Oleary2012Comp ppt ch14

Chapter 14: Programming
and Languages

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mputing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You

Competencies (Page 1 of
2)
• Define programming of and
describe the six steps of
programming
• Discuss design tools including topdown design, pseudocode,
flowcharts, and logic
structures
• Describe program testing and the
tools for finding and removing
errors

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Competencies (Page 2 of
2)
• Describe CASE tools and objectoriented software development
• Explain the five generations of
programming languages

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Introduction
• In this chapter, you focus on Phase 4,
Systems Development, of the systems
life cycle and learn about the
programming process and some of
the programming languages that are
available
• Competent end users need to
understand the relationship
between systems development
and programming

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Programs and
Programming
• What is a program?
• A problem-solving procedure
– A list of instructions

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• Prewritten
ã Custom-written
ã Application software
ã System software

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mputing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You

What is Programming?
• Programming is software
development
ã Six step procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

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Program
Program
Program
Program
Program
Program

specification
design
code
test
documentation
maintenance

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mputing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You

Step 1: Program
Specification
• Also called program definition or
program analysis
• Five steps to complete in the process

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mputing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You

Program Objectives in
Step 1
• Objectives are the problems that you
are trying to solve
• Programming requires a clear
statement of the
problem that you are looking to
address

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mputing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You

Program Specification in
Step 1
•
•
•
•

Desired output
Needed input data
Required processing
Documentation of program
specifications
End user’s sketch of desired output

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Example of input data

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mputing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You

Step 2: Program Design
ã Plan a solution using structured
programming techniques





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Top-down design
Pseudocode
Flowcharts
Logic structures

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mputing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You

Top-Down Program
Design
• Identify the program modules
required

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Pseudocode
• Provide an outline of the logic and
summarize the program you will write

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Flowcharts
• Graphically depict the sequence of
steps required to solve a
programming problem

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Flowchart Symbols

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Logic Structures
•
•
•

Concatenation structure
Selection structure
Repetition structure
Concatenation

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Selection

Repetition

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mputing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You

Step 3: Program Code
• Writing the program or coding
• Characteristics of a good program
– Works reliably
– Produces the
correct output
– Catches common
input errors
– Code is well-documented
and understandable
– Uses an appropriate
computer language

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mputing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You

Coding in Step 3
ã Content-markup
languages

ã Programming
languages

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mputing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You

Step 4: Program Test
• Debugging to test code and eliminate
errors
–
–
–

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Syntax errors
Logic errors
Testing process

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mputing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You

Step 5: Program
Documentation
• Written descriptions about a
program
• Important for people who will
use
and/or support the program
–
–
–

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Users
Operators
Programmers

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mputing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You

Step 6: Program
Maintenance
• 75% of total lifetime cost
• Ensures program is
–
–
–

Error-free
Effective
Efficient

• Two activity categories
– Operations
– Changing needs

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mputing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You

Case Tools
• Computer-aided software engineering
(CASE)
Automates portions of the development
process

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ã
ã
ã

Program design
Coding
Testing

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