Ôn thi môn tiếng anh lớp 12

TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO ÔN THI TỐT NGHIỆP
TIẾNG ANH LỚP 12
I. TENSES
A/ Lý thuyết
1. The Simple Present (Thì hiện tại đơn)
a. Form:
- Khẳng định : I , We , You , They … ( S nhiều ) + Vo
He , She , It ( S ít ) + V-s/es
- Phủ định : I , We , You , They + don't + Vo
He , She , It … + doesn't + Vo
- Nghi vấn : Do + We , You , They + Vo … ?
Does + He , She , It … + Vo … ?
b. Usage (Cách dùng ) :
- Diễn tả một chân lí, một sự thật hiển nhiên.
Ex : - The Earth goes round the sun .
- He is a doctor.
- Tom comes from England.
- Diễn tả 1 thói quen hoặc 1 việc xảy ra thường xuyên ở hiện tại ( always, often, usually,
sometimes, now and then, seldom, rarely, never, every ) dùng để nhận biết.
Ex : - He often goes to class late . / My mother gets up early every morning .
- Diễn tả 1 h/đ tương lai đã được sắp xếp, bố trí thực hiện trước thời điểm nói.
Note : a. Cách thêm – es vào sau những động từ tận cùng : o , s , x ,z ,sh , ch
b. Cách phát âm –s/es
2 . The Present Continuous (Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn)
a. Form : - Khẳng định : S + am / is / are + V –ing
- Phủ định : S + am / is / are ( not ) + V -ing
- Nghi vấn : Are / Is + S + V-ing …. ?
Ex: We are studying English now .
b. Usage ( Cách dùng) :
- Diễn tả một hành động đang tiếp diễn ở thời điểm nói ( ở hiện tại)
* Dấu hiệu nhận biết : now , right now = at once , at ( the / this / present ) time, at

the moment, Ra lệnh ( Look ! Listen ! ) Ex : - She is listening to his teacher
now
- Diễn tả 1 hành động sẽ xảy ra ở tương lai ( có kế hoạch từ trước)
Ex : She is getting married next year.
Note :* Be going to +Vo dùng để diễn tả 1 hành động sắp xảy ra mà hiện tượng của nó
đã xuất hiện hoặc 1 hành động tương lai có dự định trước.
Ex: The grey dark appears. It is going to rain.
3 . The Present Perfect (Thì hiện tại hòan thành)
a. Form : - Khẳng định : S + has / have + V
3
, ed
- Phủ định : S + has / have ( not ) V
3
, ed
- Nghi vấn : Has / Have + S + V
3
, ed?
b. Usage (Cách dùng ) :
* Diễn tả một hành động vừa mới xảy ra hoặc xảy ra không rõ thời gian (thường đi kèm với
các từ just , recently = lately, not yet, ever, never, aleady )
Ex : We haven’t finished our homework yet .
* Diễn tả 1 hành động bắt đầu từ quá khứ kéo dài đến hiện tại có khả năng tiếp tục ở tương
lai (thường đi với các từ since , for)
Ex : - They have lived here for ten years .
* Ngòai ra còn có một số cụm từ chỉ thời gian như : so far = until now = up to now ,how
long ? It is the first / second / third … time, twice / many / three…. times.
Note : For ( many, several, 2, 3 / . + times, years, months or a long time = ages )
# since ( last week )
4. The Simple Past (Thì quá khứ đơn )
a. Form : - Khẳng định : S + V2, ed … ( To be : was / were )

- Phủ định : S + did not Vo ….
- Nghi vấn : Did + S + Vo … ?
b. Usage : Diễn tả hành động đã xảy ra, chấm dứt trong quá khứ ( đôi khi biết rõ
thời gian ) thường có các từ đi kèm : yesterday ,ago , last ( week /night … ) , in 1990 ( thời
gian ở quá khứ )
5 . The Past Continuous (Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn )
a. Form : S + was / were + V - ing
Ex: We were studying Maths at this time yesterday.
b. Usage :
- Diễn tả một hành động đang xảy ra vào 1 thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ .
Ex : - What were you doing at 4 p.m yesterday?
- Diễn tả 1 hành động đang xảy ra vào 1 thời điểm xác định ở quá khứ hoặc 1 hành
động đang xảy ra ( hành động này kéo dài hơn ) thì có hành động khác xen vào .
Ex: a. What were you doing at 4 p.m yesterday?
b. We were watching television when he came
- Diễn tả 2 hành động đang xảy ra cùng lúc ở quá khứ .
Ex: Yesterday , while I was reading a book , my sister was watching T.V .
* Dấu hiệu nhận biết : at ( the / this / that ) time, at the moment, at 4p.m + thời gian ở
quá khứ (yesterday, last )
Ex : He was watching film at the moment yesterday.
6 . The Past perfect (Thì quá khứ hòan thành )
a. Form : S + had V
3
, ed
b. Usage : Diễn tả một hành động xảy ra trước 1 hành động khác trong quá khứ hoặc trước
1 thời điểm ở quá khứ .
Ex : When I got up this morning , my mother had already left .
* Dấu hiệu nhận biết : before , after
7 . The simple future : (Thì tương lai đơn )
a. Form : S + shall / will Vo

b. Usage : Diễn tả hành động sẽ xảy ra ở tương lai : tomorrow , next ( week / month ) … ,
in 2010
8. The Perfect Future : (Tương lai hoàn thành )
Form S + will have V 3,ed
Dấu hiệu nhận biết : By the end of ….
Ex : By the end of this year, I will have had a new bike.
Note : Sau when , while , before , after , until, by the time, as , as soon as, if ……….
không dùng thì tương lai mà chỉ dùng thì hiện tại đơn .
Ex : She will phone her parents when she comes here next week.
B/ Bài tập vận dụng
I. Use the correct tenses of the verbs in brackets.
1. She (write) that letter two days ago.
2. What (happen) when they arrived?
3. I don’t smoke while I (drive) a car.
4. After they (go) , I sat down and rested.
5. His knowledge (develop) since he got habit of reading.
6. You (finish) with the book I (lend) you last week?
7. Last week, when the police came there, the thief (go) away.
8. The train already (leave) by the time I (arrive) the station.
9. Be quiet! The baby (sleep) .
10. He (visit) his friend yesterday and (find) that she
(be) out.
II. Choose the best option to complete the sentence.
1. She Hanoi last year
A. went B. go C. goes D. is going
2. Now you from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours
A. are flying B. would fly C. will fly D. can fly
3. When Carol last night, I my favorite show on television
A. was calling-
watched

B. called- have
watched
C. called- was
watching
D. had called-
watched
4. By the time next summer you your studies
A. completes B. will complete C. are completing D. will have
completed
5. Right now, Jim the newspaper and Kathy dinner
A. reads- has cooked B. is reading- is
cooking
C. has read- was
cooking
D. read- will be
cooking
6. Last night at this time, they the same thing. She and he the
newspaper
A. are doing- is cooking- is reading B. were doing- was cooking-
was reading
C. was doing- has cooked- is reading D. had done- was cooking-
read
7. – Hurry up! We’re waiting for you. What’s taking you so long? – I …………… for an
important phone call. Go ahead and leave without me.
A. wait B. will wait C. am waiting D. have waited
8. – Robert is going to be famous someday. He ……………. in three movies already. – I’m
sure he’ll be a star.
A. has been
appearing
B. has appeared C. had appeared D. appeared

