nghiên cứu chế tạo thiết bị cung cấp năng lượng cho mạng cảm biến không dây

MỤC LỤC
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MỤC LỤC HÌNH VẼ
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LỜI NÓI ĐẦU
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CHƯƠNG I
TỔNG QUAN VỀ MẠNG CẢM BIẾN KHÔNG DÂY
1.1. Giới thiệu
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1.1.1. Công nghệ Sensor Network
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(!2IAIL6E*SUhF!8S5/
01TM@TDQ5B284V?64:?I
IL6<IL6J01F%HW6UQCCC
IAKT6!HI)0FIYDTDQ5%
H:YXEIRsKUW6CDD%H63
)%H076!?Et2!u!EK076!
C
n
'%EPIYD5%L**SS5J%H9Nk
%S52W/X5YUJ459Q5X#6!W
:DQU%:#ST6!W/S5/01
%HUhF!C'%6*>*HYD26!E/01S5I01
0E5%LC"?:WNH*ST_c:%HXEjE
Ko
• 'V!I)4
• vNkH[?)U)!%HILW6_HH[?8
D_
• (*>6!656W6_HI08D_:I2W6
Dc)W6c*SI08D_C
 I015Y6.!6*>QJIhDQ6%
HNHo
 Loại 1 (C1WSNs):
• NHIhDQI)
• '%H>6I08IJSIQIK
• +RT%HDF%HQQ50%!6A5
@5B
• W%SF@6wB
• W/9NkH[?3%HDLQ5

• (!5!5
 Loại 2(C2WSNs):
• (*>IIL6<IL6DIL6<IL6-QJH IQ H
Y6
• NHIhDQp
• -H*S5*%H%
• W%/66w
• HDLQ5*2W/9NkH[?%H%
• "?J07IJI7W
EtPJII01%5H]eeexy.C-zCnC"!I)!
PJ.Cn"{*?5#D#@](BS5I08D_H[
?FJI)EIQ.zyU53W%jyIQ.yy|C}U~]eeexy.C-zCn
I01QQIL Uc %*?*HYD 0 $|
•HUH@•$B6IK5%H076!C
+FXI8TEt}U~]eeexy.C-zCn%?JHP5%L
0FEt5w5%W6UQD_*:ED_I01
Et2C
z
_EpX6!6UH@(€eBC07
X0(€e6)IAIL6C'WI_t6!65C
DE%H[?J2%C
• !*08TIMH[?D_IQ7
%•IL6<IL6(€eC
• '%HKHI)H%HHI)
• H[?d%W6UQTDQd%?01CX?
3QFXC‚(€eTDQH[?C
• MF!/01I01:WkNHSA
uC(€e2L*UhU)U3MS5H
%QUh*2LI01DQMS5089DE
U308Hm

• J01HSF(€eK7C
X%U?[.6*>6%IhDQ
(€e*L%5HCDE2L0
6)5P(€e@HBC
1.1.2. Ứng dụng của mạng cảm biến không dây
• gYXoHl%6EQ08%D7S*
DEN2O
• (*08o%6%%DdDIcKUZbCCC
• ƒQso%6%U?YU??:WkJI_
Ld9O
• I>o**6I_L%QUhI??J
03S6CCC
• 076!o _L6*08*?5/5R
%6%9)*O
1.2. Tổng quan về kỹ thuật WSNs
0IZI_535PE6)6!W6UQHm9Nk!
HMY66)JHm9NkS;D#9Nk0F
!HCD>3IH[?IQHDLQ5H08HmW/9N
kT6>ILW:DQ0F5%IC+FH!2S;H[?I019Nk
IQ6JS8I26W6I01/01PHmU/*E
D_C()Et5m15F6!W6UQ0o
• 'W6UQo
< '/7UWC
< vNkK?C
„
< w%5%?N…C
< &Y'C
< X5Y26C
• D_*DQo
< ZDD_2C

