Bsi bs en 12385 2 2002 + a1 2008

BRITISH STANDARD

Steel wire ropes —
Safety —
Part 2: Definitions, designation and
classification

ICS 01.040.77; 77.140.65

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BS EN
12385-2:2002
+A1:2008


BS EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008

National foreword
This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008.
It supersedes BS EN 12385-2:2002 which is withdrawn.
The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in
the text by tags. Tags indicating changes to CEN text carry the number of the
CEN amendment. For example, text altered by CEN amendment A1 is
indicated by !".
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee
MHE/2, Wire ropes.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on
request to its secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.

Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
legal obligations.

This British Standard was
published under the authority
of the Standards Policy and
Strategy Committee
on 24 July 2003

Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication
Date

Comments

30 June 2008

Implementation of CEN amendment A1:2008

© BSI 2008

ISBN 978 0 580 60251 1

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EUROPEAN STANDARD

EN 12385-2:2002+A1

NORME EUROPÉENNE

EUROPÄISCHE NORM

March 2008

ICS 77.140.65

Supersedes EN 12385-2:2002

English Version

Steel wire ropes - Safety - Part 2: Definitions, designation and
classification
Câbles en acier - Sécurité - Partie 2: Définitions,
désignation et classification

Stahldrahtseile - Sicherheit - Teil 2: Begriffe,
Bezeichnungen und Klassifizierung

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 10 October 2002 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 14 February 2008.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the
official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36

© 2008 CEN

All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved
worldwide for CEN national Members.

B-1050 Brussels

Ref. No. EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008: E


BS EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008
EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008 (E)

Contents
page
Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................3
1

Scope ..............................................................................................................................................................4

2

Normative references ....................................................................................................................................4

3

Terms and definitions ...................................................................................................................................4

4

Rope designation.........................................................................................................................................28

5

Classification................................................................................................................................................36

Annex A (informative) Elements of a rope ..............................................................................................................41
Annex B (informative) More examples of the designation system ......................................................................42
Annex C (informative) Index for definitions (in alphabetical order).....................................................................48
Annex ZA (informative) !Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 98/37 ..........................................................................................................51
Annex ZB (informative) ! Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC ................................................................................................52

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Bibliography ..............................................................................................................................................................53

2
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BS EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008

EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008 (E)

Foreword
This document (EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 168, "Chains,
ropes, webbing, slings and accessories - Safety", the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or
by endorsement, at the latest by September 2008, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the
latest by September 2008.
This document includes Amendment 1, approved by CEN on 2008-02-14.
This document supersedes EN 12385-2:2002.
The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags ! ".
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European
Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annexes ZA and ZB, which are integral parts of this
document.
The other parts of this European Standard are:

ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ

Part 1: General requirements

Part 3: Information for use and maintenance

Part 4: Stranded ropes for general lifting applications
Part 5: Stranded ropes for lifts
Part 6: Stranded ropes for mine shafts
Part 7: Locked coil ropes for mine shafts

Part 8: Stranded hauling and carrying-hauling ropes for cableway installations designed to carry persons
Part 9: Locked coil carrying ropes for cableway installations designed to carry persons

Part 10: Spiral ropes for general structural applications
Part 1 provides the general requirements of Parts 4 to 10.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland and United Kingdom.

3


BS EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008
EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008 (E)

Introduction
This part of this European Standard has been prepared to support Parts 4 to 10 that concern themselves with the
particular requirements for steel wire ropes for use in specific applications.
The rope designation system described in clause 4 is provided with the intention of it being used to describe the
rope in the certificate or inspection document referred to in the other Parts.
The rope classification system described in clause 5 is provided to define which constructions apply to a specific
rope class.
The designation and classification systems described in clauses 4 and 5 respectively may also be used for ropes
not covered by the other parts of this standard.

1

Scope

This part of this European Standard defines terms, specifies designations and classifies steel wire ropes and is for
use in conjunction with all other parts of this standard.

It applies to ropes that have been manufactured after the date of issue of the standard.

2

Normative references

Not applicable.

3

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Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this part of EN 12385, the following terms and definitions apply.