9. – Hello? Alice? This is Jeff. How are you? – Jeff? What a coincidence! I …………
about you when the phone rang.
A. was just thinking B. just thought C. have just been
thinking
D. was just thought
10. – What …… about the new simplified tax law? – It’s more confusing than the old one.
A. are you thinking B. do you think C. have you thought D. have you been
thinking
II. SUBJECT AND VERB AGREEMENT
A. Nguyên tắc chung: Trong tiếng Anh, chủ ngữ và vị ngữ (Verb) à 2 thành phần chính
của câu; trong đó chủ ngữ chi phối vị ngữ, còn vị ngữ là đối tượng chịu tác động của chủ
ngữ. Do đó, chủ ngữ số nào thì đ/t sẽ chia theo số đó
* singular * singular
S + * plural + V + * plural
* either sin. or plu. * either sin. or plu.
B. Một số nguyên tắc cơ bản:
B.1. Singular verb
1. Sub. as Singular nouns or pronouns (He/ She/ It/ No ) or Uncountable nouns.
E.g: - He usually goes to school by bicycle.
- Her beauty helps her much in her job.
- This water is not safe enough to drink.
3. Sub. as a gerund, infinitive or clause.
E.g:- Swimming is good for health.
- That you hav high grades in school is necessary.
4. Sub. as a measuremenof time, money, distance ( as 1 unit)
Eg: - Thirty pounds seems a reasonable price.
- Four weeks is a long time to wait for you.
5. A noun ending in ‘s’ expressing: a subject, disease, country or city, news
Eg: Mathematics is one of my core subjects.
6. Indefinite pronouns: someone, something

Eg: Someone was waiting at the door
7. One of + the + Adj. – EST + Ns
8. Every/ Each/ Either/ Neither + Ns/ No
E.g: - Every teacher and every student has their own work.
B.2. Plural verb.
1. Plural nouns or pronouns
2. The + Adj.
E.g: - The young are fond of pop music.
3. Collective nouns: police, army, troop, audience cattle, poultry
Eg: The police are investigating the crime.
B.3. Either singular or plural verb.
 V (plural) (N1 ≠ N2)
1. N1 + AND + N2 +
 V (sin.) ( N1 ≡ N2)
Eg: - My brother and sister live in Boston.
- My cousin and my adviser, Tom is coming tonight.
- Bread and egg is my favourite dish. (Bánh mỳ trứng là món tôi thích nhất)
together with
along with
2. N1 + as well as + N2  V (N1)
accompanied by
in addition to
E.g: - George, together with his friends, is buying a race horse.
- The director as well as his staff has to learn English.
- The students in addition to the teacher are all devoted to the research.
3. Either or,
Neither + N1 + nor  V(N2)
Not only but also
Eg: - Either Thursday or Friday is ok.
- Neither my parents nor my brother has been to HCM city.

- Either you or I am right.
4. A (large) number of + V(plu.)
The number of + V(sin.)
E.g: - The number of students in this class is small.
- A number of students were absent yesterday.
5. N1 + preposition + N2  V(N1)
E.g:- The picture of the soldiers has been sold.
-The house between the two bungalows is empty.
6. None/ All/ some/ half/ plenty/ N(sin.)  V(sin.)
No/ Most/ a lot/ Percentage/ fraction + of + N(plu.)  V(plu.)
E.g:- None of the students have finished the test.
- None of the counterfeit money has been foun.
- One third of the population is unemployed
- One third of the villagers are unemployed.
7. There + is/was/ has been + No .
There + are/were/ have been + Ns/es.
Eg: There are twenty five students in my class
There was an accident on the road last night.
8. Collective noun different action  V (plu.)
( family, team, group,
staff, company as 1 unit (the same action)  V(sin.)

E.g: - My family congratulated my little sister on her birthday.
- His family is an old and very famous one.
- Our company has debated these questions carefully.
- The company lead very different lives in private
Bài tập vận dụng
Exercise 1: Circle the best answer.
1. One of a goldfish bowl on her kitchen table.
A. my friend keep B. my friends keep C. my friend keeps D. my friends keeps

2. Every love.
A. man, woman and child needs
B. men, women and children needs
C. man, woman and child need
D. men, women and children need
3. One of the girls who in this office my niece
A. works / is B. works / are C. work / is D. work / are
4. Neither Lan nor her parents the film.
A. like B. likes C. is like D. are like
5. Each the same as the day before.
A. days was B. day was C. days were D. day were
6. More men than left handed.
A. woman are B. woman is C. women are D. women is
7. Every one of the students on time for class
A. is B. are C. were D. have been
8. There some money on the table.
A. are B. were C. have been D. is
9. This information about taxes helpful
A. were B. have been C. is D. are
10. The vegetables in the bowl on the table fresh.
A. looks B. smells C. are D. is
Exercise 2: Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. The news about Mr Hogan (be) surprising.
2. Fifty minutes (be) the maximum length of the time allowed for the exam.
3. Many people in the world (not have) enough food to eat.
4. The poor (need) help from the community.
5. Listening to loud music at rock concerts (cause) hearing loss in some
teenagers these days.
6. There (be) a lot of sheep in the field.
7. Ten miles (be) too far to walk.

8. Not only John but also his friends (want) to buy this race horse.
9. A number of students (recently participate) in intensive language programs
abroad.
10. Sarah, along with 20 students, (plan) a party now.
Exercise 3: Find the incorrect part A, B, C and D.
1. Each of the rooms have its own bathroom.
A B C D
2. Everybody who have a fever must go home immediately
A B C D
3. Twenty five dollars are all I can afford to pay for this recorder
A B C D
4. All of the windows in my house was broken in the earthquake.
A B C D
5. The actress, along with her manager and some friends, are going to the party.
A B C D
III. GERUND AND INFINITIVE
A/ Lý thuyết
Một đ/t thường có 2 dạng: đ/t biến vị & đ/t không biến vị:
* Biến vị là đ/t chia theo chủ ngữ (ngôi & thì – thời gian mà h/đ xảy ra)- verb tenses.
* Không biến vị - verb forms- gồm:
- Đ/ nguyên thể (Infinitive with or without To)
- Động tính từ hiện tại (Present participle) & Động danh từ (Gerund): V-ing
- Động tính từ quá khứ (Past participle) : V-ed
A. Động từ nguyên thể
1. Form:
Active Passive
Simple To - Vo To - be - P2
Perfec
t
To - have - P2 To -have-been-P2

Eg:- I’m very glad to see you.
- I wanted the report to be typed at once.
- He seems to have been ill.
- This machine is said to have been tested.
2. Classification: 2 kinds: Infinitive with or without To
2.1. Bare infinitive : động từ nguyên mẫu không to
1. Sau modal verb ( động từ khiếm khuyết )
2. Sau auxilary verb : do, does, did.
3. Sau make, let, help ( sau help có thể có To); ở Passive voice → dùng to-Vo ( Trừ let)
4. Sau động từ chỉ giác quan:(verbs of perception ) : see, hear, smell, feel, taste, watch,
notice …
Vo ( bare ) → hành động đã xong
S + V + object
Vo ( ing ) → hành động đang diễn ra
5. Sau: had better ( tốt hơn ); would rather ( thà thì hơn ), had sooner.
6. Sau thành ngữ :- to do nothing but + Vo ( bare ) : không làm gì cả mà chỉ.
- Can not but + Vo(bare): không còn cách nào khác.
7. Causative form (Thể sai khiến): S + have + object ( chỉ người ) + Vo (bare).
8. Câu mệnh lệnh: ( imprative ): Come in, please.
* Notes: Nếu 2 To-Vo nối bởi “and”, To của Vo2 thường lược bỏ.
2.2. To infinitive (To -Vo) động từ nguyên thể có To)
a. Usages:
1. Sau Ought/ used +To-Vo
2. Sau Need/ do/ dare(nếu là đ/t thường) - I do it to please you.
- He won’t dare to disobey his teacher.
3. Sau Be/ Have (có ý mệnh lệnh, bắt buộc) - We are to be at school at 6.00
- I have to do some washing.
4. Dùng trong các trường hợp khác.
b. Functions
b.1. Làm subject → V(sing) – To learn English is necessary.

