONG HUYEN


MU• C LU• C
TOM TAT LUAN VAN
MO DAU

1

Chuong 1. CO SO KHOA HOC VE NANG CAO HIEU QUA
KINH TE - XA HOI
TRONG
• CUA XUAT KHAU LAO DONG
•
DIEU KIEN HOI NHAP KINH TE QUOC TE

5

1.1- Khci niem, nguyen nhan, dieu kien, dac diem, hinh thuc va
tam quan trong cua xuat khUu Iao dong

5

1.1.1- Khai niem, nguyen nhan, dieu kien, dac diem va hinh thuc
•>

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xuat khau lao dong

5
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A

9

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1.1.2- Tam quan trong cua xuat khau lao dong doi vei Viet Nam
trong dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te

9

1.2- Khai niem, c hi tieu, nngyyn tac, nni duun vV cac nnan toanh
hwffng den viec nnng cao hieu qun kinh te - xa hoi cua xuat khau
Iao dong trong dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te

14

1.2.1- Khai niem va chi tieu phan anh hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi

14

cua xuat khau lao dong
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1.2.2- Nguyen tac va noi dung nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi
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17

t

cua xuat khau lao dong
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1.2.3- Cac nhan to anh hudng den hieu qqa kinh t e - xa hoi cua
<9

a

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xuat khau lao dong trong dieu kien hoi nnap kkili he quoc te

20

1.3- Kinn nnhuem nnnn tca hheu qqu kinn te - xx hoi xxut khhu
Iao dong ff mot so nudc

24

1.3.1- Tong q uan kinh n ghiem xuat khau lao dong d mot s o nude

24

1.3.2- Bai hoc kinh nghiem co the tham khao va ap dung de nang

cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua xuat khau lao dong Viet Nam

Chuong 2. THUC TRANG HIEU QUA KINH TE-XA HOI CUA
XUAT KHAU LAO DONG
VIET
•
• NAM

29

32

2.1- Qua trinh hinh thanh moi trudng the che xuat khUu lao dong
Viet Nam

32

2.1.1- Chu trdong, chinh sach ve xuat khau lao dong

32


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2.1.2- Co che quan ly xuat khau lao dong o Viet Nam

34

2.2- Danh g ig h ieu qua kinh te - x a h hi c ua x uat khau lao dong

37

2.2.1- Nhung ket qua dat duoc

37

2.2.2- Nhung ton tai va han che

50

2.2.3- Nguyen nhan cua ton tai, han che

555

Chuong 3. PHUONG HUONG VA GIAI PHAP TIEP TUC
NANG CAO HIEU QUA KINH TE-XA HOI CUA XUAT KHAU
LAO DONG
O VIET
•
• NAM
3.1- Phuong huong gang cxo hieu qua hint te - hoi cax xuat htuu
lao dong

<
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3.1.1- Du bao ve dac diem va xu huong xuat khau lao dong trong

59
59
59

thoi gian toi
3.1.2- Quan diem nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua xuat

khau lao dong trong dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te

64

3.1.3- Dinh huong nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua
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xuat khau lao dong
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3.2- Can gicn phhp nham nnng ccx htcju quu kicin te - xx hti cca
xuat hhuu loo dong o Viet Nxm trong dieu hien hoi nhap high te
quoc te

A

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72

9

3.2.1- Nhom giai phap ve nhan thuc va quan diem

72

3.2.2- Nhom cac giai phap ve luat phap va chinh sach kinh te

74

vi mo
3.2.3- Nhom giai phap ve to chuc, thuc hien xuat khau lao dong

80

KET LUAN

91

DANH MUC CAC CONG TRINH CUA TAC GIA
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

BO• GIAO DUC
• VA DAO TAO
•

TRUONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN

LE HONG HUYEN

_

___

-

~

K.

f

NANG CAO HIEU QUA KINH TE-XA HOI
CUA XU AT KHAU LAO DONG
VIET
NAM
•
•

TRONG DIEU KIEN HOI NHAP KINH

>

____

X

tE

QUOC TE

F

CHUYEN NGANH KINH TE CHINH TRI

TOM TAT LUAN
VAN THAC
SI KINH TE
•
•

Ngu’d’i hiuong dan khoa hoc:

PGS.TS. Phan Thanh Pho

Luan van dwoc bao ve tai hoi dong cham Luan van Thac si

Truong Dai hoc Kinh te quoc dan vao hoi ....ngay....thang.... nam 2006.
Co the tim hieu luan van tai: Thu vien trudng Dai hoc Kinh te quoc dan.

Ha Noi- Nam 2006

DANH MUC CAC KY HIEU, CAC CHC VIET TAT
BHXH

Bao hiem xa hoi

CNH

Cong nghiep hoa

CHDC

Cong hoa dan chu

CHND

Cong hoa nhan dan

HDH

Hien dai hoa

ILO

To chuc lao dong the gidi

LDTBXH

Lao dong - Thuong binh va Xa hoi

LLLD

Lire lircmg lao dong

OECD

To chuc Hop tac va Phat trien kinh te

SNG

Cong dong cac quoc gia doc lap

UBND

Uy ban nhan dan

USD

Do la My

VND

Dong Viet Nam

XHCN

Xa hoi chu nghTa

XKLD

Xuat khau lao dong va chuyen gia

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-1 -

MO DAU
1- Tinh cap thiet cua de tai
Trong lich sur, xuat khau lao dong va di cu, mot hien tupng kinh te - xa

hoi xuat hien tir lau gan lien vdi thdi ky tich luy nguyen thuy tu ban va phat
trien manh me tir sau chien tranh the gidi thu II den nay. Toan cau hoa kinh te

va qua trinh phat trien cua phan cong lai lao dong quoc te da thuc day nhanh
tu do hoa thuong mai va lam cho xuat khau lao dong trd thanh xu hudng tat
A

