encyclopedia of global justice [electronic resource]

Encyclopedia of Global Justice

Deen K. Chatterjee (Ed.)
Encyclopedia of
Global Justice
With 10 Figures and 4 Tables
Editor
Deen K. Chatterjee
Department of Philosophy
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT
USA
ISBN 978-1-4020-9159-9 e-ISBN 978-1-4020-9160-5
Print and electronic bundle under ISBN 978-1-4020-9161-2
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4020-9160-5
Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011932691
© Springer ScienceþBusiness Media B.V. 2011
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Preface
The two-volume Encyclopedia of Global Justice is a major publication venture toward a comprehensive coverage of this
timely topic. The Encyclopedia is an international, interdisciplinary, and collaborative project, spanning all the relevant
areas of scholarship related to issues of global justice, and edited and advised by leading scholars from around the world.
The wide-ranging entries present the latest ideas on this complex subject by authors who are at the cutting edge of
inquiry.
The goal of this timely and comprehensive encyclopedia is to provide a premier reference guide for students, scholars,

policy makers, and others interested in assessing the moral consequences of global interdependence and understanding
the concepts and arguments that shed light on the myriad aspects of global justice. The Encyclopedia will set the tone and
direction of this increasingly important area of scholarship for years to come.
The question of justice across national boundaries, recently the focus of intense debate due to the ethical challenges of
modern globalization, spans the range from extreme global egalitarianism to various kinds of extended nationalism and
limited globalism. The topic covers several disciplines and raises both theoretical and applied issues in such areas as
relations among nations, world poverty, human rig hts, global development, environmental concerns, and the justifi-
ability of military conflicts, among others.
The Encyclopedia reflects this reality and provides an interdisciplinary approach that combines empirical research
with theoretical arguments, drawing terms and concepts from political philosophy and theory, ethics, international law
and legal theory, development economics, public policy, and applied ethics, including legal, business, medical, military,
religious, environmental, and feminist ethics as they relate to all aspects of global justice. Because the term “global justice”
is itself a matter of contention, prompting questions regarding how it relates to and differs from “international justice,”
an important part of the project is to clarify such definitional issues and include entries that seek to address the related
methodological concerns.
The Encyclopedia will serve as a complete reference for all key terms and concepts of global justice, broadly conceived.
It is organized in A-to-Z format with cross-referencing of entries around a series of topics under four broad categories,
making it convenient for students, scholars, and general readers to access the relevant entries on a specific theme or topic.
The four broad categories are:
● Concepts/Theories
● Persons/Thinkers
● Institutions/Organizations
● Trends/Movements/Policies/Treaties
All entry topics fall under one or more of these broad categories.
The entries number around 500 and consist of essays of 300 to 5,000 words. The inclusion and length of entries are
based on their significance to the topic of global justice, regardless of their importance in other areas.
The Encyclopedia consists of entries written by scholars drawn from a variety of fields and disciplines. Based on their
painstaking preparation of the chapters and their diligence through the process of revisions and editing, they made amply
evident their high level of care for and commitment to the project and their dedication to the growth and development of
their own fields. It was a delight and a privilege to work with them and see how they brought together their scholarship

and their respective st yle and orientation into a coherent focus to make this ambitious project possible. Naturally, our
greatest thanks go to these contributors for their collaboration and good will. Their belief in the importance of the project
sustained our efforts.
Special thanks are due to the members of the distinguished editorial board for their support and encouragement.
Most of them reviewed the drafts and gave their advice whenever needed, and some of them also wrote several key entries.
I would especially like to thank Lynette Sieger of New York University, a member of the editorial board and
contributor of several key chapters, for her able assistance, advice, and support.
Special gratitude goes to Christine Hausmann at the Reference Editorial Office of Springer’s Reference and Database
Publishing for her patience and unfailing support that made the project possible. Special thanks are also due to Neil
Olivier, Publishing Editor of Philosophy of Law and Ethics in the Humanities Department at Springer and to Susanne
Friedrichsen, Associate Editor at Springer’s Reference & Database Publishing, for their valuable help and guidance.
Finally, my greatest gratitude and appreciation goes to my beloved wife Donna Dinsdale for all her loving support,
kindness, and sacrifice during the entire duration of this long project. I cannot thank her enough.
Deen K. Chatterjee
Editor-in-Chief
vi Preface
Topical Table of Contents
Concepts/Theories
Absolute Poverty
Act-Consequentialism
Adaptive Preferences
►Capabilities Approach
►Preference-Satisfaction
Advocacy Organizations
►International Organizations
Agency, Collective
Agency, Individual
Agent-Centered Prerogative
Aggression
Ahimsa