< X0!I08D_C
< I_QC
< 6!C
• Eto
< ]eeexy.C ~U~C
< ]eeexy.C-zC-&€~$C
< ]eeexy.C-zCj•HUH@•$BC
< ]eeexy.C-zCn~}UC
< ]eeexy.C-„69C
< ]eee-nz-Cz@5BC
< (U]&C
• &P6_6Ho
< "?I_C
< &P6_66!C
< &P6_6QJ73H[?XQ5C
< &P6_66HHC
< &P6_6:WkH[?C
1.2.1. Các thành phần của mạng cảm biến không dây
'%5P7UWQQ#Y6T6!PI01IA
[WT6*>H!-@'-BIZI01F?35P0FC$3
>IYD6*>FJ01FW6UQ6!0iH[?_H[?
*WW/s%Hb0W/Uh,F
F!*SS59NkQ*% H 6!CD
'-c:%7F6*>'.CX5%L6!W6UQHXE
WQ_W6UQ*K%@WIcH[?5P
5P6_6BC
†
()IAIL6T6!W6UQo
• '%H5YUJHDIAC
• '%HH,Uh0sC

• 6!DIc089DEC
• HUhF!_*SW/K%U)FC
• '%H2L*I01IMS?J>J01F%
HC
Hình 1.1. Cấu trúc mạng cảm biến không dây thông thường
'%5PS!E6)H6!W6UQ0E>-C.o
• ()W6UQ@2L6)DHZDW6UQBI7hX@Q
2B
• 7h9Nk
• 7hE!Uq*DQ
• MS5
• '%5PH%CCC
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Hình 1.2. Các thành phần trong một node cảm biến.
Software (Operating Systems and Middleware)
LS5X!I)%H5P:#%?I_
M63I01QQIAU?C*08%?I_0Q
HmQ;HXE5PIL2LQ56)%2
K0FHs5m15FU)F2F!TCD‡
6)KH_H!DIYD6)t*KC5PTD‡
M66!5Y5J%HHW6UQ%HC^S
_ENHD‡6*5sIL5%LL6%
W6F_26EIJ4Q15%6ZIL9YD
HXEt%Hh6!07KC
Standards for Transport Protocols
(IKQQIL5%LW5%56!*HYDHXEE
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Hình 1.3. Giao thức chung cho mạng cảm biến.
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Bảng 1.1. Các giao thức có thể dùng cho mạng cảm biến không dây
$W-C.E6)JF5S52LHC%
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Routing and Data Dissemination
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Sensor Network Organization and Tracking

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Computation
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Data Management
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Bảng 1.2. Các giai đoạn phát triển của mạng cảm biến không dây
1.2.3. Các cách thức và trở ngại
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CHƯƠNG II
TỔNG QUAN VỀ NĂNG LƯỢNG TRONG MẠNG CẢM BIẾN KHÔNG
DÂY
2.1. Vấn đề năng lượng trong mạng cảm biến không dây
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M/01T5!?b;;W6UQd!I)C+>D
SI_IA6IL;W6UQ!I)I01YS2L@EK
/01SB6f?:WC Z2S_ELW_5Pf
5P6_6q6/?SNH/01T%;*HYD0Hm2
W6*SNHIUE/8NH5EUYI[>
IQ-;I2/01T5f!?;W6UQud!I)C