b.2. Làm bổ ngữ( sau Be/ L.verbs) - To see is to believe.
- His plan is to keep the fair secret.
b.3. Làm object of verb : S + V + to –Vo - I want to have a cup of coffee.
* Làm bổ ngữ cho tân ngữ ( object complement) S + V + obj + to-Vo - He wants me to
lend him some money.
b. 4. Làm adjective → rút gọn adjective clause (relative clause) đứng sau danh từ
- I have a letter that I must write/ to write.
- Have you anything that you want to say /to say?
5. Làm adverb ⇒ rút gọn : adverbbial clause of result : đứng sau adj
5a. Rút gọn clause of result theo công thức sau ( phrase of result )
S + V + too adj/adv ( for object )+ to inf
S + V + adj/adv enough (for object )+to inf
5b. Rút gọn : clause of purpose theo mẫu sau ( phrase of purpose )
to inf
S + V + in order for object to inf
so as to inf
6. It + take+ (object) + time + to-Vo
7. Causative form: S+ get + object ( chỉ người ) + to inf
8. Sau 1 số Adj: angry, glad, happy, sorry, likely
c. Strutures.
c.1 Verb + To-Vo
1. afford : cung cấp đủ
2. agree : đồng ý
3. appear : có vẻ
4. arrange: sắp xếp
5. ask : hỏi
6. attempt: cố gắng
7. beg : đề nghị, xin
8. care : quan tâm
9. claim : cho là, tuyên bố

10. consent : đồng ý, tán
thành
11. decide : quyết định
12. demand : yêu cầu
13. deserve : xứng đáng
14. expect : trông đợi
15. dare : dám
16. fail : thất bại
17. forget : quên ( tương
lai )
18. hesitate : ngập ngừng
19. hope : hy vọng
20. learn : học
21. manage : xoay xở
22. mean : muốn
23. need: cần (chủ động,
người )
24. offer : mời
25. plan : dự định, kế hoạch
26. prepare: chuẩn bị
27. pretend: giả vờ
28. promise: hứa
29. refuse: từ chối
30. regret: tiếc ( tương lai )
31. remember : nhớ (tương
lai )
32. seem : dường như
33. struggle: đấu tranh, cố
gắng
34. swear: thề

35. threaten : dọa
36. tend: có khuynh hướng
37. volunteer: tình nguyện,
xung phong
38. wait : đợi
39. want : muốn ( chủ động )
40. wish : ao ước
c.2 V + objective + to-Vo
1. advise :khuyên
2. allow: cho phép
3. ask : hỏi, đòi hỏi
4. beg : năn nỉ, xin
5. cause : gây ra
6. challenge : thách thức,
thách đố
7. convince : thuyết phục
8. dare : dám
9. encourage: khuyến khích
10. expect : trông đợi
11. forbid : cấm
12. force : bắt buộc
13. hire : thuê, mướn
14. instruct : chỉ dẫn
15. invite : mời
16. need : cần
17. tempt : cám dỗ
18. intend : dự định
19. order : ra lệnh
20. permit : cho phép
21. persuade : thuyết phục

22. remind : nhắc lại
23. require : yêu cầu
24. recommend : khuyên
25. teach : dạy
26. tell : bảo
27. urge : thúc giục, thuyết
phục
28. want : muốn
29. warn : cảnh báo
30. help : giúp đỡ
31. would like : thích
32. would prefer :thích
33. appoint : chỉ định ai làm
gì
34. charge : giao nhiệm vụ
35. choose : lựa chọn
36. compel : cưỡng bách
37. defy : thách
38. desire : ao ước, thèm
thuồng
39. direct : hướng dẫn, chỉ
huy
40. implore : yêu cầu
41. provoke : xúi giục
c.3. Verb + WH- + To-Vo
Teach, explain, discover, think, believe + how/ Wh- + to Vo: Chỉ cách thức
know, understand, consider, decide
B. Gerund Or present participle. ( Danh động từ & Động tính từ hiện tại)
B.1 . Gerund
1. Form:

Active Passive
Idefinit
e
V-ing Being - P2
Perfect Having - P2 Having-been-P2
2. Functions
2.1. Gerund as a noun ( subj , obj, complement & appositive)
1. Làm chủ ngữ → V(sing) → ( real subject & informal subject ).
2. Làm tân ngữ
Object of verb : S + V + V- ing ( gerund ).
Object of preposition → sau preposition + V-ing.
3. Làm subject complement:
Ex: My hobby is swimming ( gerund )
4. Làm appositive (ngữ đồng vị )
Ex: My hobby, swimming makes me healthy.
5. Đứng sau thành ngữ : - it is no use, it is no good :
- there is no use, there is no good: vô ích
- can’t stand / bear / help : không thể chịu được
6. Sau hai tính từ : busy, worth
7. Thành lập noun compound ( danh từ kép )
N + gerund →child bearing
Gerund + N → flying machine
2.2. Gerund as a verb : có object hoặc được bổ nghĩa bởi một trạng từ
1. admit : thừa nhận
2. advise : khuyên ( không
object )
3. anticipate : tham gia
4. appreciate : đánh giá cao
5. avoid : tránh
6. complete : hòan thành

7. consider : xem xét
8. delay : trì hõan
9. dread : sợ
10. detest : ghét
11. discuss : thảo luận
12. dislike : không thích
13. deny: từ chối
14. enjoy : thưởng thức
15. excuse : xin lỗi
16. finish : hòan thành
17. forget : quên ( qúa khứ )
18. forgive : tha thứ
19. fancy : tưởng tượng
20. imagine : tưởng tượng
21. involve : làm liên lụy
22. include : bao gồm
23. keep : tiếp tục
24. love : ( hoặc To inf)
25. like : thích
26. hate : ghét
27. mention : nhắc tới, nói
tới
28. mind : phiền hà, ngại
ngần
29. miss : nhớ, lỡ, mất
30. postpone : đình, hoãn.
31. prevent : ngăn cản
32. practise : luyện tập
33. recall : gợi lại, nhớ lại.
34. recollect : gợi lại.

35. recommend : khuyên,
dặn dò.
36. regret : tiếc nuối ( quá
khứ )
37. remember : nhớ ( qúa
khứ )
38. resent : tức giận, phật ý.
39. resist : cưỡng lại, phản
kháng.
40. risk : liều lĩnh.
41. stop : ngừng, từ bỏ.
42. start : ( hoặc To inf )
43. suggest : đề nghị
44. tolerate : bỏ qua
45. understand: hiểu
46. restrict: hạn chế, giảm
bớt, ngăn ngừa.
* can’t bear, can’t stand,
can’t help
* it is no use/ no good, there
is no use
* look forward to
*be busy/ worth
3. Structures
B.2. Past participle : qúa khứ phân từ ( V-ED/V
3
1. Thêm trợ từ have+V-ED/V3 ( past participle )→ perfect tense
2.Thêm trợ từ Be +V-ED/V3(past participle)→ passive voice
3. Làm chức năng như adjective ⇒ passive meaning ⇒ có thể rút gọn mệnh đề tính từ
( adjective clause or relative clause )

+ Có thể rút gọn mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian.
+ Có thể rút gọn câu khi một chủ ngữ thực hiện hai hành động.
4. Thành lập adjective compound: tính từ kép
N → man – made
Adj + V ( PP – VoED/V3 ) → new – born
Adv → well – known
6. Thêm “the” để thành lập danh từ tập hợp → V(plural )
educated(adj)→ the educated:những người có giáo dục.
7. Thành lập causative form : thể truyền khuyến
S +have/get +object (chỉ vật)+ V ( PP – Vo ED/V
3
)
C. Present participle ( V-ing) hiện tại phân từ.
1. Thêm trợ từ Be + V-ing để thành lập thì continuous tense.
2. Làm tính từ → mang nghĩa chủ động ( active meaning )
→ có thể rút gọn mệnh đề tính từ ( adjective clause or relative clause )
→ có thể rút gọn mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian, nhượng bộ, lý do và điều kiện .
→ một chủ ngữ thực hiện 2 hành động có thể dùng present participle để rút gọn.
3. Thêm mạo từ “the” để thành lập danh từ tập hợp :
Ex: to live → the living : những người đang sống.
4. Thành lập tính từ kép ( adjective compound ).
N → peace – loving
Adj V-ing → good – loking
Adv → hard - working
D. V-ing or to - infinitive
1. Recommend, begin, start, continue + To inf /V– ing
2. Forget, remember, regret: +to inf → chỉ tương lai

+V– ing → chỉ quá khứ
3. Stop to infinitive → ngừng việc đang làm để làm việc khác.