3.1 Wires
3.1.1
outer wires
all wires positioned in the outer layer of a spiral rope or in the outer layer of wires in the outer strands of a stranded
rope
3.1.2
inner wires
all wires of intermediate layers positioned between the centre wire and outer layer of wires in a spiral rope or all
other wires except centre, filler, core and outer wires in a stranded rope
3.1.3
filler wires
wires used in filler constructions to fill up the interstices between wire layers, see Figure 8
3.1.4
centre wires

wires positioned either at the centre of a spiral rope or the centres of strands of a stranded rope
3.1.5
core wires
all wires of the core of a stranded rope
3.1.6
load-bearing wires
those wires in a rope which are regarded as contributing towards the breaking force of the rope

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BS EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008
EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008 (E)

3.1.7
layer of wires
an assembly of wires having one pitch circle diameter. The exception is Warrington layer comprising large and
small wires where the smaller wires are positioned on a larger pitch circle diameter than the larger wires. The first
layer is that which is laid immediately over the strand centre
NOTE

Filler wires do not constitute a separate layer.

3.1.8
stitching wire or strand
single wire or strand used for the stitching of flat ropes
3.1.9
serving wire or strand
single wire or strand used for making a close-wound helical serving to retain the elements of a rope in their

assembled position
3.1.10
wire tensile strength grade (R)
a level of requirement of tensile strength of a wire and its corresponding range. It is designated by the value
according to the lower limit of tensile strength and is used when specifying wire and when determining the
2
calculated minimum breaking force or calculated minimum aggregate breaking force of a rope, expressed in N/mm
3.1.11
wire tensile strength (Rm)
the ratio between the maximum force obtained in a tensile test and the nominal cross-sectional area of the test
2
piece, expressed in N/mm

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3.1.12
finish and quality of coating
the condition of the surface finish of the wire e.g. uncoated (bright), zinc coated, zinc alloy coated or other
protective coating and the class of coating, e.g. class B zinc coating, defined by the minimum mass of coating and
the adherence of the coating to the steel below
3.1.13
mass of coating
the mass of coating (obtained by a prescribed method) per unit of surface area of the uncoated wire, expressed in
2
g/m

3.2 Strand types
3.2.1
strand
an element of rope consisting of an assembly of wires of appropriate shape and dimensions laid helically in the

same direction in one or more layers around a centre
NOTE

Strands containing three or four wires in the first layer, or certain shaped strands (e.g. ribbon) cannot have a centre.

5


BS EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008
EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008 (E)

3.2.2
round strand
a strand with a perpendicular cross-section which is approximately the shape of a circle, see Figure 1

a) Strand with one centre wire

b) Strand with (1-6) built-up centre

Figure 1 — Round strand with different centres
3.2.3
triangular strand (V)
a strand with a perpendicular cross-section which is approximately the shape of a triangle, see Figure 2

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Figure 2 — Triangular strand with triangular (V) centre wire
NOTE

Triangular strands can have built-up centres e.g. 3 × 2 + 3F, K1V-6, K3/9 etc.

3.2.4
oval strand (Q)
a strand having a perpendicular cross-section which is approximately the shape of an oval, see Figure 3

Figure 3 — Oval strand having oval shaped centre

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BS EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008
EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008 (E)

3.2.5
flat ribbon strand (P)
a strand without a centre wire with a perpendicular cross-section which is approximately the shape of a rectangle,
see Figure 4

Figure 4 — Flat ribbon strand
3.2.6
single lay strand
strand which contains only one layer of wires, see Figure 5

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Figure 5 — Single lay strand
3.2.7
parallel lay strand
strand which contains at least two layers of wires, all of which are laid in one operation (in the same direction)
NOTE 1

Also known as equal lay.

NOTE 2
The lay length of all the wire layers is equal and the wires of any two superimposed layers are parallel resulting in
linear contact.

7


BS EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008
EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008 (E)

3.2.8
Seale
parallel lay strand construction with the same number of wires in both layers, see Figure 6

Figure 6 — Seale construction
3.2.9
Warrington
parallel lay strand construction having an outer layer containing alternately large and small wires and twice the
number of wires as the inner layer, see Figure 7

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Figure 7 — Warrington construction
3.2.10
filler
parallel lay strand construction having an outer layer containing twice the number of wires than the inner layer, with
filler wires laid in the interstices between the layers, see Figure 8

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BS EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008
EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008 (E)

Figure 8 — Filler construction

3.2.11
combined parallel lay
parallel lay strand construction having three or more layers laid in one operation and formed from a combination of
the strand types 3.2.8 to 3.2.10, see Figure 9.

