Requirements for a good interpreter and translator and some suggestions for huflit students majoring interpretation and translation

I~

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN
LANGUAGES -INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES

GRAD ATION PAPER

REQUIREMENTS FOR A GOOD INTERPRETER
AND TRANSLATOR
& SO E SUGGESTIONS FOR HUFLIT
STUDENTS MAJORING IN INTERPRETATION
AND TRANSLATION

ADVISOR
:
STUDENT
:
STUDENT'S NUMBER:
CLASS
:

MR. NGUYEN TRi lOI
TRAN THI lONG vA
~. ..
0071020
BA0001

TV DQi Hqc Huflit

1111111111111111111111111111

101000500

HO CHI MINH CITY. JULY 20004


MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN
LANGUAGES -INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES

GRADUATION PAPER

REQUIREMENTS FOR A GOOD INTERPRETER
AND TRANSLATOR
& SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR HUFLIT
STUDENTS MAJORING IN INTERPRETATION
AND TRANSLATION
H~/FL11

ADVISOR
:
STUDENT
:
STUDENT'S NUMBER :
CLASS
:

MR. NGUYEN TRI LOI
TRAN TH! LONG VAN
0071020
BA0001

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Table of Contents
Table of Contents

Acknowledgement
Abstract
Introduction
Method
CHAPTER ONE:

OVERVIEW OF INTERPRETATION & TRANSLATION

1.1. What is translation?
1.1.1. Word-for-word translation
1.1.2. Literal translation
1.1.3. Faithful translation
1.1.4. Semantic translation
1.1.5. Adaptation
1.1.6. Free translation
1.1.7. Idiomatic translation
1.1.8. Communicative translation
1.2. What is interpretation ?
1.2.1. Conference interpreting
a) Consecutive interpreting
b) Simultaneous interpreting
c) Whispering
d) Bilateral
1.2.2. Community interpreting
1.2.3. Court interpreting
1.2.4. Other types of interpreting
a) Media interpreting
b) Remote interpreting
c) Videoconference
1.3. Interpreters versus Translators

CHAPTER TWO:

Page
1
2
2

3
3
3
4
4

5
5
6
6
7

11
16

16
16
16
16
16
17
17

18

REQUIREMENTS FOR A GOOD ENGLISH - VIETNAMESE I
VIETNAMESE - ENGLISH INTEPRETER & TRANSLATOR

20

2.1. Common requirements for both interpreters and translators
2.1.1. Good command of the two languages

20
20


a) Linguistic knowledge
b) Cultural Literacy
2.1.2. Good knowledge of the fields they are involved in
2.1.3. High responsibility and the passion for their jobs
2.1.4. Great intellectual curiosity and ability to use various
information-providing sources effectively

20
25
26
28
29

2.2. Particular requirements for a good interpreter
2.2.1. Good listening and speaking skills
2.2.2. Good memory and note-taking technique

2.2.3. Broad social knowledge and sharp mind
2.2.4. Good power of concentration and quick reaction
2.2.5. Good health and ability to handle stress

30
30
32
33
33
34

2.3. Particular requirements for a good translator
2.3.1. Excellent reading comprehension ability
2.3.2. Excellent writing ability
2.3.4. Patience

35
35
35
36

CHAPTER THREE:

WHAT HUFLIT STUDENTS MAJORING IN INTERPRETATION
& TRANSLATION COULD APPLY IN REAL SITUATIONS

38

3.1. Overview of the curriculum of interpretation and translation
major in the Department of English

38

3.2. Difficulties still faced by HUFLIT seniors when studying
interpretation and translation
3.2.1. Difficulties in translation
3.2.2. Difficulties in interpretation

42

3.3. Problems faced by the seniors who have taken
real jobs in interpretation and translation field

CHAPTER FOUR:

SOME SUGGESTIONS

42
47
50

55

4.1. Some suggestions for improving interpretation
and translation achievements

55

4.2. Some practical experiences of the professional interpreters
and translators

57


CHAPTER FIVE:

CONCLUSION

5.1. Conclusion
5.2. Limitation and Implication

59

59
61

Appendix
1. Exerecises to develop and improve simultaneous interpreting skills
2. Questionnaires

