Ứng dụng năng lượng mặt trời trong đời sống nhằm tiết kiệm năng lượng và bảo vệ môi trường

Khoa hoc
Si
Cdng nghe
Ufng
dung ndng
li/dng mgl
trdi trong ddi song
nliam
tiet
l<iem
ndng
li/ting
va bdo ve moi
tri/dng
PGS.TS. HOANG DUONG HUNG
Trffdng Dai hpc Bdch khoa Dd Ndng
I- DAT VAN DE
Ndng Iffdng vd Mdi trffdng la nhffng van d'e cd
moi hen quan mat thie't vdi nhau, md'i quan be ndy
ngdy edng dffdc the hien rd rang bdn vd dang anh
hffdng rat ldn de'n sff sd'ng cdn
ciia
bdnh tinh chiing
ta. Sff khai thdc vd sff dung cdc ngudn ndng Iffdng
truy'en thd'ng qud mffc da vd dang tac dpng rat xau
de'n mdi trffdng sinh thdi tren trdi da't ma cu the dd
la sff bie'n ddi khi hau tren tddn c'au ngdy mdt
nghiem trpng. Do vay van d'e nghien cffu khai thdc
va sff dung mdt each hdp ly cdc ngudn ndng Iffdng
truy'en thd'ng d'dng thdi nghien cffu ffng dung cdc
ngu'dn ndng Iffdng mdi thay

the
dan cdc ngudn ndng
Iffdng hda thach
Id
nhiem vu vd trdch nhiem
ciia
mdi qud'c gia, mdi ngffdi dan
ehung
ta.
Ndng Iffdng mat trdi (NLMT) Id ngu'dn nang
Iffdng sach va vo tan, ne'u dffdc nghien cffu sff dung
mpt each hdp ly thi chiing ta cd the tie't kiem dffdc
mpt Iffdng Idn v'e ndng Iffdng va gdp ph'an dang ke
vdo viec bao ve mdi ffffdng sinh thdi ngay mpt dang
xau di do viec khai thdc va sff dung cdc ngu'dn nang
Iffdng truy'en thdng. Ngdy nay cdc nffdc tren
the
gidi
da va dang nghien cffu sff dung ndng Iffdng mat trdi
dffdi nhi'eu dang khdc nhau
nhff;
-
DCing
ndng Iffdng mat trdi de cung ca'p dien.
Pin mat trdi Id
la
thie't bj dffa tren phffdng phdp san
xua't dien trffc tie'p tff NLMT qua thie't bj
bie^n
ddi

quang dien sff dung bd thu phang hay bd thu tap
trung. Pin mat trdi cd ffu diem la gpn nhe cd the Idp
ba't ky d dau cd dnh sdng mat trdi, dde biet
Id
tiong
Khoa
hoc
&phdt
trien
9,
_
Iinh
vffc hdng khdng vii tru.
O
Viet Nam, vdi sff ho
trd
ciia
mpt so' td cbffc qud'c te da thffc hien thdnh
cdng viec xay dffng cdc tram pin mat trdi cd cdng
sua't khdc nhau phue vu nhu c'au sinh boat vd vdn
boa
ciia
cac dja phffdng viing sau, vung xa. Tuy
nhien hien nay pin mat trdi van dang cdn la mdn
hang xa xi dd'i vdi cdc nffdc dang phdt trien nhff
chiing ta.
- Sff dung ndng Iffdng mat tidi dffdi dang nhiet
ndng. Hien nay NLMT dffdc ffng dung khd phd bie'n
dffdi dang nhiet ndng nhff trong linh ndng nghiep de
say cdc san pham nhff ngii cdc, thffc pham nham

giam ty le hao hut vd tdng chat Iffdng san pham.
Mdt ffng dung phd bie'n vd dang dffdc sff dung nhi'eu
hien nay
Id
diing NLMT de dun nffdc ndng, ngoai
viec sff dung nffdc ndng cho sinh boat thdng thffdng
trong cdc hd gia dinh, be thd'ng cung cap nffdc ndng
cdn dffdc sff dung trong ede khdeh san, benh vien vd
ham nffdc cho cdc be bdi. Ngodi ra ndng Iffdng mat
trdi cd the ffng dung vdo thie't bj chffng ca't nffdc va
cdn cd the cung cap nhiet cho cdc he thdng lanh nhff
lam
nffdc dd va di'eu hod khdng khi. Nhin ehung cdc
thie't bj Nhiet NLMT ed hieu sud't cao, gid thdnh
hdp ly nen ngay cdng dffdc nghien cffu sff dung
nhi'eu.
Cdc tinh mi'en Trung Viet Nam ndi
ehung
va
thdnh phd Dd Ndng ndi rieng la mdt trong nhiing
dja phffdng cd ngu'dn NLMT ra't d'di ddo, vdi
sd'gifl
ndng trung binh 2200gid/ndm vd cffdng dp bffc xa
cao nha't cd the de'n
960V//m2
(binhl).
26
Khoa hoc
Si
Cdng nghe

