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An toan hat nhan
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Yen td quydt djnh tuong lai didn hat nhan
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Trirdng phong Phap che va Thong tin
Cue
An toan
bifc
xa va hat nhan
Tinh
de'n ngay 01/4/2010, tren the gioi c6 438
16
phan ung hat nhan cong
suat (LPU) dang van hanh; ngoai ra con co 52 LPU dang
dugc
xay dung
va gan 500 LPU da dugc dat
hang,
lap ke hoach hoac du kien xay dung.
Tong cong hien co hon 60
nudc
dang xem xet phat trien hoac md rgng
chuong trinh dien hat nhan. Lam the nao de bao dam an toan hat nhan -
Do la moi quan tam hang dau cua cac quoc gia va cac to chiic quoc te.
T
rong boi canh chu
nghia khiing bd qudc
tl chua bi triet tigu va
tai hga thien nhien
ngay cang tram trgng,
thi hon

Iiic
nao hgt, an toan trong
sir dung nang lugng hat nhan vi
muc dich hoa binh phai dugc dat
Ign
hang dau, trong dd noi len la
vai trd cua Co quan Nang lugng
•nguygn
tii
qudc tl (IAEA). Bang
nhiing hanh dgng eu
thi,
Viet Nam
da the hien cam kgt
ludn'
ludn coi
trgng an toan hat nhan.
An toan la uu tien cao nhat
Trudc
hit,
cln tim hilu khai
niem an toan hat nhan. Theo Luat
Nang lugng nguyen tu (Luat sd
18/2008-QH12), an toan hat nhan
la viec thuc hien cac bien phap
nham ngan ngira su ed hoac giam
thilu hau qua su cd do thie't bi hat
nhan, vat lieu hat nhan gay ra cho
con
ngucri,

mdi trudng. Con theo
Luat ve cong khai va an ninh vat
lieu hat nhan (Luat sd 2006-686)
ciia
Phap, an toan hat nhan la tap
hgp cae quy dinh vg ky thuat va
cac bien phap to chiic lign quan
din
viec chap thuan, xay
dung.
van hanh, cham
diit
va thao do ca
sd hat nhan ca ban, cung nhu van
chuygn vat lieu phong xa nham
muc dich phdng ngua hoac giam
thieu hau qua
ciia
tai nan hat nhan.
An toan cho nha may dien hat
nhan can dugc chii trgng trong tat
ca cae giai doan cua du an dau tu
nha may,
ehii
khdng phai dgi den
liie
van hanh. Cac khia earth eo lien
quan bao gom: lua chgn va chuan bi
dia diem, thigt ke, xay dung, lap
dat, van hanh

thii,
van hanh thuong
mai,
sua chiia va bao duang, nang
cap,
kigm soat
ligu biic
xa cho nhan
vien; quan ly chat thai phdng xa va
cudi citng la eham diit hoat dgng va
thao do nha may. An toan hat nhan
khong chi nham bao ve eho con
ngudi, moi trudng ma con la mdt
yeu td quyet dinh hieu qua kinh te -
xa hdi cua nha may dien hat nhan.
Td chiic van hanh va ca quan
quan ly nha nudc can lam het trach
nhiem de xay dung, cung co va
hoan thien an toan hat nhan tren
tinh than coi an toan la uu tien cao
nhat dinh hudng hoat dgng
ciia
minh. Nhung lam the nao de thuc
hien dieu nay? Xin dugc ngu dudi
day la mdt so van de
chii
yeu de
bao dam an toan hat nhan.
Mgt so van de chii yeu ve an
toan hat nhan

• Bao ve theo chieu sau
Cac bien phap an toan hat nhan
dugc thiet lap va thuc hien nham
bao ve nhan vien, mdi trudng va
dan cu. Nguyen tac caban dugc ap
dung eho an toan nha may dien hat
nhan la bao ve theo ehieu sau, cd
nghia la xay dung nhigu
miic
(ldp)
bao ve khac nhau. Vi vay, nguyen
tac nay edn dugc ggi la nguyen tae
bao ve nhieu ldp. Cac hoat dgng
cua nha may dien hat nhan du eo
the dugc to chire, thuc hien va
trang bi khac nhau, nhtmg deu
phai dugc xem xet va tuan theo cac
quy dinh an toan vg bao ve nhigu
ldp.
Trong trucmg hgp ngu co sai
hong xay ra tai mgt
miic
(ldp) bao
ve,
thi se dugc ngan chan hoac
khac phuc tai cac Idp bao ve khac.
• Trach nhiem quan ly nha nudc
Tat ca cae nudc cd nha may
dien hat nhan deu xay
dimg

