Đấu Tranh Khắc Phục Tệ Mê Tín Dị Đoan Trong Cán Bộ, Đảng Viên Trên Địa Bàn Thành Phố Hà Nội Hiện Nay.docx

HQCVIENCHPTRI QUOCGIAHOCHIMINH

TONGQUANKHOAHQC
BQ

2005

DAUTRANHKHACPHUCTEME

º!DOAN

TRONGCANBO,DANGVIEN
TREND!ABANTHANHPHOHA

Coquanchfitri:H©C

”IHIENNAY

VAT U Y E N TRUYEN
BAO
Chitnhi(mde tai: TS.TRUONGNGOCNAM
ThukydeHi:TS.BUITHITHANHl‹UONG


DANHSACHCONGTACVIENTHAMGIANGHI
JNC N DETAI

1.T S . Nguy6nDinhCdp-Hpcvi(nB:tochivaTuyéntruy6n
2. Th.sLVNgpcCuéng-Hocvi(nBirochivaTuyéntruyen
3. TS.Tr6nTh|AnhDao-Hpcvi(nB:tochiviiTuyéntruyén
4. PGS.TS.HoéngMinhDo-Hpcvi(nChinhtri.qu0cgiaHoChiMinh

5. CN.Nguy‹:nHai-Truéngphongnepsfingvitn hé›a-SPVH-TTHaNfii
6. TS.BirtThanhHuong-Hocvi(nBaochivéTuyéntruyen
7. CN.Nguyt:nThiHién-HpcvienB:tochivaTuyéntruyén
8. TS.PhamHuyKy—Hocvi(nBéochivaTuyéntruyen
9. TS.TruongNgocNam-HocvienBaochivéTuyt:ntruyen
10. PGS.TS.LéNgocTong-Hoc vienChinhtri.qudcgiaNoChiMinh
11. Th.sBiiiHuyThiinh-Hocvi(nChinhtri.quocgiaHoChiMinh
12. Th.sNguyeniJéiThu-I—Incvi(nD:terchivaTcyéntiiiyén
13. Th.sTéoTh]HoéngYin-Hpcvi(enBéochivaTuyentruyén

6

MucLuc
Trang
MCIDAU


CHUONG1:BAL'CHAT,NGUONGOCVACACHINHTHC BIEUHIEN

7

METIND]DOAN

1.1. Khaini(mmetindidoan

7

1.2. Tongiao,tinnguéngvamoiquanhegiframetindidoanvcri
tongiiio,tinngur i g trongdéisongxahpi

12

1.3. Ngufingocciiametindidoan

21

1.4. Cachinhthucmetindidoan

27

CHUDNG2:THC T

NG,NGU

NNHANCUATE/

METIND]DOAN

2.1. Thuctran•sinhhoattfingi:to,tinngur i g vamétindtdoan

trongcanbfi,dangviénthanhphoHaNoihi(nnaj'

40

2.2. N•g uyennhanciiathirctrangmetindidoantrongcanbfi,dang
vienothanhphoHaNfii

70

CHUONGIII.MOTSOQUANDIEMVAGIAIPHAPDAUTRANHKHAC

TEME

DIDOANTRONGCANBO,DANGVIEN

80

3.1.Nhiirigquandiemccbandautranhbaitriimétindidoantrong

80
3.2. Nhiin_•giaiphapchityeu ddiitranhbaitrirmétindidoant r o n g

89
106

110
MWDAU
1. TinhcapthiétciiadéHi
Trongnhiirignamp • a n diy,congcuficdoimoidatnuficd o Dangtakhc
iixu6n•valanhdaodathuduocnhiingthanhtuuquantrong:kinhIe ph:ittric:
n,chfnht r |
ond i n h , dfiis o n g vat c h i t vétinht h a n c i i a nhan d a n t i m g buoc d u o c
doimciitichcuc.Tuynhién,cungv‹5i


nhfican

dangviéncuachiingta.

Nhungbencanhdovanconmotbfiph4nc4nbfi,déngviendot:icd6ng,huéngciianhf
mgtiéucuc,t(nanxa
hfii,dathamgias'aoc:ichoatdongmetindidoan.Hotritctiép hoacgiént i é p thamg i
a hoacdongtinhr i n g ho nhiiiigquan niemmetind|

doan,nhuc6ucling,tinvéoméngso,vanhan.kiéngcii...Nhfmgquandiemkhfingd iinglydal
amthahoatutiréng,daoducvéloisonglénhmanhc i i a xahi ; lémte1i(ttinhthd n,Inm‹iniemt
in,lytuéngcéchmang,dacbi(tk h d n g ittruénghppvitinvéonhfmghi(ntiiongmetindi
doanméd5savéoconduéngt(nanxahfii,tfiilfii,b6nghoaidaodiic,loisong,lémgiém
uytincuaD3ngtrir‹icnhiind6n.Nhtmgtririmgh ppnhiiv4ydangtrirctiépcéntrcicondvéngcé
chmangcuaD:ingtrongsunghi(px6ydungmotxahfiidilngiau,nuocmanh,xahoicongbring,dan
chd,v6nminh.Vdnki(nDaihfiiIXciiaDangnhilnmanh"Tinhtrangthamnhii ngvastsuytho:i
ivetntuéngchinhtri,daodfic,Hisongciiamotboph8nkh0ngnhfi
c:inb, dangviéndangcan
troviécthuchi(ndur i g Hi,chitt r ac i n g, chinhséchciiaDang,g6ybatbinhvagiémlo
ngtintrongnh:in d6n”'.
Vfi nd6metind]doan macdiichuaphailanguycctructiépdenc:ich mang
songdaodiic,giéms i l c chiéndauv é uyt in UhdaociiaDéng,chonend6y cling