2.2. Các giải pháp khắc phục vấn đề năng lượng trong mạng cảm biến không dây
2.2.1. Giải pháp phần cứng
+FW5%55P?9YDHX6);W6UQNH%?
EI?/S5S5QC$IP%;W6UQ*HYDI019YD
HXd%?FHfIQK0F;W6UQM_#01FC
PHPFXI8T%?I?NH%%]'K15;W6
UQ*HYDIZI01#K0FC"7[%Z5PU%Hf
b*dEW9S%]'s#*SEX
S5C8I26%;W6UQ*HYD?DGRE*S3
6ŒC
PIYD?E5%L%5HeD"
XQu;5W:DQSI_/01T6!W6UQ*HYD6)%
-n
?:WSC+F5PEI?/S5;fA50F64
01I?/T5!QHfIQ*>Y;W6UQud
!I)C+FD/01H0dd%MUEuI01
DLIcI?IL!!5CdI28JT;W6UQuI01
/ESFAu*U8Q/01C
2.2.2. Giải pháp phần mềm
FSI_J025Pq6!QJI*SE
T%QUh;W6UQ*HYDNHeD"IL
W:DQSI_DE/01!Q>SI_J025P6_6b
I01%5>:Y6C+F5P!I)?:WJ0_*
SE05P6_6*%I01Q[J0I2>DE
6!W6UQ*HYDuUhZ5KC
a. Cơ chế quản lý năng lượng dành cho phần điều khiển
6!W6UQ*HYDH!YD>%;eHG2
?65H[?dW6UQN_%;AE
W8;*5H[?AW8[PNH[
?Q5PI_Lf!I)HfFSZ5KM/01*;C

2LW8*PQ>W6!2LwH
W8NH[?@+KHUD>%;W6UQuNH[
?_%W-0UIE62L/8Ez<-yB>
DW8I2W6!2LI01I0_!%TILQ?6
/01C+SI_IA?:Wk/015PI_Lu4
]'I_L*PQVAHX?U~4d*
:;ILwH8JT;C
b. Cơ chế quản lý công suất vô tuyến.
SDq?4;…bE/01_0
?ED_%2C0D;*LD#q/01
uI01Q?6Uq%%?D_%2C LUWM/01>U)
5%*DQ5WI014CU)5%*DQI014>;*L
4I01%D_Hfd%;%C+?*4EU)5%
*DQHfIQU?5%5DGNHI016!C
6!NH-;I01S5I?E%;eH
uI01I0_!%T5PF8C'GS5H[?
-z
8I01Ih=>;6FI01UNH[?_CI2%
;eH!I01I0_!%TC
Hình 2.1. Mạng cảm biến không dây thiết kế theo mạng sao.
'%Q5L6!>2IAIL6I7W05!6
T6!W6UQ*HYDUh•55!6D_HfT%U)5%
*DQC+F6)JH>6!>5m15C
Hình 2.2. Thời gian bật tắt bộ thu phát vô tuyến.
'%Q56!HfIQ6)SI_F!T6!Uh•5
5!6T;C+>D6J/5!6T6!;PQQ
6!W6UQ*HYDL6!%6!YDD6!0FC0
?NH6!YDD6!0FHfIQ?5WE6)7Q:Wk
/01%5%Ld7Q:Wk*S*DQC
L2L>6!0F>%U)5%*DQT%;5WI01

