Giáo trình Mĩ học đại cương: Phần 2 - đại học Sư phạm

30

Ch−¬ng III: C¸c ph¹m trï thÈm mÜ
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k&(.K(N&&'"!+2M&(DMF(+2c2(H,$)0W$M
()4$(N&&'(.$(:!(.$73*O$)!(.$$M(F(k&(.K.*$
/("!G&(.K2(N&&')4725(.$:(V(Y(DH,2G&(.KUG-)t
2UG2P2!2,T1lL$',2(N&&'"!G&(.K$/(+2
c2(/(P,$V&T2G&(.K(N&&'GQP<^2UG2,T`(V((.$(
(.$TGN&",*$O$)!(.$$M(F(no$)2G&(.K(N&&'J
(.)$$M(F(^2P2!`iM(f$!f")4$2G&(.K(N&&'<,9
B"!/0),)4$9H!b,$(.,3S&*(fG&(.K3
)4(;,F.*$.3(;"8)2UG2,T2(!U2!!o$,$
)4+T2(!6!22$2+,&'h)89Z$(,=6;$"&*(f
G&(.K%
I. C¸i ®Ñp
>2UG"!G&(.K(.$(8&H,&'@5(.%+#$GT62!"%"F72"FG&!
6%,(.bH,2UG(.$f$c95X0o$$',.d$2UG(.)
<(%"!W$J(%H,(<$(V((.$((.$73*(.$T7/(F(
/(!(((.$$M(F(k&(.K2UGP[($V(;M(:-O+2
c,(.$f$)$V$(o$"!&*( (+2c2(H,()69(DM
F(H,$)0J(%(N&&'!9H,2:F(M()4$aF(!9P,
$V&0&J(a)$(#$()$P[((;M(.T"8Ct2UG"!$ „1;W$
c,2(P ()$=.,7l&2$ UG2$ 7/<e.Z(.,5$',2UG"!$ 
F($)GT(.Tc,&*(J$)$6!(;(.:c,*$<()69(.;
()4$(;Y(D<+2c2(y2(. !9f3<(G(G"(.OG(G!+
+R-f"':2UG%(/(o$,8(f,891.)<(2UGP,$V&
./(0M()4$(*2"+2,t2UGH,$#!H,"r=2UG
H,(8&V()()O$n2UGO(.$(:2UGO(.$73*n2UG6
$)"!&.,2UGd&$,9(.$%PT(8$)X8"!&Bf$
(/(TM()4$/98"!#$(Z$&2UG„IJ(+22UG(*"

M()4$./(((<<$)(.)<(c,T&$2(.:$2>$)%2UG
( 9T&F( )4)$./(+"%$T[($',@F9!(D)4&*(
+2M&&*(5$',02UG+#$,9O89=D&J(.$\)-$cf]
H,T&$26!!(!:()O$((.:(<GD+CGTG2€(%(!U2
&/(z()-$9H,)&*(f$)c,M&„
j5r()()O$(N&&'H,8"$(C.d$$)"#"#( &2+[
GYW$++R(.89D[&P[(PT/(2UGxl(l3(;$+E$5t\>(D
31

)4+2M&02UG!(D6g()4+2M&/9]
^`
a)$(.$c2(.
( &"$TP!(2(.896:,6$H,f()4$o$)6W$c,M&
W$2(<GF+2,302Gf05$',+2,02UG
>E$!(.<(i9jG{.((l<(\>2UGd&(.$+%()!(.$(.F((:
POF9+#$F(!c2Co$)c2"&!"(D"!UG]
^`

a!"%"FX(<+=?@AAA"!il.6l.( t\>f("pH,(!P*2UG"!8"%P/(+
2UG!o$6B(8"%!0(M]
^`

>bx.+( 725t\>2UG"!:Gf4G2/("M+2,o$)28&
&!(;$W,(2GN&(.,)4&*( ((D(2*$"( T&!"%(.%
)&*(&+-6F9O$):$"b$+3!0&$)$(.)
+TR$2$(H,& ]
^`