mgt
khung phap luat de digu chinh
viec ling dung cong nghe hat nhan;
gom cac quy pham phap luat lien
Website: www.tapchicongnghiep.vn
Ky I. thang
5/2010
«CONC
NCHIEP 9
sir KIEN
•rT^ma
quan
din
nha may va thigt bi, vat
lieu va nhan luc. Cae quy pham
phap luat ciing quy dinh rd trach
nhiem bao dam an toan hat nhan
trong
linh
vuc dien hat nhan ciing
nhu cac
linh
vue y tl va nghign
ciiu
khac.
Trach nhiem bao dam an
toan hat nhan trude het thudc ve td
chiic van hanh nha may dien hat
nhan. Ca quan quan ly nha nudc
dugc thanh lap vdi traeh nhiem

ehinh la kiem tra, thanh tra, nham
bao dam viec thuc thi cac quy dinh
ciia
phap luat ve an toan hat nhan.
Cac ndi dung trgn da duge quy
dinh r5 trong Luat Nang lugng
nguyen hi. Theo Luat, Bd Khoa hgc
va Cdng nghe la co quan quan ly
nha nudc vg an toan hat nhan; co
quan an toan
bxic
xa va hat nhan
thudc Bg Khoa hgc va Cdng nghe
(hien tai la
Cue
An toan brie xa va
hat nhan) cd trach nhiem giiip Bd
trudng thuc hien chiic nang nay.
Thuc hien Dieu 9 cua Luat Nang
lugng nguyen hi, Hdi ddng An toan
hat nhan quoc gia vira dugc thanh
lap
theo Quylt dinh sd 446/QD-
TTg ngay 07/4/2010 vdi chiic nang
la ca quan tu van
eiia Thii
tudng
Chinh phii vl an toan hat nhan.
• Thdng tin dai chung
Ca quan quan ly nha hudc va td

chiic van hanh nha
miy
dien hat
nhan cd trach nhiem thdng tin cho
cong luan vg eac van de lien quan
dgn an toan hat nhan mdt each cdng
khai. Ddc lap vdi td chiic van hanh,
do dd CO quan quan ly dugc ghi
nhan la mdt ngudn tin cay ve cae
thdng tin chan thuc va khach quan.
Trgn the gidi, cae co quan quan ly su
dung Thang phan hang su kien Hat
nhan Qud'c tl
(INES) ciia
IAEA de
cung cap thdng tin cho bao ehi va
ngudi dan mdt
each
rd rang vl miic
do tram trgng ciia cac su ed xay ra
tai nha may dien hat nhan.
O
Viet Nam, Thang phan loai
Cac dai bieu thao luan ca gid
giai
lao
Dien hat nhan d Ninh Thuan
nay da dugc luat hda tai Digu 11
cua Nghi dinh sd
07/2010/ND-CP

ngay 25/1/2010
ciia
Chinh phd
quy dinh chi tiet va hudng dan thi
hanh mdt sd digu
eiia
Luat Nang
lugng nguygn
tii.
• Dieu udc qudc te
Mdt budc tien quan trgng trong
viec kiem soat an toan hat nhan qudc
te la viec thong qua vao nam 1994
Cong udc vg An toan hat nhan, van
kien phap luat qudc te dau tien true
tigp dilu chinh vin de an toan tai eae
CO
sd hat nhan (trong dd c6 nha may
dien hat nhan). Vg ea ban, Cdng udc
nay la van kien cd tinh khuyin khich,
khdng dugc thigt lap de bao dam viec
thuc hien nghia vu bang kiem soat va
trimg phat. Cdng udc dugc thuc hien
tren co sd xem xet quyet dinh chung
viee phat trien, ciing cd va hoan thien
an toan hat nhan d
miic
do cao hon
thdng qua cac cudc gap go dinh ky
eiia cac bgn tham gia. Cdng udc quy

