hanzo, cherriman, streit - video compression and communications 2nd

Video Compression and Communications

Video Compression and
Communications
From Basics to H.261, H.263, H.264,
MPEG4 for DVB and HSDPA-Style
Adaptive Turbo-Transceivers
Second Edition
L. Hanzo, P. J. Cherriman and J. Streit
All of
University of Southampton, UK
IEEE Communications Society, Sponso
r
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Copyright
c
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IEEE Communications Society, Sponsor
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hanzo, Lajos, 1952-
Video Compression and Communications : from basics to H.261, H.263,
H.264, MPEG4 for DVB and HSDPA-style adaptive turbo-transceivers / L. Hanzo,
P. J. Cherriman and J. Streit – 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-51849-6 (cloth)
1. Video compression. 2. Digital video. 3. Mobile communication systems.
I. Cherriman, Peter J., 1972- II. Streit, J¨urgen, 1968- III.
Title.
TK6680.5.H365 2007

006.6’–dc22
2007024178
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-0-470- 51849-6 (HB)
Typeset by the authors using L
A
T
E
X software.
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, England.
This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two
trees are planted for each one used for paper production.
Contents
About the Authors xvii
Other Wiley and IEEE Press Books on Related Topics xix
Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 A Brief Introduction to Compression Theory . . 1
1.2 Introduction to Video Formats . . 2
1.3 EvolutionofVideoCompressionStandards 5
1.3.1 The International Telecommunications Union’s H.120 Standard . . . 8
1.3.2 JointPhotographicExpertsGroup 8
1.3.3 TheITUH.261Standard 11
1.3.4 TheMotionPicturesExpertGroup 11
1.3.5 TheMPEG-2Standard 12
1.3.6 TheITUH.263Standard 12
1.3.7 The ITU H.263+/H.263++ Standards . . 13
1.3.8 TheMPEG-4Standard 13

1.3.9 TheH.26L/H.264Standard 14
1.4 VideoCommunications 15
1.5 Organization of the Monograph . 17
I Video Codecs for HSDPA-style Adaptive Videophones 19
2 Fractal Image Codecs 21
2.1 FractalPrinciples 21
2.2 One-dimensionalFractalCoding 23
2.2.1 FractalCodecDesign 27
2.2.2 FractalCodecPerformance 28
vi CONTENTS
2.3 ErrorSensitivityandComplexity 32
2.4 SummaryandConclusions 33
3 Low Bitrate DCT Codecs and HSDPA-style Videophone Transceivers 35
3.1 Video Codec Outline . . . . 35
3.2 ThePrincipleofMotionCompensation 37
3.2.1 Distance Measures . 40
3.2.2 MotionSearchAlgorithms 42
3.2.2.1 FullorExhaustiveMotionSearch 42
3.2.2.2 Gradient-basedMotionEstimation 43
3.2.2.3 HierarchicalorTreeSearch 44
3.2.2.4 SubsamplingSearch 45
3.2.2.5 Post-processingofMotionVectors 46
3.2.2.6 Gain-cost-controlledMotionCompensation 46
3.2.3 OtherMotionEstimationTechniques 48
3.2.3.1 Pel-recursive Displacement Estimation 49
3.2.3.2 GridInterpolationTechniques 49
3.2.3.3 MCUsingHigherOrderTransformations 49
3.2.3.4 MCintheTransformDomain 50
3.2.4 Conclusion 50
3.3 TransformCoding 51