>b(D6B.,89./(05$',02UG>(.)$4G)4$T(%)
2%(.)$4G)4V$/(28,92(M(.)$4G")4

D):8f!!@F9PT/(H,2UGd&O8XD"'*)4PT/(
!9(f(/("!7l&7q(f()4$6)$*(.<(PO =(.$ 6M!9Z$(,
&(2(+C/()4$0#fPDMY(DH,2UGD((:+2c2(0a<
"!&)F9O89(,9!8Ct>2UG"!$ u7/(M8C+2t>2UG68&!
I*(F(UG"!6W$GN&/($ ,96(MT&H,$)
>2!69F(.d$2UGP[($V(;f$(2(.,(;W$GN&/(F("%2
H,:F(M()4$1;89()$/&<2+2M&0+%()&
*(="M>E$!&'(kY)$OA(,""!{"Pl.(<(t\>2UG"!:GK4G:
!5G)(<!$W,2G(.$2(Q$(D&!Z$((!:!4G!!
5G!9GT2G$W$f"MJ(u2G$:(Q!P!(.%&!:!!m(2
$9"%(9M(f!+O$9H,(:vbC]
a$)4"2!69 (8& ( 7l&2UG) )4 &,$ (; P $! !:F(
+#$-O+2c,a$)(lc,D&69(8&Hc,( +E$5t\>2UG
+#$GT"!GN&/((V((.$PT(8:F(n(V(H9<(.$(8&"$)
c,2(]
^`
>bf2!(.<(69(8&+2c,( J"! TV
c,$H,&*(2$ ((2^k",(`J"!GN&/(JPM(H,LM&(9M(
f+( &)4 ((DMGK4G/(^il$l"`
_$PT/(2UG.p.!$Z$(,+#$(DPCc,W$(069F(
+E$5W$-O+2c,H,T&$2(N&&'XV$(o$+#$(9M(f
2,(.bH,W$8(f+2c,(GN&/((N&&'H,:F(M()4$7l&

(1)
Goethe, J.W, Về nghệ thuật, Mát xcơva, tr. 325.
(2)
Aristote, Poetics, dẫn theo Poetry, Theory and Practice, New York, 1962, tr. 14.
(1)
, (3) M. ốpsannhicốp, Lịch sử t tởng thẩm mĩ, Mátxcơva, 1978, tr. 186, 65 (trích lại).
(2)

M. Gorki, Tập hợp tác phẩm, Mátxcơva, 1953, tr. 27, tr. 5.
(1)
Hutcheson Hume Smith, Mĩ học, Mátxcơva, 1973, tr. 306.
32

"!$V$f69/(c9<(5zUGH,Z$>ZL.d$2UG"!&*(G&(.K
$2(.5I*(F()4"!UG,97/GY(*+#$=!W$GN&/(f&!
b!c,MH,Z$$):2$2R!W$()(:(g73
*(.$(;$(+ "5rJ(.,:2$2!9.p.!$&,$(%Hc,v&*((H
c,(/(9<&!<(<u+#$$,9T(:(g73*$)v$V$(
+#$GT"!(Hc,((MPO $["0+#$GTL&fH,&e28
.$"z&!(N73*v(:(g(%+2c,.p.M(
1;,F-O(:H,2UG("!(.)<((;,FzUG+2c,H,&!
[8&(,)$q(&T$Gf5GM1;897/(MW$+2M&0(
N(N&&')t:8f(="MGK4G(%/(&*:!!>2(N
!902UG(.$0(.)$4G()$T-O"%H,>E$&*(PT
&65"!&(+P(R$(E$&*(P(.,&![!!()-&"!&
$)(/9G/+O6g5X0!9$T(% ,M()4$89(%\$l].[
$l2T9&Z,(la<R!89D.d$F(o$T&$2
(N&&'( 0&=Z$&*(GCyT(F(F(o$\(%]2UG)$
Z$=(%W$9<(f(:!GK4G"%PTR$H,Z$&!(#
Xf$)+#$GT=)F9Sd$"!W$2./(8f!!)$
+#$$89T&7Z(N&&'n(.$+0:F(M()4$+#$&,$J(%$ J
PM((D$89T&$26g50"%( B)47l&"!UGk"l+,6B.,(!"M
H,!68(*+D".d$O0P*"8kGYW()$lb$[(O(,9!
8X#+2(<GY!$!bl!& -+$V(.,$"_
$)C ,l0[((<(.T"tDUGj(.)$4G+2O&0()4$
")#$hR&Pl $)!#$!+#$Pz$392.R$r,!&(.( P5"!7/7%
^`