Aid to Burdened Societies
Altruism
Anarchy
Armed Conflict: Effect on Women
Associative Duties
Basic Needs
Basic Rights
Beneficence, Principle of
Biodiversity
Bioprospecting and Biopiracy
Borders
Capabilities Approach
Capitalism
Care Ethics
Charity
Chronic Poverty
►Absolute Poverty
►Poverty
Citizenship
Citizenship Practices
Civil Disobedience, International
Civil Disobedience, Transnational
Civil Rights
Class and Status
Climate Justice
Co-National Partiality
►Compatriot Partiality Thesis
Coercion
Collective Choice
Collective Decision Problem

Collective Identity
Collective Responsibility
Colonialism
Common Good
Communitarianism
Communities
Compatriot Partiality Thesis
Complex Emergency
Complex Equalit y
Composition, Fallacy of
Consensus/Justification
Consent
Conspiracy Theory
Constructivism
Consumerism
Contractarianism
Corporate Social Responsibility
Correlative Obligations
Corruption
Cosmopolitan Democracy
Cosmopolitan Justice
Cosmopolitan Republicanism
Cosmopolitanism
Crimes Against Humanity
Crimes Against Peace
Cultural Relativism
Cultural Rights
►Globalization
►Health and Health Care
►Human Rights: African Perspectives

►International Covenant on Economic, Social, and
Cultural Rights
►Multiculturalism
Death Penalty
►Capital Punishment
Decent Society
Democracy, Constitutional
Democracy, Deliberative
Democracy, Transnational
Democratic Citizenship
Democratic Equality
Democratic Legitimacy
Democratic Peace Theory
Development Accountability
Development as Freedom
►Capabilities Approach
►Sen, Amartya
Development Assistance
Development Ethics
Difference Principle
Diffused Responsibility Hypothesis
Disabled People
Disagreement, Reasonable
Dispersed Groups
►Immigration
►Refugees
Dispute Resolution
Domination
Double Effect, Doctrine of
Duties of Assistance

Duties to Non-Compatriots
Duties to the Distant Needy
Duties, Determinate and Indeterminate
Duties, Perfect and Imperfect
Duties, Positive and Negative
Duties, Remedial
►Duties, Determinate and Indeterminate
►Duties, Perfect and Imperfect
►Duties, Positive and Negative
Earth Democracy
►Brundtland Commission
►Political Ecology
►Rio Declaration
►Stockholm Conference, 1972
Economic Rights
Egalitarianism
►Fair Equality of Opportunity
►Global Egalitarianism
►Global Equality of Opportunity
End of Life Care
Environmental Justice
Environmental Racism
Environmental Sustainability
Equality
Essential Medicines, Access to
Ethical Foreign Policy
►Foreign Policy
Eurocentrism
Exploitation
Fair Equality of Opportunity

Fairness
Feminist Ethics
Feminization of Poverty
Food Sovereignty
Friendship
Functioning, Well-Being and
►Capabilities Approach
►Nussbaum, Martha C.
►Quality of Life
►Sen, Amartya
Gender-Based Violence
►Violence
Gender Justice
Genetic Engineering
Genocide
Georgism
Global Basic Structure
Global Citizenship
Global Civil Society
Global Contractarian Justice
Global Democracy
Global Difference Principle
Global Distributive Justice
Global Egalitarianism
Global Equality of Opportunity
Global Ethic
Global Federalism
Global Governance
Global Impartiality Thesis
Global Justice

Global Justice, Subjects of
Global Market
►Capitalism
►Free Trade
►Globalization
Global Organizations
►Capitalism
►Global Democracy
►Global Poverty
►Global Public Sphere
►Globalization
►International Monetary Fund (IMF)
►World Bank (WB)
Global Poverty
Global Public
Global Public Goods
Global Public Health
Global Public Reason
Global Resource Distribution
viii Topical Table of Contents
Global Resources Dividend
►Pogge, Thomas
Global Taxation
Global Tragedy of the Commons
►Global Public
►Global Warming
►Pareto Optimality
Group Rights
Harm Principle
Health and Health Care