dinh cac ben tham gia phai lap va
nop bao cao ve viee thuc hien nghia
vu de tat ca cac ben tham gia xem xet
toan dien va ehinh ly tai cac ky hgp
dugc td chiic 3
nam/lan.
Ngay 08/4/2010, Bg trudng
Ngoai giao da
giii
van kien gia
nhap Cdng udc vg An toan hat
nhan; khang dinh cam
kit
va trach
ve
viec
ddng thuan XD Nha may
Anh:
HVD
nhiem
ciia
Viet Nam doi vdi viec
bao dam an toan hat nhan.
• Cac tieu chuan an toan cua
IAEA
IAEA da xay dung va xua't ban
mdt bd eac tieu chuan vg an toan cho
nha may dien hat nhan. Cac tieu
chuan nay thudng xuyen dugc xem
xet hoan thien de phan anh dugc cac

xu hudng va thach thiic hien tai cua
edng
ngtuep
dien hat nhan nhu la
viee mat kigm soat, canh tranh, lao
hda nha may
va
thigu kinh nghigm.
Viec nang cap cac tieu chuan da
dugc phan anh trong eac hudng dan
va cac hgi nghi, hdi thao, khda dao
tao ciia IAEA.
Tir hai nam
nay.
Cue An toan
bue xa va hat nhan da to chiic thu
thap,
nghign
ciiu
cac tigu chuan cua
IAEA ve an toan nha may dien hat
nhan de xay dung va thue hien kg
hoaeh soan thao he thdng eac thong
tu, quy chuan ky thuat, tieu ehuan
ky thuat ve an toan hat nhan.
• Van hda an toan
Dang le van de nay phai dugc
dua len dau tign, nhung
ngu6i
viet

dl xudng cuoi phan nay vi cd
hgn
quan dgn phan dudi. Van hda an
toan la gi? Co nhigu dinh nghia khac
nhau vg van hoa an toan, nhung mgt
each
dg hieu nha't thi van hda an
10
C6NGNCHIEP»Ky
1,
thang 5/2010
Website: www.tapchicongnghieD.vn
toan la eae gia tri va cac ung xu
eiia
mdt td chiic - dugc kiln lap bdi
nhiing ngudi lanh dao va dugc dua
vao y thiic
ciia
cae thanh vign - de an
toan trd thanh mgt uu tien hang
dau. Van hda an toan dugc phat
trien trong mgt td chiic theo ba giai
doan phan anh trinh do phat trien:
- Giai doan 1: An toan dua trgn
su tuan thii cac quy tac va quy dinh.
- Giai doan 2: An toan trd thanh
muc tigu eua to chiic.
- Giai doan 3: An toan ludn
luon cd the ciing cd.
Tu sau hai su cd tai cac nha may

dien hat nhan
Three-Mile
Islands
(Hoa Ky, 1979) va Chernobyl
(Ucraina, 1986), ylu td td chiic, con
ngudi va van hoa an toan de bao
dam an toan hat nhan duge dg eao,
thay vi trudc kia chi dua vao ky thuat
va quy trinh. IAEA va OECD da
nghien
ciiu
xuit ban eae hudng dan
ve xay dung, cung cd va danh gia
van hda an toan tai cac nha may dien
hat nhan. Nhilu nudc nhu Hoa Ky,
Phap,
Han Quoc, Inddnexia, da
luat hoa ngi dung van hda an toan.
Hudng dan, kigm tra, to chiic
danh gia ve van hda an toan la
trach nhiem
ciia
co quan quan ly
nha nude. Con td chiic van hanh
nha may dien hat nhan ed trach
nhiem xay dung, duy tri, edng ed,
tu danh gia van hoa an toan cho
minh. Nha may dien hat nhan nao
ma thieu mgt ngn van hoa an
toan?

lanh manh thi su cd, tai nan xay ra
d dd chi cdn la van dg thoi gian.
Cac thach thiic ve an toan hat
nhan
a
Viet Nam
Mudn quan ly an toan va hieu
qua cac nha may dien hat nhan,
khong the khong giai quylt ba ylu
to "cot tu", do la: Khung phap luat
- To chuc va con ngudi - Van hoa
an toan. Day dang la ba thach thiic
ldn de bao dam an toan eho nha
may dien hat nhan tuong lai cua
Viet Nam. Cu the nhu sau:
• Cin khan truang xay dung va
ban hanh cac thdng tu, quy chuan
ky thuat ve an toan hat nhan
Mac dil da cd
Id
phan
iing
hat
nhan nghign
ciiu
hoat dgng d Da
Lat ngdt 30 nam nay (tinh tu thdi
dilm sau nam 1975), an toan hat
nhan van la mdt
linh

