LUẬN VĂN VIỄN THÔNG NGUYÊN LÝ HOẠT ĐỘNG CỦA HỆ THỐNG COSPAS-SASAT

0ệFOệF


3KQ7QJTXDQYYWLQK

&KQJ*LẽLWKLáXWKQJWLQYáWLQK


Đ1


6ĐKQKWKqQKYqSKtWWULQ



Đ2.

9WLQK&tFNKtLQLPFnErQYWKmQJWLQYWLQK

,.KzLQLPYWLQKYwWKsQJWLQYWLQK



,,4Xv{RYWLQK



Đ3.

izFpLPWKmQJWLQYWLQK

Đ4.
&~XKQKFDKWKQJWKmQJWLQYWLQK



,&zFKWKQJKR{WvQJFƠDWKsQJWLQYWLQK


,,&XKQKKWKQJWKsQJWLQYWLQK


3KQNK{QJJLDQ
7UPPW~W

Đ5.
7{QVYqpUQJEjQJW{Q


,7QVVêGăQJWURQJKWKQJWKsQJWLQYWLQK


&ạDVêY{WX\Q
&FExQJWQVạGãQJWURQJKWKơQJWK{QJWLQYWLQK
,,oUQJEpQJWQ


Đ6.
&tFWKDPVKWKQJ

1KLWvW{SqP


+VSKPFKWFƠDWU{PPWvW


7VVQJPDQJQKLWvW{SqP


1KLWvW{SqP


7VVQJPDQJW{SqP


7VWQKLXW{SqP


7VOLEWW{SqP



&KQJ,,

.ịWKXWWUX\QWLQWURQJWKQJWLQYáWLQK

Đ1.
.êWKXWJKSNlQK

,&tVFƠDYLFJKSNrQK


,,*KSNrQKWKHRWKLJLDQ7'0


*KSNzQKWKHR7'0WÂQKLXW}|QJWẳ
*KSNzQKWKHR7'0WÂQKLXVơ
,,,*KSNrQKWKHRWQV)'0


Đ2.
&tFSKonQJSKtSpLXFKWURQJWKmQJWLQYWLQK


,oLXFKWutQJW


wLXFKELzQ~
wLXFKJĐF
,,oLXFKV


wLXFK%36.
wLXFK436.
Đ3.
&tFSKonQJSKtSpDWUX\QKSWURQJWKmQJWLQYWLQK

,.KzLQLPYw\rXFXWUX\QKS


,,3KutQJSKzS7'0$


1JX\zQO
&XWUảFNKXQJ
,,,3KutQJSKzS)'0$


+WKơQJ66%)'0)0)'0$
+WKơQJ66%6&3&)0)'0$
+WKơQJ3&07'036.)'0$
,93KutQJSKzS&'0$


7ULSKêWUẳFWLS
7ULSKêJLQWLS
93KutQJSKzS6'0$


9,3KutQJSKzSWUX\FSQJXQKLrQ


3K}|QJSKS$/2+$
3K}|QJSKS6$/2+$
3K}|QJSKSWUX\QKSQJXQKLzQWKHRNKHWKđLJLDQ
~xQJN

3KâQ
+áWKấQJYáWLQK&RVSDV6DUVDW

&KQJ,*LẽLWKLáXYKáWKấQJ&RVSDV6DUVDW

Đ1.
7QJTXDQYKWKQJ


,7PTXDQWUQJFƠDKWKQJ


,,9ÔQJEDRSKƠ


,,,7QKFKWFƠDKWKQJ&RVSDV6DUVDW


Đ2.
&~XWUĂFKWKQJ&RVSDV6DUVDW


,7U{PPWvW


7UP/87
7UXQJWyP~LXKQK0&&
,,7U{PYWLQK

+WKơQJYWLQK/(26$5
+WKơQJYWLQK*(26$5
,,,7KLWEvXFXL


%HDFRQ0+]
%HDFRQ0+]
Đ3.
1JX\lQOôKRuWpQJFKXQJYqQJX\lQOô[tFpQKYWU%HDFRQ


,1JX\rQOKR{WvQJFKXQJ&RVSDV6DUVDW


,,1JX\rQO[zFvQKYWU%HDFRQ



&KQJ,,1*+,1&8VXQJX\QOòKRWậQJKáWKấQJ
&RVSDV6DUVDW

Đ1.
1JX\lQOôSKtWWQKLXF~SFƯXWÊSKDR


,+R{WvQJ%HDFRQEzRQ{Q0+]


'QJWÂQKLXSKWOzQYWLQK

0KR(3,5%
0\SKWY~LXFK0+]
,,&zF%HDFRQEzRQ{Q0+]

7QVơ
7QVơOôL
7KẳFKLQSKW[
7KẳFKLQ~LXFKWÂQKLX
3KW[WÂQKLX
w}đQJEDRF{QJVXW~QKSKW[
7KạFKR%HDFRQSKW[
+RW~QJERYP\SKW
.WOXQ
Đ2.
1JX\lQOôWKXQKQYq[ÔOôWKmQJWLQ


,+R{WvQJFƠDYWLQK

9WLQK/(26$5
+RW~QJKWKơQJYWLQK&RVSDV
%FKX\QWLS&RVSDV6$55
%[êO&RVSDV6$53
+RW~QJFDKWKơQJYWLQK6DUVDW
%FKX\QWLS6DUVDW
%[êO6DUVDW6$53
D6$53
E6$53
&FxQWHQ&RVSDV6DUVDW
DiQWHQ&RVSDV

EiQWHQ6DUVDW
9WLQK*(26$5
%FKX\QWLS*(260+]
%FKX\QWLS,16$7*(26$50+]
%FKX\QWLS/81&+0*(26$5
%FKX\QWLS06*
.WKSKRW~QJ/(2*(2
,,+R{WvQJFƠDWU{P/87

/(2/87
*(2/87
Đ3.
3KLKS[ÔOôWURQJFmQJWtFWPNLPYqFƯXQuQ

1JX\rQOKR{WvQJFƠD0&&

&zF\rXFXKR{WvQJFƠD0&&



/èLPâX
1JQKJLDRWK{QJYQWLOPWWURQJQKQJQJQKUD~đLWáUWVP7á[D[}D
FRQQJ}đL~ELWWKXQKRQKQJORLYWWKQKQKQJSK}|QJWLQYQFKX\Q
1K}QJ QKX FX ~L OL Y YQ FKX\Q KQJ KR QJ\ FQJ FDR SK}|QJ WLQ YQ
FKX\QWUX\QWKơQJQ\NK{QJFÔQNKQxQJ~SằQJQKDQKYWKXQWLQ9LVẳ
WLQEFDNKRDKăFNWKXWFRQQJ}đL~WRUDQKQJSK}|QJWLQYQWLEQJ
QKQJWKLWEÊP\PĐFKLQ~LJLảSFKRYLFJLDRWK{QJQJ\FQJWKXQOL
0\ED\WXWKX\QOPWWURQJQKQJSK}|QJWLQ~ĐQĐQJ\FQJWUQzQ
TXDQWUăQJYOQPQKWUWKQKPWQJQK~FOSULzQJ~ĐOQJQKKQJKLY
QJQKKQJNK{QJ

7X\Y\WURQJKQKWUQKNK{QJWUQKNKƠLQKQJULURNKL~ĐQKQJF{QJ
YLFNÊSWKđLFSFằXQKQJQQQKyQYKQJKRWUQzQFSEFK9Y\FFWê
FKằFTXơFWY TXơF JLD ~ [y\ GẳQJ KWKơQJKôWUYLFWPNLP FằXQQ
&RVSDV6DUVDW ~ FFWê FKằF WP NLP YFằX QQWUzQ NK{QJ WUzQ ELQ QKDQK
FKĐQJWPUDKLQWU}đQJYFĐQKQJELQSKSNÊSWKđLFằXJLảS
7áNKLUD~đLKWKơQJQ\~FĐKLXTXWURQJF{QJWFWPNLPYFằX
QQ7KHRFRQVơWêQJNWULzQJWURQJQxP~ơLYLFKQJKLKQJNK{QJY
~WOLQWUzQWKJLLFĐWU}đQJKSWDLQQYLNKRQJQQQKyQ~~}F
NÊSWKđLFSFằX
1}FWDYLFKLXGLEđELQK|QNPO~LPJLDRWK{QJWKXQOLwy\
O~F~LPTXDQWUăQJJĐSSKQOPFKRQQNLQKWSKWWULQ~FELWONLQKW
ELQ&QJYLQKQJWKXQOL~ĐFÔQFĐNK{QJÂWQKQJNKĐNKxQJy\QKK}QJ
~QJN~QDQWRQKQJKRYQJ}đL~LELQQK}WKđLWLWNKÂKX~ÊDKQK