Human Development
►Capabilities Approach
►Crocker, David
►Development Ethics
►Human Development and Capability Association
(HDCA)
►International Development Ethics Association (IDEA)
►Nussbaum, Martha C.
►Sen, Amartya
Human Genome
Human Right to Democracy
Human Rights
Human Security
Humanitarian Aid
Humanitarian Intervention, Non-Military
Humanitarian Military Intervention
Ideal Moral Theory
Illegitimate States
Immigration
Impartiality
►Global Impar tiality Thesis
Imperialism
Indigenous Peoples
Indigenous Rights to Land
Inequality
►Global Democracy
►Global Egalitarianism
►Global Justice
Intergenerational Justice
International Due Process

►International Criminal Court (ICC)
►International Criminal Justice
►International Law
International Health Partnership
►Development Ethics
►Global Public Health
►Health and Health Care
►Pandemics
International Humanitarian Assistance
International Institutional Legitimacy
International Justice
►Fairness
►Foreign Policy
►Globalization
►Hague Conventions
►International Law
►Law of Peoples
►Liberal Nationalism
►Moral Equality
►Nagel, Thomas
►Nationalism
►Rawls, John
►Realistic Utopia
►Sen, Amartya
►Tamir, Yael
►Transitional Justice in Africa
►Treaty of Westphalia
International Law
International Law, Normative Foundations of
International Organizations

International Political Economy
►Global Justice
►International Monetary Fund (IMF)
►World Bank (WB)
Intrastate Autonomy
►Secession
Intuitionism
Jus ad Bellum
Jus ad Pacem
Jus Gentium
Jus in Bello
Just Peace
►Peace Versus Justice
►Perpetual Peace: Abbe
´
de Saint-Pierre
►Perpetual Peace: Kant
►Preventive Non-Intervention
Just War Theory
►Just War Theory: Invasion of Iraq
►War, Just and Unjust
Justice and Reciprocity: Local and Global
Justice and Religion: Buddhism
Justice and Religion: Christianity
Justice and Religion: Confucianism
Justice and Religion: Daoism
Justice and Religion: Hinduism
Justice and Religion: Islam
Justice and Religion: Judaism
Killing and Letting Die

Topical Table of Contents ix
Labor
Land Ethic
Language and Politics
Law of Peoples
Legal Rights
Liberal Democracy
Liberal Nationalism
Liberal Pluralism
Liberalism
Libertarianism
Liberties
Lifeboat Ethics
Local Communities
►Communitarianism
►Quality of Life
►Relativity of Well-Being
►Thin Universalism and Thick Localism
Luck Egalitarianism
Majoritarianism
Maldevelopment
►Development Ethics
Marxism
Medical Justice
►Global Public Health
►Health and Health Care
►Pharmaceutical Justice
►Pogge, Thomas
Migration
►Immigration

Minority Groups
►Multiculturalism
Modus Vivendi
Moral Authority
Moral Community
Moral Cosmopolitanism
Moral Distance
Moral Equality
Moral Innocence and Harm
►Non-Combatant Immunity
Moral Legitimacy
Moral Luck
►Luck Egalitarianism
Moral Reasoning
Multiculturalism
National Interest Thesis
►Compatriot Partiality Thesis
►Liberal Nationalism
►Nationalism
►Social Contract
National Self-Determination
Nationalism
Nationalism, Explanatory
Nationalism, Extended
Natural Rights
Needs
►Basic Needs
Negative Duties
►Duties, Positive and Negative
►Killing and Letting Die

Negative Rights
Neoliberalism
Non-Combatant Immunity
Non-Ideal Moral Theory
Obligation to Future Generations
Odious Debts
Original Position
Owning Life
Pacifism
Pareto Optimality
Partialit y
Paternalism
Patriarchy
Patriotism
Peace Education
Perfect Justice
►Rawls, John
►Sen, Amartya
Perpetual Peace
Perpetual Peace: Abbe
´
de Saint-Pierre
Perpetual Peace: Kant
Persecution
►Amnesty International
►Gay Rights
►Human Rights
►Human Rights Watch
►Torture
Pharmaceutical Justice

