using autocad 2011

Using AutoCAD
®
2011
Using AutoCAD
®
2011
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RALPH GRABOWSKI
Australia • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Using AutoCAD
®
2011
Using AutoCAD
®
2011
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© 2011 Delmar Cengage Learning.

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Library of Congress Control Number: 2010925289
ISBN-13: 9781111125141
ISBN-10: 1-1111-2514-7
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Using AutoCAD
®
2011
Ralph Grabowski
Printed in the United States of America
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BRIEF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION LI
UNIT I — SETTING UP DRAWINGS 1
1 QUICK TOUR OF AUTOCAD 2011 3
2 UNDERSTANDING CAD CONCEPTS 41
3 SETTING UP DRAWINGS 87
UNIT II — DRAFTING ESSENTIALS 127
4 DRAWING BASIC OBJECTS 129
5 DRAWING WITH PRECISION 185
6 DRAWING WITH EFFICIENCY 247
SECTION III — EDITING DRAWINGS 319

7 PROPERTIES AND LAYERS 321
8 CONSTRUCTING OBJECTS 373
9 ADDITIONAL EDITING METHODS 417
UNIT IV — TEXT AND DIMENSIONS 479
10 PLACING AND EDITING TEXT 481
11 PLACING DIMENSIONS 563
12 EDITING DIMENSIONS 617
13 APPLYING DIMENSIONAL CONSTRAINTS 663
14 USING GEOMETRIC CONSTRAINTS 685
15 REPORTING ON DRAWINGS 709
UNIT V — 3D MODELING 751
16 INTRODUCTION TO 3D SOLID MODELING 753
17 INTRODUCTION TO 3D MESH MODELING 787
18 ADDITIONAL 3D TECHNIQUES 811
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UNIT VII — PLOTTING DRAWINGS 851
19 WORKING WITH LAYOUTS 853
20 PLOTTING DRAWINGS 901
UNIT VII — APPENDICES 965
A AUTOCAD, COMPUTERS, AND WINDOWS 967
B AUTOCAD COMMANDS, ALIASES, AND KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS 981
C AUTOCAD SYSTEM VARIABLES 1009
D SUMMARY OF DIMENSION VARIABLES 1067
INDEX
1079
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The icon indicates the command is new to AutoCAD 2011.
CONTENTS

Introduction LI
BENEFITS OF COMPUTER-AIDED DRAFTING LI
CAD APPLICATIONS LII
Architecture lii
Engineering liv
Interior Design lv
Manufacturing lv
Facilities Management lvi
Mapping lvi
Entertainment lvii
Online Applications lviii
OTHER BENEFITS LIX
AUTOCAD OVERVIEW LX
TERMINOLOGY LX
Coordinates lx
Drawing Files lx
WHAT’S NEW IN AUTOCAD 2011 LXI
USER INTERFACE LXI
2D DRAFTING LXII
PARAMETRICS LXII
3D MODELING LXIII
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viii
USING THIS BOOK LXIV
CONVENTIONS LXIV
Keys lxiv
Control and Alternate Keys lxiv
Flip Screen
lxiv

Command Nomenclature
lxiv
COMPANION FILES LXV
ONLINE COMPANION LXVI
WE WANT TO HEAR FROM YOU! LXVII
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS LXVII
ABOUT THE AUTHOR LXVII
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Table of Contents    ix
UNIT I — SETTING UP DRAWINGS 1
1 Quick Tour of AutoCAD 2011 3
STARTING AUTOCAD 4
TUTORIAL: STARTING AUTOCAD 4
COMMANDS IN AUTOCAD 8
Command Bar 8
Text Window 9
Dynamic Input
9
Mouse
9
RIBBON 11
TUTORIAL: EXECUTING COMMANDS WITH THE RIBBON 11
TUTORIAL: ACCESSING FLYOUTS 15
TUTORIAL: ACCESSING DROPLISTS 16
QUICK ACCESS TOOLBAR 17
ACCESSING THE APPLICATION MENU 17
Recent Drawings 18
Open Documents 19
Displaying the Menu Bar 19