V – ing : → ngừng việc đang làm
4. Try to infinitive : cố gắng
V – ing : thử
5. Need, want, require
To inf : mang nghĩa chủ động
V- ing : mang nghĩa bị động (need: tobe + V (PP)
6. Advise, allow, permit obj + to infi
∅ + V- ing
7. Prefer: + V-ing + to + V-ing:thích cái gì hơn cái gì
+ to infinitive: thích cái gì đó
8. Help + O + (To)-Vo : giúp ai làm việc gì
Can’t/ couldn’t help + V-ing: không thể không làm việc gì
9. Go on + To-Vo: ( chỉ sự thay đổi của h/đ)
+ V-ing: (chỉ sự liên tục của h/đ)
- She stopped talking about that and went on to describe her other problems.( Cô ta thôi
không nói về điều đó nữa mà chuyển sang mô tả 1 vấn đề khác)
- She went on talking about her illness until we all went to sleep. (Cô ấy cứ nói mãi về căn
bệnh của mình cho đến khi chúng tôi đi ngủ)
10. Mean + To-Vo: (chỉ dự định, ý định)
+ V-ing: (chỉ sự liên quan hoặc kết quả)
- I mean to go earlier.( Tôi đã định đi sớm hơn)
- This new order will mean working overtime.(Mệnh lệnh mới này có nghĩa là phải
làm thêm giờ)
* Với các đ/t : begin/ start, like/ love, hate, continue, cannot/ could not bear, intend có
thể dùng với To-Vo hoặc V-ing không có sự khác biệt về nghĩa
Eg: - It began to rain/ raining at 2 o’clock.
- He can’t bear being/ to be lonely.
B/ Bài tập vận dụng
I. Give the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.
1. It’s difficult (get) used to (eat) with chopsticks.

2. Would you mind (show) me how (work) the lift?
3. There are people who can’t help (laugh) when they see someone (slip)
on a banana skin.
4. I’d rather (earn) my living by (clean) the floor than (make)
money by (blackmail) people.
5. If you go on (let) the dog (run) after cars, he’ll end by (be) run
over.
6. Do you feel like (go) to a film or would you rather (stay) at home?
7. Try (avoid) (make) him angry.
8. Those shirts need (iron) but you needn’t (iron) them now.
9. When you see Tom, remember (give) him my regards.
10. It’s no use (advise) him. He never allows anybody (give) advice.
II. Choose the words or phrase that best completes the sentence.
1. Her boss promised her a raise because she never minds the night shift.
A. offering/ work B. offered/ to work C. to offer/ working D. to offer/ worked
2. You were the last one the office. Did you see anyone the building?
A. leaving/ to enter B. to leave/ enter C. left/ entering D. leave/ entered
3. She pretended me when I passed by.
A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen
4. “ Good morning. Can I help you?”- “ I’d like to have this package , Madam”
A. be weighed B. to be weighed C. to weigh D. weighed
5. “ What do you think of the book?” - “ Oh, excellent. It’s worth a second time.”
A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read
6. Do you know the boy under the big tree?
A. lay B. lain C. laying D. lying
7. I don’t regret even if it might have upset her.
A. to tell her what I
thought
B. to have told her
that I thought

C. telling what I
thought
D. telling her what I
thought
8. The rest of the money to his parents.
A. is to send B. are to send C. is to be sent D. are to be sent
9. What’s the language in German?
A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
10. It was so cold that they kept the fire all night.
A. to burn B. burn C. burning D. burned
IV. PASSIVE VOICE
A/ Lý thuyết
I. Definition: Câu bị động là câu trong đó chủ ngữ là người hay vật nhận hoặc chịu tác động
của hành động
II. Form: To Be + Past Participle (p2)
III. Passive transformation

Active: S + V + O

Passive: S + be –P2 + (by O)

Ex: Active: They built that bridge in 1999.
S V O
Passive: That bridge was built in 1999.
S V
Notes:
1. Chỉ có thể đổi sang câu bị động với những câu có ngoại động từ (có tân ngữ); câu đơn có
bao nhiêu tân ngữ có bấy nhiêu câu bị động; ở câu phức, mệnh đề nào có tân ngữ thì có thể
đổi sang bị động, mệnh đề nào không có tân ngữ thì giữ nguyên.
2. Động từ To Be trong câu bị động phải thích hợp với thì(Tense) của câu chủ động và phù

hợp với chủ ngữ của câu bị động (passive subject).
3. Khi chủ ngữ của câu chủ động là các đại từ nhân xưng: I, we, you, they, he, she, one,
everyone, someone/body, people
thường được lược bỏ đi trong câu bị động.
4. Nếu chủ ngữ của câu chủ động là: nothing, no one, nobody thì ở câu bị động by Obj
được lược bỏ và động từ của bị động chuyển sang thể phủ định.
Ex: No one helps me  I am not helped.
5. - Nếu chủ ngữ của câu chủ động là danh từ chỉ vật liệu, dụng cụ thì ở câu bị động thay
by + Obj. bằng with + Obj.
Ex: Paint covered the clock  The clock was covered with paint.
6. Đặt trạng từ chỉ cách thức (Adj. - ly) trước Past Participle (P2) nếu có.
Ex: People use English widely → English is widely used
7. Giữ nguyên giới từ sau Past Participle (P2) nếu có.
8. Nếu trong câu có cả trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn và trạng từ chỉ thời gian thì chú ý trật từ các
thành phần như sau: Place + by Obj + Time
Ex: - Mr Pike built this school in my village last year.
→ This school was built in my village by Mr Pike last year.
IV. VERB TENSES
1. Simple present and simple past
is/ am/ are
S + - P2 + by – Obj.
was/ were
2. Present and past continuous.
is/ am/ are
S + - Being - P2 + by – Obj.
was/ were
3. Present and Past Perfect.
have/ has
S + - Been - P2 + by – Obj.
had

4. Simple future and Near future.
will/ shall
S + + Be – P2 + by – Obj.
Be + Going to
5. Modal verbs.
S + Modal - Be – P2 + by – Obj.
V. Sentence Parterns
1. Affirmative sentence: Sub. + Be - P2 + by – Obj.
2. Negative sentence: Sub. + Be - not - P2 + by – Obj.
3. Interrogative sentence/ Yes- No question: Be + Sub. + P2 + by – Obj ?
4. WH- questions:
a. For Subject: Who/ What + is/was/ has been – P2 + (by – Obj.)?
b. For Object: By Whom + Be + Sub. + P2 ?
c. Others : WH - + Be + Sub. + P2 ?
VI. NHỮNG TRƯỜNG HỢP PASSIVE VOICE ĐẶC BIỆT
1. Causative form(thể truyền khuyến):
a/Active voice: -S + Have + Obj(chỉ người) + Vo.
Ex: I have him repair my bicycle.
-S + Get + Obj (chỉ người) + to infi.
Ex: I get him to repair my bicycle.
b/Passive voice: -S + Have/Get + Obj (chỉ vật) + V3 / Vo ED.
Ex: I have/get my bicycle repaired by him.
2. Sau những động từ chỉ ý kiến (verbs of opinion): say, think , believe, report, rumour,
know, consider, claim
Active: S1+ V1 ( say/ believe/ think )+ (that) +S2+ V2.
Passive: * Cách 1: It + be + P2(V1) + S2 + V2.
* Cách 2: S2 + be + P2(V1) + To-infinitive (V2)
To have + P2(V2) (nếu V2 khác thì hoặc xảy
ra trướcV1)
Ex1 : People say that money brings happiness

→ Cách 1: It is said that money brings happiness
→ Cách 2: Money is said to bring happiness.( Dùng to bring vì say và bring cùng thì)
Ex 2 : People say that he was crazy.
→ Cách 1: It is said that he was crazy or
→ Cách 2: He is said to have been crazy.( to have been vì say và was khác thì) .
3. Sau những động từ chỉ giác quan(verb of perception): see, hear, smell, feel, taste,
watch, notice, make, help, bid.
Ex: I hear him come in
→ He is heard to come in (nếu câu chủ động là coming thì giữ nguyên trong câu bị động).
4. Imperative (câu mệnh lệnh):
Ex: a. Open the door → Let the door be opened.
b. They let him go out → He was allowed to go out / He was let go out.
5. Sau những động từ: like, hate, love, want, wish, prefer, hope.
Ex: - He wants Peter to take photographs → He wants photographs to be taken by Peter.
- He does not like people laughing at him. → He does not like being laughed at.
6. Các động từ: advise, agree, insist, arrange, suggest, propose, recommend, determine,
decide, demand, beg, urge, order, request.
Ex: He advised me to accept this job
→ Cách 1: He advised me this job should be accepted.
→ Cách 2: I was advised to accept this job.
7. Need + to be + P2 = Need + Ving
Ex: Your shirt needs to be ironed
ironing.
8. It + be + adjective + to-infinitive + smt.
Passive: It + be + adjective + for sth + to be + V3 / Vo ED
Ex: - It is important to finish this exercise.
→ It is important for this exercise to be finished
- It is necessary to copy this lesson
→ It is necessary for this lesson to be copied.
- It is time to feed the chicken → It is time for the chicken to be fed.