Pluralism
Political Allegiance
Political Authority
Political Autonomy
Political Constructivism
Political Cosmopolitanism
Political Ecology
Political Economy
Political Forgiveness
Political Freedom
►Falk, Richard
►Liberal Pluralism
►Political Autonomy
x Topical Table of Contents
►Political Representation
►Politics of Recognition
Political Idealism
Political Leadership
►Gandhi, Mahatma
►Political Authority
Political Legitimacy
Political Liberalism
Political Obligation
Political Realism
►Compatriot Partiality Thesis
►Liberal Nationalism
►Lifeboat Ethics
►Political Liberalism
Political Reconciliation
►Political Forgiveness

►Truth Commissions
Political Representation
Positive Duties
►Duties, Positive and Negative
Positive Rights
Poverty
Preemptive War
Preference-Satisfaction
Preventive Diplomacy
►Dispute Resolution
►Preventive Non-Intervention
►Soft Power
►War, Just and Unjust
Preventive Non-Intervention
Preventive War
Prima Facie Duties
Primary Goods
Prisoner’s Dilemma
Prisoners of War
►Geneva Conventions
►Punishment
►War Against Terrorism
►War, Just and Unjust
Proceduralism
Propaganda
Property Rights
Public Good
►Common Good
Public Interest
Public Reason

Punishment
Quality of Life
Racism
Realistic Utopia
Reciprocity
Recognition, the Politics of
Recognitional Legitimacy
Rectificatory Justice
Relative Poverty
Relativism
Relativity of Well-Being
Remedial Rights
►Secession
►Truth Commissions
Reparations
Reproductive Rights
►Population Politics
►Poverty
►Quality of Life
Resource Curse
Responsibility, Individual
Restorative Justice
►Truth Commissions
Retribution
Retributive Justice
Revolution
Rights
Rule-Consequentialism
Sanctions
Second Original Position

Self-Determination
Separation of Church and State
Slavery
Social Contract
Socialism
Solidarity
Sovereignty
Special Obligations
Special Rig hts
Standard of Living
►Development Ethics
►Feminization of Poverty
►Quality of Life
►Relativity of Well-Being
State Terrorism
Subsidiarity Principle
Subsidies
Subsistence Resources
►Absolute Poverty
►Basic Needs
►Basic Rights
►Food Sovereignty
►Poverty
►
Quality of Life
Topical Table of Contents xi
Subsistence Rights
Surrogacy, Transnational
Sustainable Development
Territorial Rights

Thin Universalism and Thick Localism
Toleration/Tolerance, Liberal Principle of
Transitional Justice
Transitional Justice in Africa
Transnational Citizenship
►Citizenship
►World Citizenship
►World Government
Tyranny
Ubuntu
Unequal Exchange Theory
►Exploitation
►Fair Trade
►Imperialism
►Pogge, Thomas
Unilateral Rights
Universal Hospitality
Utilitarianism
Violence
Virtue Ethics
War Crimes
War, Just and Unjust
Wealth Gap
►Equality
►Global Democracy
►Global Difference Principle
►Global Distributive Justice
►Global Egalitarianism
►Global Poverty
►Moral Cosmopolitanism

Wide Reflective Equilibrium
Women’s Rights
►Armed Conflict: Effect on Women
►Ecofeminism
►Feminist Ethics
►Gender Justice
►Feminization of Poverty
►Okin, Susan
►Shiva, Vandana
Working Poor
►Labor
►Labor Laws
►Poverty
World Citizenship
World Government
World Ow nership
►Global Public Goods
►Global Public Sphere
►World Government
Institutions/Organizations
African Development Bank
Amnesty International
Bretton Woods Institutions
Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)
Democratic Institutions
►Global Democracy
Development Institutions
►Development Assistance
►Basic Needs
►United Nations: Right to Development

Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
►Land Grab
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(EBRD)
►Basic Needs
►Development Assistance
European Union (EU)
Global Commission on International Migration (GCIM)
►Refugees
Grameen Bank
Greenpeace
High Road for Human Rights
Human Development and Capability Association (HDCA)
Human Rights Watch
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
►Climate Change
►Global Warming
International Commission on Intervention and State
Sovereignty (ICISS)
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
►International Criminal Court (ICC)
►International Criminal Justice
►International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
►International Criminal Tribunal for the Former
Yugoslavia (ICTY)
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural
Rights
International Criminal Court (ICC)
International Development Ethics Association (IDEA)