Bibliography


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Acknowledgements

First of all, I am grateful to the

School of Foreign

Languages of HUFLIT for giving me an opportunity

to carry

out my paper.
I would

specially express my sincere thanks

to Mr.:

Nguyen Tri Loi, my advisor, who provided me with materials
as well as gave me valuable suggestions, criticsm, comments,

and correction.
I wish to express my special gratitude

to the seven

professors of HUFLIT and five professional interpreters

and

translators who saved their time for my interviews. Thanks to
their ideas and experience, I could accomplish this paper.
My special thanks also goes to Mr. Nguyen Van Ly and
Ms. Bui Thi Thanh Truc for providing me with useful materials
and advice.
I would like to convey my thanks to my classmates for
their help in filling out the questionaires.
Last but not least, I would like to express my gratefulness

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to my family, especially my mother, and all my best friends for
supporting me to fulfil this graduation paper .

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Abstract
Going along with the global economic integration of our country is the increasing
demand for good interpreters and translators. As a HUFLIT student majoring in
interpretation and translation I really want to know what the requirements for a good
interpreter and translator are. Therefore, this mini research aimed at (1) figuring out
the requirements for a good English - Vietnamese / Vietnamese - English interpreter
and translator, (2) finding out what HUFLIT students majoring in interpretation and
translation

could apply in real situations,

suggestions for interpretation

(3) to give HUFLIT students some

and translation achivement.

interviewing seven professors teaching interpretation &

It was carried out by

translation at HUFLIT and

five people working in the translation fields to find out the requirements for a good
English-Vietnamese / Vietnamese -English interpreter and translator.
It was found that the common requirements for a good interpreter and translator
are: having good command of the two languages, good knowledge of the fields they
are involved in, high responsibility, the passion for their jobs, great intellectual
curiosity and ability to use various information -

providing sources effectively.

Besides, a good interpreter need good speaking and listening skills, good memory
and note - taking technique, good power of concentration and quick reaction, good
health and ability to handle stress as well as broad social knowledge and sharp mind; a good translator need excellent reading and writing ability and patience.
The two questionnaires were also designed for forty-two students of the class
BA0001 to figure out their difficulties when studying interpretation and translation. It
was found that the difficulties still faced by most of the seniors when studying
interpretation and translation are vocabulary, idioms, writing, listening, speaking and
note - taking.
It is suggested that HUFLIT students majoring in interpretation and translation
should be provided with the knowledge of one or two particular fields. Some possible
ways to improve interpretation and translation as well as some practical experiences

of the professional

interpreters and translators are also given to them. Further

research could be done on special requirements for particular kind of interpreting like
conference interpreting, court interpreting, media interpreting or particular kind of
translation like literature translation, business translation, eel...


INTRODUCTION
Our mind is mainly fed by two ways, reading and listening.

How we

can approach the new advances in science and technology all over the world if
the information about them is not translated into the language we know. How
we can have chances to enjoy the world's famous books, novels, poems unless
they are translated
translators

help

into the language

people

from

we know. Through

different

cultures

be

their versions,

able

to exchange

information, knowledge ...
Besides translators, there is another "language messenger" whose job is
to help people speaking different languages contact directly, face to face. They
are called interpreters. Whether two representatives

from two countries are

meeting to discuss economic problems in an intimate setting or at a summit
which is being held for leaders from dozens of countries, the interpreter' role is
pivotal.
Interpreters

and translators

really play an important

role in

global

economic integration as well as in cross-culture. Therefore, in 1994, when the
open

economic

Interpretation

policy

has been carried

& Translation

out for eight years,

the first

Company in Ho Chi Minh City was officially

came into existence. Up to now, our city has had more than 72 ones. This figure
shows that the demand for interpreters & translators is increasing.
However, there's still no school providing a full curriculum for students
to be professional interpreters and translators in Ho Chi Minh City. They are
usually known as well-paid jobs but not everybody knows how they m:e
practised and what their requirements

are. Many Vieh1amese people may

think that if they are good at English they can become good English Vieh1amese / Vietnamese - English
linguistic

skills only are not enough.

interpreters

and translators.