A

A

A

X

yeu khach quan. Mot so nude d chau A nhu: Han Quoc, Phi-li-pin, An Do, Indo-ne-xi-a, Ma-lai-xi-a, Thai - lan, w... da va dang thu dune hieu qua kinh te

- xa hoi to ldn tir XKLD.
O Viet Nam, nhung nam 80 cua the ky XX, hop tac quoc te ve lao

dong theo Hiep dinh Chinh phu vdi cac nude XHCN da gop phan giai quyet
,

y

y

a

viec lam, dao tao nguon nhan luc, tang nguon thu ngoai te, cai thien ddi song

nhan dan nhat la trong dieu kien kho khan cua nude ta sau chien tranh. Tir
r

r

r

nam 1991 den nay, XKLD dien ra theo co che thi trudng va hoi nhap kinh te
quoc te da va dang thu dupe nhung ket qua quan trong: Moi nam da giai quyet
viec lam cho hang chuc van lao dong, thu ve hang ty USD; ddi song cua gia
A

A

7

A

A

dinh cd ngudi lao dong xuat khau dupe cai thien; co cau kinh te, co cau lao

dong noi chung va co cau lao dong nong thon d nhung dia phuong cd nhieu ngudi di XKLD noi rieng cd su thay ddi ro ret.
y

a

Tuy nhien, do nhan thuc ve hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD chua
A

A

A

thong nhat; viec xac dinh muc tieu va giai phap nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa
hoi cua XKLD chua mang tarn chien lupc, chua phu hop vdi thi trudng lao
A

y

A

A

A

dong trong dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te, nen hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi
y

a

y

y

y

cua XKLD con thap, chua tuong xung vdi yeu cau va tiem nang ve nguon

nhan luc hien cd d Viet Nam. Vdi mong muon gop phan nang cao hieu qua
kinh te- xa hoi cua XKLD d Viet Nam trong dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc
.
y
'
te, tac gia chon de tai: “Nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD Viet
a

y

A

A

A

7

Nam trong dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te ”, de nghien cuu lam luan van

thac si cua minh.

2- Tinh hinh nghien cun:


-2Xoay quanh chu de XKLD, d nude ta da co mot so cong trinh nghien

cuu va bai viet ve XKLD dupe cong bo nhu: quan ly nha nude ve XKLD, doi
moi quan ly tai chinh ve XKLD, md rong viec dua lao dong Viet Nam di lam

viec d nuoc ngoai, v .v... Nhung van de hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD
trong dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te chua dupe nghien cuu nhieu. Nhat la

khi nghien cuu chu de noi tren vdi tu each la mot de tai doc lap mang tinh he

thong hien dang con moi me.

3- Muc dich va nhiem vu nghien cihi
Muc dich cua luan van nay la van dung ly luan va kinh nghiem nham
'
9
nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi de khao sat, danh gia thuc trang hieu qua

kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD Viet Nam tu do de xuat phuong huong va giai
phap tiep tuc nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD trong dieu kien
r

r

r

hoi nhap kinh te quoc te d nude ta trong thoi gian toi.

Luan van co nhiem vu:
X

+ Luan giai co can cu ly luan va kinh nghiem nham lam rd cac khai

mem, su can thiet, nhan to anh huong, noi dung va nguyen tac cua viec nang
r

cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD d Viet Nam.
+ Phan tich, danh gia thuc trang hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi XKLD d

nude ta trong thoi gian qua, nhung thanh tuu, ton tai va nguyen nhan.
x

r

r

\

+ De xuat cac giai phap kha thi nham nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi
XKLD Viet Nam trong dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te.
r

4- Doi tuong va pham vi nghien cuu
Ddi tuong nghien cuu: Nghien cuu su can thiet, noi dung, nguyen tac
r

r

r

xac dinh va cac nhan to anh huong den hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD
\

r

noi chung va d Viet Nam tu do de xuat phuong huong va cac giai phap nang
cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD trong thoi gian toi.
Pham vi nghien cuu:

Nghien cuu hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD Viet Nam tu khi thuc
x

r

r

hien chuyen doi nen kinh te va XKLD theo co che thi trudng cd su quan ly
cua nha nude, nhat la giai doan 1996 - 2004.


-3-

Nghien cuu hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD gom ca xuat khiu
chuyen gia; nhung khong nghien cuu XKLD tai cho, khong nghien curu

XKLD cua ngudi Viet Nam d nude ngoai sang nude thu ba.
Cac chi tieu hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi va giai phap duqc de cap trong

luan van duqc nhin nhan tren giac do kinh te chinh tri.

5- Phuong phap nghien cun
r

r

Luan van lay phuong phap luan duy vat bien chung ket hop vdi phuong
phap duy vat lich su, phuong phap truru tuqng hoa cua kinh te chinh tri lam

phuong phap luan chung trong nghien cuu. Ngoai ra, luan van con su dung
cac phuong phap phan tich, tong hop, thong ke, so sanh, mo hinh hoa va du
bao .