3.3.1 One-dimensionalTransformCoding 51
3.3.2 Two-dimensionalTransformCoding 52
3.3.3 QuantizerTrainingforSingle-classDCT 55
3.3.4 Quantizer Training for Multiclass DCT . . . . . 56
3.4 The Codec Outline . . . . . 58
3.5 Initial Intra-frame Coding . 60
3.6 Gain-controlledMotionCompensation 60
3.7 TheMCERActive/PassiveConcept 61
3.8 PartialForcedUpdateoftheReconstructedFrameBuffers 62
3.9 The Gain/Cost-controlled Inter-frame Codec . . . . . . 64
3.9.1 ComplexityConsiderationsandReductionTechniques 65
3.10 TheBit-allocationStrategy 66
3.11 Results 67
3.12 DCT Codec Performance under Erroneous Conditions . 70
3.12.1 BitSensitivity 70
3.12.2 BitSensitivityofCodecIandII 71
3.13 DCT-basedLow-rateVideoTransceivers 72
3.13.1 ChoiceofModem 72
3.13.2 Source-matchedTransceiver 73
3.13.2.1 System1 73
3.13.2.1.1 SystemConcept 73
3.13.2.1.2 Sensitivity-matched Modulation . . 74
3.13.2.1.3 SourceSensitivity 74
3.13.2.1.4 ForwardErrorCorrection 75
3.13.2.1.5 TransmissionFormat 75
CONTENTS vii
3.13.2.2 System2 78
3.13.2.2.1 AutomaticRepeatRequest 78
3.13.2.3 Systems3–5 79
3.14 SystemPerformance 80

3.14.1 PerformanceofSystem1 80
3.14.2 PerformanceofSystem2 83
3.14.2.1 FERPerformance 83
3.14.2.2 SlotOccupancyPerformance 85
3.14.2.3 PSNRPerformance 86
3.14.3 PerformanceofSystems3–5 87
3.15 SummaryandConclusions 89
4 Very Low Bitrate VQ Codecs and HSDPA-style Videophone Transceivers 93
4.1 Introduction 93
4.2 The Codebook Design . . 93
4.3 TheVectorQuantizerDesign 95
4.3.1 Mean and Shape Gain Vector Quantization . . . . . . 99
4.3.2 AdaptiveVectorQuantization 100
4.3.3 ClassifiedVectorQuantization 102
4.3.4 AlgorithmicComplexity 103
4.4 Performance under Erroneous Conditions 105
4.4.1 Bit-allocationStrategy 105
4.4.2 BitSensitivity 106
4.5 VQ-basedLow-rateVideoTransceivers 107
4.5.1 Choice of Modulation . . 107
4.5.2 ForwardErrorCorrection 109
4.5.3 ArchitectureofSystem1 109
4.5.4 ArchitectureofSystem2 111
4.5.5 ArchitectureofSystems3–6 112
4.6 SystemPerformance 113
4.6.1 SimulationEnvironment 113
4.6.2 PerformanceofSystems1and3 114
4.6.3 PerformanceofSystems4and5 115
4.6.4 PerformanceofSystems2and6 117
4.7 Joint Iterative Decoding of Trellis-based Vector-quantized Video and TCM . 118

4.7.1 Introduction . . . . 118
4.7.2 SystemOverview 120
4.7.3 Compression 120
4.7.4 Vector Quantization Decomposition . . . 121
4.7.5 SerialConcatenationandIterativeDecoding 121
4.7.6 TransmissionFrameStructure 122
4.7.7 Frame Difference Decomposition 123
4.7.8 VQ Codebook . . 124
4.7.9 VQ-inducedCodeConstraints 126
4.7.10 VQ Trellis Structure . . . 127
4.7.11 VQEncoding 129
viii CONTENTS
4.7.12 VQDecoding 130
4.7.13 Results 132
4.8 SummaryandConclusions 136
5 Low Bitrate Quad-tree-based Codecs and HSDPA-style Videophone
Transceivers 139
5.1 Introduction . 139
5.2 Quad-tree Decomposition . 139
5.3 Quad-treeIntensityMatch 142
5.3.1 Zero-orderIntensityMatch 142
5.3.2 First-orderIntensityMatch 144
5.3.3 Decomposition Algorithmic Issues . 145
5.4 Model-basedParametricEnhancement 148
5.4.1 EyeandMouthDetection 149
5.4.2 Parametric Codebook Training . . . 151
5.4.3 ParametricEncoding 152
5.5 TheEnhancedQTCodec 153
5.6 Performance and Considerations under Erroneous Conditions . 154
5.6.1 BitAllocation 155