9. Các trường hợp khác:
Ex Please enter this way. → You are requested to enter this way.
B/ Bài tập vận dụng
Exercise 1: Change the sentences bloww into the Passive voice.
1. People drink a great deal of tea in England.
2. She often takes her dog for a walk.
3. People speak English all over the world.
4. A group of students have met their friends at the railway station.
5. They didn’t allow Tom to take these books home.
6. The teacher won’t correct exercises tomorrow.
7. How many trees did they cut down to build that fence?
8. This well-known library attracts many people.
9. My mother used to make us clean the house.
10. He likes people to call him “Sir”.
Exercise 2: Rewrite the sentences in the passive:
1. They will construct some new airports on islands.
……………………………………………………………………………………
2. The new president might fulfill this promise as quickly as people would like.
……………………………………………………………………………………
3. They are going to find out the mystery.
……………………………………………………………………………………
4. You can buy videos like this one anywhere.
……………………………………………………………………………………
5. Someone will tell you when you go in to see the doctor.
……………………………………………………………………………………
Exercise 3: Complete the sentences with the given words, active or passive
1. Chris has good news. The engineering firm where she had an interview yesterday (may /
offer) ………………………… her a job soon.
2. Good news! I (may / offer) ………………………… a job soon. I had an interview at an
engineering firm yesterday.

3. You (should / open) ………………… the wine about three hours before you use it.
4. You (mustn’t / move) ………………………… this man; he is too ill. He (will / have to /
leave) ………………………… here.
5. You (must / take) ………………………… those books back to the library yesterday.
6. We tried, but the window (couldn’t/ open) ……………………………
7. You (must / keep) ………………………… meat in a refrigerator or it will spoil.
8. I (had better /wash) ……………… my clothes today, or they will be very smelly.
9. Someone (should / tell) ………………………… James the news immediately.
10. This application (be supposed to/ send) ………… to the personnel department soon.
Exercise 4: Choose the best option.
1. I shouldn’t …… so much coffee last night. I was wide awake till four in the morning.
A. drink B. drank C. be drunk D. have drunk
2. After the test papers …… to the students in class tomorrow, the students …… their next
assignment.
A. will return – will be given
B. will be returned – are given
C. are returning – are giving
D. are returned – will be given
3. The class for next semester is too large. It ought to …… in half.
A. be divided B. divide C. have divided D. have been divided
4. The entire valley can …… from their mountain home.
A. see B. be seen C. being seen D. sees
5. A child should …… everything he or she wants.
A. gives B. give C. have been given D. be given
6. Many U.S. automobiles …… in Detroit, Michigan.
A. manufacture B. have
manufactured
C. are manufactured D. are manufacturing
7. I still can’t believe it! My bicycle …… last night.
A. was stolen B. was stealing C. stolen D. stole

8. Let’s go ahead and do it now. Nothing …… by waiting.
A. will be
accomplished
B. accomplished C. has accomplished D. accomplishes
9.” When ……? “ - In 1928
A. penicillin was discovered B. did penicillin discovered
C. was penicillin discovered D. did penicillin discover
10. The rescuers ……for their bravery and fortitude in locating the lost mountain climbers.
A. were praised B. praised C. were praising D. praising
11. Vitamin C …… by the human body. It gets into the bloods stream quickly.
A. absorbs easily B. is easily absorbing C. is easily absorbed D. absorbed easily
12. Renoir is one of the most popular French impressionist painters. His paintings ……
masterpieces all over the world.
A. had considered B. are considering C. are considered D. consider
13. We can’t go along here because the road is …… .
A. been repaired B. being repaired C. repaired D. repairing
14. More than 50 films …… in HCMC since June.
A. were shown B. had been shown C. have been shown D. have shown
15. Somebody cleans the room every day.
A. The room every day is cleaned B. The room is every day cleaned
C. The room is cleaned every day D. The room is cleaned by somebody every
day
V. REPORTED SPEECH
A/ Lý thuyết
Câu gián tiếp dùng để tường thuật lại lời nói trực tiếp từ người thứ nhất dến người thứ ba
thông qua người thứ hai. Có các loại câu chuyển từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp như sau:
1. Câu trần thuật
Câu trần thuật thường được tường thuật bằng một động từ được chia ở thì quá khứ và một
mệnh đề “that”
Ví dụ : “I am a teacher” > she said that she was a teacher

Công thức:
S + said/ told/ admitted/ replied (that) S + V ( one tense back)
+
Chúng ta thường thay đổi thì của động từ ( hiện tại > quá khứ > quá khứ hoàn thành)
đổi đại từ nhân xưng, tân ngữ, tính từ sở hữu, tạng từ chỉ thời gian và địa điểm như sau:
Trạng từ chỉ thời gian và địa điểm.
Câu trực tiếp Câu gián tiếp
Now/ at present Then
Today That day
Ago Before
Tomorrow the next day/ the following day
Yesterday The previous day/ the day before
The day after tomorrow In two days’ time
The day before yesterday Two days before
Next week/ year The following week/ month/ year
Last week/ month/ year The week/ month / ear before
This That
These Those
Here There
Tonight That night
This/ these/ that/ those ( as adjectives) The
This/ these/ that/ those ( as pronoun) It, they, them
Chú ý: khi tường thuật một sự việc luôn đúng ở hiện tại, không cần thiết phải thay đổi thì
của động từ.
Ví dụ: “ The world is round” he said > he said that the world is round

2. Câu hỏi
A/ Câu hỏi có từ để hỏi
Câu hỏi có từ để hỏi được tường thuật bằng các động từ “ask, wonder or want to

know”. Các thay đổi giống như câu trần thuật. Trật tự từ câu được tường thuật giống như
câu trần thuật.

Ví dụ 'When did you start acting, Melissa?' >Guy asked Melissa when she started acting.
Công thức:
S + asked + (O)/ wanted to know Wh question S + V ( one tense back) +
B/ Câu hỏi trả lời bằng Yes/ No
Khi tường thuật câu hỏi trả lời bằng Yes/ No ta sử dụng “if hoặc whether”.
Ví dụ
'Is there a cafe nearby? >. Daniel asked if/whether there was a cafe nearby.
Công thức:
S + asked + (O)/ wanted to know if/ whether S + V ( one tense back) +
3. Câu cầu khiến.