International Finance Cooperation (IFC)
►Free Trade
►International Monetary Fund (IMF)
xii Topical Table of Contents
International Forum Against Globalization
►Globalization
►Third World Resistance
International Labour Organization (ILO)
►Labor Laws
International Law Commission
►International Law
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
League of Nations
Multinational Corporations
National Alliance for Tribal Self Rule (NATSR), India
►Indigenous Peoples
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
►Amnesty International
►Global Governance
►Global Public
►Global Public Reason
►High Road for Human Rights
►Human Rights Watch
►Illegitimate States
►International Organizations
►O’Neill, Onora
►Owning Life
►Pax Natura
►Sen, Amartya
►Shiva, Vandana

►Treaty of Westphalia
►World Intellectual Property Organization
(WIPO)
►World Social Forum
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
►International Organizations
Organization for African Unity (OAU)
►African Development Bank
►Health and Health Care
►Human Rights: African Perspectives
►International Organizations
Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD)
►Development Assistance
►Fair Trade
►Global Taxation
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
(OSCE)
►European Convention on Human Rights
►Human Trafficking
►International Organizations
►Subsidiarity Principle
►Terrorism
Organization of American States (OAS)
►Development Assistance
►Fair Trade
►International Organizations
Organization of the Petr oleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC)
Oxfam International
Pax Natura Foundation

Regional Human Rights Courts and Commissions
►Human Rights
►International Institutional Legitimacy
►International Law
United Nations (UN)
►Global Governance
►Global Human Rights Culture
►Global Public Reason
►
International Organizations
►Self-Determination
►United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea
►United Nations: Peacekeeping and Peace Building
►United Nations: Reform
►United Nations: Right to Development
►U niversal Declaration of H uma n Rights
United Nations Agenda for Democratization
►Global Democracy
United Nations Charter on Economic Rights and Duties of
States
►Basic Rights
►Human Rights
►Positive Rights
United Nations Democracy Fund
►Global Democracy
United Nations Development Program (UNDP)
►Capabilities Approach
►Crocker, David
►Development Ethics

►Health and Health Care
►Human Development and Capability Association
(HDCA)
►Human Security
►International Development Ethics Association
(IDEA)
►Poverty
►Sen, Amartya
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO)
►Capabilities Approach
►Development Ethics
►Peace Education
Topical Table of Contents xiii
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO)
►Food
►Food Sovereignty
►Land Grab
United Nations Human Rights Commission
►Ethical Globalization Initiative (EGI)
►Human Rights
►Human Rights: African Perspectives
United Nations Security Council
►United Nations: Peacekeeping and Peace Building
►United Nations: Reform
United Nations: Peacekeeping and Peace Building
United Nations: Reform
United Nations: Right to Development
Working Women’s Forum (WWF), India

►Post-Colonialism
World Bank (WB)
World Commission on Environment and Development
►Brundtland Commission
World Health Organization ( WHO)
►Development Ethics
►Global Public Health
►Health and Health Care
►Pandemics
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
World Social Forum
World Trade Organization (WTO)
►Alterglobalization
►Bandung Conference
►Doha Declaration
►General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
►Global Basic Structure
►International Organizations
►Stiglitz, Joseph Eugene
►Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
Persons/Thinkers
Agarwal, Bina
Ake, Claude
Appiah, Kwame Anthony
Arendt, Hannah
Augustine
Barber, Benjamin
Barry, Brian
Bauman, Zygmunt
Beitz, Charles

Benhabib, Seyla
Berger, John
Bohman, James
Bonhoeffer, Dietrich
Boylan, Michael
Brock, Gillian
Buchanan, Allen
Cabrera, Luis
Caney, Simon
Chodosh, Hiram
Chomsky, Noam
Chumakov, Alexander N.
Chwaszcza, Christine
Cicero
Condorcet, N. Marquis de
Crocker, David
Dante
Derrida, Jacques
Dower, Nigel
Dryzek, John
Falk, Richard
Fanon, Frantz
►Human Rights: African Perspectives
►Imperialism
►Liberation Theology
►Violence
Foucault, Michel
Gandhi, Mahatma
George, Henry
►Georgism

Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah
Gould, Carol
Goulet, Denis
Grotius, Hugo
Habermas, Ju
¨
rgen
Hardin, Garrett
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
Held, David
Held, Virginia
Herodotus
Hobbes, Thomas
Honneth, Axel
Huntington, Samuel
Jefferson, Thomas
Kant, Immanuel
Kant, Immanuel: Contemporary Kantian Responses to
King, Martin Luther, Jr.
Kukathas, Chandran
Ku
¨
ng, Hans
►Global Ethic
►World Citizenship
Laozi
Locke, John
xiv Topical Table of Contents
Luther, Martin
Mallat, Chibli