CHANGING WORKSPACES 20
AutoCAD Classic Workspace 21
Toolbars 21
EXITING AUTOCAD 22
2D TUTORIAL 23
SETTING UP NEW DRAWINGS 24
DRAWING THE BASE PLATE 25
DRAWING THE SHAFT 26
DRAWING HOLES 27
COPYING CIRCLES 27
SAVING THE DRAWING 28
PLOTTING THE DRAWING 29
3D TUTORIAL 32
MODELING THE SHAFT 33
MODELING HOLES 35
COPYING CYLINDERS 36
SUBTRACTING CYLINDERS TO CREATE HOLES 37
EXERCISES 38
CHAPTER REVIEW 39
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x
2 Understanding CAD Concepts 41
AUTOCAD USER INTERFACE 42
USER INTERFACE CHANGES IN AUTOCAD 2011 42
TOURING THE USER INTERFACE 43
TITLE BAR 43
Info Center 43
Window Controls 43
RIBBON, MENU BAR, AND TOOLBARS 44

DRAWING AREA 44
Cursors 44
Cursor Icons 45
View Cube 45
Navigation Bar 45
UCS Icon 46
Other Screen Markings 47
Highlights and Grips 47
Rollover Tooltips
47
Selection Cycling 48
Dynamic Input
48
Grid
49
Tracking Lines
49
LAYOUT TABS AND SCROLL BARS 49
Scroll Bars 49
STATUS BAR 50
X, Y Coordinates and Elevation 50
Mode Indicators
50
Layouts 51
Annotation Scaling 52
Workspaces 52
Tray 52
Tray Options 53
Cleanscreen and Resize Window
53

ENTERING COMMANDS 54
USING THE KEYBOARD 54
Command Input Considerations 55
Repeating Commands 55
Recent Input 55
Dynamic Input
56
Entering Commands 56
Entering Coordinates
57
Selecting Options
57
Dynamic Dimensions
58
Selecting a Default Value
58
Dynamic Angles
58
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Table of Contents    xi
Error Messages and Warnings 58
Modifying Dynamic Input
59
Keyboard Shortcuts
60
AutoComplete 60
Function Keys
61
Aliases

61
Other Keys
62
USING MOUSE BUTTONS 62
USING DIALOG BOXES 63
Hyphen Prex 64
System Variables 64
FileDia 64
Expert
65
AttDia
65
Alternate Commands
65
THE DRAFT-EDIT-PLOT CYCLE 66
DRAFTING 66
Constructing Objects 66
BLOCKS AND TEMPLATES 67
EDITING 67
PLOTTING 68
ePlots 68
PROTECTING DRAWINGS 68
SCREEN POINTING
68
Showing Points by Window Corners 68
COORDINATE SYSTEMS 69
AUTOCAD COORDINATES 70
Cartesian Coordinates 71
Polar Coordinates 72
Cylindrical Coordinates 73

Spherical Coordinates 74
Relative Coordinates 75
User-dened Coordinate Systems 76
ENTERING COORDINATES 76
Screen Picks 77
Keyboard Coordinates 77
Snaps, Etc. 77
Point Filters 78
Snap Spacing
78
Direct Distance Entry
78
Tracking
78
Object Snaps
79
EXERCISES 80
CHAPTER REVIEW 82
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xii
3 Setting Up Drawings 87
NEW DRAWINGS 88
TUTORIAL: STARTING NEW DRAWINGS 88
About Templates 89
QNEW 90
TUTORIAL: STARTING NEW DRAWINGS WITH TEMPLATES 90
STARTUP DIALOG BOX 90
Starting From Scratch 90
Using Templates 91