duoccoiléloainguyccikhfingthexemthuérig.
Trongqu:itr’mhUhdaoc:ichmang,nh8tlétrongthciikydoimcii.Dangtalufinlufinco
itrpngcfingtéctirtuéng,vanhofinfiichungvacdngtacdoivoicongt:ictin ‘ g,tongi:to,dautra
nhbaitrilmc:tindidoantrongDangvétrongxahoi.Nhieuri ghtquyét,chittruong,ch
inhs:ichciiaD3ngvdNia
niiocduocbanhiinhdédinhhuéingvaquanlycongtéctinngurig,tongiéo,dantranhchongc:ichi
éntirongmetindidoan.ChanghanNgh]quyetHoinghiIanlhii7
(l6nII)ciiaBanc h dphanhT r u n g uongD a n g kho:iIXbvecfingt:ictongi:tociia
Déng t r o n g t i n h h i n h m c i ; P h é p l ( n h v é t o n g i é o d u o c b a n h a n h g ¾
d6ykh0ngchi

2


khangd}nhnhiirigquandiemcotinhnguyéntaccéaDéngvaIsIaniroctavficongtéctongiéo,méconne
unhiirigphuonghu6ngiagiéiphé pgiaiquyelciicvdév f i tinngirfnig,tongiéo,cosuphanbi(t
giiiahoatdongtinngun•,tongiéovamétind)doan,dongthéin‹:uphuonghuéingvégiaiphé
pdautranhkhacphuccéchoatd6ngtongiéo,tinnguéng,metindidoan
tréiv‹iidirétrgHi,chitt riiong,
muctiéuxtiydungmotdotsongxahfii
iiv9y,vi(ctrienkhainhfmgchittriiongchinhséchciiaDangvéNhénucictrongvi(cd
autranhv6icécténanxahfii,I(metindidoan,xaydg mo)lnenviinho:itic:nliend9mdab
ansacd6ntc,m8tdéisongtinhthanphongphii,1iinhmanh,van
minhléyeuc8ucapthiet.Vi(clqachpndétéi:“Déiitranliklicicpliuctémétindidoantrong
ccmbo,dangv i é n tréitd[abéntliénliplioHerNoiliiéntin”lanhamgopph6nvaoviéc
thuchi‹:nnhiiiignhi(mvu quantrongdo.

2.Tinhhinhnghiénemudétai
Tru6c

tinh

hinlitinngirrig,tongiéo,md

tfnd]doantrc:inthegicrivatrongnucicdangconhiingdiénbienphiictap,nhfitlénhfmgan
hhutngtieucircciianodendcrisongtinhthdnx5hfii,dentinhhinhtirtuéngciiac:in
bfi.dangvien,DangvaNhanuoctadaconhiéuchi

thi,

ngh]quyetchi

daocuocd:iutranhnganch
vadayliiitinhtrangmetind)doantrongD:ingvatoanxfihfii.Trentinhthandfi,cécccquanDé
ng,Nhanucrc,cécdingchiIDdaociiaD:ingvaNhanufic,cacccquannghiénciiu
,c:icnhakhoahpcdEconhieucfingtrinhnghiénciiu,
cécykienduocdangtéitrencécphuongti(nthongt i n daichfingxaInnhénhnoib. N
hiéuc u o c hfiithaovécfingtéctutur i g nfiichungvadautranhc ho ng metfndidoanda
diroctochiicnhamkha c phuctinhhinhtren.Dienhinhlac:iccfingtrinhnghiénciiu
saud6y:
- TrungtainKhoahocxahfiivénh6nvanQuocgia,Vi(nNghiénc i i u tongi:t

o:Vetinngur i g tingi:toVi(tNam,doGSDangNghiémVanchinbién,dacocécchuyénden
ghiéne m u vebch6tciiatinngur i g , tongiiio,c:iehinhthilctinnguéngdangianvé
tongiéo16nciVi(tNam.Trongdoconhfmgchuyend éd’isau


timhiéux'ésqxuathi(nciiac:ictongi:tomciioVi(tNam;bucicdautimhiéunghebfiitoénoHaNfi
iv6icéchinhthiicdadang,
phiictapciiano,anhhiringvfitachaiciianodendciisongxahfii.
- Vi(n

Chiinghia

x5hoikhoahpc,thuficHocvi(nChinhtriQuocgiaHoChiMinhcodetéikhoahocc6pccso"
Timhiéuhi(ntirongmelind]doanciiat6ng16pthanhnién,sinhvlCRomotsotniéngdaihoc

taiHaNoi:"Thuctrangnguyénnhanvakhuyenngh|”,dec8ptuongd0ih(thongvematly1u
8nciingnhiivi(ckhaosétthuctrangmetindidoandoivoimotdfiituongcutheléthanhnien,sinhvi
énoHaNoi,quadfineuc:icgiéiphépdilutranhkhacphuctinhtrangdfi.
- Hocvi(nChinhtriQu6cgiaHoChiMinh,detai