.Stigi&nang:
den 1.500
gid/nfim
Cadng
do bffc xa MT: den 500
W/m^
Tong bffc xa
trona
nam: 4.5
Gi/m-
S6'gid
nang: den 2.200 gid/nam
Cudng do
biic
xa MT: den 960
W/m^
Tong
biJc
xa trong nam;
6,4
GJ/m-
Sd
gid nang: den 2.600 gid/nam
Cifdng
do bffc xa MT: den 980 W/m-
Tong
btfc
xa trong nam: 7.3 GJ/m-
Hlnh
1.

Bd'e
xa mat trdi d cdc vung
Viet
Nam
Trong
liic
dd ngffdi dan d nhffng viing nong thdn,
mi'en mii cdn rat ngheo va d dd nhien
lieu
chat dot
chii
ye'u
Id
cdc phu pha'm ndng nghiep nhff rdm
rsf,
than cay va chat cay rffng
lam
ciii. Do dd cupe sdng
ciia
ngffdi dan lai cang vat va hdn, them vao dd van
d'e chat phd rffng Idm chat ddt da va dang gay anh
hffdng ra't ldn de'n mdi trffdng ngdy mot nghiem
trpng. Hdn nffa y thffc
ciia
ngffdi dan v'e viec sff
dung cdc ngu'dn nang Iffdng mdi nhdm tie't kiem
ndng Iffdng vd bao ve mdi trffdng cdn rat ban che.
Nen chiing ta can phai tap trung nghien cffu ffng
dung cdc thie't bj
diing

NLMT vdo trong thffc te'
nhdm giiip cai thien ddi sd'ng ciia ngffdi dan va gdp
ph'an bao ve moi trffdng. Do vay tff ndm
1998
trffdng Dai hpc Bach khoa Da Ndng da tap trung
nghien cffu ffng dung cdc thie't bj nang Iffdng mat
trdi vdo thffc te d di'eu kien mi'en Trung Viet Nam
nhff:
- He thdng cung cap nffdc ndng
diing
ndng Iffdng
mat trdi.
- Cac loai Be'p nau diing nang Iffdng mat trdi.
- He thd'ng bdm nffdc diing ndng Iffdng mat ffdi.
- Thie't bj ldm
lanh
diing ndng Iffdng mat trdi.
- Cdc he thd'ng sa'y ndng, lam, hai san bang ndng
Iffdng mat trdi.
n-
QUA TRINH NGHIEN
ClfU
VA TRIEN
KHAI
ifNG
DUNG
Tff nhffng di'eu kien thffc te v'e ngu'dn NLMT san
cd ciing nhff tinh binh sff dung cha't dd't
eiia
ngu'di

dan d nhffng viing ndng thdn mi'en mil Viet Nam,
chiing tdi da cd y tffdng nghien
citu
ffng dung cdc
loai be'p nau de'n tan ngffdi dan ma trffdc mdt
Id
nhffng hp dan ngheo d cdc vilng ndng thdn, mi'en
mii.
Tff nhffng kinh nghiem thffc te van d'e trien khai
ffng dung rdng rai cac thie't bj va cdng nghe mdi
nha't Id viec sff dung cac ngu'dn ndng Iffdng mdi
(sach) vao thffc te'gap rat nhi'eu khd khdn
nhff:
kinh
phi trien khai, y thffc
ciia
ngffdi dan trong viec thay
ddi thdi quen sff dung cac thie't bj vd ngu'dn ndng
Iffdng truy'en thdng. Do vay muc tieu bffdc d'au
ciia
chiing tdi la nghien cffu cdc thie't bj ddn gian, re
ti'en, de sff dung va thie't thffc vdi ddi sd'ng hang
ngdy
ciia
ngffdi dan, cdn kinh phi thffc hien
Id
tim
cdc ngu'dn tdi trd de cd the cung ca'p mien phi cho
ngffdi dan cac thie't bj va hffdng dan, dao tao hp
trong viec sff dung, bao dffdng, sffa chffa cac thie't bj

dd, nham giai quye't va'n d'e cha't dot dem
lai
ldi ich
cu the cho ngffdi dan, d'dng thdi tuyen truy'en cho
ngffdi dan v'e van d'e tie't kiem nang Iffdng vd bao ve
mdi trffdng.
Thiet bj d'au tien chiing tdi nghien cffu trie'n khai
dd
Id
be'p hinh hop sff dung NLMT. Be'p cd nguyen
ly
ca'u tao nhff hinh 2.
Hinh
2
: Be'p hinh hop
I -Hop
bao
vc ben
ngoai
2-Mflt
phan xa ben trong
3-N6i chu'a
IhiJc
an
4-Tani
kinh trong
S-GiTOng
phan xa
6-TriJC
xoay