5.6.2 BitSensitivity 157
5.7 QT-codec-basedVideoTransceivers 158
5.7.1 Channel Coding and Modulation . . 158
5.7.2 QT-basedTransceiverArchitectures 159
5.8 QT-basedVideo-transceiverPerformance 162
5.9 SummaryofQT-basedVideoTransceivers 165
5.10 SummaryofLow-rateVideoCodecsandTransceivers 166
II High-resolution Video Coding 171
6 Low-complexity Techniques 173
6.1 Differential Pulse Code Modulation 173
6.1.1 Basic Differential Pulse Code Modulation . . . . 173
6.1.2 Intra/Inter-frame Differential Pulse Code Modulation . . 175
6.1.3 Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation . . 177
6.2 BlockTruncationCoding 177
6.2.1 TheBlockTruncationAlgorithm 177
6.2.2 BlockTruncationCodecImplementations 180
6.2.3 Intra-frame Block Truncation Coding . . . . . . 180
6.2.4 Inter-frame Block Truncation Coding . . . . . . 182
6.3 Subband Coding . . . . . . 183
6.3.1 Perfect Reconstruction Quadrature Mirror Filtering . . . 185
6.3.1.1 Analysis Filtering 185
6.3.1.2 Synthesis Filtering 188
6.3.1.3 PracticalQMFDesignConstraints 189
6.3.2 Practical Quadrature Mirror Filters . 191
CONTENTS ix
6.3.3 Run-length-based Intra-frame Subband Coding . . . . 195
6.3.4 Max-Lloyd-based Subband Coding . . . 198
6.4 SummaryandConclusions 202
7 High-resolution DCT Coding 205
7.1 Introduction 205

7.2 Intra-frame Quantizer Training . 205
7.3 Motion Compensation for High-quality Images . 209
7.4 Inter-frame DCT Coding . 215
7.4.1 PropertiesoftheDCTTransformedMCER 215
7.4.2 JointMotionCompensationandResidualEncoding 222
7.5 The Proposed Codec . . . 224
7.5.1 MotionCompensation 225
7.5.2 TheInter/Intra-DCTCodec 226
7.5.3 FrameAlignment 227
7.5.4 Bit-allocation 229
7.5.5 TheCodecPerformance 230
7.5.6 ErrorSensitivityandComplexity 233
7.6 SummaryandConclusions 235
III H.261, H.263, H.264, MPEG2 and MPEG4 for
HSDPA-style Wireless Video Telephony and DVB 237
8 H.261 for HSDPA-style Wireless Video Telephony 239
8.1 Introduction 239
8.2 TheH.261VideoCodingStandard 239
8.2.1 Overview 239
8.2.2 SourceEncoder 240
8.2.3 CodingControl 242
8.2.4 Video Multiplex Coder . . 243
8.2.4.1 PictureLayer 244
8.2.4.2 GroupofBlocksLayer 245
8.2.4.3 Macroblock Layer . . . 247
8.2.4.4 BlockLayer 247
8.2.5 SimulatedCodingStatistics 250
8.2.5.1 Fixed-quantizerCoding 251
8.2.5.2 VariableQuantizerCoding 252
8.3 EffectofTransmissionErrorsontheH.261Codec 253

8.3.1 Error Mechanisms 253
8.3.2 Error Control Mechanisms 255
8.3.2.1 Background . . 255
8.3.2.2 Intra-frame Coding . . 256
8.3.2.3 AutomaticRepeatRequest 257
8.3.2.4 Reconfigurable Modulations Schemes . . . 257
8.3.2.5 CombinedSource/ChannelCoding 257
x CONTENTS
8.3.3 ErrorRecovery 258
8.3.4 EffectsofErrors 259
8.3.4.1 Qualitative Effect of Errors on H.261 Parameters . . . 259
8.3.4.2 Quantitative Effect of Errors on a H.261 Data Stream 262
8.3.4.2.1 ErrorsinanIntra-codedFrame 263
8.3.4.2.2 ErrorsinanInter-codedFrame 265
8.3.4.2.3 ErrorsinQuantizerIndices 267
8.3.4.2.4 Errors in an Inter-coded Frame with
MotionVectors 268
8.3.4.2.5 Errors in an Inter-coded Frame at Low Rate 271
8.4 A Reconfigurable Wireless Videophone System . . . . . 272
8.4.1 Introduction . . . . . 272
8.4.2 Objectives 273
8.4.3 BitrateReductionoftheH.261Codec 273
8.4.4 Investigation of Macroblock Size . 274
8.4.5 ErrorCorrectionCoding 275
8.4.6 PacketizationAlgorithm 278
8.4.6.1 EncodingHistoryList 278
8.4.6.2 Macroblock Compounding . . . . . . 279
8.4.6.3 EndofFrameEffect 281
8.4.6.4 PacketTransmissionFeedback 282
8.4.6.5 Packet Truncation and Compounding Algorithms . . 282