dficlpcfipNhéniroc:xuhu6ngph:ittrienciiatongiéohi(nnaycinucictavanhfmgv6ndc:datra
choc0ngt:iclanhdaovaquénly,HaNoi,2002.C0ngtrinhnghiéncfrukhiitoilndi(
nvebanch6t,s'aitrociiatongiéo,tinnguGngtrentinhth6nnhfmgquandiemdoimoi;chiraxuh
uongph:ittriénphfictapciianotrénthe:gioivaonuocta.Cfingtrinhco
bankhuyénnghivéiDangvaNhanuocvequandiémvagiiiph:ipgiaiquyétnhfmgvan
détongi:to,tinngurig.
- PG$“,TSNguy‹:nDftcLiicobai"Banthemvetinnguérigxametind]doan”dangtrentapch
iCfingtactutuéngvanho:iso6/1992.Trongdfi,tacgiatrinhbaymoiquanh(gifratinngur i g , tongiéovoimet
indidoan.
- Cfing

t:ictutuéng-vanhoétrongcuocdantranhphongchongc:icte

n:jnxahfii.TapchiCfingt:ictutir6ng

-Vanho:i,so3-

1995.Nhfmgykiénchidaov6chongcécténanxahoi,trongdficovlndemdtindidoan.
ThuyNinh:Tinngur i g vitmetin.TapchiTuyentruyen,so4J1991.T:icgiéph6nbietban

ch:itcuatinngu©ngvametin;néuynghiatichcucvatieucuecuacéchi(ntuongtinngufing,t
itdfichiramoi
quanheganbficiiachiing,dodfichothayviecddutranhxoébdtri(tdemetindidoanlaratk
hfikhan.

LeQ u y H i é n : T u dotinn g v é n g v a mé t i n didoan.TapchiVanhoé n g h ( th
u6t,so4J1995.T4cgiénéufentinhtrangphatlriénmetindidoanIanl6n,inp mcivciitinn
gur i g tongiéo.

4

- HoLien:Nhuc a u ti nnguéngvéhi(ntupngmetind]
doanhi(nnay.Tap chiThongtinlyluan,so6/1995.Técgiéneu

tennhfmgdiéuki(nmoitruéngxahfii,van hoéoHaNfiicoanhhuéngdensunéy sinhnhu can
tinnguéingciia sinhvién.

- NguyenXuanNghia:Tongiéovéqu:itrinhthetuchoé.TapchiXahoihpc,s61/1996.B
aibéonéutennhfmgbiéndoitheoxuhu6ngthétuchoéciiaint s6tongi:tohi(nnay.
- NgfiHimThao:Hoatdongmetind]doanphaib|
phéphénvaloaibfi.TapchiCfingtéctutuéngsothéng1 0 J 2 0 0 0 . T:iegianéunhfmgva
ndebucxiichi(nnayciiamdtind]doanvakiénnghimots6gi:iiph:iploaibfi.

- PhamChienKhu:Metindtdoanvanguykhoah o c . TipchiThongtin1y
luan,sfithang1 0 J 2 0 0 0 . Técgianéuquanniemxe

doanvainhhuéng

ciianodendoisongcfingdong,chirabanchatnilpbongkhoahpcciia
c:ichientuongnguykhoahoc.
-PhamVfiDiing:Dfiidiéusuy:ighivesinhhoat

caccling.TapchiCongtacTvtur i g -

Vanh o : i s o 7J1992.Tr ong dot:icgianéul én m oi quanhegi ua tin ngufingtongi:t

ovametindidoan;nhiirigkhfikhantrongviécphanbi(tdfivatéchaiciiano.
Ngoaira,

séch,nhiéubéib:toduocxu6tban,duocdangtai

tréncécphuongtienthongtindatchilngciTrunguongvacécdiaphuong,phén
:inhc:iehi(ntupngmelindidoanvat:icdcingtiéucucciiachiing.Changhannhiin
gcufin:

- V6tongiaova
tinngur i g crVi(tNamhiénnay,nhéxuatbanKhoahpcx5hfii,HaNoi,1996.

- Tenanxah0i:innguyén,biéu

hiénvaphuongthiickhacphuc.

TrungtlmKhoahpcxahfiivaNh6nv6nquficgia,Vi(nThongtinkhoahoc
xahoi,HaNfii,1996.


Metindidoan:Nhfmgkhiacanhtainlyxahfiiciianotrongcuficslingxahoiv a t a n n
l y x a h f i i . Tu y é n t a p luoct h u a t . V i e n T h o n g t i n k ho a hoc, H a Nfii, 1987.

- ViiHimSu:Haitandixembfii,B:toC6ngannhand:in,so449,11/5/1997.
- ThiiiHoangVii,Baitinmetind|doan.B:toNhéndan,26/10/1997
Tuynhién,viectimhiéu,danhgi:ithuctrang,néugiaiphiipd6ntranhkhac
phuctemc:tindidoantrongc:inb6,dangviéncinucictahi(nnayvdnchuadupc

