keynote 4 student book

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ON THE COVER
A robot drone hovers above a hand in this image
photographed by Yash Mulgaonkar. To learn more about
future flights, explore Vijay Kumar's TED Talk in Unit 9.


Keynote
Helen Stephenson
Lewis Lansford
Paul Dummett
and Richard Walker,
Laurie Blass

banc | 2s CENGAGE
LEARNING

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Learning’

Australia e Brazil s Mexico s Singapore s United Kingdom s United States

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NATIONAL

GEOGRAPH Ic
LEARNING

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Learning

Keynote4

â 2017 National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning

Helen Stephenson, Lewis Lansford, Paul

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Contents
E0
Meena

Embrace Stress!
Media Influences
Development

Presentation 1
Secrets and Lies
To the Edge
Money Matters
Presentation 2
Medical Frontiers
1B (a rol

oài5

Technology and Innovation

Presentation 3

Connections
Life in the Slow Lane
Make Yourself Heard
Pacey

Communication Aetivitles
L3. a
Grammar Summary
DU in
Credits

i
10

a}
Pa)
37
49
51
63
78
87
89

101
an)
oP)
127
aks)
151
163
165
169
183
191
M2


Featured TEDIALKS

an

LÝ
°

2k=an

SA

(fu Se

Kelly McGonigal

How to make stress

Colin Stokes

your friend

How movies teach manhood

Hans Rosling

Pamela Meyer

Global nopulation growth, box by box

How to spot a liar

David Blaine

Bill and Melinda Gates

How I held my breath for
17 minutes

Why giving away our wealth has beeri
the most satisfying thing we’ve done


=—

David Sengeh

Ị

The sore problem of

A

L2.

Saale
tị
S lf

Zz

Meg day

prosthetic limbs

ry

l,

a

@a

|

TA

Na

Why 30 is not the new 20

NI:
oe

ad

ie.

et
tj

ee
\

Vijay Kumar

=

|

7

3

=>“

A)

ie

Julian Treasure
Five ways to listen better

Í

_

4

Robots that fly ...
and cooperate

| Ì ="

ew |ẻ:

Gavin Pretor-Pinney

Margaret Heffernan

Cloudy with a chance of joy

Dare to disagree

`\

‹

+

b>


LESSON A

Stress

collocations

LESSON B

Leading a

stress-free life

Function

Ways to relax

Talking about

Dr. Trudi Edginton, | jobs and stress

psychologist

Grammar

Gerunds and
infinitives
Influences

Movies and

Function

Ranking

career choices . | Talking about

movies

Mamta Nagaraja, | Media and

aerospace
engineer

inspirations
(zennngEE
Relative clauses

Goals and

ambitions

International

Function

~ | Talking about

development

Talking about change | expenses

Linda Steinbock,

Grammar

aid worker

Present perfect
and present perfect
progressive

Talking about a fictional character who inspires you
Collocations

with truth and

lie

Lying in a job

interview

Erin Wong,

recruiter

Function

Speculating

Speculating

about real

about

and

the truth

Grammar

fake

photographs

Modals of deduction
and speculation
Describing
challenges and
Successes

Facing
challenges

Nadia Ruiz,

marathon runner
=

Function
Describing
accomplishments

Talking about
yesterday's
activities

Grammar
Past perfect and past
perfect progressive

Money
collocations

Crowdfunding
Shree Bose,

Function
Using phrasal verbs

entrepreneur

Grammar

Planning a
budget

Phrasal verbs

Talking about your most significant achievement


LESSON D

LESSON C
The stressed-out
generation

LESSON E

TED TALK

PRESENTATION SKILLS

COMMUNICATE

WRITING

HOW TO MAKE
STRESS YOUR
FRIEND

Involving the audience

Dealing with stress

Writing a letter
giving advice

Knowing your audience

Assessing movies

Writing a
movie review

Using props

The distribution of
wealth

Writing about
how wealth is
distributed in
your country

Beginning with a strong

The lying game

Expressing
an opinion on
lying

Explaining technical words

Talking about big
achievements

Comparing
people’s
achievements

Being authentic

Convincing people to
give to your project
or charity

Writing about
a charitable
project

Kelly McGonigal

Are superheroes
good role models?