8.5 H.261-based Wireless Videophone System Performance 283
8.5.1 SystemArchitecture 283
8.5.2 SystemPerformance 286
8.6 SummaryandConclusions 293
9 Comparative Study of the H.261 and H.263 Codecs 295
9.1 Introduction . 295
9.2 TheH.263CodingAlgorithms 297
9.2.1 SourceEncoder 297
9.2.1.1 Prediction 297
9.2.1.2 MotionCompensationandTransformCoding 297
9.2.1.3 Quantization 298
9.2.2 Video Multiplex Coder . . . 298
9.2.2.1 PictureLayer 300
9.2.2.2 GroupofBlocksLayer 300
9.2.2.3 H.261 Macroblock Layer 301
9.2.2.4 H.263 Macroblock Layer 302
9.2.2.5 BlockLayer 305
9.2.3 MotionCompensation 306
9.2.3.1 H.263MotionVectorPredictor 307
9.2.3.2 H.263 Subpixel Interpolation . . . . . 308
9.2.4 H.263NegotiableOptions 309
9.2.4.1 UnrestrictedMotionVectorMode 309
9.2.4.2 Syntax-basedArithmeticCodingMode 310
CONTENTS xi
9.2.4.2.1 Arithmeticcoding 311
9.2.4.3 AdvancedPredictionMode 312
9.2.4.3.1 Four Motion Vectors per Macroblock . . . 313
9.2.4.3.2 Overlapped Motion Compensation for
Luminance 313
9.2.4.4 P-BFramesMode 315

9.3 PerformanceResults 318
9.3.1 Introduction . . . . 318
9.3.2 H.261Performance 319
9.3.3 H.261/H.263 Performance Comparison . 322
9.3.4 H.263CodecPerformance 325
9.3.4.1 Gray-ScaleversusColorComparison 325
9.3.4.2 ComparisonofQCIFResolutionColorVideo 328
9.3.4.3 CodingPerformanceatVariousResolutions 328
9.4 SummaryandConclusions 335
10 H.263 for HSDPA-style Wireless Video Telephony 339
10.1 Introduction 339
10.2 H.263inaMobileEnvironment 339
10.2.1 ProblemsofUsingH.263inaMobileEnvironment 339
10.2.2 PossibleSolutionsforUsingH.263inaMobileEnvironment 340
10.2.2.1 Coding Video Sequences Using Exclusively Intra-coded
Frames 341
10.2.2.2 AutomaticRepeatRequests 341
10.2.2.3 Multimode Modulation Schemes . . . . . . 341
10.2.2.4 CombinedSource/ChannelCoding 342
10.3 Design of an Error-resilient Reconfigurable Videophone System . . . 343
10.3.1 Introduction . . . . 343
10.3.2 Controlling the Bitrate . . 343
10.3.3 Employing FEC Codes in the Videophone System . . 345
10.3.4 TransmissionPacketStructure 346
10.3.5 CodingParameterHistoryList 347
10.3.6 ThePacketizationAlgorithm 349
10.3.6.1 OperationalScenariosofthePacketizingAlgorithm 349
10.4 H.263-based Video System Performance 352
10.4.1 SystemEnvironment 352
10.4.2 PerformanceResults 354