Using Wizards 92
TUTORIAL: USING THE ADVANCED WIZARD 92
OPEN 96
TUTORIAL: OPENING DRAWINGS 96
Files List 98
Preview 99
Files of Type 99
Read-Only 100
Partial Open
100
Select Initial View
101
Making Dialog Boxes Bigger
101
Standard Folders Sidebar
101
Tools 102
Finding Files 102
CHANGING SCREEN COLORS 103
Default Background Colors 103
TUTORIAL: CHANGING COLORS 104
UNITS 105
TUTORIAL: SETTING UNITS 105
SETTING SCALE FACTORS 107
Scale-dependent Objects 108
Annotation Scaling 109
SAVE AND SAVEAS 110
TUTORIAL: SAVING DRAWINGS BY OTHER NAMES 110
SAVING DRAWINGS: ADDITIONAL METHODS 111
My Network Places 111

TUTORIAL: SAVING DRAWINGS ON OTHER COMPUTERS 111
FTP 112
TUTORIAL: SENDING DRAWINGS BY FTP 113
Files of Type 114
TUTORIAL: SAVING DRAWINGS IN OTHER FORMATS 114
Options 115
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Table of Contents    xiii
QSAVE
117
TUTORIAL: SAVING DRAWINGS 117
AUTOMATIC BACKUPS 117
TUTORIAL: MAKING BACKUP COPIES 117
MAKING BACKUPS: ADDITIONAL METHODS 119
SaveFilePath 119
Accessing Backup Files 119
QUIT 120
TUTORIAL: QUITTING AUTOCAD 120
EXERCISES 121
CHAPTER REVIEW
123
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xiv
UNIT II — DRAFTING ESSENTIALS 127
4 Drawing Basic Objects 129
LINE 130
TUTORIAL: DRAWING LINE SEGMENTS 131
DRAWING LINE SEGMENTS: ADDITIONAL METHODS 132

Close 133
Undo 133
Relative Coordinates and Angles 133
Continue 134
RECTANG 134
TUTORIAL: DRAWING RECTANGLES 134
ADDITIONAL METHODS FOR DRAWING RECTANGLES 135
Dimensions 135
Area 136
Rotation 137
Width 137
Elevation 138
Thickness 138
Fillet 139
Chamfer 140
POLYGON 140
TUTORIAL: DRAWING POLYGONS 141
ADDITIONAL METHODS FOR DRAWING POLYGONS 141
Edge 142
Inscribed in Circle 143
Circumscribed About Circle 143
CIRCLE 144
TUTORIAL: DRAWING CIRCLES 144
ADDITIONAL METHODS FOR DRAWING CIRCLES 144
Diameter 145
2P 145
3P 145
Ttr (tan tan radius) 146
Tan, Tan, Tan 146
ARC 147

TUTORIAL: DRAWING ARCS 148
ADDITIONAL METHODS FOR DRAWING ARCS 148
START, CENTER, END & CENTER, START, END 149
START, CENTER, ANGLE & START, END, ANGLE & CENTER, START, ANGLE 149
START, CENTER, LENGTH & CENTER, START, LENGTH 150
START, END, RADIUS 150
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Table of Contents    xv
START, END, DIRECTION 151
CONTINUE 151
DONUT
152
TUTORIAL: DRAWING DONUTS
152
PLINE
153
TUTORIAL: DRAWING POLYLINES
153
ADDITIONAL METHODS FOR DRAWING POLYLINES 154
Undo 154
Close 154
Arc 154
Width 154
Halfwidth 155
Length 156
ELLIPSE 156
TUTORIAL: DRAWING ELLIPSES 157
ADDITIONAL METHODS FOR DRAWING ELLIPSES 157
Center 158

Rotation 158
Elliptical Arc 158
Isocircle 159
POINT 160
ADDITIONAL METHODS FOR DRAWING POINTS 160
Multiple 160
DdPType 161
U AND UNDO 162
TUTORIAL: UNDOING COMMANDS 162
UNDOING COMMANDS: ADDITIONAL METHODS 163
Undo 163
Auto 163
Control
163
BEgin/End
163
Mark/Back
164
Combined Zooms and Pans
164
Undo, Previous Options and Cancel Buttons 164
Undo Option 164
Previous Option
164
Cancel Button
164
REDO AND MREDO 165
TUTORIAL: REDOING UNDOS
165
MRedo 165

