Tư liệu viết sáng kiến kinh nghiện tiếng anh tiểu học

`
Vinhphuc education & training service
pham cong binh secondary school
English group
Teaching project
For
Gifted students
Created by truong quang khanh
September 2007
Part one
Phonetics
A. The aims:
- To introduce to the sts the phonetic symbols, the transcription of a
word, the sound of the word…
- To improve the sts’ phonetic, stress, and intonation.
- To help the sts do the phonetic exercises.
-
B. Teaching procedure:
1. The vowel sounds:
There are 20 vowels in the English language, 12 of them are pure vowels
(single vowels), and the left eights dipthongs (combination of two
vowels).
- The 12 pure vowels: / I - i: /, / e - æ/, / o - o:/, / Λ - a: /, / u-
u:/, / ә - з/.
- The 8 dipthongs: / ei - ai - oi /, / au - әu /, / iә - eә - uә /
Practical Exercises
Ex1: Classify /i:/ and /I/:
Evening, tin, easy, eat, it, jean, since, this, meat, teach, film,
interesting, tea, sea, seen, sit, seat, minute, fifty, cheese,
chinese, free, three, be, she, pleased…
Ex 2: Classify /a:/ and / Λ /:

Cut, cup, cart, card, done, come, mar, march, must, darn, last,
lust, heart, harm, hut, much, calm, farm…
Ex 3: Classify /u:/ and / u/:
Look, cook, book, soot, shoot, pull, pool, could, shoe, suit, stood,
stewed, to, too, wooed, wood, food, cool…
Ex 4: Classify / æ / and / e /:
Dad, dead, man, many, mad, any, at, sat, head, hand, fan, can,
land, dense, send, set, met, letter, stretch, fed, catch…
Ex 5: Classify / o: / and / o / :
Corn, cord, copy, swan, sworn, sod, soared, shot, stock, talk, spot,
sport, chalk, shock, loss, got, caught, bought…
Ex 6: Classify / з / and / ә /:
Her, teacher, heard, shirt, first, fur, stir, prefer, refer, occur,
skirt, hurt, learn, today, sir, sister, brother…
Ex 7: Classify / au / and / әu /:
Now, no, show, how, hoe, loud, load, tone, town, couch, know,
noun, known, foal, fowl, rouse, rose, stout, stoat, found, phone…
Ex 8: Classify / iә /, / eә /, / uә /:
Hear, hair, sure, tour, wear, near, fear, year, stair, cure, beard,
cheer, scared, careful, fierce, moor, shared, careless, theatre…
Notes: Tripthongs and other vowel sequences:
/ aiә /: fire, hire, tyre, buyer, wire, flyer, iron,…
/ әuә /: slower, lower, grower, sower, mower,…
/ auә /: flower, power, tower, shower, sour, flour,…
/ eiә /: greyer, player, layer, payer, prayer,…
/ oiә /: employer, destroyer, royal, loyal, annoyance,…
2. The consonants sounds:
There are 24 consonants in English, which are devided into voiceless
and voiced consonants as they are shown below:
2.1. Voiceless consonants: / p /, / f /, / θ /, / t /, / s /, / ∫ /, / t∫ /, / k /, /

h /.
2.2. Voiced consonants: / b /, / v /, / δ /, / d /, / z /, / Ʒ /, / dƷ/, / g /, /
l /, /m /, / n /, / ŋ /, / r /, / w /, / j /.
Practical Exercises
Ex 9: Classify / δ / and / θ /:
Think, thigh, though, thought, breath, breathe, bath, bathe, cloth,
clothe, clothing, clothes, threaten, although…
Ex 10: Classify / s / and / ∫ /:
She, see, sugar, seat, sound, show, sure, suit, sugary, sunny, soon,
saturn, shrink, scream, settle, surely…
Ex 11: Classify / k/ and / t∫ /:
Chess, chimney, choice, chaos, chemist, chest, chemical, chicken,
cheap, catch, chemistry, school, scholar…
Ex 12: Classify / s / and / z / :
See, seat, please, measure, mouse, pass, mass, bags, close, has,
sum, sick, tease, sues, rise, lays, eyes…
3. The consonant clusters:
3.1. / s / + / p, t, k, f, m, n, w, j /
Spy, stay, sky, smile, snow, sleep, swear, suit, speak,…
3.2. / p / + / l, r, j /:
Plough, play, proud, pray, pure, puritant,…
3.3. / t / + / r, w, j /:
Tree, try, twin, twice, tune, tunic,…
3.4. / k / + / l, r, w, j /:
Clerk, clay, crown, cry, quite, quick, cure, curious,…
3.5. / b / + / l, r ,j /:
Blind, blow, blown, brown, bring, brick, beauty, bureau,….
3.6. / g / + / l, r /:
Glass, glance, grass, grow,…
3.7. / d / + / r, w, j /:

Draw, dress, dwell, dwinkle, duty, duke,…

3.8. / f / + / l, r, j /:
Fly, flat, free, frozen, few, fuse,…
3.9. / θ / + / r, w /:
Throw, throat, thwart, thwack,…
3.10. / v / + / j /:
View, viewer,…
3.11. / ∫ / + / r /:
Shrink, shriek,…
3.12. / m / + / j /:
Music, mule,…
3.13. / n / + / j /:
New, nude,…
3.14. / spr /: spread, spray, …
3.15. / str /: strand, stray, string,…
3.16. / skr /: scratch…
3.17. / spj /: spure, spurious, …
3.18. / spl /: splendid, split,…
3.19. / stj /: stupid, student,…
3.20. / skj /: skew, skewer,…
3.21. / skw /: square, squash,…
4. The homonyms:
air
be
ceiling
choose
course
doe
ere

bee
sealing
chews
coarse
dough
heir
choove
aisle
beach
cell
site
days
fair
isle
beech
sell
cite
daze
fare
I’ll
sight
eight
bean
cheep
cord
dear
feat
ate
been
cheap

chord
deer
feet
aye
beat
check
cote
die
flowe
r
I
beet
cheque
coat
dye
flour
for four fort fought gneiss niece great grate
hair hare hear here hire high hole whole
horse hoarse lock loch law lore made maid
male mail meat meet mete mite might nap knap
naught nought night knight no know not knot
or oar ore one won pale pail pear pair
peal peel peer pier plane plain key quay
reigh rein rain raze rays raise rows rose rowed road
write right wright sauce source see sea sent scent
show shew Sole soul sew sow
some sum Son sun sought sort stare stair
sweet suit tail tale threw through tied tide
too two warn worn way weigh week weak
would wood yoke yolk your yore wore war

Part two
stress
A. The aims:
- To help the sts know the way to mark stresses, and pronounce words
correctly.
- To emphasize the important of stresses.
- To show the rules to mark stresses.
- To provide the sts with exercises on stresses and intonation.
B.Teaching procedure:
I. Definition :
Stress is the degree of the loudness or prominence with which a sound
ort a word is pronounced.
II. Degree:
1. In phrases or sentences:
1.1. Primary stress: (/) The strongest and loudest stress of all.
1.2. Secondary stress: (Λ) The second loudest stress.
1.3. Tertiary stress: (\) weaker than secondary stress.
1.4. Weakstress: (٧) Zero stress, the weakest degree of loudness.
2. In words:
2.1 Primary stress: (/) The loudest one.
2.2 Secondary stress: (\) The weaker one.
III. The marking rules for word- stress:
1. For disyllables words:
1.1. Usually on the first syllables: mother, ready, colour, palace,
student, teacher,…
1.2. Usually on the root syllables with words having suffixes or
prefixes: become, react, foretell, unpleasant, disorder, peaceful,
kindness, scientist,…
(But: foresight, forecast, unkeep)
1.3. Usually on the sound of “ate”, “ize”, “ise”, “fy”: dictate, surprise,