HOW MOVIES
TEACH MANHOOD
Colin Stokes

The economics

happiness

of

GLOBAL
POPULATION
GROWTH, BOX BY
BOX
Hans Rosling

Lies we need to tell

HOW TO SPOTA
LIAR

statement

Pamela Meyer

————

=

Magic man

HOW | HELD MY
BREATH FOR 17
MINUTES
David Blaine

—

=

—

Giving something
back

WHY GIVING AWAY
OUR WEALTH HAS
BEEN THE MOST
SATISFYING THING
WE'VE DONE
Bill and Melinda Gates


LESSON A

LESSON B

The language of | Drug discovery

discovery

and development)

Dr.

a.

Bw

Pe

Medical

Michael Hanley,

biotech executive

Function

Making predictions
Grammar

| Talking

about future

technology

Modals of probability

Frontiers
Describing
Comparing
milestones in life | generations

Dr, Laurence
Steinberg,

psychologist

Function
Talking about

When will
you ...?

milestones

Grammar

Future perfect
and future perfect
progressive

What can

robots do?

Robobees

Robert Wood,

roboticist

Function

Talking about

conditions

Discussing

the impact of

driverless cars

Grammar
First conditional and
second conditional

Technology and
Innovation

Stating your position on a controversial topic and explaining your reason

si

Collocations
with listen

Mediation
David Walker,
mediator

Function
Reporting what
someone said

A survey

Grammar
Reported speech

Slowing down

Living in the
present
Carl

Honoré,

author

Function
A multitasking
Talking about quantity | test
Grammar

Articles and
quantifiers

Voicing an

opinion

The Challenger

disaster

Function

Talking about the

A moral

dilemma

imaginary past
Grammar
Third conditional and
mixed conditionals
Talking about a vacation to slow down and enjoy nature


LESSON C

LESSON D

READING

TED TALK

Just press “print”

THE SORE
PROBLEM

LESSON E

OF

PROSTHETIC

WRITING

PRESENTATION SKILLS

COMMUNICATE

Body movement and

Pitching an invention | Writing a letter

gestures

to a potential

investor

LIMBS

David Sengeh

The defining
decade

,

irreason

WHY 30 IS NOT THE |
NEW 20

Using a case study

Giving advice

Referring to visuals

Debating

Writing an
advice column

Meg Jay

[

Drones are here to

stay

ROBOTS THAT

FLY ... AND

COOPERATE

“
Vijay Kumar

Writing

about the
applications
of drone
technology

The lost art of

listening?

FIVE WAYS

TO

LISTEN BETTER

Using acronyms to

How good are your

listening skills?

the results of a
survey

Being enthusiastic

Slow movement
organizations

Writing an
advertisement

Julian Treasure

Your brain on
nature

CLOUDY WITHA
CHANCE OF JOY
Gavin Pretor-Pinney

Whistleblowers

DARE TO

DISAGREE
Margaret Heffernan

Summarizing

summarize

for al

organization

Using pauses

A company meeting

Writing an

email to a

company CEO


Welcome to Keyn ole!
»

cả

bã

In this book, you will develop your
English language skills and Cô
great ideas with an authentic
TED Talk. Each unit topic is based

around a TED speaker’s main idea.

w

\n

LISTENING
AND SPEAKING
TP (00 /0/C0000)(v€ 20022

ut
shares her ideaS abo
think
we
changing the way
about stress.

Practice listening to real people
talking about the unit topic. Reallife people featured in this book
include a psychologist, an aid
worker, and a marathon runner.
Develop your
with a model
conversation and guided

speaking tasks.
See pages

VOCABULARY
AND GRAMMAR
In each unit, you'll learn key
words, phrases, and grammar
structures for talking about the
unit topic.