7-VaI
lieu
each
nhiet
8-Dedatn6i
Tff ngudn kinh phi (dffdc tdi trd tff td chffc tff
thien Hd Lan) chiing tdi cbe tao be'p tff nhffng thie't
Khoa hoc
&phat
trien
27
Khoa hoc
Si
Cdng nghe
bi va vat lieu
sitn
co nhff hop bao ve
lam
bdng rd
tre.
mat phan xa trong lam bang thau nhdm cd dp
bong cao,
Idp
vat lieu bang rdm, trau Vdi loai bep
nay cd gia thanh khoang 200,000VND/ bep (nam
2000).
M(?1 phdn xg
Tgni noi
(tieu diem)
Hinh

.•(.
Sep hinh hop d'au
tien
c/iC./c
i.
he lao vd
tint nghiem
D'au lien che tao va thff nghiem 30 be'p hinh hop
ddn gian trien khai d huyen
Dien
Ban vdi nhffng
ke't
qua bffdc d'au ra't td't, ngu'di dan nhiet tinh
ling
hp.
Doi vdi
bep hinh
hop nhiet dp tdi da cbi
den
120"C
nen
phii
hdp vdi viec nau cdm, canh, nffdc va
kho nau thffc an, cdn mud'n chien, xdo va nffdng
thffc dn thi gap nhi'eu khd khan vdi nhffng ngay
nang yeu
thi
khdng thffc bien dffdc, Nen chiing tdi
da thie't ke mot
loai

be'p khac cd nhiet dp cao hdn
dd la
Bep
nau Parabdn. Bep parabon cd dp tap
trung bffc xa mat trdi cao nen nhiet dp thu dffdc ca
vai
ha'p thu cao hdn
Bp phan quan trpng nha't ciia bep
la
mat parabdn
J^Hinh
5: Sep ndu Parabdn
1-De
dat noi
2-N6i
chffa thffc an
— 3-Mat phan xa
4-Khung dd
^5-Thanh ehong
dieu chinh
6-He thd'ng chan dd
phan xa (hinh 6), ne'u san xua't hang
loat thi
mat nay
tdt nha't
la
lam bang nhdm va dap vdi bien dang
theo yeu c'au r'di sau dd danh bdng mat trong that
nhdn va sang (nhff gffdng).
Vdi Be'p hinh hop dung na'u nau cdm, nffdc va

Bep Parabdn dung de xao na'u thffc an chiing tdi da
trien khai ffng dung rpng rai ca hai loai be'p na'u nay
••<'
CHUY:
• ;
Co the
clie tgo moi
phan
XQ
theo cac bien dang khac nhung •
•
_
!
•"
bien
dang cua
mai
phan xa phdi co
dqng:
y ^"^'
Cach ghep cdc lam
Ihdnh
mdt phdn
la
voi t
Id
too do cua
tieu diem
(tdm noi)
Hinh 6. Bien dang mat parabdn phdn xa

de'n tan ngffdi dan cdc tinh mi'en Trung tff ndm 2001
de'n nay vdi hdn 1500 bep hinh hop va 800 be'p
Parabdn.
'
m
Hinh 8. Trien khai hon 100 hep d
Qiidng
Tri ndm
2UihS-2iJl»
Hien nay chiing tdi dang dffdc Sd Khoa hpc va
Cdng nghe cac tinh KonTum, Ninh Binh, Quang
Nam, Tay Ninh, Ba Rja Viing Tdu quan tam va
mud'n dffdc hdp tac de trien khai trong ndm 2009.
Thie't bj sff dung ndng Iffdng mat trdi, dd'i vdi
h?
thd'ng nay chiing tdi da nghien cffu tff ndm 1998.
Nhffng do y thffc
ciia
ngffdi dan v'e viec tie't kiem
nang Iffdng va bao ve mdi trffdng chffa cao, hdn nffa
gia thanh he thd'ng thie't bj cdn tffdng ddi cao nen
van de trien khai ffng dung rpng rai bj ban che. Tuy
nhien de'n nhffng nam g'an day do gid nhien lieu
tang cao, va tinh trang thieu but ndng Iffdng ngay
cang tram trpng, hdn nffa van d'e cap bach v'e
6
nhiem mdi trffdng do sff dung cdc ngu'dn ndng Iffdng
truy'en thd'ng da trd thdnh van d'e todn c'au, nen cdc
thie't bj cung cap nffdc ndng dung ndng Iffdng mat
trdi ngay cang dffdc ngffdi dan hffdng ffng sff dung