’

nghic:nciiunhién.Diéudficéngnfiilentinhc6pthietcuavi(cnghiénciiudetainéutrén.
3. Mqctiéu,nhi(mvunghiénemu
Muctieuciiadc:téilanhamgopph6nxéctripccsokhoahpctrongviécnhtinthiicbanch6t

ciiaciic

hi(ntuongmetindidoan

va

vi‹:ckhacphucchiing,nhamphtintichd:inhgiéthuctrangmetindidoantrongcénbfi,da

ngviénodiabénthanhphoHaNfiihi(nnay,titdfidexuatmotsogiéiphép
dautranhkhacphucmetindiitoan.
D6thirchiénmuctieudfidetaigiéiquyétcécnhi(mvusau:
- Hethingmotsoxandélyluanvetongi:to,tinnguéngvametindidoan;ph6nbi(t
metindidoanvoisinhhoattingiéo,tinnguéngcrnuocta.
- Khaos:it,phdntichdanhgiéthuctrangmetind|
doantrongcénbfi,déngviéntréndiabanthanhphoHaNfii.
—Dexuatmotsdquandiem vagiaiphépccbéndautranhbai
triimetindidoantrongc:inbfi,déngxiéntrendabénthiinhphoHaNoihi(nnay.
4. Phuongph:ipnghiénciiu
Detaiduocthirchi(ntrénccscilylu@vaphuongph:ipluncuachinnghiaduyvatb
ienchtirigvachunghiaduyvt lchsit.Dingthéisit
dungcécphuongphiip:hethfinghoé ,thongké,phantich-ténghpp,trimtupngkh:iiquét,l0gicl i c h sit,quans:it,diéutraxahfiihoc,phfingvanchuyéngia,théo1u8nnhfim.v.v..denghiénciiuva
trinhbayketquanghiénciiu.

6


CHUONG1
BANCHAT,NGUONGOCVGCACHPTHEBIEUHIENMETIN
D{DOAN
1.1. KHAINIEMMETIND{DOAN

“Tingiiio,tinnguéng,m‹:tind|
doan”labobatuthanlanhfnigkh:iini(mr6tphongphii,dadangvaphfictap.Sudadang,philct
apngaycangtangléndochochiingconléhi(ntupngxahfiihétsiicnhaycain.Viv8ychiingluo
nlamfiiquant6mcuanhiéunhanghiénciiu,quan1yt6ngi:to,qu énlyvanhfiaxah6i.L a m thenaodediiutranhbaitrirmetind]doannhimgdongthoivantontro
ngvadambaoquyentudotinngvéngciianh6nd6n.Vandc:dfidoihfiiphaicosunh9nt

hi ic dilngdanvemétindidoan,ph6nb i c : t d u o c hi(nt u on g m 6 tind]doanvo
icéc

hin tupngtongiao,tinnguiing.Dolévieclémkhongdénhungcoynghta

tol6ncavelyluanvathiictien.
1.1.1. Métsoquanniém

d[doanvénhii:rigdéctrimgciiané

TheotitdiéntiéngVi(t,metinla:
1-Tinmotcéchmiiquéngvaoc:iithanbi,vaonhtirigchuy(nthanth:1nh,ma
guy
•,.

2-Uachufing,tinmotcéchmiiquéng,khfingbietsuyxét.'
Vadidoan:

l-Diéuqu:iila,huyenhoacdotinnhimnhimilco;2-Tin
vaod|doan'
.,
’t:icg khéc
coimetinlaniémtinkhfingdnatrc:nccsokhoahocva

ii

'Tirdit:nTiengVi(t,Trungtainngonngfr,1v'xbDaNting1996,tr607.
’TirdimTiéngVi6t,Trungi6mngfinngii,NxbDaNang1996,ir247.

7


Nhiingq u a n d i e m t r é n c o s u phanb i t t u o n g d o i g i f i a m é t i n s ' o i d i d
o a n nhungchuadecp denthuatngti métindidoan.

Vix'ayc i i n g c o técgi éc ho rig“Me:tind i doanl a khéi n i e m c h u n g c hi

nhfmghientuongconnguoiquatinvaonhfmgbic:utuongsiéunhiendindenmat
4
lytri,memuoi,huyhoaitiencuavasiickhoévéonhfingchuy(nkhfingdau’
Coq u a n d i e m l a i c ho r ang c 6 n p h é i h i é u m é t i n i h e o h a t n g h i a : t h e o ng
hia he:p,metind6ngnghiavcri

d)doanhoacmetind]doan;cfintheonghiarongmétinlatinmt c:icnhedathieusuynghivéonh
fmgdieuhuyc:nhoac,vficancii,cokhig6ytéchat.Trénthvcte,canphb i ( t metinvoim

etindidoan,bcrilélinnguGnghaytongiéodendnatrensirmetin,vidc:unfiive:niemtinvaonhfn
igciii
cancii).

tin n

gun g dencoyéutometin.Thucchattinngirn g , tongi:tolametin,nhungtub é n t h 8 n n
o kh0ngc o y e n t o d]doan.D)d oa n d u n e g é p boih a i tir“ d ] ” va “doan”.D[lésuk

hécla,doanldmoihoacracrot,didoannghialamoi
racroi,khécla.Vithephaidiingcacumtumé//itd[doand‹:chiniemtindabibiéndangvaonhf
mgcaikhfingcothuctron pdoisfingxahfii,lametindab)lcridung,cohaid e n nhiéumatciiadéison
gxahfii.
TheoGi:tosuDangNghiémVa n, thut ngfrdidoanratdégayhiéunham,khdng
khacvfiithuatngudJgiao,tagiéo.Vétichitnghtaddntoctrungtain,nguoitaratdexemxétmt bi
euhi(ntongidokh4ctocnh u m6tthiididoan,digiéo.Khéingufintitc:ichxemxétnay,x
u6tphéttitviéctrucrcddy,thutngtididoan,digi:to,tagiéothvéngd i r o c Kitfigi:todiingdén
fiisécéctongiaokh:icnénvminhvanfiive:nhiingchiph:iitongi:toclingtherthienchuanhfmgkhfi
ngtheotoéthénhVatican.Técgi3chorang,thu8tnghid]doan,digiéo,tégiéonaychirim
diingnfiivenhfmghi(ntuongtongi:tomangtinhkyquac,phanviinhoénaysinh

4Xem
trongTapchiCfingsan,so4,thiing2J1997,tr.59.


gandayhoactrucrcddyciingdaco,nhuc:icgi:tophiiiDavidKhoresh,DavidBeg
crcécnircrccongnghiepnhuNhat,My,hoacdaoSexoniiociahaydaoBittao
COHV.\'.