10.4.2.1 Error-free Transmission Results 354
10.4.2.2 Effect of Packet Dropping on Image Quality 354
10.4.2.3 Image Quality versus Channel Quality without ARQ 356
10.4.2.4 Image Quality versus Channel Quality with ARQ . 357
10.4.3 Comparison of H.263 and H.261-based Systems . . . 359
10.4.3.1 PerformancewithAntennaDiversity 361
10.4.3.2 PerformanceoverDECTChannels 362
10.5 TransmissionFeedback 367
10.5.1 ARQIssues 371
xii CONTENTS
10.5.2 ImplementationofTransmissionFeedback 371
10.5.2.1 MajorityLogicCoding 372
10.6 SummaryandConclusions 376
11 MPEG-4 Video Compression 379
11.1 Introduction . 379
11.2 OverviewofMPEG-4 380
11.2.1 MPEG-4Profiles 380
11.2.2 MPEG-4Features 381
11.2.3 MPEG-4Object-basedOrientation 384
11.3 MPEG-4:Content-basedInteractivity 387
11.3.1 VOP-basedEncoding 389
11.3.2 MotionandTextureEncoding 390
11.3.3 ShapeCoding 393
11.3.3.1 VOPShapeEncoding 394
11.3.3.2 Gray-scaleShapeCoding 396
11.4 Scalability of Video Objects 396
11.5 Video Quality Measures . . 398
11.5.1 Subjective Video Quality Evaluation 398
11.5.2 Objective Video Quality . . 399
11.6 EffectofCodingParameters 400

11.7 SummaryandConclusion 404
12 Comparative Study of the MPEG-4 and H.264 Codecs 407
12.1 Introduction . 407
12.2 TheITU-TH.264Project 407
12.3 H.264VideoCodingTechniques 408
12.3.1 H.264Encoder 409
12.3.2 H.264Decoder 410
12.4 H.264SpecificCodingAlgorithm 410
12.4.1 Intra-frame Prediction . . . 410
12.4.2 Inter-frame Prediction . . . 412
12.4.2.1 BlockSizes 412
12.4.2.2 MotionEstimationAccuracy 413
12.4.2.3 Multiple Reference Frame Selection for Motion
Compensation 414
12.4.2.4 De-blocking Filter 414
12.4.3 IntegerTransform 415
12.4.3.1 Development of the 4 ×4-pixelIntegerDCT 416
12.4.3.2 Quantization 419
12.4.3.3 The Combined Transform, Quantization, Rescaling, and
InverseTransformProcess 420
12.4.3.4 IntegerTransformExample 421
12.4.4 EntropyCoding 423
12.4.4.1 UniversalVariableLengthCoding 424
CONTENTS xiii
12.4.4.2 Context-basedAdaptiveBinaryArithmeticCoding 424
12.4.4.3 H.264Conclusion 425
12.5 ComparativeStudyoftheMPEG-4andH.264Codecs 425
12.5.1 Introduction . . . . 425
12.5.2 Intra-frame Coding and Prediction 425
12.5.3 Inter-frame Prediction and Motion Compensation . . . 426

12.5.4 TransformCodingandQuantization 427
12.5.5 EntropyCoding 427
12.5.6 De-blocking Filter 427
12.6 PerformanceResults 428
12.6.1 Introduction . . . . 428
12.6.2 MPEG-4Performance 428
12.6.3 H.264Performance 430
12.6.4 ComparativeStudy 433
12.6.5 SummaryandConclusions 435
13 MPEG-4 Bitstream and Bit-sensitivity Study 437
13.1 Motivation 437
13.2 StructureofCodedVisualData 437
13.2.1 VideoData 438
13.2.2 Still Texture Data . 439
13.2.3 MeshData 439
13.2.4 FaceAnimationParameterData 439
13.3 VisualBitstreamSyntax 440
13.3.1 StartCodes 440
13.4 Introduction to Error-resilient Video Encoding . 441
13.5 Error-resilient Video Coding in MPEG-4 441
13.6 Error-resilience Tools in MPEG-4 443
13.6.1 Resynchronization 443
13.6.2 Data Partitioning . 445
13.6.3 ReversibleVariable-lengthCodes 447
13.6.4 HeaderExtensionCode 447
13.7 MPEG-4Bit-sensitivityStudy 448
13.7.1 Objectives 448
13.7.2 Introduction . . . . 448
13.7.3 SimulatedCodingStatistics 449
13.7.4 EffectsofErrors 452