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xvi
CONSTRUCTING OTHER OBJECTS 166
EQUILATERAL TRIANGLES 166
ISOSCELES TRIANGLES 167
SCALENE TRIANGLES 170
RIGHT ANGLE TRIANGLES 171
EXERCISES 172
CHAPTER REVIEW 182
5 Drawing with Precision 185
GRID 186
TUTORIAL: TOGGLING THE GRID 186
CONTROLLING THE GRID DISPLAY: ADDITIONAL METHODS 187
DSettings Command 187
Grid Spacing 189
LIMITS 189
SNAP 189
TUTORIAL: TOGGLING SNAP MODE 189
CONTROLLING THE SNAP: ADDITIONAL METHODS 190
DSettings 190
Snap 191
TUTORIAL: CHANGING THE GRID 192
TUTORIAL: DRAWING WITH SNAP MODE 192
ORTHO 193
TUTORIAL: TOGGLING ORTHO MODE 193
TUTORIAL: DRAWING IN ORTHO MODE 194
POLAR 194
TUTORIAL: TOGGLING POLAR MODE 194
CONTROLLING POLAR MODE: ADDITIONAL METHODS 195

DSettings 195
PolarAng 197
PolarDist 197
PolarMode 197
TUTORIAL: DRAWING WITH POLAR MODE 198
OSNAP 200
APERTURE 200
RUNNING AND TEMPORARY OSNAPS 201
SUMMARY OF ALL OBJECT SNAP MODES 202
APParent intersection 202
CENter 202
ENDpoint 203
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Table of Contents    xvii
EXTension 203
INSERTION 203
INTersection 204
MIDpoint 204
NEArest 204
NODe 205
PARallel 205
PERpendicular 205
QUAdrant 205
TANgent 206
ADDITIONAL OBJECT SNAP MODES 206
From 206
NONe 207
TT 207
QUIck 207

OFF 207
TUTORIAL: TOGGLING AND SELECTING OSNAP MODE 207
CONTROLLING OSNAP MODES: ADDITIONAL METHODS 208
OSnap (DSettings) 208
-OSnap 211
TUTORIAL: USING OBJECT SNAP MODES 211
OTRACK
214
OTRACK OPTIONS
214
AutoTrack Settings 215
Alignment Point Acquisition 215
TUTORIAL: TOGGLING OTRACK MODE 215
RAY AND XLINE 216
TUTORIAL: DRAWING CONSTRUCTION LINES 216
DRAWING CONSTRUCTION LINES: ADDITIONAL METHODS 217
TUTORIAL: DRAWING WITH CONSTRUCTION LINES 218
REDRAW AND REGEN
221
TUTORIAL: USING THE REDRAW COMMAND
221
TRANSPARENT REDRAWS 222
ZOOM 222
TUTORIAL: USING THE ZOOM COMMAND
222
ZOOM COMMAND: ADDITIONAL METHODS 223
Zoom All 223
Zoom Extents 224
Zoom Object 224
Zoom Previous 224

Zoom Scale 224
Zoom Window 225
Zoom Realtime 226
Rarely Used Zoom Modes 226
Transparent Zoom 226
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xviii
PAN 227
TUTORIAL: PANNING THE DRAWING 227
TRANSPARENT PANNING 227
SCROLL BARS 227
-PAN 228
NAVIGATION BAR 229
NAVBAR AND NAVBARDISPLAY 229
CLEANSCREENON 231
TUTORIAL: TOGGLING THE DRAWING AREA 231
VIEW 232
PREDEFINED VIEWS 232
TUTORIAL: STORING AND RECALLING NAMED VIEWS 232
TUTORIAL: RENAMING AND DELETING NAMED VIEWS 234
TUTORIAL: OPENING DRAWINGS WITH NAMED VIEWS 235
TUTORIAL: STARTING AUTOCAD WITH NAMED VIEWS 235
TUTORIAL: CHANGING WINDOWED VIEWS 236
EXERCISES 238
CHAPTER REVIEW 243
6 Drawing with Efciency 247
BLOCK AND INSERT 248
Editing the Content of Blocks 249
TUTORIAL: CREATING BLOCKS 249

