Bsi bs en 00658 3 2002

BS EN
658-3:2002

BRITISH STANDARD

Advanced technical
ceramics — Mechanical
properties of ceramic
composites at room
temperature —
Part 3: Determination of flexural
strength

The European Standard EN 658-3:2002 has the status of a
British Standard

ICS 81.060.30

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BS EN 658-3:2002

National foreword
This British Standard is the official English language version of
EN 658-3:2002. It supersedes DD ENV 658-3:1993 which is withdrawn.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee
RPI/13, Advanced technical ceramics, which has the responsibility to:
—

aid enquirers to understand the text;

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present to the responsible international/European committee any
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monitor related international and European developments and
promulgate them in the UK.

A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on
request to its secretary.
Cross-references
The British Standards which implement international or European
publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue
under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or
by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British
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Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity

from legal obligations.

This British Standard, having
been prepared under the
direction of the Materials and
Chemicals Sector Policy and
Strategy Committee, was
published under the authority
of the Standards Policy and
Strategy Committee on
19 September 2002

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page,
pages 2 to 11 and a back cover.
The BSI copyright date displayed in this document indicates when the
document was last issued.

Amendments issued since publication
Amd. No.

Date

Comments

© BSI 19 September 2002

ISBN 0 580 40416 1

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EUROPEAN STANDARD

EN 658-3

NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM

August 2002

ICS 81.060.30

Supersedes ENV 658-3:1992

English version

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Advanced technical ceramics - Mechanical properties of ceramic

composites at room temperature - Part 3: Determination of
flexural strength
Céramiques techniques avancées - Propriétés mécaniques
des céramiques composites à température ambiante Détermination de la résistance en flexion

Hochleistungskeramik - Mechanische Eigenschaften von
keramischen Verbundwerkstoffen bei Raumtemperatur Teil 3: Bestimmung der Biegefestigkeit

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 6 July 2002.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36

© 2002 CEN

All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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Ref. No. EN 658-3:2002 E

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EN 658-3:2002 (E)

Contents
page
Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................3
1

Scope ..............................................................................................................................................................4

2

Normative references ....................................................................................................................................4

3

Principle ..........................................................................................................................................................4

4

Terms, definitions and symbols ...................................................................................................................4

5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

Apparatus .......................................................................................................................................................5
Test machine ..................................................................................................................................................5
Test jig.............................................................................................................................................................5
Data recording system ..................................................................................................................................5
Dimension measuring devices .....................................................................................................................5

6

Test specimens ..............................................................................................................................................5

7
7.1
7.2

Test specimen preparation ...........................................................................................................................6
Machining and preparation ...........................................................................................................................6
Number of test specimens ............................................................................................................................6

8
8.1
8.2
8.3

8.4

Test procedures .............................................................................................................................................7
Displacement rate ..........................................................................................................................................7
Measurement of dimensions ........................................................................................................................7
Testing technique ..........................................................................................................................................7
Test validity ....................................................................................................................................................8

9
9.1
9.2

Calculation of results ....................................................................................................................................8
Test specimen origin .....................................................................................................................................8
Flexural strength ............................................................................................................................................8

10

Test report ......................................................................................................................................................9

Bibliography ..............................................................................................................................................................11

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EN 658-3:2002 (E)

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Foreword
This document (EN 658-3:2002) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 184 "Advanced technical
ceramics", the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or
by endorsement, at the latest by February 2003, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest
by February 2003.
This document supersedes ENV 658-3:1992.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
EN 658 has six parts:


Part 1: Determination of tensile properties.



Part 2: Determination of compressive properties.



Part 3: Determination of flexural strength.



Part 4: Determination of interlaminar shear strength by compression loading of notched test specimens.



Part 5: Determination of interlaminar shear strength by short span bend test (three-points).



Part 6: Determination of interlaminar shear strength by double-punch shearing.

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EN 658-3:2002 (E)

1

Scope

This part of EN 658 describes a method for the determination of the flexural strength of ceramic matrix composite
materials with continuous fibre reinforcement, under three-point or four-point bend at room temperature.
This method applies to all ceramic matrix composites with a continuous fibre reinforcement, unidirectional (1D),
bidirectional (2D), and tridirectional xD with (2 < x < or = 3) as defined in ENV 13233, loaded along one principal
axis of reinforcement.
NOTE

Normative references

This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These
normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text, and the publications are listed hereafter. For
dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European
Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the
publication referred to applies (including amendments).
EN ISO 7500-1, Metallic materials - Verification of static uniaxial testing machines - Part 1: Tension/compression
testing machines (ISO 7500-1:1999).
ENV 13233,






ISO 3611, Micrometer callipers for external measurements.

3

Principle

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A test specimen of specified dimensions is flexion loaded to fracture in such a way that failure occurs in tension or
compression along one principal axis of reinforcement. The test is performed at constant crosshead displacement
rate.

