Evaluation of some promising potato lines of hybrid combination (2056, 2076, 2081) in red river deltalu

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE

FACULITY OF AGRONOMY
----------------------------------------------

UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
TITLE : EVALUATION OF SOME PROMISING
POTATO LINES OF HYBRID COMBINATION
(2056,2076,2081) IN RED RIVER DELTA

Supervisor

: Dr. Duong Huyen Trang
Dr. Nguyen Xuan Truong

Department

: Plant physiology

Student

: Luc Thi Ngan

Student code

: 611794

Class

: K61-KHCTT

Speciality

: Advanced crop science

Course

: 61

Hanoi, 2021


ACKNOWLEDGE
There is an undeniable fact that, beside the own effort, there are no
successes that are not associated with support or assistance whether more or
less, directly or indirectly by others. This thesis would not have been possible if
I did not have the support of many individuals and organizations. Therefore, I
would like to extend my sincere gratitude to all of them.
First of all, I would like to express my thankful to the teacher in Faculty
of Agronomy of Vietnam National University of Agriculture with their
knowledge and dedication to convey valuable knowledge to me during the time
of studying at university.
Secondly, I am using this opportunity to express my deep and sincere
gratitude to Dr. Duong Huyen Trang who in site of being extraordinarily busy
with her duties, took time out to hear, guide and keep me on the correct path. It
was a great privilege and honor to work and study under her guidance.
I am also grateful to Institute of Agro-Biology for provision of expertise,
and technical support in the implementation. I would not forget to express my
special thanks to Dr. Nguyen Xuan Truong and all personnel of Institute.
Without Dr. Nguyen Xuan Truong and others superior knowledge and
experience, this undergraduate thesis would not like in quality of outcomes, and

thus their guidance and support have been essential.
I would not forget to remember all staffs of Faculty of Agronomy and my
fellow for their encouragement and moreover for their timely support till the
completion of process work. Finally, I express my deepest thanks to my family for
their love, caring and sacrifices for educating and preparing me for my future.
Hanoi, …. December …. 2021
Student

Luc Thi Ngan
i


CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGE ...................................................................................................................... i
CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................... ii
LIST OF TABLE ....................................................................................................................... iv
LIST OF GRAPH ....................................................................................................................... v
LIST OF FIGURE ..................................................................................................................... vi
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. vii
PART I. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Objective and scope of study ........................................................................................... 2
1.2.1.

Objective............................................................................................................... 2

1.2.2.

Scope of study ...................................................................................................... 2

PART II. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................... 3
2.1.

General introduction of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) ........................................... 3

2.1.1.

Classification and distribution of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) ..................... 3

2.1.2.

Botanical characteristics ....................................................................................... 6

2.1.3.

Environmental factors influence growth and development .................................. 8

2.1.4.

The nutritional value of potatoes ........................................................................ 11

2.1.5. Uses ........................................................................................................................ 13
2.2. Production and consumption of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) in Vietnam and in
the world ............................................................................................................................... 14
2.2.1.

Production and consumption of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) in the world . 14

2.2.2.

Production and consumption of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) in Vietnam ... 16

2.3. Import and assay work in potato research and production ............................................ 17
2.3.1. Potato Imports in Vietnam.................................................................................. 17
2.3.2. Potato Variety Testing ........................................................................................ 17
2.3.3. Potato imports in the world ............................................................................................ 19
PART III. MATERIAL AND METHOD................................................................................. 20
3.1. Time and location .......................................................................................................... 20

ii


3.2. Material .......................................................................................................................... 20
3.3. Research contents .......................................................................................................... 21
3.4. Research method............................................................................................................ 21
3.5. The technical process..................................................................................................... 25
3.5.1. Prepare tubers, planting method and planting density................................................ 25
3.5.2. Tillage and raising the growing bed ........................................................................... 25
3.5.3. Fertilizer application ................................................................................................... 26
3.5.4 Take care, disease and pest control ............................................................................. 26
3.5.5. Data collection and processing ................................................................................... 26
PART IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................. 27
4.1. Germination rate: ............................................................................................................... 27
4.2. Growth dynamics in height of potato hybrid combinations .......................................... 29
4.3. Growth dynamics in number leaves of potato hybrid combinations ................................. 32
4.4. Growth dynamics in number stems per a plant of potato hybrid combinations ................ 35
4.5. Growth characteristics of potato hybrid combinations ...................................................... 38
4.6. Leaf and flower characteristics of potato hybrids ............................................................. 41
4.7. Pest and disease prevalence of hybrid combination potato combinations ........................ 43
4.8. Characteristics, disease in tubers of hybrid combination lines. ......................................... 49