There are hundreds

In fact,

of students


1

graduating from School of Foreign Languages every year but not all of them
can become good interpreters and translators. One of the reasons is that they
know quite little about the requirements for these professions and how to meet
them.
This mini research was carried out
(1) to find out the requirements for a good English- Vietnamese/ VietnameseEnglish interpreter and translator,
(2) to figure out what

HUFLIT students majorIng in interpretation

and

translation could apply in real situations,
(3) to give HUFLIT students

some suggestions

for interpretation

and

translation achivement.
It opens with an overview of interpretation and translation in chapter
one. It goes on to present the requirements for a good English - Vietnamese /
Vietnamese - English interpreter and translator in chapter two. What HUFLIT
students of interpretation and translation major could apply in real situations
are mentioned in chapter three and followed by some suggestions in chapter
four. It closes with the conclusion in chapter five.


MEmOD

This research paper was carried out by collecting relevant information
from books, newspapers

and internet; making interviews and distributing

questionnaires.
I

Firstly, I read books, newspapers

and surfed the net looking for

information on translation and interpretation. /
Secondly,
interpretation

I interviewed

seven professors

teaching

translation

and

in Ho Chi Minh City University of Foreign Languages and

Information Technology (HUFLIT) and five people working in the translation
fields to find out the requirements
Vietnamese - English interpreter
people usually

for a good English - Vietnamese /

and translator as well as the difficulties

cope with when translating

or interpreting

English into

Vietnamese and vice versa.
Thirdly, two / questionnaires

were distributed

seniors majoring in interpretation and translation}The
designed

to,l find out their difficulties

translation/Then,

to forty-two HUFLIT
first questionaire was

while studying

interpreting

and

the second one was designed toAigure out some subjective

reasons that may cause those difficulties.

.

/ Finally, the data were analyzed/based on comparision and percentage.


GRADUATION

Advisor: Mr. NGUY~N TRi LO'I

PAPER

CHAPTER ONE

OVERVIEW OF INTERPRETATION & TRANSLATION
Leila Razmjou ( To Be A Good Translator. Online Translation Journal,
Volume

8,

No.2,

April

2004

<!journaI/20edu.htm>)

[accessed

April

2004].

stated that a nation's culture

flourishes by interacting with other cultures. Cultural variety opens our eyes to
human rights, but cultural variety can only be recognized through discussions,
which leads us to the major tool for discussion: "language." The role of
language

in the developing

world

is materialized

through

"translating".

Without a doubt, translation is essential for making communication

between

people of different cultures possible ( Translation Journal and the Author 2003
on-line [accessed April 2004]. Philosophy, Anthropology,

and Linguistics in

Translation

Anelo,

by

Carmen

Guarddon

< />
Ph.D.

). Therefore, translation is

one of the oldest human practices both in written and oral forms. The first
traces of translation date from 3000 Be, during the Egyptian Old Kingdom, in
the area of the First Cataract, Elephantine, where inscriptions in two languages
have been found ( Peter Newmark. Approaches to Translntion,3).
However, the significant roles of translators and interpreters were not
always highly evaluated. According to Susan Bassnett - McGuire (Translation
Studies,13), translation

has been perceived

as a secondary

activity, as a

mechanical rather than a " creative" process, within the competence of anyone
with a basic grounding in a language other than their own; in short, as a low
status occupation. But that perception is changing now. The more exchange of
information

and cutural contacts are made all over the world the more

important translation and interpretation are.

Student:

Tran Thi Long Van

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GRADUATION

Advisor: Mr. NGUY~N TRi LO'I

PAPER

As this research paper emphasizes

on the requirements

for a good

interpreter and translator, it is necessary to mention the general knowledge of
translation and interpretation.