X0$(C.d$2UG+#$GT=-O(:&!b-O73*ST/(
H,-O73*!9d&Oe$)2$2:F(M()4$(lc,M&H,&
a!&'68H2&$a$,Q(<$q)lG7+3G2(PD&*(()()O$./(8[t
\I*((V()4$"!UGv#$<(v"!(V((.$Z$(, (/9*f$Z$
)c,M&H,& ]
^`

>(D7/(M8Cta<2UG"!2GK4Gc,M&H,$)( "!
c,M&!SO c,M&H,$)./(0&J(t2UG(D$[c,M&
08"%00:6962$1:(<(/9c,M&02UG"!&*(
c,M&(%(Q$c2(./(,>2UG$["0LM&0W$0&$)02
(%"%()O$aW$$ "! T6/MPDMH,2&!$)(<((,&$
&f+,+2(((()$$4.,T&7Z02UG>2V$"Z,%!$UG
d&(.$"()O$0&*(&K,P*(,U0:H&!$)"!&.*$d$&$
&C4>289()-(f(!"2& "! TH,:$&3&!$)

(1)
Plêkhanốp, Nghệ thuật và đời sống xã hội, NXB Văn hoá - Nghệ thuật H., 1963, tr.134 135.
(2)
N. Sécnsepxki, Quan hệ thẩm mĩ của nghệ thuật với hiện thực, NXB Văn hoá - Nghệ thuật
H., 1962, tr. 22.
33

P,$o$&-)((a!Rk2G(l6,"t\2UG"!:&$GZ]"u
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(.$& W$9<(fH,2)42$2O&,/(("!W$2%(0&,$
(%/("%()O$
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(I*(:F( 62$J(QP(.$!!()$+-$4T&7Z(N&&'
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"!&*((.$W$JD&#K$c,(.$H,2UGXf(7(#qG7+&*(8Q
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&-b$b(!()-$",$)u)4(c,++RT(!TP<
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$W,2UG28!2(M>2UG$["0T,:$T6f8"%"!2UG
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$',"!Z$(,GHF(/(T29<(f(N&&'$f$)!P,$o$
G85(F(..b&M()4$(l.,$$,/GD.V(;<+<("F.d$2
UGf$,/G!9+#$(DP/(+%,!UG$,/G+2
y,M&02UGo$&,$[(268(*./(.pq(/("!0LM&0:!!
Y(D02GN&/((:H,2UG>E$68(*!9&!!$)4),

*$)$O68(*+2&!!$"$["0&*(5+<!+#$,9a$)
)!9),2UG5+%2$))+,"(%2UGV3#*$aW$
0+M(:v73*(8&"%!(%268(*D"6/<(./(8(.$c,M&0
2UG
34

‡$(.$"':(N&&'P29<(f(.89GTZLT<,(.bH,
O(%28+2$22UGa$)(,(D+#$(%2&!&$)(%J
$)4"(%2&!0$)+#$),*$X0)4(#(.$$O89
(9M(+#$)4V$/(O(%28$2(.5(N&&'+2c,H,:F(M
()4$1%,9+#$(%(‹,)$+#$7l&03"!8"%1.$&*(P
()$rPj1#7(#<(t\I/9#&.VD+D&(.,F7q(H,& 0,+lGl,.l(#
Vua Lia !Hamlet!<(#3(;$#Z(!$.d$& 3$q(,+lGl,.l
&*(2+#$Z$( P89$$$/9!(!P<&/(HamletcT(:"!&*((2
GN&(#PGP=Q!#$',]
^`
>Z$(,(/9.p.!$O89!R'3
+#$Z$
>fK$"!:P<Q"5rc,M&02UGI*((D(-(.)89)47l&"!,9
P89$+#$)4),(%W,n22(/9(.)89)4),*$$!9,9%($)b
(%X0!(!4Gc9"F(a=$(C:G$GZ!,6$H,(.%(M
!(8&V$)&!(#>0O89")L.d$:P<QH,c,M&02
UG+#$$',"!2UG,,-2UG(.)2UG#&,9,-2UG
#&c,@/0(<P*H,2$2(.5(N&&'<(G(G_7l&7q(/0!9GT
c,D&"5rvY(D!GT $))&*(H(DR$*$G$GZ
"#"#G2((.D(#$c,:(2*$c,"!T(:(g1.$c2(. P*"*
66(%/(*2+#$"JG")$V$(o$&e$!9&*(,6$-
8[-
>2UG"!&*((.$W$M()4$(N&&'#K$G$GZ!G&P*"*.*$
.3aP,$V&2"':,89t