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Figure 9 — Combined parallel lay, example: Warrington - Seale
3.2.12
multiple operation lay strand
construction containing at least two layers of wires in which successive layers are laid in more than one operation
3.2.13
cross-lay (M)
strand which contains more than one layer of wires, all laid in the same direction. The wires of superimposed wire
layers cross one another and make point contact
3.2.14
compound lay (N)
strand which contains a minimum of three layers of wires, the outer layer of which is laid in a separate operation,
but in the same direction as the others, over a parallel lay construction forming the inner layers
3.2.15
compacted strand (K)
a strand which has been subjected to a compacting process such as drawing, rolling or swaging whereby the

metallic cross-sectional area of the wires remains unaltered whereas the shape of the wires and the dimensions of
the strand are modified, see Figure 10

9


BS EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008
EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008 (E)

a) Strand before compacting

b) Strand after compacting

Figure 10 — Compacted round strand

3.3 Core types
3.3.1
core (C)
central element of a round rope around which are laid helically the strands of a stranded rope or the unit ropes of a
cable laid rope

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3.3.2
fibre core (FC)
core made from either natural fibres (NFC) or synthetic fibres (SFC)
NOTE

Fibre cores are normally produced in the sequence fibres to yarns, yarns to strands and strands to rope.

3.3.3
steel core (WC)
core made from steel wires arranged as a wire strand (WSC) or as an independent wire rope (IWRC)
NOTE

The steel core and/or its outer strands can also be covered with either fibre or solid polymer.

3.3.4
solid polymer core (SPC)
core consisting of a solid polymer material having a round shape or a round shape with grooves. It may also
contain an internal element of wire(s) or fibre

3.4 Lubricants and preservation agents
3.4.1
rope lubricant
a material applied during the manufacture of a strand, core or rope for the purpose of reducing internal friction
and/or assisting in providing protection against corrosion
3.4.2
impregnating agent
a material used in the manufacture of natural fibre cores, coverings and inserts for the purpose of inhibiting rotting
and decay

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BS EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008
EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008 (E)

3.4.3

preservation agent
a material, usually some form of blocking compound, applied during and/or after manufacture of the rope and/or to
fibre inserts and coverings for the purpose of providing protection against corrosion

3.5
Insert (I)
fibre or solid polymers so positioned as to separate adjacent strands or wires in the same or overlying layers, or fill
the interstices of the rope

3.6 Rope types
3.6.1

Stranded ropes

3.6.1.1
stranded rope
an assembly of several strands laid helically in one or more layers around a core (single-layer rope) or centre
(rotation-resistant or parallel-closed rope).
NOTE

Stranded ropes consisting of three or four outer strands can, or cannot, have a core.

3.6.1.2
single-layer rope
stranded rope consisting of one layer of strands laid helically around a core, see Figure 11

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Figure 11 — Examples of single-layer stranded ropes
3.6.1.3
rotation-resistant rope

stranded rope designed to generate reduced levels of torque and rotation when loaded see Figure 12
NOTE
Rotation-resistant ropes generally comprise an assembly of at least two layers of strands laid helically around a
centre, the direction of lay of the outer strands being opposite to that of the underlying layer.
NOTE

Ropes having three or four strands can also be designed to exhibit rotational-resistant properties.

NOTE

Rotation-resistant ropes have previously been referred to as multi-strand and non-rotating ropes.