CiingtheoGiéosirDang

NghiémVan,deton

taivaphéttric:n,batcutongi:tonéociingphaithaydoidelhichnghi.Truochetlatha
ydoinfiidung,vithuéngthinoidungband6uciiamottingiéocfitruyénciingdaradéit
ithitngngénnam,saudolasuthaydoinghithiic.Dovay,trongb:Itkj'hinhthilctongi:tonéoclingcon
hfmgdiéumetinbencanhnhiiiighittuc.
Ciing’ nhfmh i ( n tirongmd tinthuéng16ninnhvficiianhfmghinhthiictongi4oscikhaihayci

cécdang
mathuathoacchiingla.nhiingdii:in,nhfmgkiéng

‘,nhfm

éuthtingiéoriéng

lénhiictlutu,tucs:inEng,nhiitigc4usamtruyén,béomong.v.v.Técgiakhangdinh,m

etindidoanthucchatléniemtinmemufti,tinvaonhfingdiéucongdongcoilanhimnhi,métinconl
anhfmghltnhvikhfingchidaloithoitréingupcvoidasoméconcotinhphanvanhoé,d6nde
nnhfmgHuhhuéingtiéucuetrongdéisongcfingdong,nganc : i n hoacphéhoai si
n xuat,t ham c h i d6ndennhfmgcéi chétthuongt6m.
TrongcuonsachxuatbantaiPhép,baF.Askevisleherpeu.xdnaramotquanni(mmc:t
innhiisau;“Dolaniémtintrongmobthéikylichsirnhatdi)nh,naydatrainguocv6icéclunt
huyétvathuchanhciiadasoco3ngdong,khoahochoacdatréinguocv6inhfmglu6nthu
yét

vethuchanh

ciiadasocfingdongtongi4ocotinhvh o : i quantrpngnhat”’.Theoquanni(mnéytalait
haymetinla
niemtindaloithai,tr:iinguocvoitinhkhoahpchoactréingupcvoitinhvanhoétongi:to,nhut
hecilngd4ndéntinhtrangm6ttongi:tonaycoi motc f i n g dongtongifiokhécla
metin.
Quanniemkh:ienfiacfinchoriing,m etind|doanlathuatn g i i H:inVi(t.Thu8tngiinaynguyennghiadiingdechinhfmgytuéngtongi:to,nhtiiigsirthenciin
gkhécvdi

gi:todangchiémdiav)thongtritrongxaho;i.Quan

’DCtheotai1ie‘ufuntrfrthu6cdetaiLut)ncirchochinhsachtin

9


diemnaychothfiy,ciingnfiivi:ytu6ngt6ngiéo,nhfmgsuthaicilngkhécvfiiton
gi:todangchiemdiavi)

trongxahfii,nhungcrphuongTaythidiingthuatngii d|

doan,conciTrungQuocvaViétNam thidiingthuatngtimétind|doan.
Dochiuénhhuéngciiachinnghiadantoetrungtainvacéquanni(mtruyénthongve
metind|doan,nénkhidaoCo-doem6idunhapvaoniroctacécgiéo
sthoithirasaiParidaxemcéctongiaokhacnhuNho,Phat,LaovécéctucthoMin,thocfingTotiénciVitN

amlamétindidoan.L6udanthu8tngiimétind)doankhongconnguyénnghiaband6u,madiroc
diingdechinhiinghi(ntuongt6mtinhriéngrémadasoc(ongdongcoilanhémnhinhubiian
géi,cilngquai,giéihan,
v.v.Chinhvithemahinhthanh nhiiiigquanni(mmc:tindongnghiav6i metind)

Dacbiét,quanniemciiadaidficThichDiicThi(nlaichorang,theochitH:inthimdconghialémo
hfi,kh0ngro,tr:iivfiitinhvétin,conghialatin.Dodfi,m‹itinlfitinmotc é c h mohd,tinmak
h6nghieuxaodieuminht i n vanhirvy thi
ktor'.g chicometintrongtinngrGng,tongi:to

cékhoahpc,vanho:I

’catrongn
fiichung.

Quanhiitigquandiemtréncothethayrohailoaiquandiem:
- Loaiquandiémthirnhat,dungkhéiniem“metin”,“didoan”h a y “metindidoan
”kh0ng ’ sirphan

gi:tociiaminh

.HuquaciiaquandiémnaylégayrasubaiKichl6nnhaugifracéctongi:to.
- Loaiquanni(mt hu hai,diingkh:iini(mmetindechiniemt i n khfingroran
g,mohfinoichung,trongdoconiémtintongi:to,tinngur i g tongiéo.Vciiloaiquan
diemnay,viecphfinbietmetinv6ime
tindidoanlfikh:ienhauvéctthiétphaibaitiltmetind|doan.
Nhu vay,décodirocquandiemthongnhatvemetindi.doanlavMdekhfing
don

ién.M o t mat,

met i n d i d o a n l a h i n h t h i i c bi ttuu66nngc i i at o n g tin
én
ii::ttoo,,


hinhthiictinnguong.Ranhgi6igitiatin ‘ g,t6ngi:to

mo

ng manh,ténhi,dacbietl é trongtinhhinhc:icthélucphéndongras itclciidungvan
detongi:todc:chongphéciichmangnuocta.