1"!-P[(H,&2UG@zUGH,&89$(.R$,Z#$"!
$VT&$!V$("!f()4$&#(TH,$M(F(@zUGH,($!9&*(
G$GZ"!(*$(:(gH,$)>%(.$&fc,M(:(g
(&e$!9"(&&*(q(UG&a0M()4$((.O(!f
()4$(.:(<GH,T&(Y(N&&'!$M(F("!c,MH,Z$(:(g
>GY(:!PTM(,$"!&*((.$W$/0f$bH,(
Z$(,!&,,xW$ 2UGH,G$T&#(.)$"!$',Y73*H,&e#$
68(.$(M,9O89(N&&',$(.O(!H,$,9$!9#&,9
aW$TGN&6$)"!&.,"!\((,]^x.+`)42$(Pd$P!
(,9",*$H,$)_22UGH,(2UGH,(2GN&#$(. 
)4+#$GT=6Z$$["0W$LM&!0"%()O$0:!(M&!
 %Z$)4(.,(lW$()H,:!(M(l+#&B"%()O$>2
UG!9<(GQP<O8",*$O2UG+TR$7/(MPO 89"!
c9"F($H,(*$2$(I,.7<(t\ZF(=!JF(/((l()!
H,$f$"!H,b$)( (DT7/((l()H,P/($f$

(1)
T«nxt«i, VÒ v¨n häc, NXB V¨n häc, M¸txc¬va, 1955, tr. 308.
35

!!O8o$(D2G6Y$()(%6Y$f()4$n6$)o$!
JF(/((lc9"F(H,2UG]
^`
a)(<+#$$',"!P/(:",*$!
o$(/(9<.,2UG1;2UGT9.,&*(2(:G2(P2%$)(,
66L((.,W$$!T7/(9PM(02UGiM,9(.(<$2
$!&'+'(F(,9&'(F(#$$MG^6l$`,$G2((.D./(&@MT7/(
!$"((l&*(68990#$$M(.,$9-(/G/(")4$(N&&'H,2T
GN&T&(Y(N&&'H,$)(.O-M$•!SOF9M8$,/(
")4$(N&&'H,2TGN&#$$MG+#$GT=L$',+(<v()-$&&!

bL$',8R8[1.,&#(.)$(N&&'+#$GT=Pd$89f&
&#$&!bPd$W$TGN&UG6$)"!&.,(;",<$#!JT
(!Gf"!M&Y./(c,(.$Xo$"!&*( ($26Y(N&&'T((5
<!PV6)€$R$":(N&&'$)
>2UG(.$(*$H,$)(DMO(/(T2"':H,f$73*(;
-$T(.%<)7&,,9(;(D(,*•<",*$T7/((F&%OT
(*$c8:a$!9,9$)(,3P[(<&'(.$()-$$MG&'
(.$9(<&'(.$(D(,&'c8:>2UG(.$2"':!9./(G$
GZ0&!0zGf4G)4TzUGH,&![8&(, 62$Tz
UGP$!zUGP(.$P[($V(;W$c,M&%(.5vW$
(.90(f$G$(YIe(.)$4G)F90bCGT7l&7q(Y(D
>2UGH,$)o$"!f()4$+T2(H,&'>$)"!TGN&H,(:
o$W$zUG&,$(%F(/(>(D$"!zUGP$!(DM
(.+#&J(O (D^(,98&[(&o62$`!(.,$GY^c2&oV
(.,$`>UzUG!9+#$Z$$$!2UG(.89$)b&*(
zUG+2vzUGP(.$(2(.,(;!(*$H,(!P*(<$((H,
@R2(N&&'H,"2)7r!*$"!&*((.$W$PDM,TH,(. 
*R2H,$)@zUG(("!zUG+#$ (/9)$(DT&(/9!
F()4aP*"*(.$:!(MH,GN&/((.$(%8!(%
((<H,2c,D&%(.5v73*(.$:G2((.D,H,R$":((H,
(. *R2(.$:!!$W,29<(fP(.$!P$!k//"!&
$)$!9(&UGu0+MG2((.D9H!!!v"!&Y(,T!8
H,73*R&
>2UG(.$$M(F((DM(FG(.$ /(c,M(N&&'H,$)M
(:a2+2(.$P/(+ (*$!$)o$02$((lc9"F(H,
2UG)$+#$O8c9"F(/9"P*"*.pq(+#$O8M2$(.,2UG"
<&&*(5(.%c,(.$)(.$$M(F(O89(.,2UG"!&*((.$W$&Y
(H9<&!$M'J(.,(;a$M(F(+#$GT"!-*c90T7/(.,2UG
)$ "!   (9$MG 9 &#2/( (FG (.$/("3(.2M&
J$0/((.$M(T&3(N&&'H,73*