Q}FWDKWKơQJYWLQK&RVSDV6DUVDWOPWKWKơQJ~DQJ~}FQKLXQJ}đLTXDQ
WyP~FELWOQKQJNLQWKằFKLXELWYKWKơQJ~SKãFYãFKRYLFNKDL
WKFOS~WWUP/87SKãFYãPãF~ÂFKWPNLPYFằXQQWUzQELQ
4XDTXWUQKQJKLzQFằXKăFWSWU}đQJYF{QJW\WK{QJWLQ~LQWạKQJ
KLYLVẳK}QJGQFDWK\JLR3KDQ1JăF4XDQJ1JX\Q$QK7XQHPWKẳF
KLQ~WL
1JX\lQOôKRuWpQJFDKWKQJ&263$66$6$7
9WKđLJLDQFĐKQQzQNK{QJWUQKNKƠLQKQJWKLXVĐWY\HPPRQJFF
WK\NÊSWKđLJĐS~HPFĐWKVạDFKDYEê[XQJFKRELOXQYxQ~\~K|Q
(P[LQFKyQWKQKFP|QWK\3KDQ1JăF4XDQJ1JX\Q$QK7XQYFF
WK\FFEQWURQJNKRD~JLảSHPKRQWKQK~WLQ\




+rL3KQJ

QJq\WKtQJQjP

6LQKYLrQWKFKLQ






3+â1,

7ẩ1*48$197+1*7,19á7,1+
FKwvQJ,*LÔ,7+,87+n1*7,197,1+

Đ1

6KQKWKyQKYySK|WWULQ
w~SằQJYQ~OLzQOFWK{QJWLQJLD~WOLQYWXWKX\QFXơLWKNắ
QạD~XWKNắQJ}đLWDFK\XGẳDYRFFWKLWEÊY{WX\Q7X\QKLzQFFK
WKơQJWKLWEÊQ\FKVạGãQJWơWJQEđFQJ[DWUPEđFKWO}QJWK{QJWLQ
FQJJLPPWYQ~~WUDOSKLFĐPWKWKơQJWK{QJWLQFĐ~WLQF\YFKW
O}QJFDRK|QNKLWXKRW~QJ[DEđ
9RQJ\OQ~XWLzQWUzQWKJLL/LzQ;{~SKĐQJWKQKF{QJ
YWLQKQKyQWR6ẳNLQQ\ERKLXPWNắQJX\zQPLUD~đLlNắQJX\zQYà
WUãQĐ~HPOLUWQKLXNKQxQJPLFKRFRQQJ}đL~FELWOWURQJWK{QJWLQOLzQ
OFQĐLFKXQJYWK{QJWLQKQJKLQĐLULzQJSKãFYãFKRYLFKQKKLDQWRQ
7K{QJWLQYWLQKUD~đLYQKDQKFKĐQJ~}FSGãQJUQJULYFF}X~LP
FDQĐ~ĐO
-

&}FWK{QJWLQNK{QJSKãWKXFYRFẳO\WK{QJWLQ
-

&KRSKSWK{QJWLQ~QFFYQJFĐ~ÊDKQKSKằFWSYYQJKROQKNKĐ
NKxQFKRYLFOS~WPQJYLQWK{QJPW~W
-

6ạGãQJFF~LGL~QJ~WWUzQWXP\ED\KRFFFWUPFơ~ÊQKWUzQ
~WOLQ
-

&XQJFSGXQJO}QJNzQKWK{QJWLQOQYLFKWO}QJ~PER
+LQQD\KWKơQJWK{QJWLQYWLQKJâPFĐ
-

+WKơQJWK{QJWLQYWLQK~ÊDWĂQK
-

+WKơQJWK{QJWLQYWLQKFKX\QGÊFKTX~RWKS
9WLQKTX~R~ÊDWĂQKOYWLQKFKX\Q~QJWKHRTX~RWUÔQWURQJPW
SKQJ[ÂFK~RFĐ~FDRJQNPFFKEPWWUL~WGRY\YÊWUÂW}|QJ~ơL
FDYWLQK~ơLYLFF~LPWUzQPW~WONK{QJWKD\~êLYFĐWKFRLQK}YWLQK
~ằQJ\zQVRYLWUL~W
+WKơQJYWLQKTX~RWKSWK}đQJVạGãQJFFYWLQKTX~RFẳFKRF
TX~RQJKLzQJ~FDRWKSK|QQKLXVRYLTX~R~ÊDWĂQKKWKơQJQ\FK
\X~}FVạGãQJFKX\QGÊFK~}FVạGãQJQKPPãF~ÂFK[F~ÊQKYÊWUÂWUzQPW
~WYSKãFYãFKRKWKơQJYLQWK{QJFQKyQWRQFX
+LQ QD\ WUzQ WK JLL FĐ FF K WKơQJ Y WLQK FKX\Q GÊFKJâP FĐFF K
WKơQJVDX

*36*OREDO3RVLWLRQLQJ6\VWHP+WKơQJ~ÊQKYÊWRQFX


*/21$66*OREDO1DYLJDWLRQ6DWHOOLWH6\VWHP+WKơQJYWLQKKQJKL
WRQFX


&263$66$56$7OKWKơQJWK{QJWLQSKãFYãPãF~ÂFK[F~ÊQKYÊWUÂ
WXJSQQ1JRLUDKWKơQJQ\FÔQ~}FVạGãQJ~[F~ÊQKYÊWUÂSKDR
ERQQFDP\ED\YQJ}đLEÊQQ
Đ2.
9WLQK&|FNK|LQLPFvEzQY
WKuQJWLQYWLQK

.KtLQLPYWLQK
-

9WLQKOPWWKLzQWKQKyQWRGRFRQQJ}đLSKĐQJOzQTX~RQKPPãF
~ÂFKWKXWKSWK{QJWLQYTXDQVWFFKRW~QJFDWUL~W
-

0WYWLQKFĐWKWKXSKWVĐQJY{WX\Q~LQVDXNKL~}FSKĐQJYRYà
WUãGQJFKRWK{QJWLQYWLQKNKL~ĐYWLQKVNKXFK~LVĐQJY{WX\Q~LQQKQ
~}FWáFFWUPPW~WYSKWOLVĐQJY{WX\Q~LQ~QFFWUPPW~WNKF
/RLYWLQKQKyQWRVạGãQJFKRWK{QJWLQYWLQKQK}Y\JăLOYWLQKWK{QJWLQ