4.9. Factors that contribute to potato yield ............................................................................... 61
PART V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ....................................................... 68
5.1. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 68
5.2. Recommendation ............................................................................................................... 69
ACTIVE IMAGE ..................................................................................................................... 70
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 74
DATA ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................. 76

iii


LIST OF TABLE
Table 2.1. Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) of Potato, raw, with skin .......... 12
Table 2.2. Potato acreage, yield and production in the world from 2011 to 2017 ........ 15
Table 2.3. Potato acreage, yield and production in Vietnam from 2011 to 2016 16
Table 3.1. Name of hybrid combination-line ...................................................... 20
Table 3.2. Potato growth criteria through stages ................................................ 22
Table 3.3. Criteria for leaves and flowers ........................................................... 23
Table 3.4. Criteria for pests and diseases ............................................................ 23
Table 3.5. Criteria for tuber characteristics, disease in tubers ............................ 24
Table 3. 6. Criteria for productivity and quality ................................................. 25
Table 4.1. Germination rate of potato line of hybrid combination
(2056,2076,2081) and control variety after 30 days planting ............................. 28
Table 4.2. Height of potato hybrid combinations and control variety after 30
days, 45 days and 60 days planting ..................................................................... 30
Table 4.3. Number leaves of potato hybrid combinations and control variety
after 30 days, 45 days and 60 days planting ....................................................... 33
Table 4.4. Number stems/plant of potato hybrid combinations and control
variety after 30 days, 40 days and 60 days planting ........................................... 36
Table 4.5. Growth characteristics of potato hybrid combinations after 60 days 39

Table 4.6. Leaf characteristics of the potato combinations studied .................... 42
Table 4.7. Pest and disease prevalence of hybrid combination potato ............... 44
Table 4.1. Characteristics, disease in tubers of hybrid combination lines .......... 49
Table 4.9. The rate of flesh color of hybrid combination – lines........................ 56
Table 4.10. Factors that contribute to potato yield ............................................. 61
Table

4.11.

Some

promising

potato

lines

of

hybrid

combinations

2056,2076,2081 in spring season 2021 ............................................................... 67

iv


LIST OF GRAPH
Graph 4.1. The prevalence of diseases in hybrid combinations ......................... 47

Graph 4.2. The prevalence of pests in hybrid combinations............................... 47
Graph 4.3. Rate of tuber shape ............................................................................ 54
Graph 4.4. The rate of flesh color of hybrid combination – lines....................... 55
Graph 4.5. Physiological disorder rate of hybrid combination – lines ............... 58

v


LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 2.1. Average regional potato output (kg/ha) .............................................. 5
Figure 4.1. Potato flower of some lines of hybrid combination ......................... 43
Figure 4.2. Disease and pests of potato ............................................................... 48
Figure 4.3. Physiological disorder in tuber of potato.......................................... 59
Figure 4.4. Physiological disorder in tuber of potato.......................................... 60

vi


ABSTRACT
With the purpose of selecting potato varieties with good growth,
development, adaptability and resistance to pests and diseases, high
productivity, fresh feeding and processing contributes to enriching the source of
potato varieties. We conducted the experiment "Evaluation of some promising
potato lines of hybrid combination (2056,2076,2081) in Red River Delta" on 3
hybrid combinations of potato hybrids: 2056, 2076, 2081 and the control variety
was Atlantic. Morphological, growth, development, yield and resistance to pests
and diseases of the hybrid potato combinations were evaluated in the
experiment. From the results obtained, we selected 6 promising hybrid potato
lines from 55 lines, with high individual yield, good growth and development,
good resistance to pests and diseases and germination rate. Typical highs such as

lines 13 and 53 of combination 2056, line 41 of combination 2076, lines 22,58
and 59 of combination 2081 achieved individual yields of respectively 757,8 g /
plant, 806,5 g / plant, 987 g / plant, 978,4g / plant, 880,8g / plant,1113,7g / plant.
From the above results we keep the tubers for the next test to find the best
variety for each combination.