6- Nhung dong gop moi va y nghia thyc tien cua de tai
Nhimg dong gop:

+ Luan giai su can thiet, noi dung, nguyen tac xac dinh va cac nhan to
anh hudng den hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD cua Viet Nam trong dieu

kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te.

+ Thong qua khao sat XKLD cua mot so nude trong khu vuc de rut ra

r

\

t

cac bai hoc kinh nghiem ve hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD co the van
dung vao Viet Nam.
>

r

+ Dua ra nhung danh gia ve hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD b Viet

Nam trong then gian qua; tu do de xuat cac giai phap kha thi nham nang cao
r

\

hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua hoat dong XKLD d nude ta trong dieu kien hoi

nhap kinh te quoc te.

ke y nghia:
Ket qua luan van cd the dung lam tai lieu tham khao de hoach dinh
7

>

chinh sach ve XKLD va cac chinh sach xa hoi khac d nude ta. Nd cung cd the

dung lam tai lieu tham khao cho viec giang day d trong cac nha trudng cd noi

dung lien quan den XKLD.

a

r

z

/

dong Viet Nam trong dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te


-4-

Ien cac chuong:
Chuang 1; Co so khoa hoc ve nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua
r

9

a

r

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xuat khau lao dong trong dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te

Chuang 2: Thuc trang hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD d Viet Nam
trong thdi gian qua
Chuang 3: Phuong hudng va gidi phap nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa

hoi cua XKLD d Viet Nam


-5Chuong 1

CO SO KHOA HOC VE NANG CAO HIEU QUA

KINH TE - XA HOI
• CUA XUAT KHAU LAO DONG
•
TRONG DIEU KIEN HOI NHAP KINH TE QUOC TE

1.1- Khai niem, nguyen nhan, dieu kien, dac diem, hinh thuc va fam
t

f

quan trong cua xuat khau lao dong
1.1.1- Khai niem, nguyen nhan, dieu kien, dac diem va hinh thuc xuat

khau lao dong

*Khai niem xuat khau lao dong

t F

*

F

y

9

y

Tiep can lich su cho thay, su phat trien khong deu ve luc lupng san

xuat va su phan bo khong deu cac nguon luc ve tai nguyen thien nhien, dan so
va lao dong giua cac nude dan den su chenh lech ve cac yeu to san xuat cua

cac quoc gia. Trong dieu kien kinh te thi trubng va toan cau hoa kinh te quoc

te, viec giai quyet tinh trang mat can doi do tren co sb quan he cung cau hang
hoa, dich vu trong do co cung cau ve sue lao dong (thuat ngu sue lao dong va
thuat ngu lao dong la khac nhau, nhung trong luan van nay xin duqc dung

thong nhat la lao dong) dupe thuc hien thong qua XKLD giua cac quoc gia

vdi nhau. Nhu vay:
F
Xuat khau lao dong la dua ngudi lao dong ra lam viec d nude ngoai
9

A

A

A

bang nhimg hinh thuc thich hap nham tao ra thu nhap ve ngoai te va giai
F
quyet motphan dp luc viec lam trong nude .
A

Tuy theo tinh hinh kinh te quoc te va tinh hinh kinh te - xa hoi cua moi
F

'

9

F

quoc gia, XKLD thubng dupe hoach dinh cung chien lupc phat trien kinh te xa hoi cua dat nude.
0 Viet Nam, “XKLD va chuyen gia la mot hoat dong kinh te - xa hoi
F
gop phan phat trien nguon nhan luc, giai quyet viec lam, tao thu nhap va nang
A

A

9

y

a

f

cao trinh do tay nghe cho ngudi lao dong, tang nguon thu ngoai te cho dat

nude va tang cubng quan he hpp tac giua nude ta vdi cac nude”.[2]

XKLD trinh bay trong luan van nay la viec dua lao dong va chuyen gia
7

F

Viet Nam di lam viec b nude ngoai, co to chuc, khong bi phap luat cam thong


-6-

qua Hiep dinh Chinh phu, hoac cac to chuc dupe phep XKLD, hoac thong qua

cac hop dong nhan thau cong trinh, hoac dau tu ra nude ngoai hoac do tu than
ngudi lao dong tim kiem viec lam d nude ngoai theo hop dong ca nhan.
/*>/

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* Nguyen nhan dan den xuat khau lao dong

lao dong.
Hai la, su chenh lech ve thu nhap va muc song giua cac nude ngay

cang tang trd thanh luc hut ngudi lao dong tu nude cd thu nhap va muc song
r

r

thap sang nude cd thu nhap va muc song cao.
r

a

Ba la, chenh lech ve muc tang dan so tu nhien giua cac nude trd thanh

luc day tir nude cd muc tang dan so tu nhien cao sang nude cd muc tang dan
so thap hon.

te cua moi quoc gia.
A

Nam la, nhu cau tang thu ngoai te, tang thu ngan sach, thu nhap, nang
A

cao trinh do tay nghe cho ngudi di lam viec d nude ngoai.
a

r

7

* Nhung dieu kien thuc hien xuat khau lao dong
Trong hoan canh xa hoi binh thudng, nhan to kinh te la nguyen nhan
~

r

r

7

chinh dan den di cu va cac nguyen nhan nhu: co hoi thang tien, phat trien ca

nhan va cac ly do khac. De XKLD thuc hien dupe phai cd nhung dieu kien
dudi day:
r

r

“Thu nhat, phai lam cho sue lao dong bien thanh hang hoa, tuc la thanh

doi tupng mua ban giua cac nude.