4XêpuRYWLQK
9WLQKFĐWK~}FSKĐQJOzQFFTX~RFĐ~FDRNKFQKDXPôL~FDR

~F~LPFKX\Q~QJFDYWLQKFàQJNKFQKDXY~SKyQORLYWLQKQJ}đLWD
GẳDYRTX~RFKX\Q~QJYYWLQKFĐWK~}FSKyQUDO
-

9WLQKTX~RWPWKS
-

9WLQKTX~R~ÊDWĂQK


9WLQKTX~RWPWKSOYWLQKPQKQWáPW~WQĐFKX\Q~QJOLzQ
WãF9WLQKQ\WK}đQJFKX\Q~QJWUzQPWSKQJNLQKWX\QKRFPWSKQJ
QJKLQJRYLWUãFWUL~W1K}QJGRWUL~WOX{QFKX\Q~QJTXDQKWUãFFDQĐ
QzQYWLQKVFĐJĐFQJQJYSK}|QJYÊOX{QWKD\~êLVRYLFFYÊWUÂWUzQPW
~W1zQWLPW~LPWUzQWUL~WYWLQKFK[XWKLQPWOQWURQJNKRQJ
WKđLJLDQQKW~ÊQKwơLYLWKLWEÊWK{QJWLQWUzQPW~WSKLFĐFFKWKơQJ
DQWHQPFĐWKWUX\WKHRYWLQKNKLQĐED\TXDWURQJWPQKQ9Y\ORLY
WLQKQ\ÂW~}FVạGãQJFKRPãF~ÂFKWK{QJWLQWK{QJWK}đQJPQĐWK}đQJ~}F
ằQJGãQJFKRPãF~ÂFKQKQGQJYWPKLQWU}đQJPWXP\ED\KD\QJ}đL
JSQQWURQJKWKơQJ&RVSDV6DUVDW


9WLQKTà\~R~ÊDWĂQKOYWLQK~}FSKĐQJOzQTX~RWUÔQ~FDRO
NPVRYL~}đQJ[ÂFK~RYFĐFKXNẵTXD\TXDQKPQKQĐPWQJ\
~zP'RWUL~WWẳTXD\TXDQKPQKQĐPWQJ\~zPQzQFĐWKFRLYWLQK~ÊD
WĂQKNK{QJFKX\Q~QJ~ơLYLWUL~W

Đ3

qFxLPWKuQJWLQYWLQK

7URQJTXNKằWK{QJWLQNKRQJFFK[D~}FWKẳFKLQEQJY{WX\QWUzQ
VĐQJ+)KRFKXWX\QWUzQPQJWKRL1K}QJGRGXQJO}QJFFPQJQ\QJ\
FQJTXWLYEWFSWURQJYLFWUX\QWÂQKLXGR~ĐWK{QJWLQYWLQK~}F[HP
QK}PWVẳOẳDFKăQKSO
1K}F~LPFKÂQKFD~}đQJWUX\QYWLQKOWUWUX\QGQGRNKRQJFFK
~LSKWYWLQKY~LWKXO}QJWKđLJLDQWUWUXQJEQKYRNKRQJPVWURQJ
WU}đQJKSWKRLFKLXTXDYWLQKOPVFKRFSKWYWKX7F~QJFKÂQK
FDWUWUX\QGQOKLXằQJWLQJYăQJQK}QJ}đLQĐLQJKHWK\FKÂQKWLQJPQK
VDXNKRQJWKđLJLDQWUKLXằQJQ\WURQJPQJPW~WONK{QJ~QJNGRWU
QKƠPVQK}QJNKLWÂQKLXWUX\QWUzQFYWLQKYPW~WWKWUQ\OWUP
WUăQJGRWUWêQJFQJ1KđVạGãQJFFEWULWWLQJYăQJQzQKLXằQJWLQJYăQJ
~PWSKQ~}FKQFK
&FYWLQKOLzQOFQKđFKX\QWLSTXDYWLQKQĐLFKXQJ~XFĐQKQJ~F
~LPVDX
-

1KQJYQJSKVĐQJOQ~ơLYLSKQWUL~WWá
6
ữ
1FQÂWQKWO
YWLQKY~ơLYLSKQ~ÊDFẳFFKFQVạGãQJYWLQKOFĐWKSKVĐQJWRQE
WUL~W
-

'XQJO}QJWK{QJWLQ OQ GR WK{QJ WLQ Y WLQK FĐ ExQJ WQ UQJ QKđ N
WKXWVạGãQJOLExQJWQYY\WURQJWKđLJLDQQJQFĐWK~W~}FGXQJO}QJ
OQ
-

wWLQF\WK{QJWLQFDRGRWX\QWK{QJWLQYWLQKFKFQWUPWURQJ~Đ
YWLQKFĐYDLWUÔQK}WUPOSJLDKDLWUP~XFXơLWUzQPW~W9Y\[FVXW
K}KƠQJWUzQWX\QOUWWKSYL~WLQF\WUXQJEQK~WWLWKđLJLDQWK{QJ
WLQWUzQPWQxP
-

&}FWK{QJWLQNK{QJSKãWKXFYR~GLFD~}đQJWÂQKLX
-

&KRSKS WK{QJ WLQ WL FFYQJFĐ ~ÊD KQK SKằF WS YQJ KR OQK NKĐ
NKxQWURQJOS~WFSWK{QJWLQ
-

7ÂQK OLQK KRW FDR GR K WKơQJ WK{QJ WLQ ~}F WKLW OS UW QKDQK FKĐQJ
WURQJ~LXNLQFFWUPPW~WUW[DQKDXYPW~ÊDOGXQJO}QJFĐWKWKD\
~êLUWOLQKKRWWXẵWKHR\zXFXVạGãQJ
-

wDGQJYORLKQKGÊFKYãWK{QJWLQYWLQKFĐWKFXQJFSFFORLKQK
GÊFKYãVDX
'ÊFKYãWKRL)D[7HOH[Fơ~ÊQK
'ÊFKYãWK{QJWLQGL~QJTXDYWLQK
3KWWKDQKWUX\QKQKTXQJE
'ÊFKYãWPNLPYFằXQQWUzQELQ

1J\QD\WK{QJWLQYWLQKFĐPWYDLWUÔUWTXDQWUăQJWURQJ~đLVơQJFRQ
QJ}đL1ĐWKyPQKSWUẳFWLSYRWáQJJLD~QKFXQJFSQKQJWK{QJWLQVẳNLQ
YNKQxQJOLzQOFJLDPăLQJ}đLWUQzQGGQJK|QYQKDQKFKĐQJK|QPW
ằQJGãQJTXDQWUăQJFDQĐOWURQJKWKơQJ*0'66FXQJFSWK{QJWLQFKRPãF

~ÂFKWPNLPYFằXQQKQJKLWRQFX

Đ4.
&XKQKFĐDKWKQJWKuQJWLQYWLQK

&tFKWKQJFDWKmQJWLQYWLQK

-

+WKơQJFFYWLQK
-

+WKơQJPW~W
-

7KLWEÊQJ}đLVạGãQJ~XFXơL
D

3KQKRW~QJFDYWLQK%DRJâPYWLQKYFFKWKơQJSKãWUQK}K
WKơQJJLPVWWá[DKWKơQJ~LXNKLQ9WLQKKRW~QJQK}PWWUPOS
WKẳFKLQNWQơLPWWUPPW~WYLFFWUPNKF
-

wơLYLYWLQKTX~R~ÊD WĂQKFKFQ Y WLQKO FĐWKSKVĐQJ
~}F
6
ữ
1
-

wơLYLYWLQKTX~RWPWKS&KFQYWLQKOFĐWKSKVĐQJ
WRQEWUL~WEDRJâPFFFYQJ~ÊDFẳF










E

+RW~QJFDKWKơQJ~LPW~W*âPFĐFFWUXQJWyP~LXSKơLPQJO}L
~LXNKLQJLPVWYWLQKFFWUP~LXSKơLPW~WYFFWUPPW~W&F
WUPPW~WV~LXNKLQKRW~QJFDFFYWLQKWUzQTX~RFàQJQK}KRW
~QJFDPQJO}LWK{QJWLQ
-

7UPSKW
%%ExQJWQF|EQ
02'E~LXFK
8&E~êLWQWX\QOzQ
+3$ENKXFK~LF{QJVXW
-

7UPWKX
/1$ENKXFK~LWPyPWKS
'&E~êLWQWX\Q[XơQJ

'(0EJLL~LXFK
%NKXFK~LF{QJVXW+3$+XKWFFENKXFK~LF{QJVXWFDWUP
PW~WOQWK}đQJVạGãQJ~Q.O\VWURQVKRFơQJGQVĐQJFDENKXFK
~LơQJGQVĐQJ%NKXFK~L2'6OPWWKLWEÊExQJUQJYFĐWKVạ
GãQJ~NKXFK~LVĐQJPDQJTXDExQJWQUQJQ\QXOQK|QVĐQJPDQJ
VạGãQJF{QJVXW~XYRFD2'6WKSKLGáQJ~QJxQQJáDFFNWTX
FDVẳWKD\~êLW}|QJKô
-

