Tài liệu sưu tầm Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh - GRAMMAR

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
There are two groups:
1. Definite Frequency Adverbs : every day, every
week, every month, every quarter, every year,
annually, twice a day, three times a week,…
- Positions: They usually go at the beginning or at
the end of the sentence.
2. Indefinite Frequency Adverbs : never,
seldom, rarely, hardly ever (= almost never),
occasionally, sometimes, often, usually, always.
- Positions: - They come after verb “BE”
- They go before all ordinary verbs
- They go after the first auxiliary
verb
3. Some indefinite frequency adverbs can go at
the beginning or at the end of the sentence:
Frequently, Generally, Occasionally = Once in a
while, Often, Sometimes, Usually.
4. Inversion of subject and verb after initial
negative adverbs: Never, Not only, So
Market conditions have never been as
favorable as they are now.
Never have market conditions been as
favorable as they are now.
The professionals not only demanded new
training facilities, they also proposed a revision of
membership fees.
Not only did the professionals demand new
training facilities, they also proposed a revision of
membership fees.
The winner was so exhausted that he collapsed

soon after finishing the race.
So exhausted was the winner that he collapsed
soon after finishing the race.


CONJUNCTIONS
There are three types of conjunctions:
1. Coordinating Conjunctions : For, And, Nor,
But, Or, Yet, So. (FANBOYS)
2. Subordinating Conjunctions :
- To introduce noun clauses : That, What,
Where, When, How, Why….
- To introduce adjective clauses : Who,
Whom, Whose + noun, Which, That,
When, Where.
- To introduce adverb clauses :
• Adverb clauses of time: After, As
soon as, As, Before, When, While,
Until, By the time, since
• Adverb clauses of place: Where,
Wherever
• Adverb clauses of reason: Because,
Since, As
• Adverb clauses of condition: If,
Unless, Provided that = Providing
that = If , So/As long as = Only if
• Adverb clauses of concession:
Although, Even though, Though,
Despite the fact that.
• Adverb clauses of direct opposition:

While, Whereas
• Adverb clauses of cause and effect:
So …… that, Such ……… that
• Adverb clauses of purpose: So that,
In order that,
• Adverb clauses of manner,
Distance, and Frequency: As if, As
though, As + adverb+ As
3. Correlative Conjunctions: Both ……… and,
Neither …… nor, Either ……… Or, Not only ………
but also…
COMPOUND SENTENCES WITH
COORDINATORS
Independent clause, FANBOYS + Independent clause
for (reason)
and (addition)
nor (negative)
but (contrast)
or (choice)
yet (contrast)
so (result)
For Women live longer than men, for they
take better care of their health.
And Women follow more healthful diets, and
they go to doctors more often.
Nor Women don’t smoke as much as men do,
nor do they drink as much alcohol.
But Men may exercise harder, but they may
not exercise as regularly as women do.
Or Both men and women should limit the

amount of fat in their diets, or they risk
getting heart disease.
Yet Women used to be known as the
“weaker sex”, yet in some ways, they
are stronger than men.
So Men are less cautious than women, so
more men die in accidents.
COMPOUND SENTENCES WITH CONJUNCTIVE
ADVERBS
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE; CONJUNCTIVE
ADVERBS, INDEPENDENT CLAUSE.
Coordinator
s
Conjunctive adverbs Sentences
,and ; besides,
; moreover,
; further,
;furthermore,
; also,
; in addition,
Community college
offer preparation for
many occupations;
moreover, they
prepare students to
transfer to a four-
year college or
university.
, but
, yet

; however,
; nevertheless,
Many community
colleges do not have
dormitories;
however, they
provide housing
referral services.
, or ; otherwise,
Students must take
final exams;
otherwise, they will
receive a grade of
incomplete.
, so ; accordingly,
; consequently,
; hence,
; therefore,
; thus,
; as a result,
Native and nonnative
English speakers
have different needs;
therefore, most
schools provide
separate English
classes for each
group.
COMPOUND SENTENCES WITH SEMICOLONS
A compound sentence can also be formed with a

semicolon.
My older brother studies law; my younger brother
studies medicine.
Poland was the first Eastern European country to
turn away from communism; others soon followed.
COMPLEX SENTENCES
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE DEPENDENT CLAUSE
DEPENDENT CLAUSES
NOUN CLAUSES
That there is a hole in the ozone layer of the earth’s
atmosphere is well known.
What he said was not true.
I don’t know whether (or not) I should take computer
science ( or not).
What the thieves did with all the money remains a
mystery.
REMEMBER: The verb in the introductory clause
controls the tense of the verb in the noun clause. If the
introductory clause verb is in simple present, present
perfect, or future, the verb in the noun clause is in
whatever tense expresses the meaning that the
introductory clause intends.
However, when the verb in the introductory clause is in
the past tense, the verb in the dependent clause is usually
in a past form.
The prime ministers agree that global warming is a
serious problem.
They hope that all nations will be responsible for solving
this serious problem.
Further research will prove that carbon dioxide is largely