vue quan ly
rat mdi d nudc ta. Quy pham phap
luat dieu chinh vg an toan hat
nhan, ngoai nhirng quy dinh chung
tai Luat Nang lugng nguyen tu,
chiing ta con thilu rat nhilu nhirng
quy pham phap luat, nhung quy
chuan, tigu ehuan ky thuat cu thg.
He thdng tigu chuan
ciia
IAEA
thign vg ky thuat, edn eac quy dinh
vg hanh chinh, quan ly chi mang
tinh dinh hudng, khuyg'n cao vi
phu thudc vao dac digm he thong
luat phap
ciia
timg qudc gia.
Trude mat, can nghien
ciiu,
xay
dung va ban hanh ngay cac tigu
chuan de
thim
dinh an toan hat
nhan cho viee chap nhan dia digm,
phe duyet thigt kg va danh gia nha
thiu. Hien tai, Viet Nam rat thigu
nhan luc va kign thiic dg giai quygt
van dl. Cd the "di tat ddn dau"

bang each cdng nhan tieu chuln
ciia
nudc chuygn giao cdng nghe
trgn ca sd phu hgp vdi tieu chuan
chung
ciia
IAEA, ISO va cac td
chiic quoc te ve ky thuat eo lien
quan. Tuy nhien, ngu Viet Nam
nhap khau cdng nghe cua mdt vai
nudc thi viec nay se phiic tap hon
do phai nghien
ciiu
hai hda hda
nham bao dam tinh thdng nhat ciia
he thdng tigu chuan qudc gia.
• Can kien toan to chuc, tang
cudng nang luc cho ca quan quan
ly nha nudc ve an toan hat nhan
Theo phap luat hien hanh, ngoai
Bg Khoa hge va Cong nghe cdn mdt
sd Bg, ca quan khac theo chiic nang
cd lign quan dgn quan ly nha nudc
ve an toan hat nhan nhu Bd Cdng
Thuong, Bd Tai nguyen va Moi
trudng, Bd Cdng an, Bg Nggai giao,
Bd Quoc phdng, Tdng
cue
Hai quan
(Bd Tai chinh), Viec xay dung ca

che,
quy che phoi hgp giiia cac eg
quan nay la rat can thiet de huy
ddng duge ngudn luc vdn da han
hep va tranh nhirng ehdng cheo,
mau thuan khdng dang cd.
Mgt ygu eau cap bach hien nay
la tang cudng nang
lire
cho ca quan
quan ly nha nudc ve an toan hat
nhan ea ve
cache,
chinh saeh,
casd
vat chat va nhan luc dg ea quan
nay cd
dii
kha nang tham dinh vg
an toan hat nhan, trong dd bao
gom tinh toan, phan tich an toan va
xem xet thuc te hien trudng. Trong
Hnh vuc quan ly nha nudc, khong
thg thug chuygn gia nudc ngoai ra
quygt dinh hd ta!
• Can xay dung quy dinh va
tuyen truyen, nang cao nhan thuc
ve van hda an toan
Neu khdng nhanh chdng hinh
thanh van hoa

sm
toan, thi viec thuc
hien chuong trinh dien hat nhan se
gidng nhu che tao mdt qua bom nd
cham. Mdt thdng tu hudng dan vg
viec xay dung, duy tri, citng cd va
danh gia van hda an toan dugc ban
hanh trong thai diem nay khdng
phai la sdm; trong do quy dinh trach
nhiem cam kgt cham lo cho an toan
cua cac bgn lign quan dgn dien hat
nhan, the hien tir cac tuygn bd ed tinh
chinh sach, viec ra quygt dinh dgn
hanh dgng cu the la dau tu ngudn
luc va thdi gian cho viec bao dam an
toan. Viee tuyen truyen, trien khai
thuc hien thdng tu se gop phan nang
cao nhan thiie eua mdi ca nhan ddi
vdi an toan hat nhan, hinh thanh tac
phong cong nghiep, tinh thin
thugng ton phap luat, ky luat - xuat
phat diem cua van hda an toan hat
nhan lanh manh - mgt yeu cau rat
can thiet cho ddi song eua nha may
dien hat nhan tuong lai.
•
Website: www.tapchicongnghiep.vn
Ky
I,
thang

5/2010
«
CONC
NGHIEP
11