defy,…
2. For words with more than 2 syllables:
2.1. Usually on the 3
rd
syllables from the end: family, cinema, regular,
singular, international, satisfactory,…
2.2. Usually on the 3
rd
last syllables with words ending in “ate”, “ize”,
“ise”, “fy”, “logy’, “logist”, “cracy”, “ility”: recognize,
demonstrade, qualify, psychology, biologist, biology, democracy,
responsibility…
2.3. Usually on the 2
nd
syllables from the end with words ending in
“ian”, “ience”, “ient”, “al”, “ial”, “ual”, “eous”, “ious”, “iar”,
“tion”, “sion’: physician, experience, expedient, parental,
essential, habitual, courageous, dilicious, familiar,…
(Except for: Television)
2.4. Usually on the suffixes “ese”, “ee’, “eer”, “ier”, “ette”, “ade”,
“esque”: Portugese, refugee, employee, engineer, volunteer,
adequade, picturesque, cigarette,…
3. Others rules:
3.1. Words having more than one function:
Noun Verb Noun Verb
rebel rebel conflict conflict
progress progress permit permit
suspect suspect conduct conduct
record record export export
3.2. Usually on the syllables that either have long vowel sound, dipthong

sound, or end in more than one consonant : affect, obtain,…
IV. Rules for phrase-stress:
1. Compound nouns: (/ \) farm-house, fire-engine, cowboy, black-
bird,
But: (\ /): pass-by, sun-set, ice-cream, steak-dinner, glass-window,
silk-dress, nylon-stock, cotton-flower,…
2. Compound adjectives: ( \ /) light-blue, absent-minded, blue-eyed,
hard-working,…
But: (/ \) sun-burnt, sun-lit, sea-sick, sea-faring,…
3. Adjective-nouns: ( \ /) a sad song, a beautiful picture, a fresh egg,
an interesting lesson,
4. Present participle-noun: ( \ /) a travelling circus, a singing student,
an amusing story, a sleeping child,…
5. Gerund noun: – (/ \) a dancing teacher, an eating apple, a looking
glass, a stepping-stone, a magnifying glass, a washing
machine,…
6. Qualifier-adjective: (Λ /)very tired, rather old, pretty bad, quite
important, too weak,…
7. Verb- adverb: (Λ /) come here, speak clearly, try carefully, read
aloud, sit down, ….
8. Verb-adverbial particle: ( \ /) put on, look up, put off, come
through, take off, call on, hand over, go over,….
9. Verb-adverbial particle-noun: (\ Λ /) put on the coat, turn on the
light,…
10. Verb-noun-adverbial particle: (\ Λ /) put the coat on, turn the
light on,…
11. Verb-preposition: ( / Λ)look at, speak to, wait, for, look up,…
Part three
Vocabulary
A. The aims:

- To help the sts know the function of words.
- To show the sts the way to build up vocabulary, especially related
words.
- To provide the sts with vocabulary exercises.
- To enrich the sts’ vocabulary.
B. Teaching procedure:
I. Nouns (n):
1. Definition: To call out the names of things, objects, actions, or
movements…
2. Functions:
1.1. Subject (S): Gender of a verb (A teacher usually works at school)
1.2. Object (O): Follow verbs or prepositions (He buys some cakes
for his birthday party)
1.3. Complement (C): Make the coplementation (She was a famous
singer)
1.4. Compounds (Co): Summer holiday, birthday cakes,…
1.5. Possessive cases (Pc): the boss’s car, his teacher’s remarks,…
1.6. Noun phrases (Np): Free words combination or compounds
2. Plural forms:
2.1. Adding s“ ” to almost count-nouns:
singular plural singular plural
a table tables an apple apples
a student students an umbrella umbrellas
a house houses an egg eggs
a cat cats an eel eels
a dog dogs an orange oranges
3.2. Adding es “ ” to the count-nouns that end in “ s, ss, sh, ch, o, x ”
with /iz/ sound:
singular
plural singular plural