1.1. What is translation?
Translation is the transmission of a thought expressed in one language
by means of another language. The language used to express the thought

directly is called "the Source Language"

(SL), and the language used to

translate that thought is called" the Target language" (TL)
(Translation 1. HUFLIT English Department, 2002).
According to Peter Newmark ( Approaches to Translation, 1988), the most
common methods that have been used throughout the translation history are:
word-for-word
translation,

translation,
adaptation,

literal translation,
free

translation,

faithful translation,
idiomatic

semantic

translation

and

communicative translation. They will be briefly discussed below
1.1.1. Word -for - word translation:

This is often demonstrated
immediately

as interlinear

translation,

with the TL

below the SL words. The SL word order is preserved and the

words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context. This
method

is normally

effective only for brief, simple sentences where the

grammatical and lexical structures of the SL and TL happen to coincide.
For example: I usually get up late on Sunday.
T6i thuo-ng thfrc d~y tr2 vao chu nh~t.
Most of the time, this method produces a very unnatural, awkward translation

Student:

Page 2

Tran Thi Long Van

/

GRADUATION

Advisor: Mr. NGUY~N TRI LO'I

PAPER

1.1.2. Literal translation:
This

is an

grammatical

improvement

constructions

over

word-for-word

are converted

the lexical words are again translated
version is more comprehensible
most of the time, unnatural
For example:

translation.

The SL

to their nearest TL equivalents

but

singly, out of context. As a result, the

than a word-for-word

translation

but it is still,

and possibly misleading.

This car was repaired by Peter.

Chi~c xe hoi nay duQ'c sua boi Peter. ( Word-for-word

translation)

Chi~c xe hoi nay duQ'c Peter sua. ( Literal translation)
1.1.3. Faithful translation:
A faithful
meaning

translation

of the original

structures.

It "transfers"

grammatical

attempts
within

to reproduce

the constraints

cultural

words

and lexical "abnormality"

and

the preCIse contextual
of the TL grammatical

preserved

in the translation.

completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realization

the

degree

It attempts

of

to be

of the SL writer.

For example: " Men eat like horses"
" Nam t1wc nhu h6"
1.1.4. Semantic translation:
This is a further improvement

over faithful translation,

attempting

to

render the exact contextual

meaning of the original, as closely as the semantic

and syntactic/

structures

translation"

grammatical

the TL allows. It differs from"

only in that it must take into account of the aesthetic value ( that is

the beautiful and natural sound) of the SL text, compromising
where appropriate
finished

version.

uncompromising
Student:

faithful

so that no assonance,
The main distinction

word-play
between

on " meaning"

or repetition

jars in the

the two is that the first is

and dogmatic while the second is more flexible.

Tran Thi Long Van

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GRADUATION

PAPER

Advisor: Mr. NGUY~N TRi LO'I

For example: Could you speak louder, please?
Ong vui long n6i IOnhan Qugc khOng? (faithful translation)
Xin 6ng vui long n6i IOnhan. ( semantic translation)
1.1.5. Adaptation:
In an attempt to produce a version of the original that sounds natural
and interesting for the readership, adaptation has been adopted. This is the
"freest" form of translation. It is used mainly for plays, novels and poetry. The
themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture conv!:rted to the
TL culture and the text rewritten. It is doubted if this should be called a
translation, as the translator can choose to convey to the readership what in the

original that is interesting and/ or easy to understand while omitting the rest or
adding so much of his own interpretation.
1.1.6. Free translation:
Free translation has been adopted as a reaction to the limitations of the
literal translation. It attempts to reproduce the matter without the manner, or
the content without the form of the original, thus resulting in a natural
translation. Usually, it is a paraphase much longer than the original, a so-called
"intra-lingual translation", often lengthy and preten.tious, and not translation
at all.
For example:
Banh chung: Square glutinous rice cake (filled with green bean
paste and fat pork)

Student:

Tran Thi Long Van

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GRADUATION

Advisor:

PAPER

Mr. NGUY~N

TRi LO'I

1.1.7. Idiomatic translation:
111is method reproduces

the "message"

of the original, rendering a

lively, natural translation by preferring colloquiallisms and idioms where these
do not exist in the original. By doing so, it tends to distort the nuances of
meaning.
For example: "As easy as ABC"
"D~ nhu tra ban tay"
1.1.8. Communicative translation:
This method attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the
oringinal in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable
and comprehensible
transmit

to the readership.

the thought

equivalents,

expressed

In terms of techniques, it tries to

in the SL by means of the nearest TL

regardless of word order, uses of words and expressions, of

tenses, structures and forms on the condition that the translation does not
sound queer and awkward.