Build
with real-life
information—In Unit 1, you'll learn
about high- and low-stress jobs.
See pages

READING
Develop your
with a
specially adapted reading
passage. In Unit 1, you'll read
about why Millennials are facing
more stress than previous
generations.
The passage includes several
words and phrases that appear
later in the TED Talk.

VIEWING
Practice your viewing and
skills aS you
watch a specially adapted TED

Talk,
Notice how TED speakers
use effective language and
skills to
present their ideas.
See pages

4

COMMUNICATING
AND PRESENTING
Use your

and
in a final
task that reviews language and

ideas from the unit.
See page
Build your
further in a
Presentation task (after every
three units).
See page

WRITING
Communicate your own
ideas about the unit topic in a
controlled writing task.
See page
Develop your
;
:
further in the
Keynote Workbook
and online at
MyKeynoteOnline.

See pages

11


TED has a simple goal: to spread great ideas. Every year, hundreds
of presenters share ideas at TED events around the world. Millions of
people watch TED Talks online. The talks inspire many people to
change their attitudes and their lives.

SPREADING

IDEAS WORLDWIDE

ozI0,000 -

TED.

SIM SG in

| Bề

' a

ar

=

200

tu.
we

vn.

TED TALKS Tà
AI

cá `.

Z

Šs

Tia: .¡

7 16-9.

` idcv
EEN.

eo
BÀ
ass

trà

s‹

ia: ene GA

es


Embrace

me)

ae

44 | have changed my mind
about stress, and today, |

want to change yours. 79

W a

i)

w

“TẤN

`

'

,

"‹

ia

ị

í{

Ps

-

ti

i

¢

.

>,

`

:

By

8
,

>

i, a]

|

“(2>
1A“
-

`À

Kelly McGonigal
Health psychologist, TED speaker

UNIT GOALS

WARM

In this unit, you will...

DIEEI wsatch part of Kelly McGonigal’s TED Talk.

©

talk about dealing with stress.

e

read about how stress affects young adults.

se watch a TED Talk about dealing with stress,

UP

Answer the questions with a partner.

1

Do you think stress is harmful for your health?

2 What do you think Kelly McGonigal will say to
change your mind about stress?


Iranian women practice
parkour for stress relief
in Tavalod Park, Tehran.

|

7

|

` iv

‘14, Dealing with;
VOCABULARY

Read the paragraph below. Then add the bold words to the column that describes their meaning.
Many college students experience stress. Being away from home for the first time is one major cause;
the pressure of exams is also a factor. Since feeling stress is common to college life, counselors often
recommend that students find ways to cope with it. There are many techniques for reducing stress.

Physical
exercise is one. Listening to music is another. In addition, talking to people— especially friends and family
back home—can be an excellent way to relieve stress. Even though it is a fact of college life, having
ways to
handle stress can help give students a sense of control over their lives.
rere
>

__.__.

t

—z

have stress
Lasts

=

|

manage stress
A

Work with a partner. Discuss your answers to these questions.

14

1

What are some other reasons students feel stress?

2

What are some other ways students can cope with stress?

rae

a EE oe

`

7

=

nh

¬—=.

7

lowerstre
net cl etal eda ss
at amd—S

ann |


Leading a stress-free life

LISTENING

Showing contrast
Contrast words are used to transition from one topic or point to another.
Here are some words that signal contrast.
However,

ka

A

stress.

B

C

...

Nevertheless, ...

Despite (this), ...

Watch psychologist Dr. Trudi Edginton talk about

Why is it important to effectively manage stress?

[SEE According to Dr. Edginton, what activities might

help us relieve stress? Watch and check (V) your answers.
[] painting

L] sleeping

[] meditation

L] walking a dog

[_] healthy eating

L] volunteer work
ius

CRITICAL THINKING

Reflecting Which of the activities suggested by
Dr. Edginton do you think would work best for you? Why?
Discuss with a partner.

SPEAKING

Dr. Trudi Edginton teaches
cognitive neuroscience at the
University of Westminster, U.K.

Talking about stress

A DEWEwhy does Speaker B feel stressed?
Hey, what’s wrong? You look really stressed!