Chúng ta sử dụng “tell và ask ” và to V để tường thuật câu cầu khiến
Ví dụ: 'Please move this car.' > A policeman told me to move the car.
'Please don't wear those boots in the house.' > I asked you not to wear those boots
in the house.
Công thức:
S + asked / told O to V/ not to V.
Có rất nhiều các động từ tường thuật khác. Sau đây là một số các động từ thường thuật phổ
biến khác:
Verb + to infinitive: agree, decide, offer, promise , refuse
Verb + O to infinitive: advise, ask, invite, remind
Verb+ -ing form: deny, suggest, admit, regret
Verb+ pre + -ing form: : apologise for, congratulate on

B/ Bài tập vận dụng
1/ Change the following sentences into reported speech
1. “The shop close early tonight” he said > he said

2. “Don’t make so much noise, boys” the mother said > The mother
3. “Why didn’t you take the job?” asked my friend > My friend
4. “ Have you finished reading the book, Mike?” Alice asked > My friend
5. “ I am sorry I am late”, said Mr Thanh > Mr Thanh apologized
2/ Choose the best answer.
1. I rang my friend in Australia yesterday, and she said it………………… raining there.
A. is B. should be C. to be D. was
2. The last time I saw Jonathan, he looked very relaxed. He explained that he'd been on
holiday
the…………. week.
A. earlier B. . previous C. next D. following
3. I wonder…………………. the tickets are on sale yet.
A. what B. when C. where D. whether
4. I told you…………………. switch off the computer, didn't I?
A. don't B. not C. not to D. to not
5. Someone……………… me there's been an accident on the motorway.
A. asked B. said C. spoke D. told
6. When I rang Tessa some time last week, she said she was busy…………………… day.
A. that B. the C. then D. this
7. When he was at Oliver's flat yesterday, Martin asked if he………………… use the
phone.
A. can B. could C. may D. must
8. Judy going for a walk, but no one else wanted to.
A. admitted B. offered C. suggested D. promised
3/ Choose the answer - A, B, C, or D -that is nearest in meaning to the sentence printed
before.
1. 'You broke my glasses,' said the woman to me.
A. The woman insisted on breaking her glasses.
B. The woman advised me to break her glasses.
C. The woman told me to break her glasses.

D. The woman blamed me for having broken her glasses.
2. 'If I were you, I would take the job,' said my roommate.
A. My roommate was thinking about taking the job.
B. My roommate advised me to take the job.
C. My roommate introduced the idea of taking the job to me.
D. My roommate insisted on taking the job for me.
3. 'Why not participate in the English Speaking Contest?'
A. He asked me to take part in the English Speaking Contest.
B. He suggested taking part in the English Speaking Contest.
C. He offered us to take part in the English Speaking Contest.
D. He told me not to participate in the English Speaking Contest.
4. Please watch your steps as you get off.
A. Please look at the steps while getting off.
B. Go down the steps in order to get off.
C. Please have a look at the Steps as you get off.
D. Be careful not to tumble while getting off.
5. 'Let me pay for the coffee. I really want.'
A. Jenny is asked to pay for the coffee.
B. Jenny suggested paying for the coffee.
C. Jenny insisted on paying for the coffee.
D. Jenny told me to pay for the coffee.
6. You're always making terrible mistakes,' said the teacher.
A. The teacher complained about his students making terrible mistakes.
B. The teacher asked his students why they always made terrible mistakes.
C. The teacher realized that his students always made terrible mistakes.
D. The teacher made his students not always make terrible mistakes.
7. Each of you may have one piece of candy,’ Mrs. Jones said to the children.
A. Mrs. Jones advised the children to have one piece of candy.
B. Mrs. Jones asked each of the children to have one piece of candy.
C. Mrs. Jones allowed each of the children to have one piece of candy.

D. Mrs. Jones reminded the children to have one piece of candy.
8. 'Would you mind if I brought a friend to the party?' said Peter.
A. Peter wanted me to bring my friend to his party.
B. Peter encouraged me to bring my friend to the party.
C. Peter asked for permission to bring his friend to the party.
D. Peter promised to bring a friend to the party.
9. 'Don't be so disappointed Jane. You can take the driving test again,' said Helen.
A. Helen told Jane not to be disappointed and take the driving test again.
B. Helen asked Jane not to be disappointed and offered her another driving test.
C. Helen warned Jane not to be disappointed' in order to take the driving test again.
D. Helen encouraged Jane to take the driving test again.
10.'Let's break for lunch,' said Mathew.
A. Mathew wanted to break for lunch.
B. Mathew insisted on breaking for lunch.
C. Mathew suggested breaking for lunch.
D. Mathew offered us a break for lunch.
VI. CONDITIONALS
A/ Lý thuyết
Câu điều kiện loại 1
Công thức
If + subject + simple present ( present
continuous/ perfect can also used
Subject + will + Verb
( other modal verbs like can, may,
should, can be used)
Mệnh đề if Mệnh đề chính
Cách dùng: Dùng để diễn tả những sự việc có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai.
Ví dụ : If it is nice tomorrow, I’ll come to see you.

Câu điều kiện loại 2

Công thức
If + subject + simple past Subject + would + Verb
( other modal verbs like could, might can be
used)
Mệnh đề if Mệnh đề chính
Cách dùng: Dùng để diễn tả những sự việc không có thực ở hiện tại, ước muốn ở hiện tại
hoặc tương lai ( nhưng thực tế không thể xảy ra)
Ví dụ:
If I were you, I would drive more carefully in the rain
Câu điều kiện loại 3
Công thức
If + subject + simple past perfect tense Subject + would have PII
( other modal verbs like could, might can be
used)
Mệnh đề If Mệnh đề chính
Cách dùng: Dùng để diễn tả những sự việc không thể xảy ra trong quá khứ, mang tính ước
muốn trong quá khứ ( nhưng thực tế không thể xảy ra)
Ví dụ:
If you had saved your money, you could have bought a computer

Câu điều kiện loại zero:
Công thức
If + subject + present simple tense S present simple tense
Mệnh đề If Mệnh đề chính
Cách dùng: thường được sử dụng để chỉ sực thật hiển nhiên
Ví dụ: If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils
Chú ý: Unless = If not
B/ Bài tập vận dụng

1/Put the verb into the correct form.

1. If the earth suddenly ______ (stop) spinning we all ______ (fly) off it.
2. If you ______ (smoke) in a non-smoking compartment the other passengers ______
(object).
3. If she ______ (not/ fail) one of her final exams she wouldn't have had to spend part of
the summer in college.
4. I’ll lend you War and Peace if I ____ (finish) it before you go on holiday.
5. If we ______ (work) all night we ______ (finish) in time; but we have no intention of
working all night.

2/ Choose the one word or phrase -a, b, c, or d- that best completes the sentences.
1. If the technology _______ available, we would be able to expand the business.
A. would become B. had become C. were become D. became
2. If the North Sea _______ in winter, you could walk from London to Oslo.
A. freeze B. froze C. should freeze D. should happen to
freeze
3. It would have been a much more serious accident _____ fast at the time.
A. was she driving B. If she had been
driving
C. she had driven D. if she drove
4. I'll give you a lift if it _______.
A. rains B. rained C. will rain D. had rained
5.They couldn't decide _______ it was worth re-sitting the exam or not .
A. if B. whether C. if or not D. whether not
6. _______ how difficult the job was, I mightn't have taken it.
A. If I know B. If I would know C. Did I know D. If I had known
7.If____ in my seventies and rather unfit, I might consider taking up squash.
A. not were B. is not C. were not D. had not been
8. If I________ apologise, he ___________ forgive me.
A. don’t/ won’t B. won’t/ doesn’t C. didn’t/ wouldn’t D. wouldn’t/ didn’t
9. John said that if he __________ in my position, he ____________ for the job

A. is/ will apply B. were/ would
apply
C. had been/ would have
apply
D. is/ would
apply
10 Unless you ___________ all of my questions, I can’t do anything to help you
A. answered B. answer C. would answer D. are answering
3/ Find a mistake in the four underlined parts of each sentence and correct it.
1. If anyone phoned while I am out, tell them I’ll be back in a few minutes.
A B C D
2. If he had not been resigned, we would have been forced to sack him.
A B C D
3. If Rudy would have studied German in college, he would not have found the scientific
A B C
terminology so difficult to understand
D
4. Jane would have joined a music band if her parents allowed her to
A B C D
5. We will tell Joe to call you while we see him tomorrow
A B C D
VII. RELATIVE CLAUSES
A. Lý thuyết
1. Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định và mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định
Trong Tiếng Anh, dùng đại từ quan hệ để nối các câu đơn thành câu phức tạo ra mệnh
đề phụ tính ngữ. Mệnh đề này được gọi là mệnh đề quan hệ. Có mệnh đề quan hệ xác định,
mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định và mệnh đề nối tiếp.
Restrictive/ Defining relative
clauses
Non-restrictive/ Non-defining relative

clauses
Dạng và cấu
trúc
Không có dấu phẩy chia tách
danh từ/ đại từ với mệnh đề
Có dấu phẩy chia tách danh từ/ đại từ
với mệnh đề
Chức năng Miêu tả/ xác định cho danh từ/ Bổ sung thêm thông tin cho danh
năng đại từ phía trước từ/đại từ phía trước
Đặc điểm khác Đại từ quan hệ tân ngữ có thể
được lược bỏ
Đại từ quan hệ tân ngữ không thể được
lược bỏ
Các từ chỉ
quan hệ
Who, that, which
Who(m), that, which
Whose, of which
When, where, why
Who, which
Who(m), which
Whose, of which
When, w here
2. Giới từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ
* Cuối M ĐQH: dùng được với tất cả ĐTQH ( that, whom, who, which) đồng thời cũng có
thể bỏ ĐTQH.
E.g: The room( which/that) the meeting was held in is very small.
* Đầu M ĐQH:
Có thể chuyển giới từ lên trước ĐTQH, nhưng chỉ dùng được which (for things),
whom not who (for persons) và không được lược bỏ ĐTQH