In other words, it is more concerned with the

function than the form. This method allows the translator to correct or improve
the logic, to replace clumsy with elegants structures, to remove obscurities, to
exclude the less likely interpretations of an ambiguity, to eleminate repetition
and tautology, to modify and clarify jargon in an effort to produce a natural
translation. To contrast semantic translation with communicative translation,
Peter Newmark says that the former tends to over-translate while the latter
tends to under-translate.
For example: "CAm di tren co"
"It is forbidden to walk on the grass" (semantic h"anslation)
"Keep off the grass"

(communicative translation)

Among the eight methods mentioned above, semantic translation and

Student: Tri3n Thi Long Van

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GRADUATION

Advisor: Mr. NGUY~N TR[ LO'I

PAPER

communicative

translation are considered as the most effective methods. It is

hard to say which one is better, but just which is more appropriate

for a

particular situation.
(Nguy~n Van Ly. 2001. Approaches to Translation: Implications and Applications.
HUFLIT Thong Tin Khoa H9C;12/2001, 10, 11, 12, 13,14)

1.2. What is interpretation?
Although interpretation contains a strong element of translation, both
disciplines are quite different. Translation is written, interpreting spoken.
According to Nguyen Thanh Yen (ThllC Hanh Phien Djch Anh - Vi~t / Vi~tAnh, 12), when translation is mentioned in general the importance of
interpretation is ususally neglected. In fact, interpretation is more difficult than
translation because the interpreters have no time to check what they do not
understand and have almost no chance to correct their mistakes when
interpreting.
Different criteria lead to various classifications of interpretation. The
following is one of them.
1.2.1.Conference interpreting:
According to Valerie Taylor-Bouladon, conference interpreting today - as
opposed to interpreting as it has existed from time immemorial and which has
often been called the second oldest profession, started with the foundation of
the League of Nations,

(Conference Interpreting:

where everything

was interpreted

consecutively

Principles and Practice. Crawford House Publishing.

< />
int.html>

[accessed

April

2004]). So far,

conference interpreting is probably considered as the most widely known type
of interpreting. It now can be performed in different modes, which are:

Student:

Tran Thj Long Van

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Advisor: Mr. NGUY~N TRI LO'I

GRADUATION PAPER

a)

Consecutive interpreting
Either at a smaller gathering, during an official visit or

dinner, the interpreter takes notes of the original speech and
reproduces the entire statement in the target language. This
type

of interpretation

does not

required

any

technical

equipment but does require note-taking skills in addition to
language ones. Well-trained interpreters can render speeches of
10 minutes or more with great accuracy.
Example 1:
3 delegates speak language A,
3 delegates speak language B;
the interpreter understands and speaks both languages

and allows everyone to communicate. When delegate A
speaks, the interpreter works into language B and vice
versa

fA)

•

fA)
\

1lI

(A)

•

-..1

•,
•

Interpreter

I

0

Picture 1 : Delegate A speaking

Student: Tr€m Thj Long Van

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Advisor: Mr. NGUY~N TRi LO'I

GRADUATION PAPER

(A)

•
(B)
•

t7\

•

(A)

Delegate A speaking

Delegate A listening

W

(B\

Delegate B speaking

Delegate B listening

W

Interpreter

(A)

•

(A).-.
W

w

•I
•

t7\ •.••
(B)
•

•

I
(B)

•

Picture 4 : How an interpreter do consecutive interpreting
Example 2:
In many cases, interpreters will understand a language
without speaking it to perfection, which means it may be
preferable to use two interpreters:
Student : Tr~n Thi Long Van

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Advisor: Mr. NGUY~N TRi LO'I

GRADUATION PAPER

one to interpret from language A to language B, one to
interpret from language B to language A.