Thu hai, phai pha vd cac rao can ve quan he xa hoi nhu : quan he gia
z
trudng, phong kien, cong xa, bo lac, tarn ly bai ngoai thai qua.

-7 -

ngudi cong nhan phai bam theo”. Luong di chuyen quoc te cua von quyet
dinh hudng va lupng cua sue lao dong di cu theo.
Lich str di dan quoc te da chung minh dieu do, chang han, trudc nam

1890 qua 1/2 so ngudi nhap cu vao My la nhung ngudi xuat cu tu Anh va
Due; 80% lupng ngudi di cu thdi ky nay la bam theo tu ban, con dau the ky
XX, hem 1/2 ngudi nhap cu vao My la nhung ngudi xuat cu tir nhung nude

nhap khau tu ban cua My nhu I-ta-lia, Ao, Hung-ga-ri, Nga.
Thu tu, sir hoan thien khong ngung cua cac phucmg tien giao thong van

tai, cong nghe thong tin da thuc day manh me qua trinh di chuyen quoc te sue
lao dong noi chung, XKLD noi rieng va sir phat trien cua thi trudng lao dong
the gidi [28; tr.96].
* Dac diem cua xuat khau lao dong

Cac nude phat trien co trinh do khoa hoc ky thuat cong nghe cao, hien

r

x

XKLD co trinh do chuyen mon, ky thuat cao; mot mat nham dao tao huan

luyen, chuyen giao cho nude sd tai; mat khac, nham thu hoi lai chi phi dao tao
r

x

da bo ra cung nhu tao dieu kien cho doi ngu lao dong nay kiem them viec
lam, tang thu nhap.
9

9

9

Cac nude dang phat trien trong do co Viet Nam, vdi dac diem noi bat

la dan so tang nhanh, viec lam thieu, trinh do tay nghe thap, XKLD chu yeu la
lao dong pho thong va lao dong tay nghe trung binh den lam viec trong cac
r
9
linh vuc bi thieu hut nhan cong de tang thu nhap va tich luy ngoai te, giam
x

r

x

sue ep ve giai quyet viec lam trong nude, dao tao nguon nhan luc.
* Cac hinh thuc xuat khau lao dong
Hinh thuc XKLD la each thuc to chuc dua lao dong ra nude ngoai lam
r
viec. Tren the gidi cung nhu d Viet Nam, XKLD duqc thuc hien dudi cac
hinh thuc chu yeu sau day:

+ Cd nhan ngudi lao dong tu tim viec lam d nude ngoai'.
cd bien gidi chung. Thong qua cac kenh thong tin nhu Internet, ngudi than,


-8-

hoac qua cac kenh khac, ngudi lao dong tu tim hieu, thoa thuan va ky ket hop
9

y

dong lao dong vdi chu thue lao dong nude ngai. Chang han nhu ngudi lao

dong Viet Nam d cac tinh bien giai Viet - Lao, Viet Nam - Cam-pu-chia di
sang lam thue d Lao hay Cam-pu-chia; lao dong Thai Lan, lao dong In-dd-ne-

xi-a sang lam viec d Ma-lai-xi-a,w...

Ngudi lao dong muon tu tim viec lam d nude ngoai, doi hoi phai co
trinh do ngoai ngu kha, co kha nang hoat dong doc lap, hieu biet luat phap cua

nude sd tai va thong le quoc te.

+ Lao dong di lam viec d nude ngoai thdng qua cac doanh nghiep xuat
khau lao dong
tac, chu thue lao dong nude ngoai, ky ket cac hop dong cung ung lao dong
theo quy dinh cua phap luat nude tiep nhan va luat phap nude XKLD; sau do
to chuc tuyen chon, dao tao ngoai ngu, bo tuc tay nghe, giao due dinh hudng

ve phap luat, phong tuc tap quan cua nude tiep nhan lao dong va lam cac thu
r

7

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tuc can thiet de dua lao dong den noi lam viec. Vdi hinh thuc nay, sd lupng

ngudi lao dong dua di nhieu han, to chuc va quan ly chat che han, quyen lai
cua ngudi lao dong cung dupe bao ve tot han. Thuc chat, hoat dong cua cac

doanh nghiep XKLD la hoat dong dich vu viec lam ngoai nude.
+ Lao dong di lam viec theo cong trinh thau khoan, lien doanh, lien

ket, hop tac true tiep, dau tu ra nude ngoai

vdi qua trinh hoi nhap kinh te quoc te, la qua trinh tu do hoa dau
tu, thau khoan cong trinh, lien doanh, lien ket, hap tac true tiep vdi nude

ngoai; theo do, cac doanh nghiep dupe phep dua ngudi lao dong ra nude
ngoai lam viec theo cac quy dinh cua luat phap. Lao dong di theo loai hinh

nay dupe to chuc chat che, quyen lpi dupe bao ve tot.
+ Lao dong di lam viec d nude ngoai thong qua cac Hiep dinh, thoa
r

thuan, cam ket cua Chinh phu

Theo thoa thuan giua Chinh phu nude XKLD vdi Chinh phu cac nude

thong qua cac to chuc xuat khau lao dong phi lpi nhuan.