responsible.
The prime ministers agreed that global warming was a
serious problem.
They hoped that all nations would be responsible for
solving this serious problem.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
1.
Suject+Verb+Object+ WHO +Verb+Object
WHICH
THAT
WHOSE+NOUN
WHERE+Subject+Verb+Object
She is the girl who sits next to me in class.
The bat is the only mammal which(that) can fly.
Thomas Raven is a physicist whose book on time and
space has been translated into dozens of languages.
The new shopping mall is advertised as a place where
you can find just about anything you might want to
buy.
2.
Subject+ WHO +Verb+Object+ Verb+Object
WHICH
THAT
WHOSE+NOUN
WHERE+Subject+Verb+Verb
People who don’t get enough sleep may become short-
tempered and irritable.
The cold weather which(that) swept in from the north
damaged the fruit crop.
The students whose names were called raised their

hands.
The village where my father was born is still very
poor.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES REDUCED TO ADJECTIVE
PHRASES.
Food that passes from the mouth to the stomach goes
through a tube which is called the esophagus.
Food passing from the mouth to the stomach goes
through a tube called the esophagus.
Animals that are born in a zoo generally adjust to
captivity better than those that are captured in the
wild.
Animals born in a zoo generally adjust to captivity
better than those captured in the wild.
One of the most important foodstuffs in the world is
flour, which is a fine powder that is made by grinding
wheat or other grains.
One of the most important foodstuffs in the world is
flour, a fine powder made by grinding wheat or other
grains.
GENERAL FORM PARTICIPLES – ACTIVE VOICE
Verb Tense Sentences with Relative
Clause
Sentences with
Participial Phrase
Simple
Present
Many students who study at
this university are from
foreign country.

Many students
studying at this
university are from
foreign country.
Present
Continuous
Students who are taking
calculus must buy a graphing
calculator.
Students taking
calculus must buy a
graphing calculator.
Simple Past The team members, who
looked happy after their
victory, were cheered by the
fans.
The team members,
looking happy after
their victory, were
cheered by the fans.
Past
Continuous
The crowd, which was
cheering wildly as the game
ended, wouldn’t leave the
stadium.
The crowd, cheering
wildly as the game
ended, wouldn’t leave
the stadium.

Future Everyone who will take the
TOEFL next month must pre-
register.
Everyone taking the
TOEFL next month
must pre-register
GENERAL FORM PARTICIPLES – PASSIVE
VOICE
Verb Tense Sentences with Relative
Clause
Sentences with
Participial Phrase
Simple
Present
Lab reports that are not
handed in by Friday will not
be accepted.
Lab reports not
handed in by Friday
will not be accepted
Simple Past The prisoner, who was
surrounded by guards,
walked calmly to his
execution.
The prisoner,
surrounded by
guards, walked calmly
to his execution.
CONTINUOUS FORM PARTICIPLES
Verb Tense Sentences with Relative

Clause
Sentences with
Participial Phrase
Present
Continuous
A law that is currently being
debated concerns abortion
rights.
A law currently being
debated concerns
abortion rights.
Past
Continuous
The signs that were being
posted around campus
support abortion rights.
The signs being
posted around
campus support
abortion rights.
Future A movie that will be shown
tomorrow was made by an
anti-abortion group.
A movie being shown
tomorrow was made
by an anti-abortion
group.
PERFECT FORM PARTICIPLES
Verb Tense Sentence with Relative
Clause

Sentence with
participial phrase
Present
Perfect
The secrets of the universe,
which have fascinated people
for centuries, are slowly
being revealed.
The secrets of the
universe, having
fascinated people for
centuries, are slowly
being revealed.
Past Perfect The film, which had been
shown too often in movie
theaters, did not attract a
large TV audience.
The film, having been
shown too often in
movie theaters, did
not attract a large TV
audience.
3.
Subject+Verb+Object+WHO +Subj+Verb.
WHOM
WHICH
THAT
Þ
WHOSE+NOUN
4.

Subject+ WHO + Subject +Verb+Verb+Obj.
WHOM
WHICH
THAT
Þ
WHOSE+NOUN
ADVERB CLAUSES ( Sequence of Tenses)
Present Simple Tense for Future Actions
Simple Futute (Will+Verb) + Time Words + Present Simple
As soon as
After
Before
Until
The moment
When
While + Present continuous
I’ll be there as soon as I find the key.
Next week when there is a full moon, the ocean tides will be
higher.
When the tide comes in, the ship will leave the harbor.
I’ll wait right here until she comes.
I’ll talk to the boss the moment he comes in.
Present Perfect and Past Simple
Present Perfect + SINCE + Past Simple
We have been friends since we were at elementary school.
Future Perfect (Continuous)+by the time+ Present Simple
They got married in December 1999. By the end of this year,
they will have been married for ten years.
He promises her that he will come back and marry her in five
years’ time, but she’s afraid that by the time he comes back, she

will have been married and will have had …………children.