13.8 ChapterConclusions 457
14 HSDPA-like and Turbo-style Adaptive Single- and Multi-carrier Video
Systems 459
14.1 Turbo-equalized H.263-based Videophony for GSM/GPRS . . 459
14.1.1 Motivation and Background . . . 459
14.1.2 SystemParameters 460
14.1.3 TurboEqualization 462
14.1.4 Turbo-equalizationPerformance 465
xiv CONTENTS
14.1.4.1 VideoPerformance 467
14.1.4.2 BitErrorStatistics 469
14.1.5 SummaryandConclusions 472
14.2 HSDPA-style Burst-by-burst Adaptive CDMA Videophony: Turbo-coded
Burst-by-burst Adaptive Joint Detection CDMA and H.263-based
Videophony . . 472
14.2.1 MotivationandVideoTransceiverOverview 472
14.2.2 Multimode Video System Performance . . . . . 477
14.2.3 Burst-by-burst Adaptive Videophone System . . 480
14.2.4 SummaryandConclusions 484
14.3 Subband-adaptive Turbo-coded OFDM-based Interactive Videotelephony . . 485
14.3.1 Motivation and Background 485
14.3.2 AOFDMModemModeAdaptationandSignaling 486
14.3.3 AOFDM Subband BER Estimation 487
14.3.4 VideoCompressionandTransmissionAspects 487
14.3.5 Comparison of Subband-adaptive OFDM and Fixed Mode
OFDMTransceivers 488
14.3.6 Subband-adaptive OFDM Transceivers Having Different
TargetBitrates 492
14.3.7 Time-variantTargetBitrateOFDMTransceivers 498
14.3.8 SummaryandConclusions 504

14.4 Burst-by-burst Adaptive Decision Feedback Equalized TCM, TTCM, and
BICM for H.263-assisted Wireless Videotelephony . . . 506
14.4.1 Introduction . . . . . 506
14.4.2 SystemOverview 507
14.4.2.1 SystemParametersandChannelModel 509
14.4.3 Employing Fixed Modulation Modes . . . . . . 512
14.4.4 Employing Adaptive Modulation . . 514
14.4.4.1 PerformanceofTTCMAQAM 515
14.4.4.2 Performance of AQAM Using TTCM, TCC, TCM, and
BICM 518
14.4.4.3 TheEffectofVariousAQAMThresholds 519
14.4.5 TTCMAQAMinaCDMAsystem 520
14.4.5.1 Performance of TTCM AQAM in a CDMA system . 522
14.4.6 Conclusions 525
14.5 Turbo-detected MPEG-4 Video Using Multi-level Coding, TCM and STTC . 526
14.5.1 Motivation and Background 526
14.5.2 TheTurboTransceiver 527
14.5.2.1 TurboDecoding 529
14.5.2.2 TurboBenchmarkScheme 531
14.5.3 MIMOChannelCapacity 531
14.5.4 ConvergenceAnalysis 534
14.5.5 SimulationResults 539
14.5.6 Conclusions 543
14.6 Near-capacity Irregular Variable Length Codes . . . . . 543
14.6.1 Introduction . . . . . 543
CONTENTS xv
14.6.2 Overview of the Proposed Schemes . . . 544
14.6.2.1 JointSourceandChannelCoding 545
14.6.2.2 IterativeDecoding 547
14.6.3 Parameter Design for the Proposed Schemes . . . . . 549