Mamdani, Mahmoud
►Human Rights: African Perspectives
Mao, Zedong
Marx, Karl
May, Larry
McBride, William
McMahan, Jeff
Mill, John Stuar t
Miller, David
Miller, Richard
Moellendorf, Darrel
Nagel, Thomas
Narveson, Jan
Nickel, James
Nozick, Robert
Nussbaum, Martha C.
O’Neill, Onora
Okin, Susan
Pogge, Thomas
Rawls, John
Roosevelt, Eleanor
Rosenbaum, Thane
Rosenthal, Joel H.
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
Russell, Bertrand
Sellers, Mortimer
Sen, Amartya
Seneca
Shiva, Vandana
Shue, Henry

Singer, Peter
Spinoza, Baruch
Stiglitz, Joseph Eugene
Tagore, Rabindranath
Talbott, William J.
Tamir, Yael
Tan, Kok-Chor
Teso
´
n, Fernando
Thucydides
Vitoria, Francisco de
Walzer, Michael
Wenar, Leif
Xunzi
Young, Iris Marion
Trends/Movements/Policies/Treaties
Advocacy Organizations
►International Organizations
Afghanistan and Iraq Wars
al Qaeda
►Afghanistan and Iraq Wars
►Punishment
►Terrorism
►War Against Terrorism
Alterglobalization
Animal Rights
Anti-Globalization Movements
►Alterglobalization
►Ecofeminism

►Shiva, Vandana
Arms Race
►Afghanistan and Iraq Wars
►Chomsky, Noam
►Corporate Social Responsibility
►Corruption
►Dispute Resolution
►Foreign Policy
►Peace Education
►Pogge, Thomas
►Preventive Non-Intervention
►Preventive War
Asian Values Debate
Bandung Conference
Beijing Platform on Women
►Falk, Richard
►Gender Justice
►Okin, Susan
Bhopal Tragedy
Bilateral Aid
►Development Assistance
►Basic Needs
Bribery
►Corruption
►Foreign Policy
►Pogge, Thomas
►Poverty
Brundtland Commission
Cairo Declaration of Human Rights
Capital Punishment

Carbon Tax
Child Labor
Child Soldiers
Climate Change
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
►Okin, Susan
Cyber Privacy
►Privacy
Topical Table of Contents xv
Cyberwar
Debt Relief
Deforestation
►Pax Natura Foundation
►Sustainable Development
Democratic Nation Building
►Doha Declaration
►Global Democracy
►Humanitarian Military Intervention
►Humanitarian Intervention, Non-Military
►Human Right to Democracy
►Preventive Non-Intervention
Doha Declaration
Drug Research and Human Experimentation
►Bioprospecting and Biopiracy
►Essential Medicines, Access to
►Organ Trafficking
►Owning Life
Duty to Prosecute
East Asian Economic Crisis

►International Monetary Fund (IMF)
►World Bank (WB)
Ecofeminism
Embargoes
►Foreign Policy
►Poverty
Empire
Enemy Combatant
Environmental Protection
Environmental Regulations
►Environmental Protection
Ethical Globalization Initiative (EGI)
European Convention on Human Rights
Failed States
►Development Assistance
►Development Ethics
►Duties of Assistance
Fair Trade
Female Genital Mutilation
Food
Foreign Aid
Foreign Policy
Free Trade
Gay Rights
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
General Agreement on Trade and Services (GATS)
►Free Trade
Geneva Conventions
Global Democracy Deficit
►Consensus/Justification

►Global Democracy
Global Human Rights Culture
Global Justice Project: Iraq
Global Public Sphere
Global Trafficking
►Human Trafficking
Global Warming
Globalization
Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA)
►Land Grab
Guantanamo Bay Prisoners
►Afghanistan and Iraq Wars
►Just War Theory: Invasion of Iraq
►Punishment
►Terrorism
►War Against Terrorism
Hague Conventions
Human Rights: African Perspectives
Human Trafficking
Inept States
►Poverty
►Rawls, John
Intellectual Property Rights
International Borrowing Privilege
►Debt Relief
International Criminal Justice
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former
Yugoslavia (ICTY)
International Environmental Standards