The room in which the meeting was held was very small
+ Đối với MDQH ko xđ ta ko dùng that, và không thể bỏ ĐTQH làm tân ngữ.
John, with whom Ann goes out, is a nice person
John, whom Ann goes out with, is a nice person.
3. Đại từ quan hệ được thay thế bởi đông tính từ (hiện tại, quá khứ) và to V.
a. Động tính từ hiện tại
Noun + Who/ Which + V2 (active)

Noun + V-ing –phrase
Eg 1: The boy who is playing with the dog is Nam’s brother.
=> The boy playing with the dog is Nam’s brother.
b. Động tính từ quá khứ
Noun + Who/ Which – be +P2 (passive)

Noun + P2 –phrase
Eg1: The girl who was injured in the accident is now in hospital.
=> The girl injured in the accident is now in hospital.
c. To V
The first/second/…(N) + Who/ Which + V2
The first/second/…(N) + to V/ to be Vp2 …
Eg1: Who was the first man that stepped on the Moon?
=> Who was the first man to step on the Moon?
Notes:
+ We can use an infinitive to replace a relative clause.
+ We often use an infinitive after an ordinal number.
+ After next, last, only, after.
+ After a superlative adjective.
B. Bài tập vận dụng
Exercise 1: Rewrite the following sentences using relative pronouns.
1. We talk about the party. Sarah wants to organise the party for my birthday.

We talk about the party which/ that/ Ø Sarah wants to organise for my birthday.
2. To get to Frank's house, take the main road. It bypasses the village.
To get to Frank's house, take the main road which/ that bypasses the village.
3. Mr. Flowers has the paintings in his house. They are worth around £100,000.
The paintings which/ that/ Ø Mr Flowers has in his house are worth around £100,000.
4. Mrs. Richmond is 42. He has three children.
Mrs Richmond, who is 42, has three children.
5. Don is a friend. I stayed with him in Australia.
Don is a friend who(m)/ that/ Ø I stayed with in Australia
Exercise 2: Choose the best answer.
1. Post office is a place ______ you can buy stamps, mail letters and packages, and receive
mail.
A. that B. which C. where D. in which
2. Do you know the date ______ we have to hand in the essay?
A. which B. in which C. on that D. when
3. My uncle ______ you met yesterday is a lawyer.
A. which B. who C. whose D. to whom
4. The council is in discussion with Lord Thomas, ____ land most of the village is built on.
A. who B. whom C. whose D. that
5. These adults, ______ come to my night class, are very eager to learn.
A. whose B. who C. that D. when
Exercise 3: Choose word or phrase - A, B, C or D – that needs correcting.
1. Now that I no longer have to wear uniform, I'll be able to wear which I want
A B C D
2. Ripe fruit is often stored in a place who contains much carbon dioxide
A B C
so that the fruit will not decay too rapidly.
D
3. Dr Harder, that is the professor for this class, will be absent this week
A B C

because of illness.
D
4. The man, of whom the red car is parked in front of our house, is a
A B C D
prominent physician in this town.
5. The legal age which a person is considered to be an adult is customarily 18
A B C D
VIII. COMPARISONS
A. Lý thuyết
Equality Equality
as +adj./adv. +as
Unequality
not as/ not so+adj./adv. +as
Superiority Short adj./ adv.
adj./adv. +er than
Long adj./adv.
more adj./adv. than
Irregular adj. and adv.
- Good/well →better →best
- Bad/badly →worse →worst
- Many/much →more →most
- Little/ a little →less →least
- Far →farther→ farther
→further →further
less adj./adv. Than
Superlative the adj./adv. +est the most adj./adv.
The least adj./adv.
Double
comparison
Short adj./ adv.

Adj./adv + er
adj./adv. +er
Long adj./adv.
more and more adj./adv.
less and less adj./adv.
The +clause + The + Clause.
B. Bài tập vận dụng
Exercise 1: Rewrite the following sentences in the way they have the same meaning
with the original.
1. Driving a car is more difficult than a motorbike.
2. Going to the theatre is more expensive than going to the cinema.
3. You don’t work as hard as your brother.
4. English people drink more tea than American people.
5. The journey was longer than I expected.
Exercise 2: Choose the best answer.
1. My neighbor is driving me mad! It seems that _______ it is at night, _______ he plays
his music!
A. the less / the more loud B. the less / less
C. the more late / the more loudlier D. the later / the louder
2. Thanks to the progress of science and technology, our lives have become _______.
A. more and more good B. better and better
C. the more and more good D. gooder and gooder
3. The Sears Tower is _______ building in Chicago.
A. taller B. the more tall C. the tallest D. taller and taller
4. Petrol is _______ it used to.
A. twice as expensive as B. twice expensive more than
C. twice more than expensive D. more expensive than twice
5. Peter is _______ John.
A. younger and more intelligent than B. more young and intelligent than
C. more intelligent and younger than D. the more intelligent and younger than

Exercise 3: Choose word or phrase - A, B, C or D – that needs correcting.
1. He finds physics many more difficult than other science subjects.
A B C D
2. The more he drank, more violent he became.
A B C D
3. Mary was the cleverest of the two sisters.
A B C D
4. French is a more and more difficult language to learn than English is.
A B C D
5. The cuisine of France is famous than the cuisine of England.
A B C D
IX. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
A/ Lý thuyết
1.Adv clause of time
Clause 1
T.lai/ T.lai tiếp diễn
TLHT/TLHTTD
H.tại
H.tại h.thành
H.tại/H.tại tiếp diễn
QK
QKTD/QK
QKHT
QKHTTD
QKHT
when
as
while/ whereas
until
till

as soon as
before
after
once
the moment
by the time
since
whenever
Clause 2
H.tại/HTHT
H.tại
QK
H.tại tiếp diễn
QK
QK/ QKTD
QKHT
QK
QK
as long as
Hardly ….when
Scarely…when
No sooner…than
everytime
2.Adv clause of cause
Clause 1 because/ since/ as
seeing that/ now that
for
Clause 2
3.Adv clause of place
Clause 1 where

wherever
Clause 2
4. Adv clause of contrast
Clause 1 although
though
eventhough
even if
however +adj./adv./N
whatever +S/O
no matter how +adj./ adv./V
no matter what +S/ O
Clause 2
5. Adv clause of purpose
Clause 1 so that
in order that
lest (để không, để khỏi, kẻo)
Clause 2
V:
can/could/may/might/will/
would/should +V
6. Adv clause of result
Clause 1 so
so that
Clause 2
Eg.
He has been working since early morning so he feels tired now.
…so +adj/ adv. + that + clause 2
…such + N + that + clause 2.
…so many + N (đếm được) + that + clause 2
…so much + N (không đếm được) + that + clause 2