14.6.3.1 Scheme Hypothesis and Parameters . . . . . 549
14.6.3.2 EXITChartAnalysisandOptimization 550
14.6.4 Results 552
14.6.4.1 Asymptotic Performance Following Iterative Decoding
Convergence 553
14.6.4.2 PerformanceDuringIterativeDecoding 554
14.6.4.3 ComplexityAnalysis 555
14.6.5 Conclusions 557
14.7 Digital Terrestrial Video Broadcasting for Mobile Receivers . 558
14.7.1 Background and Motivation . . . 558
14.7.2 MPEG-2BitErrorSensitivity 559
14.7.3 DVBTerrestrialScheme 570
14.7.4 TerrestrialBroadcastChannelModel 572
14.7.5 Data Partitioning Scheme 573
14.7.6 Performance of the Data Partitioning Scheme . . . . . 579
14.7.7 Nonhierarchical OFDM DVBP Performance . . . . . 589
14.7.8 HierarchicalOFDMDVBPerformance 594
14.7.9 SummaryandConclusions 600
14.8 Satellite-based Video Broadcasting . . . 601
14.8.1 Background and Motivation . . . 601
14.8.2 DVB Satellite Scheme . . 602
14.8.3 Satellite Channel Model . 604
14.8.4 TheBlindEqualizers 605
14.8.5 Performance of the DVB Satellite Scheme 607
14.8.5.1 Transmission over the Symbol-spaced Two-path
Channel 608
14.8.5.2 Transmission over the Two-symbol Delay Two-path
Channel 614
14.8.5.3 PerformanceSummaryoftheDVB-SSystem 614
14.8.6 SummaryandConclusionsontheTurbo-codedDVBSystem 621

14.9 SummaryandConclusions 622
14.10WirelessVideoSystemDesignPrinciples 623
Glossary 625
Bibliography 635
Index 659
Author Index 667

About the Authors
Lajos Hanzo () FREng, FIEEE,
FIET, DSc received his degree in electronics in 1976 and his doctorate
in 1983. During his 30-year career in telecommunications he has held
various research and academic posts in Hungary, Germany and the UK.
Since 1986 he has been with the School of Electronics and Computer
Science, University of Southampton, UK, where he holds the chair
in telecommunications. He has co-authored 15 books on mobile radio
communications totalling in excess of 10 000 pages, published about
700 research papers, acted as TPC Chair of IEEE conferences, presented
keynote lectures and been awarded a number of distinctions. Currently he is directing an
academic research team, working on a range of research projects in the field of wireless
multimedia communications sponsored by industry, the Engineering and Physical Sciences
Research Council (EPSRC) UK, the European IST Programme and the Mobile Virtual Centre
of Excellence (VCE), UK. He is an enthusiastic supporter of industrial and academic liaison
and he offers a range of industrial courses. He is also an IEEE Distinguished Lecturer of both
the Communications Society and the Vehicular Technology Society (VTS). Since 2005 he has
been a Governer of the VTS. For further information on research in progress and associated
publications please refer to
Peter J. Cherriman graduated in 1994 with an M.Eng. degree in In-
formation Engineering from the University of Southampton, UK. Since
1994 he has been with the Department of Electronics and Computer
Science at the University of Southampton, UK, working towards a Ph.D.

in mobile video networking which was completed in 1999. Currently he
is working on projects for the Mobile Virtual Centre of Excellence, UK.
His current areas of research include robust video coding, microcellular
radio systems, power control, dynamic channel allocation and multiple
access protocols. He has published about two dozen conference and
journal papers, and holds several patents.
xviii ABOUT THE AUTHORS
J¨urgen Streit received his Dipl Ing. Degree in electronic engineering
from the Aachen University of Technology in 1993 and his Ph.D.
in image coding from the Department of Electronics and Computer
Science, University of Southampton, UK, in 1995. From 1992 to 1996
Dr Streit had been with the Department of Electronics and Computer
Science working in the Communications Research Group. His work
led to numerous publications. Since then he has joined a management
consultancy firm working as an information technology consultant.
Other Wiley and IEEE Press
Books on Related Topics
1
• R. Steele, L. Hanzo (Ed): Mobile Radio Communications: Second and Third Genera-
tion Cellular and WATM Systems, John Wiley and IEEE Press, 2nd edition, 1999, ISBN
07 273-1406-8, 1064 pages
• L. Hanzo, F.C.A. Somerville, J.P. Woodard: Voice Compression and Communications:
Principles and Applications for Fixed and Wireless Channels, John Wiley and IEEE
Press, 2001, 642 pages
• L. Hanzo, P. Cherriman, J. Streit: Wireless Video Communications: Second to Third
Generation and Beyond, John Wiley and IEEE Press, 2001, 1093 pages
• L. Hanzo, T.H. Liew, B.L. Yeap: Turbo Coding, Turbo Equalisation and Space-Time
Coding, John Wiley and IEEE Press, 2002, 751 pages
• J.S. Blogh, L. Hanzo: Third-Generation Systems and Intelligent Wireless Networking:
Smart Antennas and Adaptive Modulation, John Wiley and IEEE Press, 2002, 408