%~LXFKYJLL~LXFK02'Y'(0
7K{QJWLQTXDPQJOLzQOFY{WX\QFĐWKOWKRLGDWD&FWÂQKLXQ\
FĐWKSKL[ạO~SKKSYLYLFSKW[TXWUQKQ\OTXWUQK[ạO
WÂQKLXGLF|V
-

&FE~êLWQWX\QOzQYWX\Q[XơQJ
&ĐWFGãQJ~êLWQSKKSYLWQVơSKWYWKXFDYWLQK
F

7KLWEÊQJ}đLVạGãQJ~XFXơL~y\FĐWKEDRJâPWKLWEÊOS~WWUzQWX
ELQP\ED\KD\FFWUPPW~WGL~QJWUzQ~WOLQ&F~LQ\WKẳFKLQ
NWQơLYLQKDXKRFYLPQJWK{QJWLQPW~WFơ~ÊQKTXDFFYWLQKYFF
WUPEđPW~W
1J}đLVạGãQJFĐWKGQJFFGÊFKYãWK{QJWLQOLzQOFYWLQKWK{QJTXDFF
WKLWEÊWK{QJWLQYWLQK~XFXơL0ôLWKLWEÊQ\JâPFĐPWxQWHQNPWKHRFF
P\PĐF~LQWạ~LXNKLQYWK{QJWLQ
9

WLQK

B
B
%
%
Đ5

7QVYyxUQJErQJWQ

,7{QVVÔGÂQJWURQJWKmQJWLQYWLQK
&ÔDVYmWX\Q
7URQJWK{QJWLQYWLQKFFWQVơVĐQJGL~QWQVơVĐQJPP~X~}FVạ
GãQJwơLYLVĐQJGLVX\KDROQGRFFWQJ~LQO\wơLYLVĐQJVLzXFDRFĐ
GLVĐQJOQK|Q*K]EÊVX\KDRELNKÂTX\QPy\YV}|QJP
.KRQJJLDVĐQJGLYVĐQJVLzXFDROPWORLExQJWQY{WX\Q~}FJăL
Oi&ạDVêWQVơjYLNKRQJWQVơEÊVX\KDRQKƠQKW
ữ
*+]WURQJNKRQJ
FạDVêWQVơ~}FVạGãQJQKLXQKWKLQQD\
+LQQD\GRWKLXFFExQJWQVĐQJY{WX\Q~LQ%xQJ.X
ữ
*+]EÊ
KSWKãOQWURQJP}DQK}QJYQ~}FVạGãQJWK}đQJ[X\zQ
&tFEjQJW{QVÔGÂQJWURQJWKmQJWLQYWLQK
0WKWKơQJWK{QJWLQYWLQKJâPYWLQKWUzQTX~RYFFWUPPW~W
FFWUPQ\FĐWKWUX\QKS~QYWLQK7URQJWK{QJWLQYWLQKFFExQJWQ~}F

VạGãQJOExQJ&ExQJ.
/ExQJWQPL
7URQJ~Đ~}đQJK}QJWáWUPPW~WSKW~QYWLQK~}FJăLO~}đQJOzQ
WX\QOzQ Y ~}đQJ K}QJ Wá YWLQK ~Q WUPPW~WWKX JăL O~}đQJ [XơQJ
WX\Q[XơQJ
wơLYLExQJ&GLWQ*K]
7X\QOzQGLWQ
ữ
*K]Y
ữ
*K]
7X\Q[XơQJGLWQ
ữ
*K]Y
ữ
*K]
%xQJ.

7X\QOzQ
ữ
*K]Y
ữ
*K]
7X\Q[XơQJ
ữ
*K]Y
ữ
*K]

ữ

*K]Y
ữ
*K]
%xQJ/*K]~}FVạGãQJWURQJ,10$56$7
7X\QOzQ*K]















D



G
H
2
0

F

E

7QVơ
D7KxQJJLQJ
~LQO\
E6X\KDRGR
P}D
F &F FKW NKÂ
+VơVX\
KDR
&ạDVêY{
7X\Q[XơQJ*K]
%xQJWQPL
7X\QOzQ
ữ
*K]
7X\Q[XơQJ
ữ
*K]
7URQJWK{QJWLQKQJKLVạGãQJExQJ&FKRWUPEđPW~WYLYWLQKY
ExQJWQ/FKRJLDYWLQKYLFFWUPGL~QJPW~W

,,iUQJEjQJW{Q

wơLYLWK{QJWLQYWLQKQJ}đLWDVạGãQJOLExQJWQ~LXQ\ FKRSKS
QyQJFDRJLWUÊKLXGãQJOzQ0+]Y~}FWKẳFKLQWKHRKDLFFKVDX
-

7LVạGãQJWQVơEQJFFKSKyQELWFFFKPWLDSKW[WáxQWHQFF
ExQJWQJLơQJQKDX~}FSKW~LEQJFFxQWHQWUzQYWLQKPVạGãQJFF
ESKW~SNKFQKDXWKHRFFK}QJNKFQKDX&FFKPWLDWKXYFKP
WLDSKWNK{QJWUQJOzQQKDX
-

7LVạGãQJWQVơEQJFFKFKăQSKyQFẳFFFExQJWQJLơQJQKDX~}F
SKW[GRFFxQWHQWK{QJTXDFFESKW~SNKFQKDXVạGãQJSKyQFẳF
WUẳFJLDRFDFFVĐQJ~LQWá

Đ6


&|FWKDPVKWKQJ

7URQJKWKơQJWK{QJWLQYWLQKFĐPWVơWKDPVơNWKXWF|EQVDX
1KLWpWuSkPKWKQJ

1KLW~WSyPKWKơQJ7
FDPWWUPPW~WJâPWKQKSKQF|EQ
1KLW~WSyPFDKWKơQJWKXYQKLW~WSyPxQWHQNFơQJGQVĐQJSKL
~|9~}FELXGLQQK}VDX
7
7 7 7
7URQJ~Đ
7
1KLW~WSyPKWKơQJ
7
1KLW~WSyPxQWHQ

7
1KLW~WSyPơQJGQVĐQJYSKL~|
7
1KLW~WSyPKWKơQJWKX
1XFĐVX\KDRSKL~|YơQJGQVĐQJO/7
OQKLW~WLzXFKXQ .
WD~}FQKLW~WSyPKWKơQJWÂQKWKHRF{QJWKằFVDX
7
7 //7 7
+VSK|PFK~WWUuPPzWp~W*7
+VơSKPFKWFDWUPPW~WFDWK{QJWLQYWLQKOPWJLWUÊTXDQ
WUăQJQĐLOzQNKQxQJKRW~QJFDWUP~}FELXGLQEQJWắVơJLDKVơ
NKXFK~LxQWHQYQKLW~WSyPKWKơQJWÂQKWKHRG%
.