-9+ Lao dong di lam viec d nude ngoai thong qua cac hop dong thuc tap,

nang cao tay nghe

Ngudi lao dong Viet Nam lam viec trong cac doanh nghiep, hoc sinh
tai cac trudng di thurc tap, tu nghiep nang cao tay nghe dupe phia tiep nhan tra

luong trong thoi gian thuc tap, tu nghiep.
1.1.2- Tam quan trong cua xuat khau lao dong trong dieu kien hoi nhap

kinh te quoc te.

hoi lan thach thuc va ngay cd nhieu nude tham gia.
A

A

Mac du ve nhan thuc con co sir khac nhau nao do, song nhin chung can
1

• 9

1

•

•

r

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hieu hoi nhap kinh te quoc te qua cac khia canh la :
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a

- “He qua tat yeu cua cua toan cau hoa kinh te;
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~

- San pham vira hup tac, vira dau tranh vdi nhau dien ra d nhieu cap

do, quy mo va phuong thuc;
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k

7

A

- Lay md cua kinh te lam trong tarn thong qua doi moi va dieu chinh

cac luat le, chinh sach, co che tap quan kinh doanh, co cau kinh te cua moi
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r

nude cho phu hop vdi thong le quoc te;
a

r

a

r

- Nham tao dieu kien huy dong tot nhat noi lire va ngoai lire, md rong

khong gian de phat trien va chiem linh vi tri phu hop nhat cd the cd dupe

trong quan he kinh te quoc te.”[2l, tr.32]
Dang ta, cho rang “Hoi nhap kinh te quoc te la qua trinh md rong giao
r

a

luu kinh te va khoa hoc cong nghe giua cac nude tren quy md toan cau; la qua
trinh tham gia giai quyet cac van de kinh te - xa hoi cd tinh chat toan cau nhu

z

r

z

a

van de dan so, tai nguyen thien nhien, bao ve moi trudng song vv.., la qua

trinh loai bo dan cac hang rao trong thuung mai quoc te, thanh toan quoc te va
.

.

7

z

z

viec di chuyen cac nhan to san xuat giua cac nudc.”[40, tr. 100]
XKLD vira la phat huy lpi the so sanh ve nhan cong cho su phat trien

kinh te - xa hoi cua dat nude, vira khai thac cac yeu to ngoai luc do hoi nhap

kinh te quoc te mang lai.


- 10-

1.1.2.2- Tam quan trong cua xuat khau lao dong doi vdi Viet Nam
r
r
trong dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te
r
Trude het, XKLD cho phep phat huy loi the so sanh ve nhan cong, khai
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f

f

thac toi da yeu to ngoai lire trong dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te.
Viet Nam co nguon lao dong ddi dao va tre, gia nhan cong tuong ddi

thap, day la loi the ma khong phai quoc gia nao cung cd duoc, la tien de quan

trong cho XKLD. XKLD la qua trinh tham gia va hoi nhap thi trudng lao
dong quoc te nham khai thac toi da yeu to ngoai luc, cho phep su dung loi the
A

7

7

so sanh ve nhan cong de di chuyen mot bo phan lao dong Viet Nam ra ngoai
F
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nude vira giai quyet viec lam, vira tao “khoang trong” de dua cong nghe cd

F
F
*>
F
ham luong von va ky thuat cao vao san xuat, day nhanh toe do tang trudng
F

kinh te; lam tang thu nhap va tich luy cua ngudi lao dong, lam tang GDP,

GNI cua dat nude; tang thu va du tru ngoai te; dao tao va dao tao lai lao dong

theo hudng cong nghiep hien dai; tiep can va lam chu cong nghe moi, tien
tien theo nguyen ly 3 “I” ( Imitation - Bat chudc, Initiative - Cai tien-

Innovation - Sang tao).
Hai la, XKLD gop phan tao viec lam cho ngudi lao dong, giam that
A

nghiep, gop phan xoa doi giam ngheo.

Chien luge phat trien kinh te - xa hoi 2001-2010 vach rd: “Giai quyet
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trien kinh te, lam lanh manh xa hoi, dap ung nguyen vong chinh dang va yeu
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cau buc xue cua nhan dan....Day manh XKLD, xay dung va thuc hien dong
F
bo, chat che co che, chinh sach ve dao tao nguon lao dong, dua lao dong ra
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A

A

nude ngoai, bao ve quyen loi va tang uy tin cua ngudi lao dong Viet Nam d
nude ngoai”[l4, tr.210]. Theo tinh toan cua Bo Lao dong -Thuong binh va Xa

hoi, tong nhu cau giai quyet viec lam thdi ky 2006 - 2010 la khoang 8 trieu
f
F
ngudi, cac chuong trinh phat trien kinh te - xa hoi chi co the thu hut toi da 5,8
,

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/

- 6 trieu lao dong, nhu vay van con 2 - 2,2 trieu lao dong can duoc ho tro giai
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quyet viec lam thong qua chuong trinh, dur an tao viec lam va dac biet la day

manh XKLD.