Suggestions for Designing Blocks 252
CREATING BLOCKS: ADDITIONAL METHODS 252
Objects 252
Behavior 253
Settings 254
Description 254
INSERTING BLOCKS 255
TUTORIAL: PLACING BLOCKS 255
INSERTING BLOCKS: ADDITIONAL METHODS 256
Basepoint 257
Scale 257
Rotation Angle 258
Explode 259
Preview 260
DESIGNCENTER AND TOOL PALETTES 260
Inserting Blocks with DesignCenter 260
Inserting Blocks with Tool Palettes
261
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Table of Contents    xix
CREATING AND INSERTING BLOCKS: ADDITIONAL METHODS 262
Base 262
WBlock 262
Source 262
Destination
262
REDEFINING BLOCKS 263
BEDIT 264
TUTORIAL: EDITING BLOCKS WITH THE BLOCK EDITOR 264

HATCH 266
ABOUT HATCHING 266
Full Sections 266
Revolved, Offset, and Removed Sections 266
How Hatching Works 267
BASIC TUTORIAL: PLACING HATCH PATTERNS 268
PLACING HATCH PATTERNS: ADDITIONAL METHODS 270
Boundaries Panel 270
Dening Boundaries by Picking Areas 272
Dening Boundaries by Selecting Objects
273
Removing Boundaries
273
Recreating Boundaries
273
Additional Boundary Options
274
Boundary Retention 274
Selecting Boundary Sets
274
Select a Hatch
274
ISO Patterns 275
User Dened Patterns 275
Hatch Properties
275
Pattern 275
Hatch and Background Color 276
Hatch Transparency 276
Angle and Scale

276
Layer 277
Relative to Paper Space
277
Double Hatching
277
ISO Pen Width
277
Origin Panel
277
Additional Origin Options 278
Options Panel
279
Associative and Non-Associative Hatch Patterns 279
Annotative Scaling
279
Matching Properties
279
Additional Options
280
Gap Tolerance
280
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xx
Create Separate Hatches 280
Island Detection
280
Draw Order
281

Close
281
GRADIENT 282
HATCHEDIT 284
Direct Editing of Hatch Boundaries 284
BOUNDARY 285
TUTORIAL: CREATING BOUNDARIES 285
SELECT 286
TUTORIAL: SELECTING OBJECTS BY LOCATION 286
ALL (Select All Objects) 288
Pick (Select Single Object)
288
Visual Selection Cycling 288
W (Select Within a Window)
288
C (Select with a Crossing Window)
289
BOX (Select with a Box)
290
F (Select with a Fence)
290
AU (Select with the Automatic Option)
291
WP (Select with a Windowed Polygon)
291
CP (Select with a Crossing Polygon)
291
SI (Select a Single Object)
292
SU and O (Select Subobjects and Objects)

292
M (Select Through the Multiple Option)
292
P (Select the Previous Selection Set)
292
L (Select the Last Object)
292
G (Select the Group)
292
Changing Selected Items
292
U (Undo the Selected Option) 293
R (Remove Objects from the Selection Set)
293
A (Add Objects to the Selection Set)
293
Canceling the Selection Process.
293
Selecting Objects During Commands 293
QSELECT 294
TUTORIAL: SELECTING OBJECTS BY PROPERTIES
294
CONTROLLING THE SELECTION: ADDITIONAL METHODS
295
Pickbox 295
DdSelect 296
Pickbox Size 296
Selection Preview
296
Noun/Verb Selection 297