7âVVQJPDQJWUlQQKLWpWuSkP
7ắVơVĐQJPDQJWUzQQKLW~WSyPOWắVơF{QJVXWVĐQJPDQJWUzQQKLW
~WêQJWSyPW}|QJ~}|QJWL~XYRKWKơQJWKXWURQJ~ĐQKLW~WSyP~}F
WÂQKWáFFWKDPVơVDX~y\Y~}FTX\Y~XYRFDEWKXWSyPWKS
wLXFKW}|QJKôFDKWKơQJSKW
*7FDKWKơQJWKXWUzQYWLQK
wLXFKW}|QJKôFDYWLQK
*7FDWUPPW~WWKX
7URQJPW~}đQJOLzQOF~LPQơL~LPF{QJVXWVĐQJPDQJ&
WL~XYR
FDPWxQWHQWKXO
&
*3
Trong đó: G là hệ số khuếch đại của hệ thống
P

r
là công suất thu đ-ợc quy về một ănten vô h-ớng.
ẻ

tỷ số sóng mang trên nhiệt độ tạp âm đầu vào là:
C/ T. ( C
r
/T ) = G.P
r
/T =P
r
.G/T
*ăL7
O~LGLQFKRQKLW~WSyPFDQJXâQWSyPQKLW~}FQơL~Q
~XYRWá~ĐF{QJVXWWSyP~XUDO
1
)*.7 %
7á~ĐF{QJVXWWSyP~}FPFKSKWUDO
)*.7
%*.7 % )*N7 %
7URQJ~Đ*.7
%OF{QJVXWWSyP~XUDNKL[WPFKOW}QJTX\WS
yPFDPFKY~XYRYLQKLW~O7
YFRLPFKOOW}QJWKF{QJVXWWS
yPPQĐWRUD~XUDO
.*7
%
ặ
*.7 % )*.7 %
9L7

)7
) 7 7

~LXNLQQKLW~WURQJSKÔQJO
&WDWKX~}FVẳOLzQTXDQJLDYQKLW
~WSyPW}|QJ~}|QJFDQĐO) 7
7 YL7 .

1KLWpWuSkPjQWHQ
&FEảSSKãFDxQWHQWUPPW~WWKXWWFFFORLWSyPWUzQPW~WY
NK{QJJLDQJy\UDFKRFRQQJ}đLWKLzQQKLzQPWWUxQJPWWUđLKRFGRFFK
WKơQJYLEDWUzQPW~WWáQKLXK}QJNKFQKDX7SyPFDxQWHQ~}F~F
WU}QJELQKLW~WSyPxQWHQ7
QXF{QJVXWWSyPGRxQWHQWKX~}FO3
WURQJGLWQ%WK7
3 .%

7âVVQJPDQJWUlQWuSkP&1
0XơQ[F~ÊQK~}FQJ}QJWKXFDKWKơQJWDSKLELWWắVơVĐQJPDQJ
WUzQWSyP&1WL~XYREJLL~LXFKWLExQJWQPWÂQKLXFKLP7ắVơ
~Đ~}FELXGLQWKHRF{QJWKằFVDX
&1 &.7% &7.%
7URQJ~Đ&ELXWKÊF{QJVXWVĐQJPDQJ~XYR
1X&7WÂQKWKHRG%:.WD~}F
&1 &7/RJNORJ%>G%@N >G%@

ặ
&1 &7lORJ%>G%@

7âVWQKLXWuSkP

/WắVơWÂQKLXWKX~}FWUzQWSyPFDPWNzQKWK{QJWLQ~}F[F~ÊQKOL
ExQJWQF|EQWKHRF{QJWKằFVDX
61 &1'

7URQJ~Đ&1>G%@@OJLWUÊFDWắVơVĐQJPDQJWUzQWSyPWUzQWL~XYR
EJLL~LXFK
'
OJLWUÊKVơJLL~LXFKQĐSKãWKXFYRNWKXW~LXFK~}FVạ
GãQJ

7âVOLEWWuSkP( 1

1J}đLWDVạGãQJNKLQLPWắVơ(
1 NKLFFVĐQJPDQJWUzQYWLQK~}F
GQJ O VĐQJPDQJ Vơ Wắ Vơ Q\ O WK}F ~R NK QxQJ SKãF KâL G OLX Vơ FD
PRGHPVơWURQJVẳFĐPWFDWSyP7ắVơQ\FQJOQWK%(5%LW(UURUWơF
~OôLEÂWFQJJLPFĐQJKĂDOTXDQKJLDFKảQJOTXDQKQJKÊFK
61 5(
%1
1XExQJWQ WơF~GOLXWUX\QWằFO~WUX\Q~}FPWEÂWFQFĐExQJ
WQUQJ+]YWáF{QJWKằFWUzQVX\UD
61 (E1
FKwvQJ
.WKXWWUX\QWLQWURQJWKuQJWLQ
YWLQK


Đ1.

.WKXWJKSNtQK

,&nVFDYLFJKSNlQK
7K{QJ WLQ Y WLQK WK}đQJ PDQJ UW QKLX ORL WÂQ KLX NKF QKDX EDR JâP
WKRL)D[GDWDwWUQKJy\QKLXWLFFWÂQKLXQ\YLQKDXQJ}đLWDVạGãQJ
NWKXWJKSNzQK~WFKULzQJUFFNzQKNKLYWLQKFKX\QWLSQKLXNzQKWÂQ
KLX
1K}Y\JKSNzQKOJKSQKLX~}đQJKD\QKLXNzQK WÂQKLXFĐWơF~
WKSYYáD~WUX\Q~LWUzQFQJPWNzQKWUX\QGQWÂQKLX
&ĐKDLSK}|QJSKSWKẳFKLQJKSNzQKFKÂQKO
*KSNzQKWKHRWQVơ)'0
*KSNzQKWKHRWKđLJLDQ7'0


*KSNzQKWKHRWQVơ &F WÂQ KLX~}F[ạ O FKLPFF NKRQJWQVơ
ULzQJWURQJJLLWQ QK}QJ ~X ~}F WUX\Q WURQJ FQJ PWWKđL JLDQ 1ĐL
FFKNKFWQVơ~FKX\Q~êLNKLFFWÂQKLXWUX\Q~L~âQJWKđL


*KSNzQKWKHRWKđLJLDQ7WFFFWÂQKLXFĐFQJWQVơQK}QJFKLP
NKRQJWKđLJLDQNKFQKDXWURQJJLLWKđLJLDQ7URQJWU}đQJKSQ\PôL
ExQJWQFKQJKQWLQJQĐL~XQK}QKDXQK}QJWUX\QWUzQNzQKWK{QJWLQ
YRFFWKđL~LPNKFQKDX
&KDLSK}|QJSKS JKSNzQKWUzQ~XFĐWKVạGãQJFKRWÂQKLXVơY
W}|QJWẳQK}QJ7'0GGQJWKẳFKLQYLWÂQKLXVơY)'0GWKẳFKLQK|Q
YLWÂQKLXW}|QJWẳ

,,*KSNlQKWKHRWKLJLDQ7'0

SK}|QJSKSJKSNzQKQ\FĐKDLFFKJKSNzQK

*KSNzQK7'0WÂQKLXW}|QJWẳ
*KSNzQK7'0WÂQKLXW}|QJVơ
*KSNlQK7'0WQKLXWonQJWĐ
0ôLWÂQKLXW}|QJWẳ~}FO\PXWLFFWKđL~LPNKFQKDXY[XQJO\
PXPDQJWK{QJWLQYELzQ~FDPôLWÂQKLXULzQJ~}FSKWOzQ~}đQJGy\.W
TXPWG\[XQJ3$0~~}FJKSOLWURQJ~ĐPôL[XQJ~LXELzQWURQJFKX
WUQKEWQJXâQWáPWWÂQKLXNKFQKDXwLXQ\FĐWKWKẳFKLQ~}FGRE
UQJ[XQJO\PXFWÂQKLXPWQJQK|QQKLXVRYLWKđLJLDQWU{LTXDFKR~Q
WU}FNKLWÂQKLX~}FO\PXPWOQQD
;WKQKVDX
7ÂQKLXW}|QJWẳ~LWáFF~}đQJGy\NKFQKDX~L~QNKRFKX\QPFK
NLXTXD\WUÔQFĐWơF~Fơ~ÊQKNKRQ\~}FJăLOEJĐSw}đQJGy\WKằFĐ
~LQS9OQK|QJLWUÊFẳF~LFDEWNẵWÂQKLXQRWURQJWÂQKLX
1K}Y\YÂGãQ\FĐWÂQKLXW}|QJằQJYLNzQKY~}FFKLDOP
NKHNKHWKzPYRFĐ[XQJO)lO[XQJOQQKWJăLO[XQJ~âQJENKXQJY
~}FVạGãQJ~[F~ÊQKNKXQJKRFPWWSFFWÂQKLXWURQJYÔQJTXD\1KĐP
[XQJWURQJWKÂGãQ\JăLOPWNKXQJ
.WTXGQJVĐQJO