:WkIL;I014*2001I01UE%;Y
6JX?D_*C I2%;5W26)%`•A5aIL
;6JD_*2LD_I01C
-„
Hình 2.3. Mạng cảm biến không dây thiết kế theo dạng lưới
8:26)J%ILIMU)%;IZI01EC
'%EUIPIZQ?6I01/01I%LF0815%
U)5%*DQ08I01UC+KH7Q<(€'W68U>
%U)*DQI01Ud-yyŽ9JjzŽC(€'RW6_
7[W.yŽC$<(€'SD8UU)*DQ…
W-ŽC[5%LI26KsW68UU)*DQ
…_7[C
c. Cơ chế quản lý truyền nhận không đồng bộ
'7Q4*SS5@\&\BI!I01X*SS5
Uq%4U)*DQPQ8IhVU26)W
84CTDI01#:DR*S@D'DBC$q
%[U)*DQI01U6)W84>7Q:DR
*S5w5;W6UQ2LI01%D_Hfd%;
YCg%>DI016#>.C†C86U)*DQU
42LI01S>CXS>D5)001WI01HXU%T
6!C+KH084yz8U/6ŒC8DG
ITIL46)2IQd6);YC
6JNH[?D2IQ6);Y;Nu5%-…
%UWU%?@UBC;YVI01UEI01…
U%?uN!UW€'*!%82C
92;u3!!%TC
-†
Hình 2.4. Cơ chế quản lý năng lượng không đồng bộ
D_*IMU)EUE2uI01Q?6*S
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?uU4IPR-yyŒC+>D5K*P[U)*DQ3!
%UH7-yyŒ%8y6622LIX16)2
C
g%>IMU)8I01G>-C C&KNGPN
6)UDIMU)S40Fd2T2U3>5K2L
29%IhHm6)2I01D_D*I01D_C
Hình 2.5. Cơ chế quản lý đồng bộ
-ˆ
CHƯƠNG III
BIỆN PHÁP KHẮC PHỤC VẤN ĐỀ NĂNG LƯỢNG TRONG MẠNG
CẢM BIẾN KHÔNG DÂY SỬ DỤNG ENERY HAVESTING
3.1. Sơ lược về Energy Harvesting
Energy HarvestingDR#Power HarvestingDEnergy Scavenging
:%>DLIc%H!/01H0dd%MUE@/
016A8/01?/012I)/BH!/
01I?IL0[S5[QUh*HYD2*Ss!

I)I)5C
3.1.1. Các dạng Energy Havesting chủ yếu:
a. Nguồn bức xạ từ môi trường xung quanh:
M/012LI01DLIcUq%5%2I?d
d%QUh5%2*DQI?3457C
()k03IAJ>5%2^‰F%QUhI?d9o _D
UYD82LX?Uq%NH?J^‰]0TDU€
D_*(@7:07I07EQFB!Q*SJI
I01D_NHHYXC&075%5DI01%5HILS5
M%;E•6!W6UQ*HYDC
b. Cơ năng
!7/DLIcI?/bII01E
5%LC'7/I01SDd%6%D*?5DIAU?H!7/
#II01;#EC$q%4%QUh5IPJ
A2PD;2L5I01I?HmIL!5I?!8
XDLI)T08C
c. Quang điện
/01:I?I2%1QI%LH6!W6UQ
*HYDo"P0M/01*M/01XE
6*08H,H[DLIcI?IL0[b0S5
;W6UQC'*?:I??DI015%Ld%*Ih
>IAU?6)*?NH6%DK/016A8C
/01:I?IIIdIP%H!/01I01E
.y
5%LHeD"0D{H'@'B
J)6S5%%0SH?5T%YDO
d. Áp điện
'%?%5I?X?DLIc%I)7#I?C
'%I)7#DI01SDd_M%0DLI)T
08I)IhSQMY6O!d6)J0815Q6

I?%5IPT%5I?*08I?%5€'IRsI))037#
K9%C
"PQ%MI?%5I01W8?%5I?I_2*
SsP66:%sILS5%?JH0ITIL
S5%QUhP6D0IMMID
'*?&{5/01IZI01EdJ[/6
-ˆˆy2fI6)0FE2L#FC()WQ;hIZ
I01X?!#?]€I25%L;US6XS5MC/6
.yy„6);S*N*HYDXS5MUqI)HUS6;
I01F?C+PIYD6)I_L+d9T&5IZI01%5H*
?&{!I)*P5IZI01W9SC
Hình 3.1. Remote TV không pin của Phillip.
e. Pyroelectric
"?    &D  DL  Ic  /  01  ?    I?  %5C
&DDW/T6)J?IL!6)I?%5!68;
I012A6!CXDIc?I)HDIchKT%DE
N•S;LKH0X5YXT[SH,UQIcCX
5YX65%6)I?%5ELCQ?I)f*Ic3%h
6FT2I?%55DHPHPUQ6SHHRGHRI?C