Use Shift to Add to Selection
298
Press and Drag
298
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Table of Contents    xxi
Implied Windowing 298
Object Grouping
298
Associative Hatch
298
Filter 299
SELECTSIMILAR 301
TUTORIAL: SELECTING SIMILAR OBJECTS 301
ADDSELECTED 302
TUTORIAL: DRAWING SIMILAR OBJECTS 302
HIDEOBJECTS AND ISOLATEOBJECTS 303
UnisolateObjects 304
TUTORIAL: HIDING AND ISOLATING OBJECTS 304
Isolating Objects 305
Unisolating Objects 305
DRAWORDER 306
TUTORIAL: SPECIFYING DRAWORDER 306
CHANGING THE DRAW ORDER: ADDITIONAL METHODS 306
HpDrawOrder 306
HatchToBack 307
TextToFront
307
EXERCISES 308

CHAPTER REVIEW
316
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
xxii
SECTION III — EDITING DRAWINGS 319
7 Properties and Layers 321
MATCHPROP 322
TUTORIAL: MATCHING PROPERTIES 322
Settings 323
COLOR 324
TUTORIAL: CHANGING COLORS 324
UNDERSTANDING AUTOCAD’S COLOR SYSTEM 325
Color Numbers and Names 326
Background Color 0 326
Color 7 326
Colors ByLayer, ByBlock, and ByEntity
326
ByLayer Color #256 326
ByBlock Color #0
326
ByEntity Color #257
327
True Color
327
RGB 327
HSL
328
Color Books
329

CHANGING COLORS: ADDITIONAL METHODS 330
TUTORIAL: SETTING AND CHANGING COLORS 330
TRANSPARENCYDISPLAY 331
LWEIGHT 332
TUTORIAL: CHANGING LINEWEIGHTS 333
AUTOCAD’S DEFAULT LINEWEIGHTS 333
Lineweight Control 334
LINETYPE 335
TUTORIAL: CHANGING LINETYPES 335
Global, Local, and Annotative Linetype Scales 338
Local (Object) Linetype Scaling 338
Annotative Scaling
339
LINETYPE SCALING (LTSCALE) 339
Linetype Control 340
PROPERTIES 340
TUTORIAL: CHANGING ALL PROPERTIES 340
CHANGING PROPERTIES: ADDITIONAL METHODS 343
QuickProperties 343
TUTORIAL: USING QUICK PROPERTIES 343
QuickProperties Settings 345
Rollover Tips
345
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Table of Contents    xxiii
LAYER 346
TUTORIAL: CREATING LAYERS 347
Shortcut Keystrokes 348
Working with Layers 348

Status 348
Turning Layers On and Off
348
Freezing and Thawing Layers
348
Locking and Unlocking Layers
348
Setting Layer Colors
349
Setting Layer Linetypes
349
Setting Layer Lineweights
349
Setting Transparency 350
Setting the Layer Plot Style
350
Setting Layer Print Toggles
350
Description
352
Layer Controls in Layouts
352
Layout Freeze Modes 352
Layout Property Modes 352
Resetting Overridden Layout Properties
353
Selecting Layers
353
Sorting by Columns 353
Searching for Layer Names

355
Creating Group Filters
356
TUTORIAL: CREATING GROUP FILTERS 357
TUTORIAL: CREATING PROPERTY FILTERS 359
Deleting Layers 361
Layer States Manager
361
TUTORIAL: CREATING AND APPLYING LAYER STATES 361
CONTROLLING LAYERS: ADDITIONAL METHODS 363
Layers on the Ribbon 363
Changing the Current Layer 364
Changing the Layer’s Status
364
LayMCur
365
CLayer 365
LayerP and LayerPMode 365
Layer Tools 365
LAYISO 366
EXERCISES 368
CHAPTER REVIEW 370
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.