B:

| have an important test tomorrow. I’ve been studying for it all week, but | feel like | don’t remember
anything. | just can’t seem to focus.

> oP D

>

A:

Maybe you need to take a break. Whenever | feel stressed,.| go for a run or do some yoga. Exercise is a
good way to unwind and take your mind off things.
I’m too tired to exercise. Besides, | still have a few more chapters to read.
Have you been getting enough sleep?
Not really. I've only had about four hours of sleep each night this week.
No wonder you’re so stressed out! | usually get at least seven hours of sleep every night. Why don’t you
take a quick nap? Then you'll be able to focus better when you start studying again later.

B: Yeah. You’re probably right. Thanks.

B

Practice the conversation with a partner.

C

Work with a partner. What types of activities help you deal with stress? Use the expressions in blue
above to help you.

How do you deal with stress?
Whenever | feel stressed, | play video games. What about you?
15


EL:3 High- and low-stress jobs
LANGUAGE
A

ORS

FOCUS

Siress and work

Read about high- and low-stress jobs. What do the most stressful jobs have in common?

-STRESS JOBS

- AND

All jobs can be stressful, but some jobs are much more stressful than others. Below
are some high- and low-stress jobs, along with their annual median salaries.

6 MOST STRESSFUL JOBS

_

_

6 LEAST STRESSFUL JOBS
¬

B {SERGI Listen to the conversation. Why does Sophie find being a pilot stressful?

© [SEB watch and study the language in the chart.
Talking about jobs and stress

If you can’t imagine having a stressful job, you shouldn’t join the military.
If you like working in a relaxing environment, you should consider becoming a librarian,
Do you enjoy working outdoors?
Daniel plans to be a dietician.
Lara expects to work long hours at her new job.
Anna hopes to have a career in medicine.

He
She

likes / loves
prefers / wants

being a teacher.
to work with children.

For more information on gerunds and infinitives, see Grammar Summary

16

1 on page 183.


ma

Listen to the conversation in B again. Complete the sentences from the conversation.

° 4 “| thought you always ________________ a pilot.”
2 “| didn't —————___

such long hours.”

3 “|can't _____________ papers and _______________ people evaluate them.”
4

E

“Good thing | didn’t encourage you ________________a

professor then!”

Complete the sentences. Circle the correct words.
4

Jae wants (to avoid / avoiding) working in an office, so he plans (to be / being) a
dietician.

2

Elise considered (to become / becoming) an emergency room doctor, but she doesn’t
enjoy {to be / being) under pressure.

3 The university encourages students (to take / taking) internships, especially if they plan
(to work / working) in business.

F

4

lf you are considering (to have / having) a career in medicine, expect (to go / going) to
school for several years.

5

Wei can’t imagine (to run / running) into a burning building, so he doesn’t want
(to be / being) a firefighter.

SEE
Complete the information using the correct form of the verb in parentheses.
Then listen and check your answers.

Many college students '
(take) a semester off from school if
they want?

get)

some work experience. They often prefer
Š

(find) internships in

the types of companies or organizations that
they hope *

(work) for

after they finish college. This way, they can
learn more about the industry and find out if
they'll enjoy 5

(work) in

that field in the future. Most students shouldn't
expect ®_

_ (get) paid if

they find an internship. However, even if an
internship is unpaid, students should still consider

(do) it. The work experience
gained will increase their chances of getting a

permanent job in the future, and make the job

search process less stressful.

SPEAKING

Career counselors help students apply
for internshi
nd jobs.
emships and j

Ways to relax

You are going to ask your classmates how they deal with stress. Turn to page 165.

17


KTS

The stressed-out

generation

PRE-READING

Predicting

Look at the title. Which generation do you think is the most stressed-out?
a

Millennials (born roughly between 1981 and 2004)

b

Generation X (born roughly between 1965 and 1980)

c

Baby Boomers (born roughly between 1946 and 1964)

="

ach generation—from

====

Generation X to Millennials—has its own set

Baby Boomers to

of values and characteristics. But one thing
common to all generations is that they are suffering
from stress. In a recent poll by the American

Psychological Association (APA), all age groups now
report higher levels of stress than in the past. Baby
Boomers (those born roughly between 1946 and
1964, and who are now moving into their retirement
years) said that they are stressed about money
and health issues. Gen Xers (born roughly between
lived sheltered lives due to overprotective parents.