7URQJWKẳFWFFKWKơQJWK}đQJFĐVơ[XQJWURQJPWNKXQJOQK|QQKLX
&FG\[XQJ3$0VDXNKLJKS~}FSKWWUẳFWLSPNK{QJWK{QJTXDO}QJWạ
YPKR

SKÂDWKXFF[XQJO\PXWáFFNzQKULzQJELW~}FWFKUDY~}FSKyQ
SKơLQKđPWEFKX\QPFKNLXTXD\WUÔQQạDJăLOESKyQSKơL
*KSNlQK7'0WQKLXV
7URQJKWKơQJ7'0F|VFF[XQJ3$0JKSFĐWK~}FO}QJWạ~[ạO
WLSWU}FNKLWUX\QGQEQJ3&0KRFFĐWK~}F[ạOWK{QJTXDO}QJWạY
PKR~WUX\QWUẳFWLSEQJF|V
;WKQK


NKXQ
J








) ) )


W


+
WKơ
&KX\Q
PFK
;XQJ

~âQJ E
%WFK
QJ ~âQJ
&KX
\
Q
7}|Q
J
5D













+QKQ\FKUƯE}FWLQKQKWLSWKHRFD7'0F|VWURQJ~ĐFF[XQJ
3$0~}FJKSQK}KQKY~}FPKRWU}FNKLWUX\QwXUDEPOWáP
QKÊSKyQPôLWáPWKD\FKRPW[XQJO\PX
.WTXVDXEPKRWD~}FWÂQKLXVơFDQNzQK7ÂQKLXQ\~}F~}D
WLEWSKSNKXQJQJ}đLWDFKQFFWÂQKLXVDX
-

&FEÂWERKLX~~QKVơFKRWÂQKLXWáQJNzQK

-

&FELW~âQJENKXQJ~}FO\WáEWR[XQJ~[F~ÊQKPWNKXQJKRF
FFWSWÂQKLXWURQJNKXQJ
6DXEWêQJKSNKXQJWÂQKLX~}F~}DTXDNzQKWUX\Q~~}DWLSKÂDWKX
SKÂDWKXWÂQKLX~}F~}DTXDENK{LSKãFWKđLJLDQKD\FÔQJăLOE~ÊQK
WKđL%~ÊQKWKđL~}DUDWÂQKLX
-

7ÂQKLXWK{QJWLQ~}DWLENK{LSKãFNKXQJ
-

7ÂQKLXWKđLJLDQ~}DWLE~LXNKLQOơLUDE~LXNKLQO[XQJ~âQJ
E
%NK{LSKãFNKXQJWKẳFKLQWFKFFELWERKLXYFFWáP~âQJE7ÂQ
KLXUDFDQĐFKÂQKOWÂQKLXVơFDQNzQK6DXEJLLPWDWKX~}FG\[XQJ
3$0FDQNzQKWK{QJWLQYOảFQ\WÂQKLXVơVDXJLLPWUWKQKWÂQKLXW}|QJ
WẳYTXWUQKWLSWKHR~}F[ạOW}|QJWẳQK}JKSNzQK7'0WÂQKLXW}|QJWẳ

,,,*KSNlQKWKHRW{QV)'0

7ÂQKLX~}F[ạO~FKLPFFNKRQJWQVơULzQJWURQJJLLWQ4XWUQK
[ạOQ\PDQJWÂQKKWKơQJ&FNzQKQKW~ÊQK~}FNWKSWKQKFFQKĐPOQ
K|QYFằWLSWãFQK}Y\9LF~WWzQFKRFFQKĐPYYLFEơWUÂVS[SFF
NzQKWURQJFFQKĐPWXẵWKXFWáQJTXơFJLDY~ÊDWKNKFQKDX3KQWUQKE\
G}L~y\WXyQWKHRFFWLzXFKXQFDKWKơQJ%(//YWêFKằF,17(/6$7
1JX\zQOJKSNzQK)'0
%DQ~XWÂQKLXFDWáQJNzQKWKRLW}|QJWẳ~}F~LXFKELzQ~'6%QQ
VĐQJPDQJ'6%6&OzQPWVĐQJPDQJWKÂFKKS7ÂQKLX'6%VDX~Đ~}FOăFEƠ
ELzQWQWUzQYJLOLELzQWQG}LNWTXOFĐ~}FWÂQKLX~|QELzQQQVĐQJ

PDQJ 66%6& %}F WLS WKHR O JKS WÂQ KLX ExQJ JơF 66%6& WKQK PW
QKĐPF|EQQKĐPQ\FKLPNKRQJWQVơ
ữ
.+]PôLNzQKFĐ~UQJ
.+]7QVơVĐQJPDQJFDNzQKWKằQWURQJQKĐP~}FWÂQKEQJF{QJWKằF
QGR~ĐNzQK~XWUzQQPYÊWUÂFDRQKWFDSKêWQNzQKWKằQPYÊWUÂ
WKSQKWFDSKêWQQVơNzQK0ôLNzQKFĐ~UQJWKẳFWON+]FÔQOL
N+]JăLOExQJERYJLDFFNzQK~LXQ\VQJQQJáDYLFQKLXJLDFF
7S
K
&F EÂW ER
7áP
~âQJ E
%RKL

X
7}|Q
J

5D




%

7R

.K{L
K

.K{L
K
%JL
L
%SKyQ
SKơL
%
FKX\Q
NzQKFàQJQK}~|QJLQYLF[ạOOăFNKÂWÂQKLXExQJJơF~}FNK{LSKãFP\
WKX9LFOẳDFKăQELzQWQG}LWURQJTXWUQK~LXFKOP~RQJ}FGQJSKê
FDWÂQKLXExQJJơFQK}QJP\WKXVNK{LSKãFOLWUQKWẳ~ảQJFDGQJSKê
QK}EDQ~X
&FQKĐPF|EQFĐWK~}FSKWWULQWUẳFWLSQK}QJWURQJKXKWFFK
WKơQJWK{QJWLQYWLQKYWURQJPQJPW~WGXQJO}QJNzQK~}FSKWOQK|Q
QKLX+QJ%(//VạGãQJPWKWKơQJOWêKSFDFFQKĐPF|EQNzQKWR
UDFFQKĐPVLzXQKĐPNzQKKRFFKQKĐPNzQKYOQK|QQD7êKS
OQQKWWURQJKWKơQJ,QWHOVDWOVyXQKĐPWURQJ~ĐFFQKĐPF|EQ~}F~LX
FK~|QELzQQQVĐQJPDQJ66%6&ELzQWQWKSOzQPWWQVơVĐQJPDQJWKÂFK
KSVDX~ĐFFWÂQKLX~}FJKSYLQKDXFKLPGãQJExQJWK{QJN+]WáWQ
Vơ
ữ
&FVĐQJPDQJJLQFFKQKDXNKRQJN+]WQVơVĐQJPDQJFD
QKĐPOOQQKWWL.+]SKêFDFFQKĐPF|EQEÊ~RQJ}FNKLWRUD
VLzXQKĐPGR~ĐFFNzQKWURQJVLzXQKĐP~|QWKXQFKOSKLzQEQGÊFKWQFD
WÂQKLXExQJJơFEDQ~X&FVLzXQKĐPWK}đQJFĐNKRQJJLQFFKO.+]

Đ2

&|FSKwvQJSK|SxLXFKWURQJ
WKuQJWLQYWLQK

,iLXFKWonQJWĐ
iLXFKELlQp$0
7URQJWK{QJWLQYWLQKNK{QJVạGãQJ~LXFKELzQ~QK}QJFĐWKGQJ
~~LXFKNzQKWKRLF|VWU}FNKLFFNzQK~}FNWKS)'0
D%LXWKơFWQKLXvLXELrQ
7DFĐGQJFDWÂQKLXWLWLQO
)
W $FRVZ W