a bus buses a class classes
a dish dishes a wish wishes
a watch watches a torch torches
a potato potatoes a tomato tomatoes
a box boxes
3.3. Adding ies“ ” to the count-nouns that end in “y” with its
preceding consonants:
singular plural singular plural
a lorry lorries a lady ladies
a story stories
3.4. Adding ves“ ” to the count-nouns that end in “f, fe”:
singular plural singular plural
a wife wives a leaf leaves
a knife knives a loaf loaves
3.5. Irregular changes:
singular plural singular plural
a man men a woman women
a child children an ox oxen
a tooth teeth a goose geese
a louse lice a mouse mice
a medium media a
phenomenium
phenomenia
3.6. Collective noun: crew, family, group, team,…(either singular or
plural form, either singular or plural verb)
3.7. Always plural form-nouns:
clothes police breeches pants pyjamas
trousers scissors pliers (k×m) binoculars glasses
scales shears (kÐo c¾t cá) arms damages earnings
goods greens (vegetable) outskirts savings pains (trouble, effort

spirits surroundings stairs valuables athletics
ethics mathematics physics politics
3.8. Unchange the names of creatures: deer, sheep,carf, cod, pike,
plaice, salmon, squid, trout, turbot (these nouns can take either
singular or plural verbs)
3.9. Plural form but singular verb-noun: news, mumps (bÖnh sng
quai hµm), billiards, bowls
4. Uncount-nouns:
4.1. Substances:
bread beer Cloth coffee cream
dust
gin
Glass
gold ice
jam oil paper tea sand
soap
stone
water
wine wood
4.2. Abstract nouns:
advice beauty courage death experience
fear help Hope horror information
knowledge mercy Pity relief suspicion
4.3. Others:
baggage
camping damage furniture luggage
parking shopping Work weather
4.4. Notes: Particular sense of uncount nouns:
4.4.1. a help: A great help to + O (He gave a great help to our
family)

4.4.2. a relief: A relief to + V (That gave me a relief to continue my
study)
4.4.3. a knowledge: A good/ bad knowledge of + N (Pete has got a
good knowledge of history)
4.4.4. a dislike / dread / hatred / horror / love of + …(He had a
great love for funny stories)
4.4.5. a mercy / pity / shame / wonder + that…(It’s a pity that I
couldn’t come)
4.4.6. a fear/ fears; a hope/ hopes; a suspicion/ suspicions: We
have a suspicion / suspicions that no one will agree to help.
5. Compound nouns:
5.1. Noun-noun: Hanoi-capital; halldoor; hitch-hiker; kitchen-table;
traffic light; winter clothes; petrol tank;…
5.2. Noun-gerund: fruit-picking; weight-lifting; lorry-driving; bird-
watching; coal-mining; surf-riding;…
5.3. Gerund-noun: waiting-list; landing card; driving board; dining
room; driving licence; swimming pool;…
5.4. Free combination:
- shop window; church bell; picture frame; garden gate; college
library; gear level;…
- city street; corner shop; coutry lane; …
- summer holiday; spring flowers; Sunday paper; dawn chorus;
November fog; …
- steel door; stone wall; silk shirt;…
- coffee cup; golf club; chess board; football ground;…
- fish-farm; gold-mine; oil-rig; …
- football match; beauty contest; pop music;…
6. Suffixes:
6.1. er/ or/ ist/ ant/ ee/ : … teacher, visitor, terrorist, vegetarian,
applicant, employee,…

6.2. ent/ ce/ ion/ ism/ ance/ age/ :… government, difference, action,
capitalism, assistance, marriage,…
6.3. hood/ dom/ ship/ ness/ iety/ : … neighbourhood, freedom,
friendship, sadness, variety,
6.4. ility/ ing/ al/ our/ y/ : … possibility, fishing, refusal, arrival,
behaviour, difficulty,…
II. Adjectives (adj):
1. Kinds (Classification):
1.1. Main kinds:
a. Demonstrative: this, that, those, these.
b. Distributive: each, every, either, neither.
c. Quantitative: some, any, no, little, few, many, much, numbers.
d. Interrogative: which, what, whose.
e. Possessive: my, your, his, her, our, its, their
f. Quality: clever, dry, fat, golden, heavy,…
1.2. Participles:
a. present: ING-form boring, interesting, exciting,…(for
objects)
b. past: ED-form broken, tired, bored,…(for human-beings)
c. Notes: Present participles are different from gerund
e.g He was fishing./ His hobby is fishing.