vii


PART I. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction
The Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) is the fourth most important food crop
after wheat, maize and rice. This crop is a staple food and grown as a vegetable
for table use, processed into chips, and used for dried products and starch
production. Potatoes contain important nutrients, even when cooked, that can
benefit human health in various ways. Nutrients in a potato include vitamin C,
protein, fiber, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, iron, niacin,
thiamin, riboflavin.
Potatoes are grown in 159 countries, the top five potato-producing
countries are China, India, Russian, Ukraine and the United States. The current
potato producing area is more than 19.3 million hectares with a total production
of over 368 million tons. Potato consumption increased sharply in developing
countries. Today, potatoes account for more than half of the world's food
products, with the advantages of ease of cultivation and high energy content.
Growing potatoes is a great source of income and brings high economic benefits
to many farming households.
In Vietnam, European potato varieties are quite popular. In recent years,
the direction of producing processed potatoes in Vietnam began to develop,
many potato processing factories of Korea and the United States were built in
Vietnam. Processing factories required raw materials for year-round demand,

which prompted many localities to grow processed potatoes for factories. Potato
plants have valuable properties such as short growing time, easy to adapt to
many climates, many types of soil, economic efficiency and high nutritional
value, which are significant in ensuring security food in the world. In Vietnam,
potato is an ideal crop for winter in the Red River Delta, it does not require the
same rigorous seasonality as other crops. Growth time is short (90-120 days),
but the yield is high. On the other hand, potato production has other significant
1


and long-term benefits such as increased yield of subsequent crops, increased
fertility and soil fertility, and reduced tillage and weeding costs.
Currently, the potato variety for processing is Atlantic because it has a high
dry matter content and low reducing sugar content. However, the growth time of
this variety is prolonged (> 100 days), susceptible to late blight, especially the
rate of commercial tubers with cracking and emptying of the intestine is high,
thus affecting the economy and quality of yield products after processing.
Therefore, it is necessary to continue to test imported potato varieties to
test, evaluate, and select potato varieties with many good properties, adaptable
to climatic conditions and meet the requirements of the industrial processing
industry. From these problems, we implemented the topic: “Evaluation of some
promising potato lines of hybrid combination (2056,2076,2081) in Red
River Delta”.
1.2. Objective and scope of study
1.2.1. Objective
- Evaluate growth and development characteristics, agro-biological
characteristics, morphological characteristics, pest infestation level, yield, and
quality, then select potato lines suitable to weather conditions, agro-soil in the
locality, which is capable of resisting unfavorable conditions, has productivity
and quality.

- Proposing potential potato lines for continued growth.
1.2.2. Scope of study
- Evaluation of some promising potato lines of hybrid combination
(2056,2076,2081) in Red River Delta through the assessment of growth,
development, and productivity of potato lines of hybrid combination
(2056,2076,2081).

2


PART II. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1.

General introduction of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.)

2.1.1. Classification and distribution of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.)
The potato is native to the Peruvian-Bolivian Andes and is one of the
world’s main food crops. The potato become an important food crop from 1719,
when Scotch-Irish settlers began potato production in New Hampshire, and
introduction into Vietnam in 1890 by French Colonists.
Over 100s years, potatoes have been widely grown and widely grown in
Europe, potatoes are imported to countries in other continents: India (1610),
China (1700). By the nineteenth century, potatoes became an important crop for
Europe, a source of high nutritional value. Therefore, the area of potatoes is
increasingly developed and spread. Potato plants were affirmed and respected
for development when a famine occurred in Ireland (1845 - 1846), potatoes with
consecutive years of potato late blight disease (Phytophthora infestans)
significantly reduced potato yield. (Truong Van Ho, 2010).
Potatoes have been grown in popularity since the end of World War II,
especially varieties with industry standards (chips, canned food, and fast food).