Ma)cdiiconchuathatthongnh8tvequanni(mmetindJdoansongcothecothayquan
diemch6pnh0nduoccoimetindidoanlénil:intindénmucmiiquingciiaconnguoivaoluc

luongsitunhién,thinth:inh,magut,dtlnt6inhfmghanhvicucdoan,théiqué,phanvan
ho:i,
d6ikhiphinh6ntinh,gttynhiinghuquachocfingdongxaho)ivachochinhbanth:innguoi
metindidoan.
Métindidoancémot

"dactrung

- Me:tindidoanbaogiciciingx:ic1pniemtinvéocéc1itcluongsiéunhien,nhuth6nthénh
,maqui,phépmau...C:icluc
luongsieunhic:nnaykhfingtontaithuc,dolanhiingluclupn gdoconnguéitaonc:nbangs
utuéng
tuongsatinhcémc i i a minh.Noicéchkhéc,lucluongsiéunhiénlanhtirigkhéchthe
huaodoconnguciiséngtaonc:n,nhurigc1ois6ingucrimetind|

doanthicéclucluongsix:unhien,thinth:inhlaco
that,hotinvéosutontaith)tsuciiano.Song,neuchilaniemlinsaocaclucluongsieun
hiennaythi
mhmtinnaychuadiidc:trothanhmétindidoan.Vand6niémtinmdtindidoanphéila
niemtinfihpp,tinvaob6t ciicaigigoilésieunhien,tinkhfingsuyxétphéitr:ii,dfings

ai,tindinmiicme muoi,miiqu:ingvaocéclucluongsieunhien,fihpp,tapnhamdo.

- C6tinhnh6nquachitquan.
Tinhnh6nquachitquanlamotnetphobic:n
ciiamdtindidoan.Khimc:tindidoan,ngitctitathucingliénhe,mocn6ic:icvandé,cacsu
vat,hi(ntuongciiadéistinghienthucvclinhautheosulie’ntuéngnh6nquachit
quan.Viduvic:imuccomucdennénnéuancémucvéodauthéng6mlichthisc:den(xuix
éo)cathang.Hoackhibucicch6nrakhfiinha,did6uhaylam gi,néugap
coilakhfingmayman,neugapnamgifiisegapmay,moichuyéns u o n sé,totdep.Hoacsu

liéntuéngchin quanvia:congnay,bakiacokhanangngoaicémsaukhi


11


Neum e tindidoanchiléniemtinmiiquéngvaoc:iclucluongsiéunhien,
th6nt h : i n h t h i nochit on t a i s 6 u kint r o n g c o n t im ,khoi ’ c , tron

tain triciia

nhfmgnguoimetindidoanvédodfinhfmgnguciikhécvacax5hfiikhficothenh8ndi(n,doén
dinhniemtindfilamiiquiing.Mfitdiéuhic:nnhiénlé,neuniemtinmiiquéngdfichitontaitr
ongtaintrfnhfmgnguciimétindidoanmakhongkéotheo
nhfmghénhdongtieucucthihoaclanochanggaythiethai
gi,hoacneucothidfiléthi(thatth6mkinchochinhbénth6nnhiiiig nguciimetindi
doan.Conthi(thaichoxahoithinguéikh:ickhfingthayhoackhfithay.

Suth8tla,tunic:intinmiiqu:ingvaoc:iclucluongsitunhien,th6nthénh,nhfmgnguciimetin,did
oanthuéngconhfmghénhdongtieucuckhfingchigayt:ic
haichobanthmacaxahfii.C:ichénhdéngdfiduocthuchi(nkhfingtheosirméch
baociialytrimat heosuthfiith:ieci ia c:ictrangt h : i i t i n i i cain,xuathi(ntrongbé
nth6n!
ip.Trongdfitrangthaitinhcémdiénhinhciiametindidoanlasulol¾g,sohai,c6umong.
1.2. TING I A O , T I N N G U O N G V A M O I Q U A N H E G I U A M E T H D { D O
A N VCI ITINGIAO,TINNGU©NGTRONGDOISHGXAHOI

Hientupngmetindidoancochiéuhuénggiatii ngg6ndaydonhii:unguyenn h a n . Nhung,
phéithiianhn conguyennh6ntitsunhanthucchuadaydii,chuathongnh6t
valantongifiatinngur i g ,

t f i n giaovametind]doan,khiénchovi(ctingxiitrongthuctécon.cfinhienliingtiing.Vith
ecanphanbi(tmétindidoanv6itin giao,tinngur i g .
Ph6nbie‘tsukh:ienhaugitianhfmghoatdr i g tongi:to,tinngur i g sciimetin

12


initsttinhhuongchiingtaciingkhfingdedéngphdnbiétv6imétin.Vidunhuvi(cD
i l c m e h i ( n h i n h d o i v o i t i n d f i G i n g g i : t o t h i n g v o i t a q u a n n ie{md f i l a ch
fmgnhanciiain:inni(mtingi:tonhimgdoiv6inhfmgnguoikhfingphaitindoGinggiéo
nguoitalaiquanniem
dfilémetindidoan.Coratnhiend6nchiingdechiingtathsyrangsuph6nbi(trachroigiii

ametindidoans'étinnguéng,tongi:to
lamotvandc:khfingde.Nhungv6iyt:uctiuciiacuficsfing,céc
nhénghiénciiuc6nphailémrov6ndenay.