(A')

•

IInterpreter

\

-

t!\
•
/

3

(B)
W

Picture 5 : The interpreter 1 interprets from language A to Languge B

(A')

,~
W


I

t7\

•

Interpreter

21

~\

(B)

•

Picture 6 : the interpreter 2 interprets from language B to language A

Student : Tr~n Thj Long Van

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GRADUATION

Advisor: Mr. NGUY~N TRi LO'I

PAPER

b)

Simultaneous interpreting
Simultaneous

Nuremberg

interpretation

was

introduced

for

the

trials after the Second World War, when the

necessary technology was available. The old hands of the
League of Nations said disparagingly at the time that it was a
crazy idea, would probably not work and would certainly be
impossible to keep up (Valerie Taylor-Bouladon

( Conference

Interpreting: Principles and Practice ). Today, however, this type
of interpretation is the most common one used at conferences.
Interpreters doing simultaneous interpreting always work
in a group of two or three and are seated in a soundproof booth
ideally overlooking the conference. They receive the speaker's
contribution through headphones and interpret it into required
language for the participants. The delegate in the meeting room
selects the relevant channel to hear the interpretation
language

of his/her

choice through

headsets.

in the

The main

advantage of this type of interpreting is the simultaneity of the
interpretation that bring a saving in time, and the possibility of
having more than one language being interpreted at the same
times.
This is an example with three languages interpreted both
ways.The delegates may speak in any of the three languages
and can listen to the language they prefer.There are many
different possible configurations

of languages

or language

regimes.

StuJ~nt : Tran Thi Long Van

Pag~ 11


Advisor: Mr. NGUYE:N TRI LO'I

GRADUATION PAPER

(i;\.

•i
•

\

(;\f?i

•

•i
•

Picture 7 :Delegate A is speaking in language A which is simultaneously
interpreted into language B and language C

(i;\.

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.,
fC\.
.,
/B\

The interpreter
Delegate A speaking

Delegate B listening

•
A
•
~

interpreting into
language B
The interpreter
interpreting into
language C

Delegate C listening

Student : Tr~n Thi Long Van

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Advisor: Mr. NGUYI::N TRi LO'I

GRADUATION PAPER

fA\
w
~/

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••
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•

Interpreting B

I

~

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•

t

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fC\
w

Picture 8 : Delegate B is speaking in language B which is simultaneously
interpreted into language A and language C

m
•

fA\

Delegate B speaking

(::\

•

The interpreter
interpreting into

language A

Delegate A listening

W

Student: Tran Thi Long Van

Page 13

-I


Advisor:

GRADUATION PAPER

Picture 11 : Interpreting

Mr. NGUyr:N TRi LO'I

booth

Many conference venues have built-in booths and equipment for simultaneous
interpreting. The European Commission's main conference centre, the Centre de
Conference Albert Borschette (CCAB) has four meeting rooms with booths for
simultaneous

interpreting on each of the five floors

Picture 12 :The Commission's largest conference room in the Charlemagne
building has 22 booths.
( Directorate

General for Interpretation

[accessed May 2004]

< />
Student : Tr~n Thi

Long Van

fag en.htm»

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GRADUATION

Advisor: Mr. NGUYEN TR[ LOI

PAPER

c)

Whispering
This type of interpreting is also called' chuchotage' in

French. It resembles the simultaneous mode but is supplied

performed without a soundproof booth. Realistically an
interpreter can only 'whisper' if being seated/ standing
between up to three listeners at one time.
d)

Bilateral
This type of interreting is used when accompany clients on

specific visits, such as: companies, visits of factories, banks,
government

departments,

etc .... The interpreter works both

into and out of his / her mother tongue.
1.2.2. Community interpreting! Dialogue interpreting:
This type of interpreting
which it is performed:

derives its name from different settings In
hospitals, police stations, and for diferrents

clients: refugees, asylum seekers, etc. either on the phone or on person to
person.
1.2.3. Court interpreting:
This is restricted to a formal legal setting where the interpreter is the
mediator between solicitors, barristers, judges and the plaintiff accused
or defendant.
1.2.4. Other types of interpreting:

a)

Media interpreting
Interpreting

is also performed for the media, either on

television or for the cinema. Interpreters work for TV stations
on

ad

hoc basis,

Simultanous
Student:

Tran Thj Long Van

often

with

no

time

for preparation.

interpreting is also used at film festivals when

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