2. Functions (Position):
2.1. Noun-subordinator: a new book, a kind lady, a large room,…
2.2. Verb-complementation: Follow the certain verbs as be,
become, seem appear, feel, get, grow (become), keep, look
(appear), make, smell, sound, taste, turn,…
But some verbs can take either an adjective or an adverb:
Eg: - He looks calm (=He himself is calm)
- He looks calmly at the angry crowd (= He shows no attitude

to the angry crowd)
- He turned pale (= He became pale)
- He turned angrily to the man behind (=He was angry with the
man behind)
- The soup tasted horrible (= The soup was not delicious itself)
- They tasted the soup suspiciously (= They thought there was
something wrong with the soup)
3. Comparison forms:
3.1. Positive degree: as + adjs + as
Eg: - She is as tall as my wife.
- Peter was as hard-working as I was (me).
3.2. Comparative degree:
3.2.1. Monosyllable-adjectives: adjs-ER + than
Eg: - Lan is shorter than Na
- She was better at English than we were (us)
3.2.2. Multisyllable-adjectives: more + adjs + than
Eg: - She was more hard-working than us.
- We are more intelligent than him.
3.3. Superlative degree:
3.3.1. Monosyllable-adjectives: the adjs-EST
Eg: - Nam is the best in our class.
- She was the kindest lady I ve ever met.’
3.3.2. Multisyllable-adjectives: the most + adjs
Eg: - Sharol was the most intelligent in my group.
- She is the most hard-working girl I ve ever known.’
Notes: For adjs ending in “er”, “y”, “ly”, or the irregular cases:
Adjective Comparative Superlative
clever Cleverer the cleverest
pretty Prettier the prettiest
happy Happier the happiest

silly Sillier the silliest
good Better the best
bad Worse the worst
far farther/ further the farthest/
furthest
little Less the least
many / much More the most
old older/ elder the oldest/ eldest
3.4. Parallel: - “The… the”:The older she gets, the wiser she become.
- And: It s getting darker and darker.’
She has now more and more free time.
- Gerunds/ infinitives: Riding a horse is not as easy as
riding a bike.
It s nicer/ better/ more fun to go ’
with someone than to go alone
3.5. Like/ alike: Tom is very like Bill.
Tom and Bill are alike.
3.6. Like/ as: He swims like a fish.
You look like a ghost.
Do as I told you.
3.7. Like + N/ as + N: He worked like a slave (He worked very hard/
He wasn t a slave).’
He worked as a slave (He was a slave in fact).
3.8. The adjectives: The rich, the poor,…
4. Clauses:
4.1. That clause: – It is disappointed that he failed the exam.
It s better that someone should tell him.’
4.2. find/ think/ believe + that it + adjs + to + V:
I found that it is impossible to start now.
She thought that it was silly to ask him to stay.

4.3. It be + adjs + (of O) + infinitives:
a. Character: brave, careless, corwardly (nhót nh¸t),
cruel, generous, good, nice (=kind), mean, rude, selfish,
wicked, wrong,…
b. Sense: clever, foolish, idiotic (ngu), intelligent, sensible
(nh¹y bÐn), silly, stupid,…
4.4. Pronoun + be + adjs + noun + infinitives:
Using the above adjectives and: astonishing, curious, ridiculou
s(lè bÞch), unreasonable, funny(=strange), odd (lËp dÞ),
pointless, useful, useless,…
- That s the amazing idea to show.’
- It was an unreasonable result to accept.
4.5. It s + adjs + infinitives:’ advisable, inadvisable, better, best,
desirable, essential, good, important, necessary, unnecessary,
vital (tÊt yÕu),…
4.6. It be + adjs + (for O) + infinitves: convenient, dangerous,
difficult, easy, hard, possible, important, safe, unsafe,…
4.7. S + be + adjs + infinitives :
- Angry, delighted, dismayed, glad, happy, pleased, relieved,
sorry, sad,…( S + be + glad/ happy/ sorry/ sad + to say/ tell/
inform; Others adjs + to find/ learn/ hear/ see/…)
- Able, unable, apt, inclined, liable, prone, prepared, quick,
reluctant, slow, ready, willing, unwilling.
4.8. Special cases:
- Due: (time) >The race is due to start in 5 minutes.
- Due to: a result of >The accident was due to his carelessness.
- Owing to: because of >owing to his carelessness, we had an
accident.
- Certain/ sure + to V= opinion >He is sure to take legal action.
- Certain/ sure that + (clause) = opinion >I am certain that the price