1965 and 1980) are concerned about work, money,
and job stability. However, Millennials (born roughly
between 1981

so These young adults lack problem-solving skills and
may struggle with fear of failure once they leave

and 2004) are turning out to be

home. Making matters worse, the 2008 recession

the most stressed-out" of all the generations. Poll

occurred when many Millennials were graduating

results indicate that stress levels for these younger

from high school or college. The resulting economic

respondents are significantly above average. So
what’s worrying the Millennials?

20

graduates. Sure enough, in the APA poll, Millennials
said that work, money, relationships, family

Millennials are the first generation to grow up with

responsibilities, and the economy are the main

computers in the home and the classroom. Due to the

stressors in their lives.
40

However, the poll results may be a

bit

constantly bombarded with information. Over time, this

misleading as they don’t take into account public

information overload can become too much to handle

attitudes toward stress and mental illness. Ronald

and can result in chronic stress, which in turn can

Kessler of Harvard Medical School, who has

cause serious physical, psychological, and emotional

studied the prevalence of mental disorders in the

problems. Another contributing factor, according to
author Michael D. Hais, is that many Millennials have
18

slowdown reduced the number of available jobs for

STRESS AND MILLENNIALS

rise of modern technology and social media, they are

25

35

45

U.S., points out that changes in social attitudes
have helped reduce the stigma attached to mental


illness over the years. For example, the creation of
health-related television programming and specialty

age. As Millennials gain more life experience and
65

magazines such as Psychology Today have

develop better problem-solving skills over time,
they should become better at handling stress.

so contributed to greater public awareness of mental

Moreover, with the greater awareness surrounding

health issues. It’s possible that younger people

mental health issues today, the stigma associated

now are more willing to admit to being stressed

with seeing a psychiatrist or psychologist has

than in the past. “There is not a lot of evidence of

70

true prevalence having gone up,” Kessler says. “It

lessened. This means that people are more likely
to seek professional help to reduce their stress

and anxiety levels. There is now a wide range of

s6 looks like younger people are in worse shape, but
unfortunately, we just don’t know.”

stress management techniques available including
exercise, meditation, and hypnotherapy.

AGE AND OPTIMISM

75

Millennials

must develop effective coping strategies to deal

Despite the high levels of stress reported by

with stress in order to be productive members of

Millennials in the APA poll, there is reason for

their community. Once they do, they will be able

so Optimism. Many happiness and well-being surveys
show that happiness generally increases as

to look back with satisfaction on the world they
helped create.

people grow older. This seems to imply that the
ability to manage stress effectively comes with

* stressed-out: adj, experiencing stress

19


UNDERSTANDING

MAIN IDEAS

Which of the diagrams below best illustrates the results of the APA poll?
b
Reported stress level

Reported stress level

a

Baby

GenXers

Baby

Millennials

UNDERSTANDING

Gen Xers

Millennials

Boomers

Boomers

DETAILS

Choose the correct options.
1

Which of the following ts true about the results of
the APA poll?

2

3

According to the passage, what is true about
young people today compared to the past?

a

Stress levels are down for all age groups, but
they're down the most for Millennials.

a

They are more likely to become psychiatrists or
psychologists.

b

Millennials are experiencing more stress than
before, but other age groups aren’t.

b They are more willing to seek professional help
to deal with stress.

c

All age groups are experiencing more stress
than before.

c

They are more independent and have good

problem-solving skills.

generations?

According to the passage, why might Millennials
be right in feeling optimistic about the future?

a

a

Which of these is a cause of worry across all
health

The economy is improving.

b the weak economy

b Technology is helping to reduce stress.

c money

c

Happiness tends to increase with age.