►Climate Change
►Climate Justice
►Global Warming
International Labor Standards
International Legal Reform
►Chodosh, Hiram
►Global Democracy
►Global Justice
International Solidarity
►Global Public Reason
►Solidarity
Intervention, Non-Military
►Humanitarian Intervention, Non-Military
Just War Theory: Invasion of Iraq
Kyoto Protocol
►Climate Change
►Climate Justice
►Global Warming
Labor Laws
Land Grab
Liberal Internationalism
Liberation Theology
xvi Topical Table of Contents
Mediation
►Chodosh, Hiram
►Dispute Resolution
Mega-Cities
Moral Imperialism
Movement for the Emancipation of the Nile Delta
(MEND)

Nation Building
►Development Ethics
►Human Right to Democracy
►Humanitarian Aid
►Humanitarian Intervention, Non-Military
►Humanitarian Military Intervention
►United Nations: Peacekeeping and Peace
Building
New International Economic Order
►Globalization
Non-Aligned Movement
►Bandung Conference
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
►Alterglobalization
►Fair Trade
►Free Trade
North-South Division
►Alterglobalization
►Ecofeminism
►Global Egalitarianism
►Global Justice
►Global Poverty
►Globalization
►Shiva, Vandana
Nuclear Proliferation
►Falk, Richard
►Russell, Bertrand
►State Terrorism
Nuremberg Trials
Oil

Organ Trafficking
Outsourcing
►Corporate Social Responsibility
►Globalization
Pandemics
Paris Peace Conference
Peace Versus Justice
Population Politics
Post-Colonial Feminism
►Colonialism
►Gender Justice
►Post-Colonialism
Post-Colonialism
Privacy
Protectionist Policies
►Free Trade
►International Organizations
►Third World Resistance
Refugees
Rendition, Extraordinary
►War Against Terrorism
Rio Declaration
Rogue States
►Humanitarian Military Intervention
►Rawls, John
►Tyranny
Rome Statute of 1998
Rwanda
Secession
Singularity

Soft Power
Stockholm Conference, 1972
Technology
Terrorism
Third World Resistance
Tobin Tax
Torture
Trade Agreements
►Bandung Conference
►Doha Declaration
►Fair Trade
►Foreign Policy
►Free Trade
►Intellectual Property Rights
►
Stiglitz, Joseph Eugene
►Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
Transhumanism
Treaty of Westphalia
Truth Commissions
UDHR
►Universal Declaration of Human Rights
►United Nations: Rights and Duties
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
►Development Ethics
►Free Trade
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
United Nations Millennium Development Goals
►Health and Health Care

►Poverty
►Pogge, Thomas
United Nations: Rights and Duties
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Vegetarianism
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
Topical Table of Contents xvii
Vienna Declaration on Human Rights
War Against Terrorism
Water
Weapons of Mass Destruction
►Afghanistan and Iraq Wars
►Just War Theory: Invasion of Iraq
►War Against Terrorism
►War, Just and Unjust
Women’s Movement
►Ecofeminism
►Feminist Ethics
►Solidarity
Zapatistas
xviii Topical Table of Contents
Editor-in-Chief
Deen K. Chatterjee teaches philosophy at the University of Utah and is the series editor of Studies in Global Justice
(Springer), with nine volumes published in the series. His areas of specialization are political philosophy, applied ethics,
and philosophy of religion and culture.
Chatterjee’s publications include, most recently, Ethics of Preventive War (Cambridge University Press); Democracy in
a Global World: Human Rights and Political Participation in the 21st Century (Rowman and Littlefield); Ethics of
Assistance: Morality and the Distant Needy (Cambridge University Press); and Ethics and Foreign Intervention, with
Don E. Scheid (Cambridge University Press). Currently he is completing two monographs, one on the ethics of war and
peace and the other on cosmopolitan justice. In addition, he is editing two volumes, one with Martha Nussbaum on