Lưu ý: Nếu động từ trong mệnh đề chính là các động từu chỉ tri giác như “look,
appear, seem, feel, taste, smell, sound…”, ta dùng công thức như “be+so…”
Eg. The little girl looks so unhappy that we all feel sorry for her.
The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
7.Adv clause of comparison
Clause 1 as
as…as
more…than
Clause 2
8. Adv clause of manner
Clause 1 as if
as though
Clause 2
It isn’t as if + clause 2
(đâu phải) (V lùi 1 thì→không thật)
B. Bài tập vận dụng
Exercise1 : Use a clause of purpose to combine each pair of sentences below.
1. My father drove carefully. He didn’t want to cause accident.
→My father drove carefully so that he wouldn’t cause accident.
2. Please shut the door . I don’t want the dog to go out of the house.
→Please shut the door so that the dog won’t go out of the house.
3. She needs job. She wants to support her old parents.
→She needs a job so that she will support her old parents.
4. The boy stood on the benches. He wanted to get a better view.
→The boy stood on the benches so that he could get a better view.
5. I whispered. I didn’t want to disturb anyone.
→I whispered so that I wouldn’t disturb anyone.
Exercise 2: Choose word or phrase - A, B, C or D – that needs correcting.
1. Yesterday I had so much things to do that I can’t go out.
A B C D

2. It isn’t as if I w as a child.
A B C D
3. He is mo st handsome than I’ve thought.
A B C D
4. She is so famous person that everybody knows her.
A B C D
5. He speaks English so quick that we can’t understand.
A B C D
Exercise 3: Choose the best answer.
1. The car will be ready for him he comes tomorrow.
A. by the time B. When C. until D. While
2. I phone him, he is out.
A. Before B. After C. During D. Everytime
3. I saw him he was talking with his friend.
A. Although B. Though C. After D. The moment
4. Last night I had finished my exercise I went to bed.
A. while B. when C. before D. Afther
5. I will wait for you until you come back.
A. when B. until C. as D. Since
X. ARTICLES
A/ Lý thuyết
1. Indefinite articles (mạo từ không xác định): A/An
- A đứng trước danh từ bắt đầu bằng một phụ âm: a book, a pen, a cat…
- An đứng trước danh từ bắt đầu bắng một nguyên âm: an apple, an orange…
- A/An được dùng với danh từ đếm được, số ít khi danh từ đó chưa xác định (chưa
được nhắc tới trước đó) hoặc để nói về một người hoặc một vật bất kì của một loại.
- A được dùng trong các cụm từ chỉ số lượng hoặc khối lượng: a lot of, a great deal
of, a great many, a few, a little, a dozen…
- A/ An được dùng trong một số ngữ cố định: It’s/ What’s a pity, as a rule, as a
result, tobe in a hurry, have a headache…

- Một số trường hợp lưu ý:
Dùng a trong: a European /¸juərə´pi:ən/, a one-way/´wʌn¸wei/ street, a
university/¸ju:ni´və:siti/…
Dùng an trong: an MP/ em’pi/ , an honest /'ɔnist/ man, an UFO/'ju:fou/…
2. Definite articles (mạo từ xác định): The
- The được dùng cho tất cả danh từ: danh từ đếm được số ít, danh từ đếm được số
nhiểu, danh từ không đếm được: the boy, the apples, the food…
- Dùng the trước danh từ chỉ người hoặc vật đã xác định hoặc đã được đề cập đến
trước đó – người nghe biết (hoặc có thể hiểu) người nói đang nói về người hoặc vật
nào.
E.g: Did you lock the car? (= your car/our car)
- The được dùng để chỉ vật gì đó là duy nhất, hoặc vật gì đó chỉ có một trong môi
trường xung quanh: the sun, the moon, the sky, the world, the capital…
- The dùng trước danh từ không đếm được hoặc đếm được số nhiều dùng để nói về
người hoặc vật cụ thể.
E.g: Cars have wheel. (= all cars) >< The cars in this car park belong to people
working here.
- The được dùng trước các danh từ được xác định bằng một cụm từ hoặc một mệnh đề
theo sau
E.g: Who is the girl in blue?
Do you know the man who is talking to Mary?
- The dùng trước tính từ và trạng từ trong so sánh nhất (the best, the most ) trước số thứ
tự (the first, the second…), trước tên các đảng phái, các tổ chức (the WHO, the UN…),
trước tên các ban nhạc, các loại nhạc cụ (the Beatles, the piano…), trước tính từ để chỉ
một nhóm người (the rich, the young…), dùng trước các danh từ riêng chỉ các vùng địa
lí (the west, the north ), quốc gia có từ Republic. Kingdom, Union…hoặc viết ở dạng số
nhiểu ( the USA, the Philipines…)….
Chú ý: với các danh từ như: school, church, hospital, prison… chỉ dùng the trước những
danh từ này khi đề cập đến những trình huống trường hợp cụ thể chứ không dùng the khi
muốn đề cập đến khái niệm tổng quát hay mục đích chính của những nơi này.

E.g: The injured were taken to hospital.
Janne has gone to the hospital to visit Tom.
3. Các trường hợp không dùng mạo từ
- không dùng mạo từ trước danh từ số nhiều, danh từ không đếm được , danh từ trừu
tượng với nghĩa chung.
E.g: Water is necessary for life.
- không dùng mạo từ trước tên các môn học(history, English…), môn thể thao(football,
volleyball…), các kì nghỉ (Christmas, Easter ), các hành tinh (Mars, Venus…), các
châu lục (Asia, Europe…), các danh từ chỉ tên các quốc gia số ít hoặc chỉ có một từ
(China, Germany…), các bữa ăn (breakfast, lunch,…), các từ và cụm từ chỉ thời gian
(Monday, September…)…
- không dùng mạo từ trước các ngữ cố định:
at work/ school/ home
go to bed/ in bed
go to sea/ at sea
watch TV/ on TV
B/ Bài tập vận dụng
I. Put in a/ an or the where necessary. Leave an empty space (-) if sentence is already
complete.
1. I don't usually like staying at hotels, but last summer we spent a few
days at very nice hotel by sea.
2. ………tennis is my favorite sport. I play once or twice week if I can, but I'm
not very good player.
3. I won't be home for dinner this evening. I'm meeting some friends
after work and we're going to cinema.
4. unemployment is very high at the moment and it's very difficult for
people to find work.
5. There was accident as I was going home last night. Two people were
taken to hospital. I think most accidents are caused by people
driving too fast.

II. Identify the one underlined word or phrase - A, B, C or D that must be changed for
the sentence to be correct.
1. See you on the Thursday.
A B C D
2. We have the breakfast at eight.
A B C D
3. The elephants are intelligent animals.
A B C D
4. What is a terrible weather.
A B C D
5. Water from this river is polluted.
A B C D
III. Choose the best answer to complete each sentence by circling the corresponding
letter A, B, C or D
1.I hate………football.
A. the B. a C. no article D. an
2. When I was …….child, I used to be very shy.
A. a B. an C. the D. no article
3. What is ……….longest river in ………world.
A. the/ a B. the/ the C. no article D. a/the
4. Do you know him? He’s ……… MP, isn’t he?
A. a B. the C. no article D. an
5. Have you ever been to…………Bristish Museum?
A. no article B. a C. the D. an

XI. PREPOSITIONS
A/ Lý thuyết
1. Giới từ chỉ thời gian
1.1 At:
- Dùng để chỉ giờ: at 6 o’clock, at midnight, at luchtime…

- Dùng trong một số cụm từ: at Christmas/ Easter, at the moment, at present, at the
same time, at the age of, at the beginning of, at the end of
1.2 On
- Dùng để chỉ thứ, ngày: on April, on Friday, on Christmas Day
- Dùng trong những cụm từ: on Friday morning(s), on Monday afternoon(s), on
Saturday night(s) ,on weekends
1.3 In
- Dùng để chỉ mùa, tháng, năm, thế kỉ: in winter, in March, in the 21 century, in
1990s…
- Dùng để chỉ các buổi trong ngày: in the morning(s), in the afternoon(s), in the
evening(s)
Chú ý: không dùng in, on, at trước các từ như next, last, all, each, every, some, this,
today, tomorrow, yesterday…
E.g: I’ll see you next Friday.
They got married last month.
1.4 For
- Dùng để chỉ khoảng thời gian hành động diển ra trong bao lâu: for six years, for two
hours, for a week…
E.g: I’ve live in this house for six years.
1.5 During
- Dùng để nói về một hành động tiếp diễn trong khoảng thời gian bao lâu: during the
lesson, during our vacation, during the night…
E.g: I will come and sê my grandmother during my vacation.