pages
• L. Hanzo, C.H. Wong, M.S. Yee: Adaptive Wireless Transceivers: Turbo-Coded,
Turbo-Equalised and Space-Time Coded TDMA, CDMA and OFDM Systems, John
Wiley and IEEE Press, 2002, 737 pages
• L. Hanzo, L-L. Yang, E-L. Kuan, K. Yen: Single- and Multi-Carrier CDMA: Multi-
User Detection, Space-Time Spreading, Synchronisation, Networking and Standards,
John Wiley and IEEE Press, June 2003, 1060 pages
• L. Hanzo, M. M¨unster, T. Keller, B-J. Choi: OFDM and MC-CDMA for Broadband
Multi-User Communications, WLANs and Broadcasting, John Wiley and IEEE Press,
2003, 978 pages
1
For detailed contents and sample chapters please refer to
xx OTHER WILEY AND IEEE PRESS BOOKS ON RELATED TOPICS
• L. Hanzo, S-X. Ng, T. Keller, W.T. Webb: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation: From
Basics to Adaptive Trellis-Coded, Turbo-Equalised and Space-Time Coded OFDM,
CDMA and MC-CDMA Systems, John Wiley and IEEE Press, 2004, 1105 pages
• L. Hanzo, T. Keller: An OFDM and MC-CDMA Primer, John Wiley and IEEE Press,
2006, 430 pages
• L. Hanzo, F.C.A. Somerville, J.P. Woodard: Voice and Audio Compression for Wireless
Communications, 2nd edition, John Wiley and IEEE Press, 2007, 880 pages
• L. Hanzo, P.J. Cherriman, J. Streit: Video Compression and Communications:
H.261, H.263, H.264, MPEG4 and HSDPA-Style Adaptive Turbo-Transceivers, John
Wiley and IEEE Press, 2007, 680 pages
• L. Hanzo, J. Blogh, S. Ni: HSDPA-Style FDD Versus TDD Networking:
Smart Antennas and Adaptive Modulation, John Wiley and IEEE Press, 2007,
650 pages
Preface
Against the backdrop of the fully-fledged third-generation wireless multimedia services,
this book is dedicated to a range of topical wireless video communications aspects. The
transmission of multimedia information over wireline based links can now be considered

a mature area, even Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) over both terrestrial and satellite links
has become a mature commercial service. Recently, DVB services to handheld devices have
been standardized in the DVB-H standard.
The book offers a historical perspective of the past 30 years of technical and scientific
advances in both digital video compression and transmission over hostile wireless channels.
More specifically, both the entire family of video compression techniques as well as the
resultant ITU and MPEG video standards are detailed. Their bitstream is protected with
the aid of sophisticated near-capacity joint source and channel coding techniques. Finally,
the resultant bits are transmitted using advanced near-instantaneously adaptive High Speed
Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) style iterative detection aided turbo transceivers as well
as their OFDM-based counterparts, which are being considered for the Third-Generation
Partnership Project’s Long-Term Evolution i(3GPP LTE) initiative.
Our hope is that the book offers you - the reader - a range of interesting topics,
sampling - and hopefully without “gross aliasing errors”, the current state of the art in the
associated enabling technologies. In simple terms, finding a specific solution to a distributive
or interactive video communications problem has to be based on a compromise in terms of
the inherently contradictory constraints of video-quality, bitrate, delay, robustness against
channel errors, and the associated implementational complexity. Analyzing these trade-offs
and proposing a range of attractive solutions to various video communications problems are
the basic aims of this book.
Again, it is our hope that the book underlines the range of contradictory system design
trade-offs in an unbiased fashion and that you will be able to glean information from it in order
to solve your own particular wireless video communications problem. Most of all however
we hope that you will find it an enjoyable and relatively effortless reading, providing you
with intellectual stimulation.
Lajos Hanzo, Peter J. Cherriman, and J
¨
urgen Streit
School of Electronics and Computer Science
University of Southampton