will be higher.
- Certain/ sure/ confident of + N/G: He was sure of entering the
haunted house.
- Bound + to V= obligation > We were bound to leave.
- Afraid/ ashamed of + N/G: She was afraid of being left alone.
- Sorry for/ about + N/G: Tom felt sorry for making so many
mistakes.
- Afraid/ ashamed/ sorry + to V: I m sorry to tell you that bad news.’
- Anxious about = worried He was anxious about going in the dark
alone.
- Anxious for O to V = wish He was anxious for you to go in the dark
alone.
- Anxious that + (clause) We are anxious that we couldn t come.’
- Fortunate/ lucky that +(clause) = It’s a good thing…It was lucky
that we weren t late.’
- S + be fortunate/ lucky to V She was lucky to have such an
interesting book.
- Possible/ probable/ likely + future = perhaps It s possible that man ’
will live longer.
- Aware/ conscious of N/G We should be aware of protecting our
nature.
- Aware/ conscious + that +(clause) She was concious that she
would be late.
5. Suffixes:
5.1. able/ ible/ ish/ ed/ ing/ ful/ less/ : … talkable, visible, whitish,
bored, amusing, careful, hopeless,…
5.2. y/ ly/ en/ ese/ ous/ al/ ive/ :… wealthy, manly, golden, chinese,
poisonous, logical, effective,…
5.3. ade/ ate/ ent/ wide/ ic/ ist/ :… adequade, humanate,
dependent, worldwide, domestic, communist,…

5.4. like/ style/ type/ :… childlike, Romantype, Germanstyle,…
5.5. Nationality:
a. an: American, Venezuelan, German, Mxican, African,…
b. ese: Chinese, Vietnamese, Portugese, Sudanese, Lebanese,…
c. i: Pakistani, Iraqui, Israeli, Yemeni, Saudi,…
d. ian: Argentinian, Australian,Brazillian, Italian,…
e. ish: English, Polish, Turkish, danish, Finnish,…
f. others: Czech, French, dutch, Swiss, Greek, Thai,…
B. Verbs (v):
1. Definition: To denote action, state, and be the most important part of
sentences.
2. Classification:
1.1. Auxiliary verbs:
1.1.1. Primary auxiliary verbs: be/ have/ do (These verbs can either be
auxiliaries or lexical verbs)
1.1.2. Modal verbs: can/ could/ may/ might/ must/ have to + base form/
will/ would/ shall/ should/ be going to + base form/ used to + base
form/ ought to + base form/…(These are sometimes functional
verbs)
1.2. Lexical verbs:
1.2.1. Intensive verbs: verbs that show the state (She feels tired/ He is
selfish)
1.2.2. Extensive verbs: verbs that show the affection (He gets angry/
They arehelpful)
1.2.3. Intransitive verbs: verbs that can function as verb phrases and
make sentences meaningful without any complementation.
e.g. She cried (noisily).
It rains/ is raining (hard/ heavily/ cat and dog)
1.2.4. Transitive verbs: verbs that need complementation.
a. Monotransitive verbs: verbs that followed by one object

(S+V+O).
e.g. She bought flowers.
Ann met her fiancÐ yesterday.
b. Ditransitive verbs: verbs that followed by both direct and
indirect objects. (S+V+O+O)
e.g. She bought me some sweets. (= She bought some sweets
for me)
They gave me a big cake. (=They gave a big cake to me)
c. Complex transitive verbs: follow the form “S + V + O + Co”
e.g. He made me angry.
The female film star drove him mad.
2. Affixations:
2.1. en: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or lead to )
e.g. danger…….to endanger wide…… to widen
courage……to encourage lenghth……to
lenghthen
rich……… to enrich broad …… to
broaden
2.2. ize/ ise: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or develop, or
specify)
e.g. modern……to modernize industrial….to
industrialize
maximum….to maximize capital…… to
capitalise
natural…… to naturalize minimum….to
minimize
3. Sentence models:
4.1. S + Vintrans: e.g. They laugh/ The wind is blowing.
4.2. S + Vmonotrans + O: e.g. He did his homework/ Harlay
carried an umbrella.