7K{QJVơ~LXFKWURQJWU}đQJKSQ\OELzQ~$ELQWKLzQWKHRWÂQKLX
~~LXFKPWWKHRTX\OXWN
N

NPWO
9L
.
WK{QJVơEÊWF~QJ~LXFK
.
lJLWUÊEDQ~XOKQJVơNK{QJSKãWKXFWKđLJLDQ


N~GÊFKWK{QJVơ~LXFKFẳF~L



$
$

$PW
$
lWK{QJVơ~LXFK
$
l%LzQ~EDQ~XNKLFK}D~LXFKKD\PW


$lVơJLDELzQ~FẳF~L
PWl7ÂQKLXWLQWằFFKXQ~~LXFK
.KL~ĐWÂQKLX~LXELzQ~}FELXGLQELSK}|QJWUQKVDX
6
W >$

$PW@FRVZ W


$
>

PW@FRVZ W


7URQJ~Đ
A
A
0

=

/~VyX~LXFK



&KĐ

wI
W[F~ÊQKWKHROX{QFĐQJKĂDYPWYWOWUQKWU}đQJ
KS~~LXFKTXPằFYJy\PRWÂQKLXWK




7UzQWKẳFWQJ}đLWDWK}đQJFKăQ




ữ

E3KWQFƠDWQKLXvLXELrQ
.KLWÂQKLX~~LXFKOPW~|QyP
;WWU}đQJKS~|QJLQQKWYLPW FRV

WOWÂQKLX~~LXFKGQJ
~|QyP~y\OWÂQKLX~LXKRFĐELzQ~ 7KD\YRWDFĐ



6

W $ >

FRV

W@FRVZ W
$
FRVZ W$

>FRV

WFRVZ W@
$
FRVZ W$

>FRVZ

WFRVZ

W@

9\SKêELzQ~FDWÂQKLX~LXFKJâPYFK
-

YFKQP~ảQJWQVơVĐQJPDQJZ
FDWÂQKLXFDRWQFĐELzQ~$
ELzQ~FDWÂQKLXFDRWQ
-

YFKQP~ơL[ằQJQKDXTXDYFKSKêWQVơVĐQJPDQJZ
YÊWUÂFDFF

WQVơZ




FĐELzQ~$


1K}Y\i~LXFKELzQ~WKẳFFKWOGÊFKSKêWÂQKLX~~LXFK~LPW
NKRQJ~ảQJEQJWQVơVĐQJPDQJZ
j
%UQJSKêWÂQKLX~LXFKOZ


Z




.KLWÂQKLX~~LXFKQ\~}FJăLOWÂQKLX~DyP
0Z





Z
) Z

$

:
Z
6 Z

$

:
Z





3KẩFểDWQKLáX
à
LXFKãWQKLáXVQJ
PDQJFDRWâQYWQKLáXLXELQYẽLPQ
7DFĐWKSGãQJQJX\zQOFKâQJFKWFKRWáQJYFKQPWURQJNKRQJ

ữ


YằQJGãQJQJX\zQOiwLXFK 'ÊFKSKêjQK}QKQ[WWUzQ/ảF~ĐWD
FĐ~âWKÊSKê
1KQ[W

vX~LPFD~LXFK$0OWKLWEÊWKẳFKLQ~|QJLQYLFJLL~LXFK
NK{QJ\zXFX~âQJESKằFWS7URQJWKẳFWWKQKSKQVĐQJPDQJWK}đQJEÊ
KQFKKRFWULWWLzXGR~ĐOPJLP~QJNF{QJVXWSKWPWNKFKWKơQJ

~|QELzQQQVĐQJPDQJ66%6&FÔQOPJLPExQJWK{QJ\zXFXwLXFK
$0WK}đQJ~}FGQJ~~LXFKFFNzQKF|EQWU}FNKLJKSNzQK)'0WL
WUPPW~W
wLXFK$0NK{QJ~}FGQJWUẳFWLSWUzQ~}đQJWUX\QYWLQKYQĐFĐ
GQJVĐQJ~}đQJEDRELQ~êLWKHRWKđLJLDQWÂQKLX$0NKL~LTXDFFNKXFK~L
F{QJVXW OQ OP YLF FK~ERKROPSKWVLQKFF WKQK SKQ VĐQJ KL
NK{QJPRQJPXơQJy\QKLXNzQKOyQFQ
iLXFKJF
D.KzLQLPFKXQJ
4XDQKJĐFWQVơSKD
7URQJO}QJJLFVDXFFKPVLQFRVOJĐFO}QJJLF



TXDQKJLDFFJĐFWQVơSKDO

Z
W



Z
G>

W@GW


%LXWKằFOELXWKằFWêQJTXDQELXGLQTXDQKJĐFWQVơSKDYLSKD

OWQVơWÂFKSKyQ

4XDQK~LXFKJĐF~LXFKWQVơ~LXFKSKD

oLXFKSKD30
FĐWÂQKLX~~LXFKFKXQWF~QJOzQWK{QJVơ~LXFK
OJĐFSKD

OPELQWKLzQWKHRWKđLJLDQGQJ
0Z


Z
) Z

$

Z
6 Z

$

Z






+=

dtwt

0
)
(



W



PW


WWK{QJVơ~LXFK


JĐFGÊFKSKDEDQ~X


VơJLDGÊFKSKDFẳF~L
.KL~ĐELXWKằFWÂQKLX~LXSKDO
)
$FRV>Z W

W@
$FRV>Z
W

PW

@

oLXWQ)0
7ÂQKLX~~LXFKFKXQWF~QJOzQWK{QJVơ~LXFKZOPELQWKLzQ
WKHRWKđLJLDQGQJ
:
W Z

Z PW
Z
WWK{QJVơ~LXFK
Z
JĐFGÊFKSKDEDQ~X


Z
VơJLDGÊFKSKDFẳF~L
7KD\YR !


.KL~ĐELXWKằFWÂQKLX~LXWQ

oLXJF

;WELXWKằFFDWÂQKLX~LXSKDYWÂQKLX~LXWQWDFĐWKWKơQJQKWY
PWVơ~LP~âQJQKWVDX
-

Z
OWQVơFơ~ÊQKEDQ~XWQVơPDQJlNK{QJSKãWKXFWKđLJLDQ

-

wW 30

PW


à
W
à
WJĐFSKDELQWKLzQWKHRWLQWằF
.KL~ĐGQJ~LXFK30Y)0FĐWK[WFKXQJGQJ~LXFKJăLO~LX
FKJĐFYLSK}|QJWUQKO
)
W $FRV>Z W
à
W@
$FRV
à
WFRVZ
W$VLQ
à
WVLQZ W
E3KFƠDWQKLXvLXFKJF
*ĐFSKDELQWKLzQ~LXKR
à
W

VLQ

WQXWKD\YRY !
PWFàQJO~LXKR~ơLYL30Y)01JKĂDOằQJYLKPVơ~~LXFK
à
W
FĐSKêWQOPWYFK~|QJLQWQVơ

KD\FÔQJăL
à
WFĐGQJO~|QyP
;F~ÊQKSKêWQFDWÂQKLX~LXFKJĐF
7KD\YR !
I
W $FRV>

VLQ

W@FRVZ Wl$VLQ>

VLQ

W@VLQZ W
6ạGãQJFFKWKằFVDXWURQJOWKX\WSK}|QJWUQK%HW[HQ
&RV>

VLQ

W@ -


-

FRV

W-

FRV

W
6LQ>

VLQ

W@ -


VLQ

W-

VLQ

W


++=
+=


dttmwtw
dtwtt

)
(
)
0
0
0

+
0
).
(

dttmw
FM

7URQJ~Đ-

OFFKP%HW[HQORLN~ơLVơ

7KD\WKFFWULQNKDLKP
%HW[HQYRWDFĐ
)
W $^>-

-

FRV

W-

FRV

W @FRVZ W l
>-


VLQ

W-

VLQ

W@VLQZ W`
$^-


FRVZ W-

>FRVZ

WFRVZ

W@
-


>FRVZ

WFRVZ

W@
-


>FRVZ

WFRVZ

W@
-


>FRVZ Q

WFRVZ Q

W@`
wâWKÊWQSKêWÂQKLX~LXFKJĐF
;WWÂQKLX)0
%UQJSKêWÂQKLX~LXFKOPW~|QyP
NKL

)0ExQJKSEUQJSKê%




~GÊFKSKêWÂQKLX

!)0ExQJUQJEUQJSKê%

%UQJSKêWÂQKLX~LXFKOPWJLL


ữ



%



%





~OFKWQFẳF~L
wLXFK)0FĐWK~}FGQJWUẳFWLSWUzQ~}đQJWUX\QYWLQKYQĐFĐ
GQJV{QJ~}đQJEDRNK{QJ~êL
&FKWKơQJ)0SKêELQWURQJWK{QJWLQYWLQK O)'0)0 6&3&)0
)'0)0FĐ}X~LPYFKWO}QJWÂQKLXYJLWKQKUK|QFFKWKơQJVơ
QK}QJQĐEÊQKK}QJFDPR,0GRKRW~QJ~DVĐQJPDQJKWKơQJ6&3&)0
~}F}XFKXQJQKQJ~LPW~WQKƠYFKLSKÂWKẳFKLQUFĐWÂQKOLQK~QJ
FDR&FKWKơQJQ\V~}FWUQKE\UƯK|QSKQNWKXW~DWUX\FS