1.2.1. Bi:incha“ttongiéovétinngu:ring
B‹1nclié’tciiatongicio

Tongiéolamothi(ntupngphiictap,dachiéu,nhieu
nhiengikhinguéitadnara

khfingngac

‘ dinhnghiave‘tongi:to.Th6ngkec:ied|nhnghia

vét o n g i é o t i t c o d é n k i m , tirD o n g s a n g T 6 y , t h i é t n g h i k h f i n g c é n t h i é t ,
s o n g clingciinphaidnaramotsoquannic:inkhécnhaudeth6ytinhphuctapciiahi(ntuo

ngxahoinay.
Conguoinéutongi:tolamoiquanh(giiiacéithiengvacéituc,gifiaciiihimhinhvacéivfih
inh,gitiaconnguciivalitclvongsieunhien.Tongiéolasuvuonlenciiaconnguoidénhanthi
iccéikhfingciing,lakh:itvongciiaconnguciivuon
lasuthautornnhiirigc:iikhfingthethautorndupc,la
dencéi

laniemtinvaocacthucthetinhthankhfingthenhinlhiiy

dune.Tongiéolasunhtlnc:ichhoé,cémho:ic:iclucluongtu
nhiénmaconnguéibatluctruocchiing;lacémgi:icvecéithiéngliéng;lasirsungbéim
angtinhchtltlenghinhfmggiétridaduocxahfiithuanhn . v.v.vav.v..

Quandiemsinhhpcvétongi:totargi:iithichtGngiéonhusénphambanna
ng,mobphénringdacbi(tciiaconngirciivciihoéncanhxungquanh.ConPhorotlaichorigtongi:tolachiingloanthankinhchiicuangtonghopve:su:imanhducrih

i n h t h i i c t u vetrucic c é m g i : i c thiéut i n t u é n g v a s u scihain o t t a i n
.


DurKheim-mot

nhaxa

hfiihocriottiéngciiaPhépchorang,khfingthethaythetongi:tobangcéigidokhimaxahfiiv
anconconhuc6uthanihénhhoétinh doankétdaduochinhthanhgitiac:icthanhvienciiano.
Conguciinhm a n h khiacanhdao
diicciiatongi:to,chorang“tongi:toléh(thonggi:toduc”,la“1u6nlydaodiicdupctiépxilc
bigcémnhan”,l é“nguyéntacdaoducciiachiingla”,la“tongthecécloikhuyendayvema)tdao

diicvatriétly”,la“trungt6mtrongnéngiéoducx:icdinhcéch’gxudaodiic”
Congucrilaichor6ngtongiéoxuatphéttusirngudotciiaqu6nchiingvélima
bipciiagiaohoi.

Vontedinhnghia:“Tongi:toladiéungong6nkiemgiftsodongtrongvongI(thu0c
”.ConRuxkinciingchorang:“Tongiéotruyéngiaocécsutht h o a c céc
diéugiédoicotinhchatrungiidegiiicho
d:inndongtiéptuclaodongmotcéchlanglc:trongkhichilngtavuichoi’

7

Tuytheogi:icdonghiénctiu,laptruéng,quandiem

kh:icnhauma

ngucritadnara c : i c dinhn g h i a r a t khacnhauv e tong i : t o . Xemr a , nhfmgd]nh ngh
ia4 y o motmilcdonéodfideucohatnhanhoplyvaccsociiano,chonc:ntotnhatlak

hfingn é n p hi i nhan hoant ot. Déngq u a n t6mh on ca lanhfmgquandiemvfitht
r u o c Mécdadupctruyénbarongrai,trongdfidiénhinhlaPho-béch(18041872),ngucricoanhhuéngs6usaeviitrirctiépden
quandiemvfithenciiaMéc.Onggi éi thich,m o i t Gn g i : t o nhul a s q ph:in:inht o n t a i
c i i a chinh b é n t h 6 n c o n nguéi.Chonc:nmoidinhnghiavébchatThuongdedéulad

inhnghtave banch6tconngucii.Gonnguoisuynghirasao,t:inntuthenéothiThiiongdeciiano
’’cobao nhieugi:itri,thiThuong

diingnhuviiykhfinghon,khfingkém.Con

décob6ynhiéu.Ythiic.ciiaThuongdelaythiicciiaconnguoi.Phcrbachchorangtongiaolasit
sungbaith6ntupngconnguéi,da kh:ichquanhoébinth6n

’XemtrongnguyetsanGiécNgo,s67,th4ng10-1996.
’XemtrongnguyetsanGi4cNgd,sci7,th4ng10-1996.

