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F !

#&'( H3'"v 3 '
0
ln
RT
a
nF
ϕ ϕ
+
= +
5" b# !.23" b#&'( &R b" b p3" b
#]RNN\_0]W '("r233 'I„"]\
0
1a
ϕ ϕ
+
=
=



H`…g/50Ny'" !

#
F !

#&'( H3'"v 3 '
0

ln
RT
a
nF
ϕ ϕ
−
= +
9(. :&
2
2
0
1
/
2
1
( ) /
2
0
H H
Pt H H
ϕ
+
+
=
;)<.



H`…g/50Ny'" !


#
 !

#&'( $t5" !

#"E6P''("1

3 ''D

'("1


3 '3 *6'*'XM@-
0
0
0
ln
.
1
ln
ln
AgCl
AgCl
Ag
Cl
AgCl
Cl
AgCl
Cl
a

RT
F a a
RT
nF a
RT
a
nF
ϕ ϕ
ϕ ϕ
ϕ ϕ
−
−
−
= +
= +
= −
AgCl e Ag Cl
Ag e Ag
−
+
+ = +
+ =



H`…g/50Ny'" !

#
 !


#&'( $t5" !

#"E6P''("1

3 ''D

'("1


3 '3 *6'*'XM@-
0
0
ln
ln
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
a
RT
nF a
RT
a
nF
ϕ ϕ
ϕ ϕ
+
+
= +

= +
AgCl e Ag Cl
Ag e Ag
−
+
+ = +
+ =



H`…g/50Ny'" !

#
 !

#&'( $t5" !

#"E6P''("1

3 ''D

'("1


3 '3 *6'*'XM@-
0 0
0 0
0 0
ln ln
ln

ln
AgCl Ag
Cl Ag
AgCl Ag
Cl Ag
AgCl Ag AgCl
RT RT
a a
nF nF
RT
a a
nF
RT
L
nF
ϕ ϕ
ϕ ϕ
ϕ ϕ
− +
− +
− = +
= +
= +
=>%(
(0?'



H`…g/50Ny'" !


#
 !

#&'( $t5" !

#"E6P''("1

3 ''D

'("1


3 '3 *6'*'XM@-
10
0
0 10
1,73.10
0,799
0,799 0,059ln1,73.10 0,223
0,223 0,059ln
0,799 0,059ln
AgCl
Ag
AgCl
Cl
Ag
L
V
a
a

ϕ
ϕ
ϕ
ϕ
−
+
−
−
=
=
= + =
= −
= −



$<=
, D&E4-0B3CR" bD
 "E('Q3 " b#_K† " b#L
]R'H'KrNN\" b&A6E4
 JM b !@A"O('H3N‡" b&R3 " b#
4- B" bM*3
2
2
0
/
0
/
0,342
0,763

Cu Cu
Zn Zn
V
V
ϕ
ϕ
+
+
=
= −
4 4
( ) / / . / / . / ( )Cu Zn ZnSO dd CuSO dd Cu− +
Cu
2n+
SO
4
2-
Zn
2n+
SO
4
2-
Zn
Zn - 2e
-
= Zn
2n+
=m
Cu
2+

+2e
-
= Cu
=5m
CU MUI
Cu
PIN HA HC
{3H3M23
Me
1
n+
SO
4
2-
Me
2
n+
SO
4
2-
Me
2
Me
2
0
- ne
-
= Me
2
n+

ANODE
Me
2
n+
- ne
-
= Me
2
0
CATHODE
Me
1
Màng
Principles of power generation in the electrochemical systems
Tˆ‰:=5g8
mN\" b -
@:(A'<B
∆G>0
ANODE +
CATHODE -
 
@:(#C'<B
∆G<0
ANODE -
CATHODE +
(Phản ứng oxi ha)
(Phản ứng oxi ha)
(Phản ứng khử) (Phản ứng khử)
/Š


9

8‚=
E
ϕ ϕ
+ −
= −
/Š

9

8‚=e

:/‹

5S8Œ==

>
u59

85:k

8ƒ

59

8
2
2
0

/
0
/
0,342
0,763
Cu Cu
Zn Zn
V
V
ϕ
ϕ
+
+
=
= −
0,342 ( 0,763) 1,105E V= − − =
$<=
5•f5

59

8‚=


'4-0v@*t
$<=
0
0
max
0

0
0
0
( ) ( )
ln
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
ln
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
ln
( ) ( )
.ln
p q
m n
p q
pu
m n
pu
p q
pu pu
m n
pu
RT aC aD
E E
nF aA aB
aC aD
G G RT
aA aB
G A nFE

G G
RT aC aD
E
nF nF nF aA aB
G
E
nF
RT
E K
nF
= −
∆ = ∆ −
∆ = − = −
∆ ∆
= − = −
∆
=
=
$<=