(1)
K. Marx, F. Engels, V. Lenine, VÒ v¨n häc vµ nghÖ thuËt, NXB Sù thËt, H., 1977, tr. 173.
36

>%(;897/(MJD&H,2UG(.$"':!9v"!:!=(%
$($o,(.,f(H,29<(f ((.$(2GN&$M(F(?q(0:G$GZ()-
&$V$f!(%(.)( .p.!$2UGH,(:,-2UGH,$M(F(
a)$$0G)-$6M+2( "+#$(Dac2(. 2$((l$9([D
  2 &! 0: F( M ()4$ H,  f$ + P) !$M (F( ) (.Tc, &*(
+T$2(6M2P ()$o$(!UGu2f3UG( UGE"a$M
'()$$GJ((8(&2UG+[G-D(.,2UG(2GN&H,& POF9(2
GN&()$zUG!(M!/G6Bi!$Xj)-$t\X<)R(-( ""!
[UG$!T[UG5$$!T5$+#$(Dl&&[((&()$.,&!7l&
&M$(&()$.,&!<&)4]
^`

XJD&(,"!2UG(.$((F&%T(.$"':#$$MG
28(fF(/(((!2UG(.$$M(F(&,$[(2PDT&./(.pI*(&!
,(:UG"!6(*(%F("%H,J6W$"()O$Hc,&!$)$[&
$2>b(.$P(.,&*(&!UGP[*6g()$,:$&*(
0$ &!$M'H*$f( (DM(.$SOF98&(,(:!8&
&!(:!&!*./(+2,
1;897/(G2(&*(JD&c,(.$W,H,2UG$M(F("!:(f$/($W,
*6$)4(DM! ((DM2UG(.$(:2UG$M(F(
"!2UG(%*6$1%*6$!9(DM+#$GT=Oe2UG(.$$M
(F(d&T(.$ (!*6$)4(DM^2UG(+#$*6$
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o$2UGa<&![H,<&!9!9H9<&,$(%(.,$(.%+#$GY(*

!(!!L$',R$H,!<(,9QB+#$T)O$<R$n
( $)4"(.$(2GN&$M(F((,9&!!9Pd$&!+,(,98&!9Pd$8&+2
W!9Pd$W+20"!&P<Q(%/(H, ()4$a$)4"(.$(.)$4G
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H,o$uP5$T&Z($&(.$
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()O$W$( T&_#$GT$M(F(=(.90(2UGa<(uT27/
$$2UGB"!f()4$%H,$M(F(a$M'!o$+,+2($"
!$0 !$ (f( 6g (T !$( !$ ,9 W$ T UGq( UG (.$ *f$ !
()$( W$$)2$(2P,$o$( &2+9<G$("D2UG.:
.€"*$"B9-
1.$(.)$4GGT&#(T27/22(2GN&$M(F(B(D(.O(!f
()4$H,:T&(Y(N&&',21/("!zUGH,()()O$v( T&(2