4.3. S + Vin/ extensive + Cs: e.g. He became famous/ They are nearly
exhausted.
4.4. S + Vintrans + A: e.g. He went abroad/ She arrives late.
4.5. S + Vditrans + O + O: e.g. She buys me presents/ That brings
my father success.
4.6. S + Vcomplex trans + O + C: e.g. The story made me bored/ You drive
me mad.
4.7. S + Vintrans + A + A: e.g. She went to school early/ He came
to the park in the early morning.
C. Adverbs (adv):
1. Kinds (Classification):
1.1. Adv of manner: bravely/ fastly/ happily/ quickly/ well/ hard/…
( She sings marvellously/ He worked very hard)
1.2. Adv of place: by/ down/ near/ here/ there/ up/…
(She comes there twice a week/ Here comes the
police)
1.3. Adv of time: now/ soon/ still/ then/ today/ yet/…
(We are going to Hanoi today/ He will return
soon)
1.4. Adv of frequency: always/ often/ sometimes/ never/ once/ twice/
…
(We never eat dog-meat/ She once became the
leader)
1.5. Adv of sentence: certainly/ definitely/ luckily/ surely/…
( He was certainly the liar/ luckily, she passed
the exam)
1.6. Adv of degree: fairly/ hardly/ rather/ quite/ too/ very/…
(He was quite handsome/ Hardly did we see
anything)
1.7. Adv of interrogative: when/ where/ why/…

(When did you go?/ Where is she now?)
1.8. Adv of relative: when/ where/ why
(He came when we were watching T.V)
2. Same form with adjectives:
back deep* direct* early enough
far fast Hard* high* ill
just* kindly late* left little
long low Much* more* near*
pretty right* Short* till straight
well wrong* Most*
Note: Adv* can either have “ly” or not, but differences in meanings.
3. Positions (Functions):
3.1. Adv of manner:
3.1.1. Follow verbs: e.g: He
danced gracefully.
3.1.2. Before prepositions or follow objects in “V + pre + O”:e.g: He
looked at me carefully.
He
looked carefully at me.
3.1.3. Follow S: e.g:He
suspiciously tasted the soup.
3.1.4. At the beginning or at the end of sentences: e.g: Carefully he
checks the suitcase.
He checks the
suitcase carefully.
3.2. Adv of time:
3.2.1. At the beginning or end of sentences: afterwards/ eventually/
lately/ now/ recently/ soon/ then/ today/ tomorrow/ at once/ since
then/ till/…
e.g: He will returns soon. Today we will learn lesson two.

3.2.2. Always at the end: before*/ early/ immediately*/ late (Adv* as
conjunctions at the beginning)
e.g: He went to the church immediately. Immediately, he went to
the church.
3.2.3. Follow verbs or “V + O”: yet/ still e.g: He still lives in
the suburbof the city.
3.2.4. Split: just e.g: He has just left
the house.
3.3. Adv of place:
3.3.1. At the beginning or end: away/ everywhere/ nowhere/ somewhere/
here/ there/…
e.g: Nowhere could we find him. English is spoken everywhere.
3.3.2. Administration: here/ there
e.g: He lives here/ She hasn t gone there’ .
3.4. Adv of frequency:
4.1. always/ continually/ frequently/ occasionally/ often/ once/ twice/
periodically/ repeatedly/ sometimes/ usually.
e.g: She usually walks to school.
4.2. Restricted (inversion): hardly ever/ never/ rarely/ scarely ever/
seldom
e.g: Never will she eat this kind of food.
3.5. Inversion cases:
Hardly…ever Hardly…when In no
circumstances
Neither…nor
Never No sooner…
than
Not only Not till
Nowhere On no account Only by Only in this
way

Only then/
when
Scarely ever Scarely…when Seldom/ so
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