4

Terms, definitions and symbols

For the purposes of this European Standard, the following terms, definitions and symbols and those given in
ENV 13233 apply.
4.1
maximum flexural force, Fm
highest recorded force in a flexural test on the test specimen when tested to failure
4.2
flexural stress, σ
the nominal stress on the outer surface of the test specimen, calculated at mid-span
NOTE
This stress is conventionally calculated according to the beam theory, whose basic assumptions cannot be met by
ceramic matrix composite materials.

4.3
flexural strength, σf,m
maximum flexural stress applied to a test specimen that fractures during a flexural test

4

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2

The method should not be used to obtain absolute values of strength for design purposes.

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EN 658-3:2002 (E)

5
5.1

Apparatus
Test machine

The machine shall be equipped with a system for measuring the force applied to the test specimen. The system
shall conform to grade 1 according to EN ISO 7500-1.

Test jig

The test jig is composed of two parts, linked to the fixed and mobile parts of the machine. It has two outer support
rollers and one (three-point bend) or two (four-point bend) inner support rollers.
The cylindrical rollers shall have a diameter of 4 mm to 10 mm. Their length shall be at least equal to the width
of the test specimen. They shall be made of a material with a hardness at least equal to that of the test specimen.
The axes of the rollers shall be parallel to within 0,01 mm/mm.
The outer rollers (three and four-point bend) and inner rollers (four-point bend) shall be free to rotate

(see Figure 1).

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5.2

Either two or three rollers, for three-point or four-point bend respectively, shall be free to pivot around an axis
parallel to the longitudinal direction of the test specimen, in order to adapt to the non-parallelism of the upper and
lower faces of unmachined test specimens (see Figure 1).
The distance between rollers shall be in accordance with clause 6.
The inner rollers shall be centred with respect to the outer rollers to within 0,2 mm. In the case of four-point bend,
the test jig shall ensure symmetrical loading of the test specimen.

5.3

Data recording system

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A calibrated recorder shall be used to record the force-time curve. The use of a digital data recording system
combined with an analogue recorder is recommended.

5.4

Dimension measuring devices

Devices used for measuring linear dimensions of the test specimen shall be accurate to ± 0,1 mm. Micrometers
shall be in accordance with ISO 3611.

6

Test specimens

Recommended test specimen dimensions are given in Table 1. These dimensions have been successfully used
and take into account the following factors:


the amount of material under load shall be representative of the nature of the material and of the reinforcement
structure. This sets minimum limits to the span and to the width and thickness of the test specimen. In the case
of flexural, as opposed to tensile testing, the distribution of the longitudinal reinforcement through the thickness
has to be considered. When this distribution is not symmetrical with respect to the neutral plane, care shall be
taken to ensure that it is similar between test specimens.

Two types of test specimens can be distinguished:


as fabricated test specimens, where only the length and the width are machined to give to the test specimens
the specified size. In this case the tensile and compressive surfaces may be unmachined and thus irregular;



machined test specimens, where the length, the width and the thickness of the test specimen have been
machined.

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EN 658-3:2002 (E)

Tolerance on thickness is only for machined test specimens. For as fabricated test specimens, the maximum
difference in thickness of three measurements (at the centre and at each end of the outer span length) shall not
exceed 5 % of the average of the three measurements.
The thickness of the test specimen and the distance between the inner and outer roller(s) shall be chosen so as to
avoid shear failure. This is achieved by setting a minimum limit to the ratio between the moment arm and the test
specimen thickness (see Table 1). A value of 10 is commonly used and translates into a minimum L/h ratio of 20 in
three-point bend, and a minimum (L-Li)/h ratio of 20 in four-point bend with Li = L/3.
Table 1 — Recommended test specimen and span dimensions
Dimensions in millimetres
1D, 2D, xD

Tolerance

L+10

+1

b, width

10

+ 0,2

h, thickness

2,5

+ 0,2

25

+ 0,1

L, four-point bend

75

+ 0,1

L, three-point bend

50

+ 0,1

lt, total length

Inner span
Li, four-point bend
Outer span

NOTE
account.

7

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If it is necessary to define test specimens of different dimensions, the conditions of clause 6 should be taken into

Test specimen preparation

7.1

Machining and preparation

During cutting out, care shall be taken to align the longitudinal test specimen axis with one of the principal axes of
reinforcement.
Test specimens may be tested with either machined or non-machined tensile and compressive surfaces. In some
cases machining is not recommended because it may cause damage to the material near the tensile and
compressive surfaces. When machining these surfaces, care shall be taken to maintain a reinforcement geometry
across the thickness of the test specimen, which is representative of the material in the as-processed condition. In
particular, it shall be assured that the symmetry of an originally symmetric reinforcement geometry is preserved in
the test specimen cross section after machining.
Machining parameters which avoid damage to the material shall be established and documented. These
parameters shall be adhered to during test specimen preparation.