(1)
Tõ trong di s¶n NXB T¸c phÈm míi, H., 1981, tr. 28.
37

$TzUGH,"%()O$&!!R37/(G2(+&#(T2$227/x#$#R!a$,
(<+=?A?(2$TH,O+5Quan thanh tra, 3(;$.d$(.$(2GN&!9(/(T2
8F(0"!GT6M=&*(8F((%:69/("!(<$)1<$)H,
!R$["0"%()O$73*(<P*7/(G2((;(N./(,0$) F9
o$$["0:!(M2UGXV$($2(.5(N&&'H,(2GN&o$)
(.$P/(+ (.)$4G!+2+#$GY(*(!P*!f()4$&!&(T2
$2>2UG(D(2(.,(;PT(8 ($M(F(H,(2GN&(.$+<(/PfY
(.$ (.  * "!& H /("M (.$ 2 789 6:$ 8 F( (Q (2 GN&  1
N-PTD7252G)-$(M (*6$(DM1.$./(0
(.)$4GJPM("!fW$+M((2:!(M(. *$M(F("9Ml&
"(2GN&McT(N&&'#K$("

19+#$V$/(2UG!$M(F(+#$7l&7q(2UG=(.$
$M(F(o$)(.$$M(F(=(/9/02UGX;$c.d$$M(F(=
"!&*((.$W$"':2UG!$M(F(+#$GT=M&Y(.,2UG
a$M(F( "! &*( ( *$ (((: (g H, $))$ V$( o$ "! &*(
G)-$(MD$,(<G&*(!*$F(+TR$(2*$./("f
$)!73*
II. C¸i cao c¶, c¸i bi, c¸i hµi
1. C¸i cao c¶
@()2"!&*(G&(.K(N&&'2,TP)-!"5r(N&&'+2&*>=
(.$(_,2$&)4L$',*"FG&J6KW$M()4$,T3
)4GT2(.$$M(F(./(&!$,9(.$(Qj,I33#$(. Bµn vÒ
c¸i cao c¶ H,j$^v`>2,T"!J(%H,2M()4$:F(+2c,
,9"!TGN&((LH,$)„1‹(lc,M&(.<(+2,2!
&'3(.T"8C(l2+2,
>2,T(V(+2c,f"!J(%H,2:F(M()4$(.$&fc,M
H,f$)>2,T"!2(&"",G()$(D$89.,O
$)T&$22$$4G&$)€$+%GY#+G,"BZ(Pf.f-3>2
,T(.$(:^6#$P3(2QZ,#$.*$(.7,PD*$`(.$
73*^2P<*$"5r<#$2'8,K$`!(.$$M(F(^ 
()4$k.&q(ql(.$(2GN&H,}""l,9 ()4$12x$(.$(.9MQ@M(
a,&`k&(.K 22T+#$ ="c,<J(%H,2:F(M()4$
+2c,&!bc,M( T&Hc,H,$)>2,TH,Z$/(
(.)$V$(o$2,TH,( T&+2($1.$$M(F(2,T
)4((!Pd$T,$V
>2,TW$D&$$o2UG^iq$l".d$2,T"!2UGO&
(9M(=`aq(()-$V$H9<$W,,"M()4$!9"!T,0$4.,W$T&
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38

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39

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+#$=,6$G$GZ&!bL$',/((.%(M!+9)$73*8[
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(1)
Platon, Tác phẩm, tập 3, Mátxcơva, 1972, tr. 298.
(1)
N. Sécnnsépxki, Toàn tập, tập 2, Mátxcơva, 1949, tr. 191.
41

GZ$(.9M(<"8&(.$R!+5(.$8+/(.,8&P<&T+%(.$*
G&!(.$MT>2(HG2G(2!o$./(,6$!&e$!9!$
)4!(M6^(&P((+<(/P/($r6Y$*$(2$ r=
q(&J(`
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(!2$2f()4$u"!&"0&:T$+2!6o$"!+z
$)1<$)(DM:(#$&&!GN&/(H,$)i-W,(<$
)b"!&*(o+%GG22()(F(7/!/(.,f$2":")4$+ &3&(:
6!:G2((.DH,$)I*GQP<H,2!"!&*((.$W$PDM
"!(. *68HH,73*
42