11


BS EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008
EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008 (E)

Figure 12 —Examples of rotation-resistant ropes
3.6.1.4
parallel-closed rope:
stranded rope consisting of at least two layers of strands laid helically in one closing operation around a strand or
fibre centre, see Figure 13

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Figure 13 —Example of parallel-closed rope
3.6.1.5
compacted strand rope:
rope in which the strands, prior to closing of the rope, are subjected to a compacting process such as drawing,

rolling or swaging
3.6.1.6
compacted (swaged) rope:
rope which is subjected to a compacting (usually swaging) process after closing the rope, thus reducing its
diameter
3.6.1.7
cable-laid rope:
an assembly of several (usually six) round stranded ropes (referred to as unit ropes) closed helically around a core
(usually a seventh rope), see Figure 14

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BS EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008
EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008 (E)

Figure 14 — Example of a cable-laid rope

3.6.1.8
braided rope
an assembly of several round strands braided in pairs, see Figure 15

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Figure 15 — Example of braided rope
3.6.1.9
electro-mechanical rope
a stranded or spiral rope containing electrical conductors, see Figure 16

Figure 16 — Example of stranded rope with conductors

13


BS EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008
EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008 (E)

3.6.1.10
flat rope
an assembly of unit ropes known as reddies, each comprising four strands. Usually 6,8 or 10 reddies, alternating
left and right direction of lay, are laid side by side and held in position by stitching wires, strands or rivets, see
Figure 17

ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ
Key
1 Single stitched
2 Double stitched
3 Rivetted
Figure 17 — Example of flat rope with different stitching

14
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BS EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008
EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008 (E)

3.6.2

Spiral ropes

3.6.2.1
spiral rope
an assembly of at least two layers of wires laid helically over a central round wire, built-up strand or parallel-lay strand. At least
one layer of wires is laid in the opposite direction i.e. contra-lay, to that of the other layer(s) to optimise rotational characteristics,

3.6.2.2
spiral strand rope
spiral rope comprising only round wires, see Figure 18

Figure 18 — Example of spiral strand rope

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3.6.2.3
half-locked coil rope
spiral rope having an outer layer of alternate half-lock (H-shaped) and round wires, see Figure 19

Figure 19 — Example of half-locked coil rope

15


BS EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008
EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008 (E)

3.6.2.4
full-locked coil rope
spiral rope having an outer layer of full-lock (Z-shaped) wires, see Figure 20

Figure 20 — Example of full-locked coil rope
3.6.3

Ropes with coverings and/or fillings

3.6.3.1
solid polymer covered rope
rope which is covered (coated) with a solid polymer

ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ

3.6.3.2
solid polymer filled rope
rope in which the free internal spaces are filled with a solid polymer. The polymer extends to, or slightly beyond, the
outer circumference of the rope, see Figure 21

Figure 21 — Solid polymer filled rope
3.6.3.3
solid polymer covered and filled rope
rope which is covered (coated) and filled with a solid polymer
3.6.3.4
cushioned core rope
rope in which the core is covered (coated), or filled and covered (coated), with a solid polymer, see Figure 22

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BS EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008
EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008 (E)

Figure 22 — Cushioned core rope
3.6.3.5
cushioned rope
rope in which the inner layers, inner strands or core strands are covered with solid polymers or fibres to form a
cushion between adjacent strands or overlying layers

3.7 Dimensions
3.7.1
dimension of round wire
the diameter (δ) of the perpendicular cross-section of the wire
3.7.2
dimension of outer round wire
the diameter (δa) of the perpendicular cross-section of the outer wire

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3.7.3
dimension of shaped wire
the height of the full-lock wire or the height and width of the half-lock wire, see Figure 23

Figure 23 — Half-lock and full-lock wire sections

17


BS EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008
EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008 (E)

3.7.4

dimension of round strand
the diameter (ds) of the perpendicular cross-section of the strand, see Figure 24

Figure 24 — Dimension of round strand
3.7.5
dimensions of shaped strand
the dimension of the height (ds1) and its corresponding perpendicular width (ds2), see Figure 25

ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ
a) Triangular strand

b) Oval strand
Figure 25 — Dimension of shaped strand

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c) Ribbon strand


BS EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008
EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008 (E)

3.7.6
dimension of round rope
that diameter which circumscribes the rope cross-section, see Figure 26

Figure 26 — Dimension of round rope
3.7.7
dimensions of flat rope

the width (w) and thickness (s) dimensions of the complete cross-section, including stitching or clamps, see
Figure 27