BUILDING VOCABULARY

B

Oo

2

recession

O

3

responsibilities

o

4

anxiety

©

0

generation

a period when economic activity is not strong

©

1

things that a person must do as part of a job, role, or legal obligation

0

Match the words in blue from the passage to their definitions.

a group of people about the same age

Oo

A

a feeling of worry or nervousness

CRITICAL THINKING
Synthesizing What might Dr. Trudi Edginton (page 15) say about the poll results? What advice might she
have for Millennials? Discuss with a partner.

| think Dr. Edginton would say that ...
20

r1

How to make stress
your friend

S3 IVIGHL

)

TEDTALKS
KELLY McGONIGAL is a psychologist at Stanford University.
She is interested in helping people understand and apply the
latest scientific findings in psychology, neuroscience, and
medicine.
Kelly McGonigal's idea worth spreading is that if we can view
stress as our body’s natural reaction to a difficult situation, it’s

better for our relationships, health, and happiness.

PREVIEWING
Read the sentences below and guess if they are correct. Circle T for true or F for false. Then

2

The way you view stress can transform the way your body reacts to it.

3

Stressful experiences can increase your chances of dying by 30 percent.

¬

4

People who are closer to their loved ones live relatively stress-free lives.
.

—

TT
—

———

a

in comparison with

b

to change significantly

c

long-lasting

d_

events

¬

71717
OT

Chronic stress can cause serious health problems.

¬

1

ả

match each bold word to its meaning. You will hear these words in the TED Talk.

or occurrences

VIEWING
A CAERM Watch Part 1 of the TED Talk. Choose the correct options.
1 What helped McGonigal change her mind about stress?
a

apersonal experience

b the results of a study

2 Who has the lowest risk of death?

|

a

people who don’t experience a lot of stress but who believe that stress is dangerous

b

people who experience a lot of stress but who think that stress isn’t harmful

21


B ESJEREN Watch Part 2 of the TED Talk. Which option best summarizes the Harvard social stress test and
its outcome?
a

Participants were told that the symptoms of stress that they experienced during the test were positive.
This led to them having relaxed blood vessels.

b Participants were asked to consciously lower their breathing and heart rate before taking part in the test.
This led to them having relaxed blood vessels.
c

C

Participants were categorized based on how they viewed stress. Those who viewed stress as positive
had relaxed blood vessels.

Label the diagrams below and complete the descriptions using the words from the box.
anxiety

healthy

joy

'

unhealthy

helpful

blood vessel

disease
a

blood vessel

This is a typical stress response when

This is what happens when people

you feel 2

view their stress response as

. Over

the long term, it can lead to cardiovascular

5

8

like what happens in moments of

\

. lflooks a lot

6

D (3ERPY Watch Part 3 of the TED Talk. Check (/) the statements that Kelly McGonigal would agree with.
(_] The harmful effects of stress on your health are inevitable.
L ] It’s more important to view stress differently than to avoid stress.
(_] Forming greater social connections is a good way of dealing with stress.
L] Individuals have the ability to control how stress affects them.

E

CRITICAL THINKING
Evaluating/Reflecting

22

Discuss these questions with a partner.

1

Check your answers to the Previewing quiz on page 21. Did any of McGonigal’s findings surprise you?

2

Have your views about stress changed? How do you think your body will respond to stress in future?


l

st,

Yr

yOCABULARY IN CONTEXT
Watch the excerpts from the TED Talk. Choose the correct meaning of the words.

PRESENTATION

SKILLS

Help your audience pay attention by involving them in your presentation. Here are
some ways you can do this.
e Ask them questions about themselves.

e Ask them to make a prediction or guess facts.
e Describe a situation and ask them to imagine participating in it.
e Engage them physically by asking them to stand, raise hands, clap, etc.
e Use a conversational tone rather than a formal “academic” tone.

Watch part of Kelly McGonigal’s TED Talk. Which of the techniques above does she use?
Work with a partner. What advantages are there to involving the audience in your presentation?
Work with a group. Brainstorm other ways to involve the audience in a presentation.