In 1972, the International Potato Center (CIP) was established in Lima - Peru,
which collects and stores the genetic diversity of potatoes, breeds, and supports
the development research and production in the world. In Vietnam, potatoes
were introduced in 1890 by French missionaries. In English is Potato, to
Vietnam is named "Khoai Tay". Before 1970, potatoes were scattered in Sapa Lao Cai, Do Son - Hai Phong, Tra Linh - Cao Bang, Dong Anh - Phuc Yen, Da
Lat - Lam Dong ... The total area was about 3000hectares. During this time,
potatoes were considered a premium vegetable. (Truong Van Ho, 2010).

3


Classification:
 Scientific name: Solanum tuberosum L.
 Kingdom: Plantae
 Order: Solanales
 Family: Solanaceae
 Genus: Solanum
 Species: S. tuberosum
The potato plant of the Solanum genus includes 180 tuber-capable species
(Hawk es, 1978). There are about 20 commercial varieties of potatoes.
The potato plant belongs to the herbaceous plant group, the Solanaceae,
the Solanum tuberosum L. There are many different classifications, but the
potato plant is classified according to the number of chromosomes as follows:
- The diploid type (2n = 2x = 24) includes 4 species: S. xajanhuiri, S.
gonicocalyx, S. phureja, S. setenotonum.
- The triploid type (2n = 3x = 36) includes 2 types: S. xchaucha, S.
xjureperukii
- Quaternary type (2n = 4x = 48) the widest distribution, accounting for
70%. This type includes two subspecies, S. tuberosum spp. tuberosum and
S.tuberosum spp. andigena.

- The pentaploid type (2n = 5x = 60) includes S. xcurtilobum - The
hexaploid type (2n = 6x = 72) includes S. demissium (J.G Hawkerkks, 1991).

4


Distribution

Figure 2.1. Average regional potato output (kg/ha)
The world potato sector is undergoing major changes. FAOSTAT data
show that in 2018, world production of potatoes was 368 million tonnes, led by
China with 27% of the total. Other major producers were India, Russia, Ukraine
and the United States. It remains an essential crop in Europe (especially northern
and eastern Europe), where per capita production is still the highest in the world,
but the most rapid expansion over the past few decades has occurred in
southern-eastern Asia.
In Vietnam, potato production has several advantages such as good
growth, high yield in temperate climates between 170C and 200C. In the Red
River Delta region, the country's main focus for potato growing, the popular
varieties of potatoes produced for fresh food are Diamant, Solara, Sinora, mainly
imported from the Netherlands, Germany, and selected domestically (KT1, KT3,
PO3, ...). Due to continuous production over many years, the above varieties
degenerate and give low yield. Every year, our country has to import a large
number of potatoes from China to breed. In general, these imported varieties are
of low quality, infected with many diseases, especially virus disease, green wilt,
and late blight.

5

2.1.2. Botanical characteristics
Stem
The potato is a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial nightshade
Solanum tuberosum L. Potato plants are herbaceous perennials that grow about
45-60 cm (24 in) high, depending on variety, with the leaves dying back after
flowering, fruiting and tuber formation.
Potato plants can reach in excess of 1 m (3.3 ft) in height and are grown
as annual plants, surviving only one growing season. Potato plant bears many
tubers underground.
The potato plant has a branched stem and alternately arranged leaves
consisting of leaflets which are both of unequal size and shape. (Ho Dinh Hai,
2015)
Leaves
The compound leaves are spirally arranged; each leaf is 20-30 cm (about
8-12 inches) long and consists of a terminal leaflet and two to four pairs of
leaflets.
The leaflets can be oval to oblong in shape and the leaves can reach 10-30
cm (4-12 in) in length and 5-15 cm (2-6 in) wide. (Ho Dinh Hai ,2015)
Tubers
Potatoes are stem tubers. The stems extend underground into structures
called stolon. Enlarged stolon thicken to develop into storage organs.
The tubers usually have round to oval to elongated shape but vary widely
in size. Internally, its flesh features bright cream-white, rose red, or russet color
depending up on the variety with moist, crunchy texture and once baked,
becomes soft and has special buttery "potato" flavor.
Tuber formation halts when soil temperatures reach 27 °C (81 °F); hence
potatoes are considered a cool-season crop. Tuber bulking occurs during the
fourth phase, when the plant begins investing the majority of its resources in its
6