Past Simple and Past Continuous
° WHEN+ Past Simple, Past Continuous
° Past Continuous + WHEN + Past Simple
(Interrupted Action)
° WHILE + Past Continuous, Past Simple
° WHEN + Past Simple, Past Simple
(Two (or three) simultaneous actions)
When I got to the airport, Lisa was waiting for me in the
baggage claim area.
Yesterday David was crossing a street when a truck turned the
corner very fast and almost hit him.
Last Sunday while sandy was cleaning out the attic, she found
her grandmother’s wedding dress.
When Richard stopped his car suddenly, the groceries fell out of
the bag they were in and spilled all over the floor of the car.
Past Simple and Past Perfect
° WHEN + Past Simple, Past Perfect.
(By the time)
° BEFORE + Past Simple, Past Perfect (or Past Simple)
° AFTER + Past Perfect (or Simple Past), Past Simple.
° Past Perfect + UNTIL + Past Simple.
By the time Jason arrived to help, they had already finished
moving everything.
When she was born, the South of Vietnam had been totally
liberated.
Last Sunday my parents allowed me to go out with my friends
after I had already done my homework.
Before he won the jackpot, he had lived a dog’s life.

He didn’t realize that he had lost his wallet until he got home.
TIME CLAUSES
When people had to hunt for food, they had continuous
moderate exercise.
People were eating a lot of protein while they were living on
farms.
After people moved to urban areas, they had less protein in their
diet.
Our eating habits changed as soon as food processing methods
improved.
We haven’t met each other since we left university.
PLACE CLAUSES
Consumers usually prefer to do business wherever credit cards
are accepted.
I usually stop for lunch anywhere that is handy. (conveniently
located)
Everywhere I shop, I use my credit cards.
MANNER, DISTANCE, and FREQUENCY CLAUSES
Kathleen spoke as if (as though) she were an authority on the
subject. (manner)
Pat jogs on the beach as far as she can.(distance)
She jogs on the beach as often as she can. (frequency)
The students completed the experiment as quickly as they could.
(manner)
REASON CLAUSES
Europeans are in some ways better environmentalists than North
American because they are more used to conserving energy.
Since many Europeans live, work, and shop in the same locale,
they are quite accustomed to riding bicycles, trains, and
streetcars to get around.

As the price of gasoline has always been quite high in Europe, if
a European owns an automobile, it is likely to be a high-mileage
model that uses diesel fuel.
RESULT CLAUSES
So + adjective/ adverb + that
Such a/an + noun phrase + that
So much/many + noun phrase + that
So little/few + noun phrase + that
New textbooks are so expensive that many students buy used
ones.
The cost of education is rising so rapidly that students are
looking for ways to cut costs.
The library is such a big place that I couldn’t find the book I
needed.
There is always so much noise in the dormitory that I can’t study
there.
There were so many students waiting in line to register for
classes that I decided to come back later.
PURPOSE CLAUSES
Farmers use chemical pesticides so that they can grow bigger
harvests.
Farmers also spray their fields in order that consumers might
enjoy unblemished fruits and vegetables. (free of imperfections)
CONCESSION (UNEXPECTED RESULT) CLAUSES
Although/ Though/ Even though I studied all night, I failed the
test.
I failed the test although/though/even though I studied all night.
CONTRAST (DIRECT OPPOSITION) CLAUSES
San Francisco is very cool during the summer, whereas San Juan
is extremely hot.

While San Juan is extremely hot during the summer, San
Francisco is very cool.
CAUSATIVE VERBS
GET & HAVE
Active:
GET somebody TO DO something
HAVE somebody DO something
Don got some kids in the neighborhood to clean out his
garage.
I had the plumber repair the leak.
Passive:
GET something DONE
HAVE something DONE
Don got his garage cleaned out.
I had the leak repaired.
MAKE & LET
MAKE somebody DO something
(=force sb to do sth)
(= cause sth to happen)
LET somebody DO something
(= allow sb to do sth)
The doctor made the patient stay in bed.
Peeling onions always makes me cry.
When I was younger, my parents never let me go out in the
evenings.
ORDER & WANT
ORDER something DONE
WANT something/somebody DONE
Before the prime minister arrived, the police ordered the
area cleared.