14


nhunglaikhfingnhanrakhéchthechinhlabénch6tconnguéi.Tongiéoléth:iidficiiac
onngvfiid o i voic h i n h m i n h n h u n g l ai lamnh u dayl a bén c h 6 t khécminh,x a
l a t ha m c h i d 6 i l 5 p v‹5im i n h . C h o nc:nm o i d i n h n g h i a v e ban c h a t Thuong

dedeulédinhnghiavebanch6tconngufii.
TuycécquandiemnhtinhocciiaPho-béch
lamotbucictiéndéitrongqu:itrinhnhd nthiictongiéomaMécdakethua.Song,ongconhfmg
hc h é nhuMécd a

v a c h ra:“Pho-

birchhoétanbanchittongi:tovéobinchatconnguoi.Nhimgbc h 6 t conngucrikh0n
gphéilamotc:iitrimtuongcohimcua'icc::iinh8nriengbi(t.Trongtinhhi(nthucciiano,b
anch6tconnguciilét0nghoécécquanh(xahfii”'.Ki:thitaquandiém

ciiaPho-

béchnhungMécdavuptlénPhob:ichkhi6ngdnaranh fmgdinhn g h i a v e : tongi éo trongt é c pham“ P h é phént r i
é t hoc phépquyencuaHe-ghen-Loinfiidau”.Ngaycrm6y
trangdauM:icdadnaramGtloatdinhnghiavetongiiio.Changhan
tongiéolasutuythiicvasunitrigi:icciiaconnguoichuatimthfiybénth6nminhhoa;cdalaidé

nhmatbénth6nminhmobl8nniia.Tongiéobiénbanchatconnguéithanhtinh

hi(nthiicéotiringvib:inchitconngiioikhfingcotinhhi(nthuc.Tongi:totiret h e
giiiquantonnguoc.Su nghéonanciiatongiéo,motmatlabic:uh ié nciiasunghéoné
nhi(nthucva

matkh:iclasuphénkh:ingchong nghéonanhi(nthiicay,tongi:to

latiéngthodaicuachtingsinhbi:ipbfrc,latr:iitimciiathegiciikhfingcotr:iitim,ciinggifingnhuno

latinhthanciianhfmgdiéuki(nxahfiikhfingcotinhth6n,lahanh
phfichuao,labonghoagia,lathuficphi(nciianhand6n’
Tingi:tochilasanphamciiaconnguéinhimgconnguciitontaitrongint xah0in
hdtdinh,motnhanucicnhatd]nh.Nhanucrcdfi,xEhfiidfisénsinhratongi:to.Xétvebc h

a t tongi:tolamot

hinhth:iiythiicxahfiiphén:inhtinLai

xahfii,nhuligtongiéolémothinhthéiythficxahoiph:inénhtechlac,hoangduéng,

'C.Mitc-Ph.Angghentoantip-T3,NxbCTQG.H.1995,tr.11.
’C.Mac-Ph.Angghentuyéntipg6m 6r4p.TI,NxbSirth4t,H.1980,tr.14.


huaohienth pckhéchquan.Vebanchitciiatongi:todacoqu:inhi6uykién,v6nd é léchfil ém
saonhandangsirLhécnhaugiiiatinngurig,tongiaos'émetindt)doandangdiénratrenthucté.

doi voi

Lamthénéodephtinbi(tgifra’tinvé

ngayc:icnhakhoahocchukh0ngnfiidénnguoid6n
binhthiréng.PhfiGiéosuNguyenChiBé ndatimgnh8nxét:“Nfiimotcéchhinhénh,tinngurigvam
e tintrongIe:hfiiddngiandibéncanh nhaunhiihaicogfiixinhdep:int codongdé
nh,conhans a e mékhfingcot6mlametin,motconetnathu9nhu , colongtotlatinngut
ing.C i haicodéucosiichapd8n,thuhfitconnguéi.Néutin nguiingtrongIehfiiddngian

duochiéuvoikhiacanhxiiccémléchinh,ladoihfiit:inntinhciianguciidantrongxahGin6ngnghi(p
cotruyén,lénoibiéuhi(nsttud9mcua
niemtindd a voici5isiéulinhthimetinlaicoranhgioivoinochilamotdiréngchi mo
ngm a n h . C h i r a ké,nhfmgyéut o kys i n h vaoc:icléhoid6ngran,songciingtinngué
ngnhumotnh:inhtaingiiitrénmotth6nc4ytuoitoo”".
Ciingnhutongi:to,tinngur i g , tinngur i g tongiéohaytinnguGngd6ngiandEtontai
titl6utronglichsir,nhungchodinnayvancoquanniémkhécnhau.

vonlamot

thutnghiphiicditocghéptitthuatngti“tin”va“ngurigmo”.Theotitd i é n tiengVi(t,
xuatbannam2000,tinconghialatin,connguiingm d , latonkinhvakh6mphuc.Vy tin
ngur i g dirochiéulathéidf i tintuéngv c i i s u tinkinh,khamphucmotc:iigidfi,m
otdiéugidfi.Theodfi,tin ngur i g dupchieut h eo nghtarfin•nh:it,baogfimni6mtin,sungu

rigin,nguéngvongvaot6ngiéo,motluclupngsieunhienhaymGtchitnghia.M:ievéAngghen
ciingdasitdungkhainii n t i n

’iham’ latinngvr i g tongiéo,song hai

6ngci›nsirdungkh:ii niem“tinngur i g tri6thoc”va“tinngur i g chinhtri”''.

"NguyénChiBén,V4nho:idangranVie‘tNamnhimgnétph:ichoa,Nxbv-tinhoath6ngtin,HN2003,tr277
''LuuKGQu6n:Quanniémve'tinngirfingciiaAl:ic-Augghen.T/CTh6ngtinIt1u4n,so3-1997.

16