newly formed tubers. At this stage, several factors are critical to yield: optimal
soil moisture and temperature, soil nutrient availability and balance, and resistance to
pest attacks. The final phase is maturation: The plant canopy dies back, the tuber
skins harden, and their sugars convert to starches. (Ho Dinh Hai, 2015)
Flowers
The plants bear white, pink, red, blue, or purple flowers with five fused
petals and yellow stamens.
Potatoes are mostly cross-pollinated by insects such as bumblebees, which
carry pollen from other potato plants, though a substantial amount of selffertilizing occurs as well. (Ho Dinh Hai, 2015)
Fruits
The fruit is a small poisonous berry with numerous seeds. After
flowering, potato plants produce small green fruits that resemble green cherry
tomatoes, each containing about 300 -500 seeds. These are genuine fruit, but not
that common. Usually, potato flowers just drop off. (Ho Dinh Hai, 2015)
The Seeds
Potato plants produce small green fruits (berries) filled with hundreds of
seeds and about the size of a cherry tomato and with much the same appearance.
Although they resemble tomatoes and are in the same family as tomatoes, the
nightshade family, this fruit is not the result of cross-pollination with tomatoes.
The seed pods look like cherry tomatoes and contain between 100 and 250
seeds similar to a tomato. The seed is removed from the pods in the kitchen with
a food processor in a bowl of water. The seed will drop to the bottom of the
bowl, dried and stored like tomato seed. Storage in the freezer for a few weeks
helps to accelerate the natural dormancy period.
Harvest seed one season-you can hand-pollinate to cross two varietiesplant out the next and select your favorites. Note! Not all cultivars will produce
True Seed for you! (Ho Dinh Hai,2015)
7

2.1.3. Environmental factors influence growth and development
Temperature
The potato plant is a plant that requires a cool and temperate climate.
Each period of plant growth and development they require different
temperatures. Seeds can germinate between 12 and 15 ° C, but the ideal
temperature fluctuate between 18 and 20 ° C. Under conditions of high
temperatures above 25 ° C, seeds can germinate, but germs grow slowly and
often rotted. The suitable temperature for leaf stem growth is between 20 and 22
° C. While the temperature drops to 1-5 ° C can cause leaf stalks damage. If the
temperature drops below 7 ° C, the plant will stop growing. When the
temperature drops from -1 to -2 ° C, stems and leaves will die, down to -5 ° C,
leaf stems die in a short time. During the formation and development of tubers,
the suitable temperature should be 15-22 ° C, the most suitable temperature is
from 16 to 18 ° C. When the temperature above the suitable temperature, plant
produces tuber rays little than normal, elongate, and produce many small tubers.
Under high temperature conditions, potatoes typically prolong growth and give
low yield.
During the resting period of the potato it can sprout at 4 ° C temperature
from 10 - 15 ° C, and grow best, fat and short (Duong Hong Dat, 2004).
Light
Light is essential for photosynthesis plants to accumulate nutrients.
Potatoes are photophilic plants, strong light intensity is suitable for the
photosynthesis of potatoes, promotes tuber formation and accumulation of dry
matter content. Suitable light intensity for photosynthesis potato plants from
0.000 - 60.000 lux. From an overview, potatoes are plants prefer long daylight
hours (over 14 hours of light) which will shorten the growth time of plants. In
short day conditions, in the tropics and subtropics, yields can be high in the
highlands or during the cold season. However, in each stage of growth and
8