Chơng IV: Nghệ thuật nh một lĩnh vực thẩm mĩ

I. Nghệ thuật đỉnh cao trong quan hệ thẩm mĩ của con ngời với thế giới
a)3O(.2UG&J((.$0"':a)$"u+#$O82UGM
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$2(.5(:6Y$H,$',"!"!&,[[$V+#$P5$39(F(M+
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(-f(.9M+#$GT=d&P*"*( T&L$',H,& !$"W$:+M
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(Z(N&&'/G6B!"#f$)7l&$)$l$)a2+2M
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+ ( T&*$!o$P5("M(]

(1)
A. G. Biêlinxki, Toàn tập, NXB Văn chơng, tập 2, Mátxcơva, tr. 353.
43

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*/(5kTP<("K.,7,&*(Z($f$)+$[&&*(P(.,jZ(/(TW$
$ $V$0W$<(6-W$2(H&HJ(3&!+(,O(.$*f$+$$
FG!&[(uP[(!P5c"3$(F&%M.,(.$&*(&![+2jZ

2fUGu( (.OUGu-X0$T(% ,+=M&P,$o$UG1.$
2!c,$H,V#+Te+Qo$(.O2$9TeP/(o$
G(Z5>Z$(,0c2+)$)"%"W$*<H,& 
1$,6)$)372(/(T=D"W$+=M&$($!ae[$,96Bb
"o$3(.O(!f()4$H,(,_$M&2$(2H,0!R3+E$5
0!9t+&!0e,,96g(,+;,&7T9.,+$M'bGT5
:$$2J$(.:(<GH,If<(0GT&*(+T$2
>&*(+T$20+#$$,!($,/(5%"!&*((.$W$0
+M"!&$)+TR$ .,zUGH,:F(J+<:F()4L
$',(N&&'(.OUGu!6g()-$-(.$T&(YH,Z$(,1;f$P)
!$M(F((/(TW$$ GT2(.$(2GN&0c,+T$2/91.$L$',
!9(D$M(F(UG-M(:
44

{3(;$7l&PMïa thu vµngH,'a$,jl(,0+$0zc9<.oH,
!0T&$2UG-T&K,((:@ (!$MH,' 2+T$2
(6MH,$M(F( zUGH,&K,()4(. P!9(.$26$(PD/((FG
(.$/(O896g.,&*(c2(. $f"!J(%H,&(*$2$($M
(F(t$M'":,(.$&#$!M()4$$f$,&*(2(PD/(D$
(M#$Z$V$(o$f$[$&(T2(PD/(,(Z(&
&uX%"!c2(. +<(((.$$M(F(a2UG(.$*!$M
(F((.O.:.€-!/G6B-SuP#$V$"#f)4"! &,$(.$
& zUGH,&*((.R&,9&*($!P#$,V$+2&!'3c,2($
( &(b!":,
iM(:*f$P,$o$"!$VT&$#(FH,$M(F(@!7q((.$
(!P*zUGM(:P,$o$"!zUG,/(PO #K$G$GZ6*$
!(.(<a)$(.$(2GN&$M(F(2UGH,f$)4(DM(FG(.$-
12GN&$M(F(%"!-*(Y2UGH,*a<2UGH,*"!cJ$
!$( (.$$M(F(3P<(!!$)4"9M(!!$(.8)-$!$
(.#B)

II. TÝnh chÊt cña c¸i ®Ñp trong nghÖ thuËt
>$)P,$o$2$((l\c9"F(H,2UG]a$',"!+"!&.,P/(+ T
GN&!(.$(2GN&$M(F($!W$&Y%(<((:+2$)(,"#
"#$'<"!&,;,&[(6g>2UG&[(6go$"!&*(GH,2
UGO89(DT9.,8Ct<2UGGQP<)F9+#$=(.$$M(F(&!
b./(0(.$(*$+2W,H,$)( JD&H,2UG(.$$M
(F(d&O8„kTR$2UGH,P(.,o$$f$)zUGH,G$T)4
u„kTR$2UGH,P!(-o$)zUGH,$#!,9H,P*P!$<&897/(
+N„
_#$E)F9>2UGH,(2GN&$M(F(0D&+2,2UG
H,(o$)2UGH,2TGN&+26P!(,9$)(.,
1.)<(<=7q(0G)-$6M(N&&'( (2GN&$M(F("!W$#$(. 
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45