Mr. Watson wants the report rewritten soon.
Our company always wants its customers satisfied.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Type Verb Tense
in “If Clause”
Verb Tense in
“Result Clause”
Examples
1 Simple
present
Will + Verb
(Can/May/Might
)
If you come
before the
meeting,
we’ll have
time to talk.
2 Simple Past
“BE” » →
WERE
Would + Verb
(Could/Might)
If my
windows were
larger, I
would get
more light.
3 Past perfect Would Have
+Past Participle

(Could/Might)
If I had
known you
were sick, I
would have
come to visit
you.
Some Important Notes
°Mixed Time in Conditional Sentences (Type 2 & 3)
TRUE: I did not eat anything several hours ago, so I am hungry
now.
CONDITIONAL: If I had eaten something several hours ago, I
wouldn’t be hungry now.
TRUE: He is not a good student. He did not study for the test
yesterday.
CONDITIONAL: If he were a good student, he would have
studied for the test yesterday.
°Inversion of subject and verb in “If Clause”
Type 1: If the weather should get worse, we’ll have to camp
somewhere else.
Should the weather get worse, we’ll have to ……
Type 2: If I were in your shoes, I wouldn’t do that.
Were I in your shoes, I wouldn’t do that.
Type 3: I would have visited you sooner if someone had told me
you were in the hospital.
I would have visited you sooner had someone told me
you were in the hospital.
Mixed Time: If we had invested in the telecommunications
industry, we would be rich by now.
Had we invested in the telecommunications industry,

we would be rich by now.
THE DEFINITE ARTICLE “THE”
USE “THE”
1. When the object or group of objects is unique.
The sun, the earth, the sky, the moon…., the stars
The earth revolves around the sun.
2. Before a noun which has become definite as a result of
being mentioned a second time.
I met a man and a woman. The man is short, and the
woman is tall.
3. Before a noun made definite by the addition of a phrase or
a clause
The girl in a blue dress,
The man with beard and moustache
The man whose wallet was stolen is reporting to the police
now.
4. Before superlatives and First, Second, Third…. last
5. The+ adjective represents a class of persons
The rich, the poor, the sick…the disabled
OMIT “THE”
1. Before abstract nouns (happiness, courage), material
nouns (gold, wood), sports (football, tennis), subjects
(math, physics), meals (breakfast, dinner), foods and
drinks (chicken, coffee).
2. Before: HOME, CHURCH, HOSPITAL, SCHOOL,
PRISON, WORK, SEA, TOWN, BED.
3. However, when those places are visited or used for other
reasons, “THE” is used.
He goes to the prison sometimes to give lectures.
I’m going to the hospital to visit a friend who is ill.

He went to the church to repair the electrical wiring.
She always goes to the school on time to collect her son.
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
1. Verbs followed by Gerunds : admit, avoid, consider, enjoy,
finish, can’t help, keep, mind, quit, recommend, risk,
suggest…
2. Verbs followed by Infinitives : can(can’t) afford, agree,
appear, arrange, ask, beg, care, decide, demand, deserve,
expect, fail, hesitate, hope, learn, manage, need, offer,
plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, swear,
volunteer, wait, want, wish….
3. Verbs followed by a (pro)noun + an infinitive : advise,
allow, ask, beg, cause, convince, encourage, expect,
forbid, force, hire, invite, need, order, permit, persuade,
remind, require, teach, tell, urge, want, warn …
4. Verbs followed by either gerunds or infinitives :
A. Verbs followed by either gerunds or infinitives with
no difference in meaning: begin, start, continue, like,
love, prefer, hate, can’t stand, can’t bear…
B. Verbs followed by either gerunds or infinitives with
a difference in meaning: remember, forget, regret,
try, stop.
ADVERB CLAUSES REDUCED TO PARTICIPIAL
PHRASES
Retain
Before
Since
(time)
Before a student chooses a
college, he or she should

consider several factors.
Before choosing a college, a
student should…
Carlos hasn’t been back home
since he came to the United
States 3 years ago.
Since coming to the United
States 3 years ago, Carlos…
Carlos hasn’t been back
home since coming to the
United States 3 years ago.
Delete
Because
Since
As
(reason)
As
(time)
Because (Since/As) Carlos
came from a very conservative
family, he was shocked at the
American system of coed
dormitories.
Coming from a very
conservative family, Carlos
was shocked at the American
system of coed dormitories.
As he gradually got used to
American customs, he became
less homesick.

Gradually getting used to
American customs, he became
less homesick.
Retain or Delete
After
While
When
After he had passed the
TOEFL exam, he became a
freshman at his college.
After passing the TOEFL
exam, he became a freshman
at his college.
He became a freshman at
his college after passing the
TOEFL exam.
Having passed the TOEFL
exam, he became a freshman
at his college.
While he was preparing for the
TOEFL, he lived with an
American family.
While preparing for the
TOEFL, he lived with an
American family.
Preparing for the TOEFL,
he lived with an American
family.
He lived with an American

family while preparing for the
TOEFL.
When he was asked about his