Figure 27 — Dimensions of flat rope
3.7.8
dimensions of covered round rope
the diameter which circumscribes the overall rope cross-section including the cover followed by the diameter which
circumscribes the underlying rope (d), e.g. 16/13
3.7.9
dimensions of covered flat rope
the width and thickness dimensions of the complete cross-section including the cover followed by the width (w) and
thickness (s) dimensions of the underlying cross-section envelope, including stitches or rivets, e.g. 68 × 24/56 × 12

19


BS EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008
EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008 (E)

h

3.7.10
strand lay length (h)
that distance (h) parallel to the longitudinal strand axis in which an outer wire makes one complete turn (or helix)
about the axis of the strand, see Figure 28

Figure 28 — Lay length - strand

H

3.7.11
rope lay length (H)
that distance (H) parallel to the longitudinal rope axis in which the outer wires of a spiral rope, the outer strands of a
stranded rope or the unit ropes of a cable-laid rope make one complete turn (or helix) about the axis of the rope,
see Figure 29

Figure 29 — Lay length – rope

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BS EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008
EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008 (E)

3.7.12
measured rope length (Lm)
the length which corresponds to the actual length supplied using a prescribed method
NOTE

The measured length can also be specified at a pre-determined load.

3.7.13
nominal rope length (L)
the length on which the order is usually based
3.7.14
strand clearance (qs)
the distance corresponding to the clearance (gap) between two adjacent strands in the same strand layer
3.7.15
production length of stranded rope

that length of finished rope produced from one loading of the closing machine
3.7.16
production length of spiral rope (spiral strand or locked coil)
that length of finished rope produced from one machine loading of outer wires laid over one continuous length of
inner rope

3.8 Lay directions and types
3.8.1
lay direction of strand (z or s)
the direction right (z) or left (s) corresponding to the direction of lay of the outer wires in relation to the longitudinal
axis of the strand, see Figure 30

a) z (right lay)

b) s (left lay)

Figure 30 — Lay direction of strands for stranded ropes
3.8.2
lay direction of rope (Z or S)
the direction right (Z) or left (S) corresponding to the direction of lay of the outer wires in a spiral rope, the outer
strands in a stranded rope or the unit ropes in a cable-laid rope in relation to the longitudinal axis of the rope
3.8.3
ordinary lay (sZ or zS)
stranded rope in which the direction of lay of the wires in the outer strands is in the opposite direction to the lay of
the outer strands in the rope, see Figure 31

21


BS EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008

EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008 (E)

1

2

Right (sZ)
NOTE

Left (zS)

The first letter denotes strand direction; the second letter denotes rope direction.

Figure 31 — Ordinary lay
3.8.4
lang lay (zZ or sS)
stranded rope in which the lay direction of the wires in the outer strands is in the same lay direction as that of the
outer strands in the rope, see Figure 32

1

2

Right (zZ)
NOTE

Left (sS)

The first letter denotes strand direction; the second letter denotes rope direction.

Figure 32 — Lang lay

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BS EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008
EN 12385-2:2002+A1:2008 (E)

3.8.5
alternate lay (aZ or aS)
stranded rope in which the direction of lay of the outer strands is alternatively left and right such that half of the rope
is ordinary lay and the other half is lang lay. The lay direction of the rope will be either right (aZ) or left (aS)
3.8.6
contra-lay
rope in which at least one layer of wires in a spiral rope or one layer of strands in a stranded rope is laid in the
opposite direction to the other layers

3.9 Values
3.9.1
nominal value
conventional value by which the property is designated
NOTE

The symbol does not have a suffix.

3.9.2
minimum value
specified value, associated with a property, below which the measured value is not allowed to fall
NOTE

The symbol has an inferior suffix “min”.

3.9.3
calculated value
value obtained by calculation based on given or measured values and on conventional factors
NOTE

The symbol has an inferior suffix “c”.

3.9.4
manufacturer’s design value
any value (e.g. wire size, lay length, calculated minimum breaking force, spinning loss) which is specified in a rope
design
3.9.5
reduced value
value of area or breaking force taking into account the reduction corresponding to the area or strength otherwise
contributed by the non-load bearing wires
NOTE

The symbol has an inferior suffix “red”.

3.9.6
measured value
value derived by direct measurement in the prescribed manner
NOTE

The symbol has an inferior suffix “m”.

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