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46

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Pablo Picasso (1881 1973): hoạ sĩ vĩ đại Tây Ban Nha, nhập quốc tịch Pháp.
47

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Cô em xóm núi xay ngô tối
Xay hết lo than đã rực hồng.
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48

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6( T&H,$M'?ZT&(N&&'H,$M'(.90,$Z$(,"!&Z$(,
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i39"/9P(.,T¸t n−íc ®ång chiªmH,'1.@R>N"!&%6Y1.)&[(Z$
(,"!T$)#$68(2()X89"!&*(T<(P ()$P0$!+#$$ 
(-T$&[($0$MG'3G2(M.,&*(fq((5H,f()4$
>2q(!9")4(#D&8"T&7Z(N&&'(.!$FG(.$"b$$)uX0
!9"!&TF()4&(T(.O*$!UGuE"tW$(!2!6T([(
")$P,9"(l0$),2()!5GW$2(,9,$+q$)P
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+#$+%()-5G!$$f$)&*(M&Z,T7/(Q"$W,(P,
,9H,$)
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(F(>K$zUGH,%PT(82)4GT2^TF($)`T&7Z!9
((!&J((N&&'c,(.$H,*6$(2GN&
aW$E$"u(2GN&=UG+&#(T2UGH,*f$,96g(TT&7Z
(N&&'H,$M'„a<F9( L$',(N&&'H,(2GN&P*"*)(<!E$
)(.$PKhóc kh¶i hoµn ca cña chiÕn tranh H,'@@l.,$
^`

„1.+$T
=W$<$)/((!&*(f$,!cl( F,$P,9
<(;7,Q"$W,2V$,$[$( (.1 &2UGO889„

(1)
V. Versaghin (1842 – 1904): ho¹ sÜ Nga.
49

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r,,$&!+#$(.OUGa)$7P*$'.d$)F9"!27/+P)!
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-]
>8H,k,,""c,<&*(/0c,(.$H,&'t$M(F(+#$(;f
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GTUG
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&*(:F(./(UG&!P(.,"E$UGZ(!I*(8F((.$(.9MKiệt tác cha
biết đến H,S,","3(,9&J(!R(f(".d$t\a!P396K$(,J9
$92(,9$)9H,& !J("P!&!7l&PuE$(/9&*(Z($f$
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+#$GT&,$"&*(PT,%72&!(.90(:F*$!*f$]
1.$L$',!9"eGT2M(:(l+D(:H$',.p.!$+#$GT
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$97(/(TW$2(.$!$M(F(6K"!W$2/G6B!7UG0
+#$GK4G2$($M(F(I*(#$2d$$!9(.#$./(UG)$<P)"
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Truyện Kiều, +(T1ZS!2FG1L_0a$9gh<(t
Hung hăng chẳng hỏi chẳng tra,
Đang tay vùi liễu dập hoa tơi bời.
Thịt da ai cũng là ngời,
Lòng nào hồng rụng thắm rời chẳng đau
Hết lời thú phục khẩn cầu.
Uốn lng thịt đỏ, dập đầu máu sa,
X89"!T!$)Pd$.(r&[$E$UGu$ a)$W$8
(-6g(TT+T(,/9"./(,9!UG
>o$()-$(:)F9(D<Bản giao hởng số 5 cung đô thứ H,Sll(l1<$
$pr,H,(<(:+H$+<GH,5&M3)4! ()4$2(.$
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50

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P 8!T,0"!W$+M((20&J((N&&'
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&J(+'(F(+'7TŽ!9P[(P*f(/(T29<(f (+D(;M":,

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$)*f$!M(:W$R$73*("+2i(*$!9P,

(1)
Xem ch−¬ng 5: C¸c lo¹i h×nh nghÖ thuËt
(2)
Hegel, MÜ häc, tËp 1, MXB NghÖ thuËt, M¸txc¬va, 1968, tr.7.
53

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