nhieu. Den nay he thdng thiet bj cung cap nffdc
ndng da dffdc thffdng mai hda.
Ngoai cac thiet bj Be'p na'u vd He thd'ng nffdc
ndng sff dung nang Iffdng mat trdi, chiing tdi da
28
Khoa hoc
&phat
trien
Khoa hoc
Si
Cdng nghe
nghien cffu ffng dung thanh edng eae thiet bj sff
dung ndng Iffdng mat trdi khac nhff : He thdng lam
lanh va cac be thdng sa'y dung ndng Iffdng mat trdi.
Cac thiet bi nay eung ed the trien khai ffng dung rat
tdt vao thffc
ted
cac tinh
Mi'en
Trung.
Hinh
9: He thong nUdc ndng dung
clto
hd gia dinh
Ul. KET LUAN
Qua qua trinh nghien cffu trie'n khai ffng dung
chiing tdi nhan tha'y viec nghien cffu ffng dung eae
thie't bi sff dung cdc ngudn ndng Iffdng sach cd mot
y nghia ra't ldn v'e mat kinh te va xa hpi va hdn nffa
cdn giiip ngffdi dan nhan thffc ro hdn v'e y nghia ciia

viec tie't kiem ndng Iffdng va bao ve mdi trffdng.
Hinh
11:
Thiet
hi sdn
.uidl nUdc
dd
sddimg
ndng
luimg
mat trdi
De tao cdng an viec lam cho nhffng ngffdi
khuye't tat chiing tdi da md Cd sd che tao be'p ndng
Iffdng mat trdi ma d dd cdng nhan la nhffng ngffdi
khuye't tat.
Qud trinh trien khai ffng dung da gdp ph'an ra't
ldn giiip ngffdi dan tie't kiem nang Iffdng trong viec
dun na'u hang ngay.
De nang cao y thffc
ciia
ngffdi dan v'e van d'e bao
ve mdi trffdng vd
lam
quen vdi cac thie't bj sff dung
ndng Iffdng mat trdi, chiing tdi md Idp tap hua'n cho
ta't ca nhffng hd gia dinh dffdc phdt be'p v'e nguyen
1^
boat ddng, hffdng dan sff dung va cdeh sffa chffa
\'
Hinh

11:
Thiet hi say ndng
.wn,
thuy sdn
si^
dung
ndng
lUitng
mat trdi
thong thffdng ngoai ra chiing tdi cdn cung ca'p them
cho ngffdi dan ve eac kien thffc vdi npi dung lien
quan de'n va'n
d'e
anh hffdng
ciia
viec sff dung ciia
Hinh
14.
Su dung hep ndu
trimg
sinh hoat hdng nguy
cac ngu'dn nang Iffdng truy'en thd'ng de'n mdi trffdng
vd ich Idi ciia viec sff dung cdc ngu'dn nang Iffdng
sach.
Ngoai ra qua trinh trien khai ffng dung cdc thie't
bj NLMT cdn gdp ph'an giiip ngffdi dan ngheo ndng
thdn, mi'en
niii
dd vat va trong viec tim kie'm nhien
lieu, ban che tinh trang chat pha rffng lam chat dot,

gdp ph'an vao viec bao ve mdi trffdng ehung.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
/-
Hodng
Ducmg
Hitng,
Nghien cdu trien khai cdc thiet
hi
Ung
dung ndng
lUOng mdt
trdi, 2006, Du dn
Uirm
tao cdng
nghf
cap Bd.
2-
Hodng DU(mg Hung, Ndng
lUi/ng mdt
trdi - Ly thuyet vd
dng dung. 2007, NXB
KHKT.
3-
Hodng
Du<mg
Hung, Nghien
cUu
trien khai
Ung
dung thiet

bi ndng
lU(mg
mat trdi tai cdc hd gia dinh vung ndng thdn, mi'en
nui thdnh phd Dd Ndng, 2008, D'e tdi nghien cdu khoa hgc cap
thdnh phd.
Khoa hoc
&.phat
trien
29