&DD*EUhP6fF?I?o+F5DD
U)%LI01DIcd?I)UQIcQ:W6)I?%5!68
I01>ELC'RF?I?6)6AT?I01[36)
?I)UE36)?I)%Q:W9S?6)I?%5J
Ih9S?LC
()[1Q:#T5D76%
?5DcIh?I)EIQ yy
o
'A75w5
!/01d%M?I)HI26/?:W?I)X

#C
f. Thermoelectrics
/6-x 6•U5%?q6)H?>
[mQ5%5T.HYDHf%?!6)I?%5CY6T
??I?DHHRWD?HXQ%%!6I?C/6
-xjn•'€&5%?q26)HRI?!D:F5
Q5%5T.F5U%Hf&<mD)_THRI?2u?
As?C?S5AsG?F08I)HRI?qJ
&CDDHXETU?&DE?
?I?2LI01NH66%D0366%6%D5%I?@eBA5
?I?C
g. Tĩnh điện
YDH!/01HXEXDIcI?HTI?5)
I)7#C2I)7S6I?uDIcW%
HfIQI?HDIcdI2/017#I01DL/01
I?C
h. Năng lường từ tĩnh
Ih‰HD6Y6DLI)R)HYDu!
HRI?d9D_CdI2%#IZE5%LQUh
  S5 I? /   d pC  /6 .yy† 6)  26  E  d  ! #
65IZ*?Q!6)QUh!I)6)6*
08%DC
()!QTQUhDLIc/01dpK0FW
-6
j
:%FILK15%QUhHI)?DC

i. Năng lượng từ cây xanh
/015dYD96)!/01#C+IZ
5%L6)5075%52LI01/01d%YD9C&075%5

D73IL5%L%QUh4XQ5YDILHl8Q
dHl%DdCc#T%QUhDu5)Kc
#mYDT624C"?D6)6!0FQUhDIZI01L
N?6d:J"RVC
0D;SD2S_H!/01EE2L
I01NHIL5DLI?/ILS56!W6UQ
*HYDC _:#S%M/01DP06,5KP
0*F!Q;I0153P?JC
3.1.2. Các thiết bị Energy Harvesting
a. Các tế bào quang điện
gI?6)5075%5!I?Uq%DLIcU9!6A
8@W8BHRI??XQ5Uq%NHS
U%Hf2?:I?C'%S656A8QUhTDQTH!DC
Hình 3.2. Hệ thống chuyển đổi năng lượng mặt trời sang điện.
b. Tấm nhiệt điện
(%D5% ?I? @6 - eBUM6%F5U%
Hf&Q15F6)S6?C e 2LS5I?%5IPFUq
%J%F5Q5%5JQ5C"?SIL>-yy<.yy‘+~
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E6…F5
Q5%5C YDQUhI01NHILS5/01%QUhUq
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%5?/sd6%D62M7D6KW?/s
d7L08C
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Hình 3.3. Tấm nhiệt điện TEGs
Hình 3.4. Cấu trúc bên trong của TEGs
Hình 3.5. Cung cấp điện năng thông qua thu thập nhiệt từ nước nóng
c. Tua bin nhỏ
UsI01NHIL%/0122=6*08

DHRWDT0F3H!/01I)XILS5/01%
QUhI?N/01S50%;W6UQ*HYDC
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Hình 3.6. Microturbine
d. Tinh thể áp điện
L%5I?A1%5I?!I?%5sUS;UhUQ
H!H7#C^I)d%M7#2LKK?%5I?
I?CXE%H!?D6%#IZ2LQ!%
QUhS5I?/HXEXI)T%6%D62DQUh!5
4H0FIQPDC
Hình 3.7. Tấm áp điện.
e. Thiết bị thu sóng vô tuyến
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/5%2*DQH0dDLIcI?/C
KS%;6!W6UQ!I)86*08
2I?dE%QUh:I?QUh2*DQI01IAU?
:Y6E5%LH6!W6UQ*HYDC
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