Tagore’s philosophy of education and the other on feminism and multiculturalism. Besides contributing chapters in
several anthologies and encyclopedias, he has published articles and reviews in The Monist, Metaphilosophy, Ethics and
International Affairs, Ethics, The Journal of Moral Philosophy, Social Philosophy Today, and The Good Society.
Chatterjee has been a member of the American Philosophical Association’s Advisory Committee on Applied Ethics
(Eastern Division) and has been a two-term member of the Association’s Committee on International Cooperation.
Deen K. Chatterjee
Department of Philosophy
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT
USA
Editorial Board
Associate Editors
NKIRUKA AHIAUZU
University of Wales
UK
E
LIZABETH ASHFORD
University of St. Andrews
UK
C
HRISTIAN BARRY
Australian National University
Australia
C
HANDRA KALA BHADRA
Tribhuvan University
Nepal
M
ICHAEL BLAKE

University of Washington
USA
G
ILLIAN BROCK
University of Auckland
New Zealand
C
HRISTINE CHWASZCZA
Philosophisches Seminar der Uni Koeln
Germany
S
HANNON FRENCH
US Naval Academy
USA
C
HRISTOPHER KILBY
Villanova University
USA
R
AHUL KUMAR
Queen’s University
Canada
M
ONICA MOOKHERJEE
Keele University
UK
J
EREMY MOSS
University of Melbourne
Australia

C
OLLEEN MURPHY
Texas A & M University
USA
R
EECE NEWMAN
Forum for Questioning Minds
USA
J
UHA RAIKKA
University of Turku
Finland
S
ALLY SCHOLZ
Villanova University
USA
A
SUNCION LERA ST.CLAIR
University of Bergen
Norway
H
ELEN STACY
Stanford Law School
USA
R
ONALD TINNEVELT
Radboud University Nijmegen
The Netherlands
Editorial Advisors
BINA AGARWAL

University of Delhi
India
K
WAME ANTHONY APPIAH
Princeton University
USA
C
HARLES BEITZ
Princeton University
USA
S
EYLA BENHABIB
Yale University
USA
A
LLEN BUCHANAN
Duke University
USA
L
UIS CAMACHO
University of Costa Rica
Costa Rica
H
IRAM CHODOSH
University of Utah
USA
A
LEXANDER CHUMAKOV
Moscow Academy of Law
Russia

T
ONY COADY
University of Melbourne
Australia
J
OSHUA COHEN
Stanford University
USA
A
DELA CORTINA
University of Valencia
Spain
D
AVID CROCKER
University of Maryland
USA
M
ICHAEL DOYLE
Columbia University
USA
M
YRTO DRAGONA-MONACHOU
University of Athens
Greece
R
ICHARD FALK
University of California, Santa Barbara
USA
T
OM FARER

University of Denver
USA
D
ESMOND GASPER
Institute of Social Studies
The Netherlands
S
AAD EDDIN IBRAHIM
American University of Cairo
Egypt
T
AKASHI INOGUCHI
Chuo University
Japan
I
OANNA KUC¸URADI
Hacetteppe University
Turkey
C
HANDRAN KUKATHAS
London School of Economics
UK
H
ANS KU
¨
NG
Global Ethic Foundation
Germany
W
ILL KYMLICKA

Queen’s University
Canada
S
TEPHEN MACEDO
Princeton University
USA
xxii Editorial Board
LARRY MAY
Vanderbilt University
USA
and
Charles Sturt and Australian National
Universities
Australia
A
LISTAIR MACLEOD
Queen’s University
Canada
W
ILLIAM MCBRIDE
Purdue University
USA
J
EFF MCMAHAN
Rutgers University
USA
D
AVID MILLER
Oxford University
UK

R
ICHARD MILLER
Cornell University
USA
R
OBERT NEWMAN
University of Utah
USA
M
ARTHA NUSSBAUM
University of Chicago
USA
O
NORA O’NEILL
Cambridge University
UK
S
AMANTHA POWER
Harvard University
USA
M
ARY ROBINSON
Ethical Globalization Initiative
USA
J
OEL H. ROSENTHAL
Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs
USA
A
MARTYA SEN

Harvard University
USA
A
RJUN SENGUPTA
{
Centre for Development and Human Rights
India
H
ENRY SHUE
Oxford University
UK
P
ETER SINGER
Princeton University
USA
and
University of Melbourne
Australia
G
U SU
Nanjing University
China
J
EREMY WALDRON
New York University
USA
M
ICHAEL WALZER
Institute for Advanced Study
USA

{
Deceased
Editorial Board xxiii
Editorial Assistants
KATHY GLASS
Redway, CA
USA
S
UMMER OSBURN
Salt Lake City, UT
USA
L
YNETTE E. S IEGER
New York University
USA
xxiv Editorial Board