development they require different light. The period of sprouting off the ground
until the plant has flower buds, potatoes require long daylight which beneficial
for the development of leaf, stems and promote photosynthesis. By the time of
potato ray formation, they require short lighting times. These conditions are very
suitable for the conditions in the North of our country. When tubers develope,
they require darkness. Therefore, in this period, we need to cultivate the weeds
and cultivate the stump to be taller for the plant (Duong Hong Dat, 2004).
Water
Potato roots are underdeveloped, most of the roots are concentrated in the
topsoil, poor absorption of nutrients and water. Potatoes require large amounts
of water during growing period and should be supplied regularly. The study
results show that during the growing period (from 3 to 4.5 months) the potato
needs about 500 - 700 mm of rain. Each period they need different amounts of
water to develop sprouts, stems, leaves, flowers and fruit.
According to Professor G.Staikov (1989), the sprouting phase switches to
the springing phase, the most appropriate humidity is 70% and not less than 80%
(Ho Huu An, Dinh The Loc, 2005 ).
Ngo Duc Thieu (1969 - 1974), proves that the period from planting to the
beginning of flowering potato buds require 60% moisture in the field, in the later
stages they require 80% and will give the highest yield. In the condition of lack
or excess moisture in the above stages, roots, stems, leaves will develop poorly,
produce few tubers, small, poor resistance to pests and diseases lead to poor
yield.
Soil and nutrition
Potato can adaptable to many different soil types except for heavy soil and
waterlogged clay. Soil with thick and porous arable layer with good water
holding capacity and ventilation is most suitable for potatoes and will give the
highest yield. The pH level in the soil is from 5 to 7, but the best suitable is from
9

6 to 6.5. Higher pH level can cause scabies on the tubers. Potatoes require a
large amount of nutrients and a full complement of macronutrients and
micronutrients. On average, one ton of potato tubers (including corresponding
leaf stem) absorb from the soil was 5.68 kg of nitrogen, 1.11 kg of phosphorus,
8.92 kg of potassium. With a yield of 15 tons per ha of potato plants absorb 88
kg of nitrogen, 17 kg of phosphorus, 134 kg of potassium, 19 kg of CaO and 16
kg of MgO were removed (Nguyen Van Bo, 2004).
Nitrogen is necessary to create new cells that make up parts such as roots,
stems, leaves and tubers. If not provide enough can cause low yield, but if too
much nitrogen can cause adversely affect to the plant, causing imbalance
between the parts on the ground and below the ground and creating conditions
for disease. The appropriate amount of nitrogenous fertilization is from 100-200
kg of N per ha. Depending on the type of soil, do not apply fertilizer too late, it
is best to combine cultivation and nitrogen fertilization.
Phosphorus element play important role in enhancing the growth of leaf
and stems, early tuberous rays formation, increasing number of tubers and
increasing yield. Phosphorus is needed in the early stages of plant growth
because it stimulates the development of roots. Lack of phosphorus will make
the plant grow abnormally. Phosphorus is a slow-absorbing fertilizer, so it is
often top-dressing. Applying phosphorus late, especially during the flowering
period will reduce yield and quality of starch. In Vietnam, on the alluvial soil of
the Red River in the dyke, 60 - 90 kg P2O5 / ha is often used to fertilizer (Ngo
Duc Thieu, 1975). Potatoes need more potassium than all, it works to increase
the growth process, especially the photosynthesis and the ability to transport
substances to the tubers, increase the quality of the bulbs, increase the resistance
to some diseases like black spot disease. The appropriate amount of fertilizer is
120-150 kg K2O per ha.

10


2.1.4. The nutritional value of potatoes
Now a day, potatoes are an important food source of mankind, potatoes
are the fourth food crop after wheat, wet rice and corn. The annual production of
potatoes accounts for about 50% of the total tuber production (FAO, 1995).
Potatoes contain many important nutrients such as protein, sugar,
lipids, vitamins such as carotene, B1, B2, B3, B6, PP and the most is vitamin C
(20-50 mg%). There are also important minerals, mainly K, followed by Ca, P
and Mg. The presence of many free amino acids has increased the nutritional
value of potatoes. In 100g boiled potatoes provide at least 5% of the daily
requirement of protein, 3% of energy, 7-10% of Fe, 10% of vitamin B6, and
50% of the daily requirement of vitamin C (Ta Thu Cuc, 2007).

11


Table 2.1. Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) of Potato, raw, with skin
Water

75 g

Energy

321 kJ (77 kcal)

Carbohydrates

17.47 g

Starch

15.44 g

Dietary fiber

2.2 g

Fat

0.1 g

Protein

2g

Vitamins.................................................
Thiamine (B1)

0.08 mg (7%)

Riboflavin (B2)

0.03 mg (3%)

Niacin (B3)

1.05 mg (7%)

Pantothenic acid (B5)

0.296 mg (6%)

Vitamin B6

0.295 mg (23%)

Folate (B9)

16 μg (4%)

Vitamin C

19.7 mg (24%)

Vitamin E

0.01 mg (0%)

Vitamin K

1.9 μg (2%)

Minerals.........................................................
Calcium

12 mg (1%)

Iron

0.78 mg (6%)

Magnesium

23 mg (6%)

Manganese

0.153 mg (7%)

Phosphorus

57 mg (8%)

Potassium

421 mg (9%)

Sodium

6 mg (0%)

Zinc.............................................................