-11 -

Nguyen nhan cua su ngheo doi la nguon luc han che va ngheo nan;

trinh do hoc van thap, viec lam thieu va khong on dinh; ngudi ngheo khong
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yr

co du dieu kien tiep can vdi phap luat; dan so tang nhanh vv...Trong cac

nguyen nhan do thi tinh trang nguon luc han che va ngheo nan, viec lam thieu
va khong on dinh co the dupe cai thien thong qua XKLD. Ngudi lao dong di
lam viec d nude ngoai khong doi hoi phai dau tu nhieu von nhung co thu

nhap cao hon lam viec trong nude, tao kha nang hien thuc de giam ngheo

nhanh chong.
Ba la, XKLD gop phan nang cao chat lupng nguon nhan luc.
9

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<

Chat lupng nguon nhan luc la nang luc sinh the, van hoa, dao due, tu

nang luc lao dong d mot nude, mot dia phuong. Sau thdi gian lam viec 2-3
X

nam d nude ngoai, trinh do tay nghe cua ngudi lao dong dupe nang cao, tu

nhung nong dan hoac thp mdi vao nghe, ho trd thanh nhung ngudi thp co tay
X

X

nghe, hoac thp lanh nghe. Mat khac, do ngudi lao dong lam viec trong mdi

trudng cong nghiep hien dai, buoc ho phai tuan thu nghiem ngat ky luat cong

nghe, tac phong cong nghiep, y thuc tuan thu phap luat; do cung chinh la qua
trinh ren luyen tac phong cho ngudi lao dong theo tieu chuan cua ngudi cong

nhan hien dai.
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Bon la, XKLD tao thu nhap cao cho ngudi lao dong, tang nguon thu
cho nha nude, tang tich luy va dau tu.

Thuc tien cho thay mot ngudi lao dong di lam viec d nude ngoai vdi

thdi han 36 thang, khi ve nude ho tich luy dupe it nhat la 150 trieu VND. Vdi
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y

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r

i

so tien do, khong chi ho thoat ngheo ma con co kha nang dau tu de san xuat

kinh doanh theo sd trudng va kha nang cua minh. Nhieu lao dong d nong
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9

thon, sau khi ve nude cd the thanh lap cac doanh nghiep, huy dong von cua
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X

9

X

nhung ngudi cung di de dau tu phat trien cac trang trai nudi trong thuy dac
hoat dong thuong mai, dich vu, vv...
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XKLD lam tang thu nhap quoc gia GNI (Gross National Income) bang
each lam tang GDP thong qua cac khoan thu dich vu gia tang nhu phi dich vu


- 12-

XKLD, tien ban ve may bay, cac khoan dich vu khac phuc vu ngudi lao dong
va lam tang thu nhap yeu to thuan thong qua khoan thu nhap cua lao dong
7

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7

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xuat khau gui ve nude. XKLD con gop phan lam tang nguon thu ngoai te va
cai thien can can thanh toan quoc te, tang tich luy va dau tu, thuc day tang
trudng va phat trien.

Nam la, XKLD gop phan lam chuyen dich co cau kinh te va co cau lao
dong xa hoi theo yeu cau cua CNH, HDH, kinh te tri thuc va kinh te thi

trudng.

Tren goc do cct cau nganh, XKLD tao ra viec lam moi cho ngudi lao
r
dong ma trade het la lao dong nong nghiep, nong thon. Qua XKLD, nong dan

tich luy dupe lupng von kha, tiep nhan va tich luy dupe tri thuc moi de tu dau
tu, hoat dong kinh doanh hoac gop von dau tu phat trien. Nhd do, thu nhap tu
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cho dua san xuat nong nghiep la chinh thi sau khi ve nude thu nhap chu yeu

dua vao dau tu phat trien cong nghiep, nong nghiep va dich vu. Qua trinh nay

dien ra mot each tu nhien, gop phan lam chuyen dich co cau kinh te tren dia
ban nong thon; thong qua dau tu phat trien, cac nganh moi ra doi lam cho co
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r

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cau kinh te nganh chuyen dich tu nong nghiep sang cong nghiep, thuong mai

va dich vu.
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Tren goc do co cau thanh phan kinh te, nang cao hieu qua XKLD lam

tang qui md tich luy va dau tu tu nhan; khi tich luy cua ngudi lao dong va gia
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a

dinh tang cao, quy md tich luy va dau tu cua xa hoi Ion, lam xuat hien ngay
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cang nhieu cac doanh nghiep tu nhan, cong ty trach nhiem huu han, cong ty
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A

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co phan, tu do lam thay doi co cau thanh phan kinh te.
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Xet ve co cau viing kinh te, XKLD lam cho nong dan va nong thon giau

len nhanh chong. Nhd tich luy dupe von va kinh nghiem tu XKLD, ngudi
a

7

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nong dan dau tu phat trien kinh te nong thon, lam xuat hien cac trung tarn
kinh te tai cac viing tir do lam cho co cau kinh te nong thon thay doi, thuc day

qua trinh do thi hoa dien ra nhanh chong.
Co cau lao dong xa hoi la ty le phan bo va tac dong qua lai cua lao

dong d cac nganh kinh te quoc dan. Nd dupe the hien qua ty trong cua lao
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dong d timg nganh, vimg va thanh phan kinh te cua nen kinh te so vdi tong so


- 13lao dong xa hoi. Qua trinh chuyen dich co cau lao dong chiu tac dong va lay

qua trinh chuyen dich co cau kinh te lam tien de. Khi co cau kinh te chuyen
dich theo hudng giam dan nong, lam, ngu nghiep, tang dan cong nghiep - xay

dung va dich vu thi co cau lao dong cung chuyen dich theo. XKLD gop phan
lam chuyen dich co cau kinh te va do do lam chuyen dich co cau lao dong.
Sau la, XKLD gop phan tiep can, kham pha va thuc day ung dung cong

nghe tien tien trong tien trinh CNH, HDH.
Lao dong Viet Nam chu yeu di lam viec d cac nude phat trien, qua lao
dong ho true tiep su dung va tiep thu cong nghe tien tien theo phuong phap 3