7.2

Number of test specimens

At least five valid test results (8.4) are required.
For test specimens with a non-symmetric reinforcement geometry with respect to the neutral plane, tests in
two orientations for which the tensile and compressive face are interchanged may be necessary.

NOTE

6

If statistical evaluation is required, the number of test specimens should be in accordance with ENV 843-5.

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EN 658-3:2002 (E)

8

Test procedures

8.1

Displacement rate

Use a crosshead displacement rate which allows test specimen failure within 1 min. The displacement rate shall be
reported.

8.2

Measurement of dimensions

8.2.1

Test specimen dimensions

The width and thickness shall be measured to the nearest 0,01 mm in three points near the centre for three-point
bend and between the inner rollers for four-point bend, and at each end of the test specimen.
The arithmetic means of the measurements shall be used for calculations.
8.2.2

Distances between supporting rollers

The distance between axes of the outer rollers and for four-point bend also the inner rollers, shall be measured to
the nearest 0,1 mm.
NOTE

8.3

This can be achieved by the use of a travelling microscope or other suitable device accurate to 0,05 mm.

Testing technique

8.3.1

Test specimen mounting

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The test specimen shall be installed in the test jig centred with respect to the rollers and with its longitudinal axis
perpendicular to the axes of the rollers.
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NOTE

It is recommended to use a setting tool for this purpose.

Zero the load cell output. When required, a small preload can be applied in order to maintain correct positioning
of the test specimen. This preload shall not increase beyond 5 % of the expected failure force at any time.
8.3.2

Measurements



set the displacement rate on the test machine;



zero the load cell;



record the force versus time;



load the test specimen up to failure;



read the load signal after test specimen failure;



note the position of fracture location relative to the mid-point of the test specimen to the nearest 1 mm and
the failure mode (tensile or compressive).

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EN 658-3:2002 (E)

8.4

Test validity

The following circumstances invalidate a test:


failure to specify and record test conditions;



failure to meet specified test conditions;



rupture of the test specimen not occurring in the tensile or compressive mode;



rupture outside the zone where the bending moment is maximum (i.e. outside the central part, 1/3 L, for
three-point bend, and outside the inner span for four-point bend);



rupture is initiated under a roller.

9

Calculation of results

9.1

Test specimen origin

A diagram illustrating the reinforcement directions of the material with respect to the longitudinal axis of the test
specimen shall always accompany the test results.

9.2

Flexural strength

Calculate the flexural strength using the following expressions:
9.2.1

Three-point bend

σ f ,m =

ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ

3 Fm L

(1)

2bh 2

σf,m

is the flexural strength, in megapascal (MPa);

Fm

is the maximum flexural force in newton (N) corrected by the value of the load signal after test specimen
failure;

L

is the outer span, in millimetre (mm);

b

is the mean width of the test specimen, in millimetre (mm);

h

is the mean thickness of the test specimen, in millimetre (mm).

9.2.2

Four-point bend

σ f ,m =

8

3 Fm ( L − Li )

(2)

2bh 2

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where


EN 658-3:2002 (E)

where

σf,m

is the flexural strength, in megapascal (MPa);

Fm

is the maximum flexural force in newton (N) corrected by the value of the load signal after test specimen
failure;

L

is the outer span, in millimetre (mm);

Li

is the inner span, in millimetre (mm);

b

is the mean width of the test specimen, in millimetre (mm);

h

is the mean thickness of the test specimen, in millimetre (mm).

NOTE
In the case where the test specimen is protected by a coating intended for specific environmental conditions
the calculation procedure of ENV 12789 should be applied.

10 Test report
The test report shall contain at least the following information:

b)
c)
d)

name and address of the testing establishment;

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a)

date of the test, unique identification of report and of each page, customer name and address and signatory;
a reference to this European Standard, i.e. "determined in accordance with EN 658-3";

test specimen drawing or reference;

e)

description of the test material (material type, manufacturing code, batch number);

f)

description of the test set up, load cell, load train, test jig geometry;

g)

displacement rate;

h)

number of tests carried out and the number of valid results obtained;

i)

force versus time records;

j)

valid results, mean values and standard deviations (for Gaussian distribution);

k)

mode of failure and failure location, of all the test specimens used for obtaining the above results.

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EN 658-3:2002 (E)

Key
1

Pivoting loading roller

2
3

Rolling and pivoting support roller
Rolling but non-pivoting support roller

Figure 1a)

Key
1
2

Rolling and pivoting loading roller
Rolling and pivoting support roller

3

Rolling but non-pivoting support roller

Figure 1b)

Figure 1 — Articulation required for jigs

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EN 658-3:2002 (E)

Bibliography

ENV 843-5,
 

 
  

 
  

  
 


 
Part 5: Statistical analysis.
ENV 12789,
 

 
  

 

  
  

 














.

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BS EN
658-3:2002

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