0.29 mg (3%)
(Ho Dinh Hai, 2015)

12

Note!
+ Units: μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams * IU = International units
+ Percentages are roughly approximated usingUS recommendations for
adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database - Link to USDA Database entry
2.1.5. Uses
According to Beukema, Vander Zaag (1979), they have compared
potatoes with some tropical crops located in the range 30 degrees north to 30
degrees south latitude such as rice, corn, beans ... highest yield, yield, protein.
Potato products are used for a variety of purposes:
- Use as food: in European countries, potato is the daily food of the
people and it is considered the "second wheat crop".
- Use for livestock: Potatoes are a source of food for livestock in many
countries around the world, especially those with developed economies such as
France uses 3.06 million tons/year, Netherlands 1, 93 million tons/year for
animal feed processing. Every year, the amount of potatoes used for animal
husbandry accounts for about 20-25% of the total production, typically Poland
(44%), China (34%) ... (FAO, 1996).
In addition, potatoes are also a source of raw materials for the starch
processing industry, textile industry, fiber, pressed wood, paper and especially in
the organic matter processing industry (lactic, citric), solvent muscle (ethanol,
butanol). It is estimated that 1 ton of potato tubers with 17.6% starch content
will produce 112 liters of alcohol, 35 kg of organic acids and some other
byproducts (FAO, 1991).
Hence, potatoes are a crop of export and commercial value. As of 1994
only, the value of tubers ranged from 140-270 USD / ton (FAO, 1995). Potatoes
are good soil plants in the rotation system: After harvesting, potatoes leave a
loose layer of soil, with good soil physical properties. Potatoes are often
13

nurtured so after harvest, the remaining soil nutrients can provide for the next
crops (Duong Hong Dat, 2004).
2.2. Production and consumption of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) in
Vietnam and in the world
2.2.1. Production and consumption of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) in
the world
The world potato industry underwent major changes until the early 1990s,
most of the potatoes were grown and consumed in Europe, North America and
the countries of the former Soviet Union. By the nineteenth century, potatoes
were grown in popularity on all continents with about 150 countries.
For industrialized countries the general trend is to reduce acreage and
increase yield by adopting high yielding potatoes that are well tolerated by
adverse conditions, and the adoption of measures modern techniques, high
technology. In developing countries, due to population growth, increasing
demand for food, rice, wheat, and maize contribute significantly to ensuring
food security for people. The general direction is to increase potato yield by both
acreage and yield. Over the past 30 years in developing countries, the average
yield increased from 8 tons/ha to 13 tons/ha. However, that yield is still a
distance from potato production in advanced countries. One of the reasons that
limit potato production in developing countries is the lack of good quality tubers
(Dang Thi Van, 1997). Access to new varieties and quality tubers plays an
important role in improving yield by replacing poor quality tubers with good
quality and disease-free bulbs.
According to the statistics of FAOSTAT (2018), it shows that output,
acreage and productivity have significant fluctuations. In the years 2012-2014,
the planted area tended to decrease gradually from 19,405,751 ha (2012) to
18,878,755 ha (in 2014) although productivity and output continued to increase,
the highest peak was 2014 with the yield is 20,1425 tons/ha and the output is

14


380,264,734 tons. In the period 2015 - 2017, the cultivated land area is gradually
improved to reach 19,302,642 hectares (in 2017), however, productivity and
output are still not stable and tend to decrease in 2015-2016; By 2017, the
productivity soared to 20,1108 tons/ha, making the output the highest increase in
the last 6 years to 388,190,674 tons.
Table 2. 2. Potato acreage, yield and production in the world
from 2011 to 2017
Year

Acreage (ha)

Productivity

Quantity (ton)