“I” de dua nhanh cong nghe moi vao Viet Nam, thuc hien chien luge di tat don
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dau, rut ngan khoang each tut hau. Day la phuong phap ma cac nude cong
nghiep moi (NICs) da van dung rat thanh cong de day nhanh CNH, HDH dat

nuoc. Mat khac, XKLD chang nhung tao dieu kien khac phuc “rao can” ve
viec ung dung cong nghe hien dai do du thira lao dong; ma con thuc day sir

nghiep CNH, HDH nude ta phat trien theo con dudng rut ngan hien dai.

Bay la, tang cudng hoi nhap, md rong giao liru quoc te va hinh thanh
X

cong dong ngudi Viet Nam d nude ngoai.

Md rong thi truong lao dong quoc te, mot mat chung ta gop phan lam
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A

giam cung ve nhan luc tren thi trudng lao dong trong nude, dong thdi lam
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7

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tang cung va thay ddi co cau cung lao dong tren thi trudng lao dong quoc te.
,

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Khi tham gia thi trudng lao dong quoc te, buoc ngudi lao dong phai tu dao tao

minh theo cac tieu chuan lao dong quoc te nhu ky nang, ngoai ngu, ky luat va
phong each lao dong,vv...de du sue canh tranh vdi lao dong cac nude khac.
X

X

Dieu dac biet quan trgng la gia ca sue lao dong (tien luong) cua ngudi lao
dong dugc xac dinh theo muc gia chung cua thi trudng lao dong quoc te. Va

do do, thu nhap cua ngudi lao dong cao gap nhieu lan so vdi lao dong trong
nude.
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r

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Ngudi Viet Nam di lam viec d nude ngoai, the he ng noi tiep the he kia
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7

x

hinh thanh nen he thong cong dong ngudi Viet tai cac nude va vung lanh tho
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y

y

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tren the gidi. Cong dong ngudi Viet d cac nude la cau noi kinh te, van hoa,
nn...

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giua Viet Nam vdi cac nude. Qua do lam cho moi quan he hgp tac giua


- 14-

Viet Nam vdi cac nude khac cang them ben chat. Ngay nay, cong dong ngudi
Viet Nam d nude ngoai la he thong mang ludi het sue quan trong de dua hang

hoa va dich vu cua Viet Nam ra thi trudng quoc te, thu hut cac nguon luc tu
ben ngoai vao phat trien dat nude.
Tom lai, nang cao hieu qua XKLD la yeu cau khach quan doi vdi qua
trinh CNH, HDH va phat trien kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng XHCN d nude ta

dem lai loi ich da dang trong dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te.

1.2.1- Khai niem va chi tieu phan anh hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua xuat
A

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khau lao dong

1.2.1.1- Khai niem hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua xuat khau lao dong
.9
'
Theo Tir dien bach khoa Viet Nam, '‘‘'Hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi la chi
tieu bieu hien quan he giua ket qua cua nen san xuat xa hoi (xet ca hai mat
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\
kinh te va xa hoi) va cac nguon phuang tien tao ra nd; dupe danh gid thdng

qua thudc do thuc hien muc tieu cua mot phuang thuc san xuat nhat dinh va
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nhung nhiem vu kinh te va xa hoi cua timg thdi ky, timg ke hoach dai han va
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y

ke hoach hang nam

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Vdi quan niem nhu vay, co the hieu hieu qua kinh te -

Hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD la chi tieu phan anh mdi quan he

bien chung giua hieu qua kinh te va hieu qua xa hoi cua XKLD vdi cac nguon
luc de tao ra nd nham thuc hien muc tieu: giai quyet viec lam, tao thu nhap

va nang cao trinh do tay nghe cho ngudi lao dong; tang nguon thu va du trie
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y

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ngoai te; phat trien nguon nhan luc, kham pha va tiep nhan cac bi quyet cong
r r
nghe; tang cudng quan he hpp tac quoc te giua nude ta vdi cac nude.

Dinh hudng phat trien cac linh vuc chu yeu cua dat nude dupe Dang ta
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7

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xac dinh: “Lay hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi lam tieu chuan co ban de xac dinh

phuong an phat trien, lua chon du an dau tu va cong nghe.”[13, tr. 85]
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Khi xem xet hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD, phai xem xet ca hai
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mat kinh te va xa hoi trong mdi quan he tac dong qua lai lan nhau, trong su


- 15r

ket hop loi ich cua ca nhan va gia dinh ngudi lao dong vdi loi ich cua Nha
nude, trong viec giai quyet loi ich giua ngudi di XKLD vdi doanh nghiep
XKLD va cac co so dao tao, trong viec giai quyet loi ich doanh nghiep XKLD

vdi loi ich Nha nude, trong viec giai quyet loi ich cua XKLD Viet Nam vdi
loi ich cua cac nude tiep nhan lao dong .
1.2.1.1- Chi tieu phan anh hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua xuat khau lao
dong trong dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te qudc te

Hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi la mot pham tru tong hop, khi xem xet hieu
r
x
qua kinh te do XKLD mang lai phai coi trong hieu qua ve mat xa hoi nhu tao

them viec lam, giam that nghiep, xoa doi giam ngheo, tang cudng an ninh

chinh tri, trat tu an toan xa hoi, cung co su doan ket giua cac dan toe, cac tang

ldp nhan dan va su cong bang xa hoi. Viec phan biet hieu qua kinh te vdi hieu
qua xa hoi chi la tuong doi vi giua chung luon cd moi quan he tuong ho, dan
xen lan nhau, tham chi van dong ngupc chieu nhau. Hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi

cua XKLD thudng duoc phan anh qua cac chi tieu sau:
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,

Thu nhat, chi tieu hieu qua kinh te cua xuat khau lao dong
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9

Hieu qua kinh te cua XKLD la chi tieu bieu hien hieu qua hoat dong

XKLD ve mat kinh te trong moi thoi ky nhat dinh. Chi tieu hieu qua kinh te
cua XKLD thudng duoc xem xet qua hai nhom cu the dudi day:
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r

* Hieu qua kinh te tuyet doi cua XKLD
Hieu qua kinh te tuyet doi cua XKLD la hieu so giua tong thu tic XKLD
trie di tong chi phi dau tu ra cho XKLD trong mot thoi ky nhat dinh.
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e 9

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Bieu thuc xac dinh hieu qua kinh te tuyet doi cua XKLD nhu sau:
Es = R-C

(1.1)

Trong do :
+ Es : la hieu qua kinh te tuyet doi tinh bang tien;

+ R : la tong thu tu XKLD tinh bang tien;
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9

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+ C : la tong chi phi dau tu cho XKLD tuong ung tinh bang tien.
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z

_

* Hieu qua kinh te tuong doi cua XKLD
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9

ax

Hieu qua kinh te tuomg doi la ty le tinh bang phan tram giua tong thu
9

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tuong ung vdi tong chi phi dau tu cho XKLD trong mot thoi ky nhat dinh.


- 16Bieu thuc xac dinh hieu qua tuong doi cua XKLD nhu sau:
R
Er (%) = -------------- x 100% (1.2)
(iZ

Trong do:
r

r

A

+ Er: la hieu qua kinh te tuong doi tinh bang % ;
+ R: la tong thu tu XKLD tinh bang tien;

+ C : la tong chi phi dau tu cho XKLD tuong ung tinh bang tien.

Cac bieu thuc (1.1) va (1.2) cho thay, tong chi phi bo ra dau tu cho

XKLD van dong ty le nghich vdi hieu qua kinh te cua XKLD. Dieu do co
9

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a

nghia la, tong chi phi dau tu cho XKLD duoc tiet kiem mot each hop ly se
lam cho hieu qua kinh te tuong doi va tuyet ddi cua XKLD tang len .

Thu hai, chi tieu hieu qua xa hoi cua xuat khau lao dong

Hieu qua xa hoi cua XKLD la chi tieu phan anh su bien ddi ngay cang
tang ve so luong va chat luong trong cac van de xa hoi nhu: giam that

nghiep, xoa doi giam ngheo, nang cao muc song cua dan cu,dam bao su cong
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bangxa hoi,vv..do XKLD mang lai trong timg thdi ky nhat dinh.
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Hieu qua xa hoi cua XKLD duoc danh gia qua cac noi dung:
Mot la, tao them viec lam, giam that nghiep
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r

Nguyen nhan sau xa cua ngheo ddi la thieu viec lam va that nghiep. tir
thieu viec lam, “ nhan cu, vi bat thien”, ngudi lao dong se gay ra cac te nan xa
yr

hoi khac gay bat on dinh trat tu, an toan xa hoi. XKLD se gop phan giai quyet
viec lam cho mot bo phan lao dong.
Hai la, gop phan xoa ddi giam ngheo

Cd viec lam nhung vdi thu nhap thap thi cung khong the thoat canh doi
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ngheo. Ngheo ddi lam han che kha nang tiep can vdi dieu kien cham soc sue
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r

khoe tot, giao due tien tien. XKLD mang lai thu nhap cao, md ra kha nang

hon.

Ba la, nang cao chat luong nguon nhan luc
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a

a

Thong qua XKLD, chat luong nguon nhan luc dupe nang cao ca ve ky
nang thuc hanh lan tu duy.


- 17r

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Bon la, nang cao thu nhap va doi song cho ca nhan va gia dinh ngudi
lao dong.

XKLD mang lai thu nhap cao cho ngudi lao dong, nang cao muc song
cua ca nhan va gia dinh ngudi lao dong

Nam la, hinh thanh va phat trien cong dong ngudi Viet nam d nude
ngoai.
Tom lai, XKLD gop phan lam tang chi so phat trien con ngudi (HDI).
Nguyen
1.2.2-

tac va noi dung nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua xuat

khau lao dong trong dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te

tac nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua xuat khau lao

Nguyen
1.2.2.1-

dong trong dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te
Dudi goc do kinh te chinh tri, viec nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi
cua XKLD phai dam bao cac khia canh co tinh nguyen tac sau day:
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z

Mot la, ket hop hai hoa giua hieu qua kinh te va hieu qua xa hoi trong

XKLD.
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van de xa hoi va thuc day xa hoi phat trien la muc tieu, con hieu qua kinh te la

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dang va chinh quyen tir tren xuong dudi can phai het sue quan tarn den ddi
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- 18nhap cao, dupe dao tao va dao tao lai trong moi trudng cong nghe tien tien,
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