(ton/ha)
2011

19,315,098

19.3441

373,633,249

2012

19,405,751

18.9812

368,344,857

2013

19,292,920

19.3890

374,070,106

2014

18,878,755

20.1425

380,264,734

2015

18,913,868

19.9101

376,577,033

2016

19,077,480

19.6175

374,252,074

2017

19,302,642

20.1108

388,190,674
(FAOSTAT, 2018)

There are clear disparities in the number of countries producing potatoes,
acreage and yield, between continents. According to FAOSTAT (2018), the
world leader in potato acreage in 2017 is Asia with 10,209,139 hectares,
accounting for 50.4% of the world's planted area. Europe occupies an area of
5,365,045 ha. Oceania occupies the smallest area of 38,345 ha.
In terms of productivity, Oceania has the highest productivity in the world
(41,0780 tons/ha), followed by Latin America (24,5752 tons/ha). The lowest
yield is in Africa with 13,2154 tons/ha.

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2.2.2. Production and consumption of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) in
Vietnam

Currently in our country, the production of potatoes still faces many
difficulties, mainly produced on a small scale, fragmented, not solving the
problems of tuber quality, seed meeting production standards and quality
improved seeds. Potato plants are grown mainly in the winter season in the Red
River Delta, the winter-spring crop in the northern mountainous region, and
Lam Dong region. In the years 1970-1980, along with the opening of the Winter
crop structure in the Red River Delta and to contribute to solving the problem of
food shortage, the potato was focused on making it an important food crop of
the winter season. In 1979, the potato acreage nationwide increased increase
from just a few thousand hectares to a hundred thousand hectares. However, the
area of potatoes decreased rapidly in the following years and remained stable at
the scale of 30-35 thousand hectares over the past 20 years (Nguyen Cong Chuc,
2006). From 2013 to 2017, the potato growing area in Vietnam tended to
decrease gradually, but the yield gained gradually increased over the years. In
2018, the area of potatoes was expanded to 24,673 hectares with a production of
376,377 tons and is gradually meeting the domestic consumption market
(FAOSTAT, 2020).
Table 2. 3. Potato acreage, yield and production in Vietnam from 2011 to
2016
Years

Areage (ha)

2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

23.077,00
22.823,00
21.767,00
21.173,00
20.480
24.673

Productivity
(tấn/ha)
13,5800
14,0954
14,6243
14,2740
14,8276
152.548

16

Quantity
(tấn)
313.383,00
321.700,00
318.321,00
302.229,00
303.675
376.377
(FAOSTAT, 2020)


2.3. Import and assay work in potato research and production

2.3.1. Potato Imports in Vietnam
According to a survey by the Department of Crop Production, potatoes in
Vietnam are currently consumed mainly for fresh food in the domestic market
and exported in small quantities to Indonesia. Vietnam began to appear many
enterprises investing in technology and processing lines worth tens of millions
of USD. The factory with the largest capacity is 180,000 tons/year and the trend
is that the enterprise builds up areas to grow raw materials for processing.
Although each year our country produces 500,000-700,000 tons of potatoes, less
than 1% of that output is used for processing. Due to the highly seasonal
domestic supply, often cultivated in the winter-spring season, the domestic
potatoes are only available for 6 months (from December to May), while the
demand requires a supply of ingredients throughout the whole year. Therefore,
domestic production of potatoes as raw materials for processing currently only
meets about 30-40%, the rest are imported from many countries, especially
China and European countries. Chinese potatoes have the advantage of low price
but also very low quality, with high disease risk, mainly commercial potatoes.
Meanwhile, potato seed imported from Europe has good quality but the price is
very expensive, so without price support, it is difficult for farmers to access.
This is one of the reasons for the reduced economic efficiency and sustainability
of the potato industry (Nguyen Cong Chuc, 2006).
2.3.2. Potato Variety Testing
In 1970, Vietnam started to import some European potato varieties and
CIP to survey and evaluate in many regions of the country in order to find out
good varieties to put into production. In 1977 - 1980, Da Lat Food Plant
Research Center (now the Center for Potato, Vegetable & Hoa Research)
conducted experiments and put into production new varieties VD1, VD2. On the
basis of cooperation with CIP, in 1981 - 1994 created varieties CFK-69.1 (06),
17