,,iLXFKV
7URQJPWP\SKWVơE~LXFKVS[SFKXôLGLJLWQKÊSKyQWKQKE
W}|QJằQJ0ELzQ~VĐQJPDQJJLQ~RQSKDVĐQJPDQJKRFGLWQJLQ~RQWá
WQVơVĐQJPDQJKQKVLQ1KQJGQJNKFQKDXWKHRVẳVS[SQ\~~}DUD
ORL~LXFKNKFQKDXwĐO
-

.KRELzQ~$6.
-

.KRSKD36.
-

.KRWQVơ)6.
:


:


:



:



:
:

:



:



:




6

'R}X~LPF´D~LXFK36.ONKLW¬F~~LXFKWxQJWKExQJWK{QJ\zX
FXYQ JLº QJX\zQY W¢Q KLX36. F§ GQJ~}®QJEDRNK{QJ~ªLQzQ ¢WE£ QK
K}¯QJF´D[X\zQQKLXJLºDFFGX,6,7URQJKWK¬QJWK{QJWLQYWLQK~LXFK
36.~}²FV¹G·QJUQJUÅLFK´\X
iLXFK%36.
'QJ~|QJLQQKWF´D~LXFK36.O~LXFK36.QK£SKyQ%36.7URQJ
~LXFK%36.WQV¬V§QJPDQJONK{QJ~ªLWURQJNKLSKDG£FKFKX\QJLºDP»F

Y WX½WKHRP»FORJLFF´DW¢QKLX~LXFKOKD\
;W~LXFK36.Q§LFKXQJ
-

7¢QKLXV§QJPDQJ6
W $ FRVZ W
ϕ

-

7¢QKLXWLQW»FFQ~LXFKPW 0
!wLXFK36.OOPWKD\~ªL
ϕ

ϕ
>PW@
FFK~|QJLQQKW
ϕ
 
π
0LL 0
Y±L
ϕ
OJ§FSKDW}|QJ»QJY±LP«LV\PERO
GQJV§QJW}|QJ»QJ~¬LY±LP«L6\PEROO
7¢QKLX36.F§WK~W~}²FEQJFFKWªQJK²SOX©QJW¢QKLX$6.YP«L
OX©QJW¢QKLX$6.F§F³QJWQV¬V§QJPDQJFKXQQK}QJOFKSKDQKDXO
π

7»FOF§WKWFKOPOX©QJW¢QKLXO~©QJSKDYYX{QJSKDVDX~§WK¼FKLQ
~LXSKDFKRP«LOX©QJ9FX¬LF³QJWªQJK²SOLSKW~L
/X©QJW¢QKLX~©QJSKD~LXFKV§QJPDQJFRVZ
W
/X©QJW¢QKLXYX{QJSKD~LXFKV§QJPDQJVLQZ

W
;W~LXFK%36.
wLXFK%36.F§P»FSKD
ϕ
 
ϕ
 
π
0L RU
π


ϕ
 
π

7X\QKLzQWURQJ~LXFK%36.QJ}®LWDWK}®QJ~LXFKY±L
ϕ

π

π

7+
7+

ϕ
 
π


ϕ
 

ϕ
 
π

ϕ
 
π


ϕ
 
π
 
6
W $ VLQZ W 
6
W $ FRVZ W


ϕ
 
π

π

6
W $ FRVZ W

6
W $ VLQZ W 

t
wi
M
Atwi
M
A
i
M
twAi
M
twA
i
M
twAS
CC
C
PSK
i
sin
)
1
(
2
sin
cos
)
1

(
2
cos
)
1
(
2
sin
sin
)
1
(
2
cos
cos
)]
1
(
2
cos[
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
−−−=
−−−=

−+=
ππ
ππ
π



7URQJV|~â~LXFK%36.WÂQKLXVĐQJPDQJEÊ~LXFKELzQ~EL
WÂQKLX~LXFKKRFlWXẵWKXFPằFORJLFKRFGQJVĐQJWÂQKLX
%36.FĐGQJ~}đQJEDRNK{QJ~êLQzQPFKWFKVĐQJEDR~}đQJEDR$0
NK{QJWKGQJOPPFKJLL~LXFK

SKÂDWKXVĐQJPDQJ~}FNK{LSKãF
WáVĐQJPDQJWKXTXDPFKYÔQJNKRSKD3//WÂQKLXVDX~Đ~}F~}D
TXDPFKOăFYPFKWUÂFKPX~TX\W~ÊQKWÂQKLXWKXOKD\lY
VDX~ĐFĐPằFORJLFOKD\
iLXFK436.NKRtGFKSKDF{XSKonQJ
wLXFK436.FĐ0 !L
6
W $ FRV>Z W

0L@
!6
$ FRVZ W
6
$ VLQZ W
6
$ FRVZ W
6
$ VLQZ W

6
6 7ÂQKLXGQJVĐQJFD~LXFK%36.YLVĐQJPDQJFRVZ W
6
6 7ÂQKLXGQJVĐQJFD~LXFK%36.YLVĐQJPDQJVLQZ W
9\~LXFK436.FĐWKWFKWKQKOXâQJWÂQKLX
OXâQJWÂQKLX~âQJSKD~}DYL~LXFKYLVĐQJPDQJFRVZ
W
OXâQJWÂQKLXYX{QJSKD~}DYL~LXFKYLVĐQJPDQJVLQZ
W
6tvvLXFK






FRVZ W
0

6

FRVZ W
0

6
6

W
6

W
wLXFK%36.
&RVZ W
wLXFK%36.



/
ă
F
S
KW



6
7FK
Vơ
OLX
/XâQJVơOLX
,
4






*LL~LXFK
wJLL~LXFK436.QJ}đLWDFàQJSKyQWKQKOXâQJWÂQKLXO

~âQJSKDYYX{QJSKD
vX~LPQêLEWFD436.YQO~}đQJEDRNK{QJ~êLQzQÂWQK\YLPR
SKLWX\QFKRSKSWQGãQJWơL~DF{QJVXWFDESKW~SYWLQKQJRLUDExQJ
WK{QJ\zXFXJLPVRYL~LXFK%36.QzQUWSKKSYLKWKơQJKQFK
SKêWQWắVơOôLELWFàQJW}|QJ~}|QJYL%36.QK}QJKWKơQJQ\FĐKQFKO
\zXFX~âQJEFDRYWKLWEÊWKẳFKLQSKằFWSGRY\JLWKQKFKLSKÂFDRK|Q

Đ3

&|FSKwvQJSK|SxDWUX\QKSWURQJ
WKuQJWLQYWLQK


,.KtLQLPYqFtF\lXF{XWUX\QKS

.WKXWVạGãQJYWLQKFKXQJFKRQKLXWUPPW~WYYLFWxQJKLXTX
VạGãQJFDQĐWLFẳF~LJăLO~DWUX\FS1ĐLFFKNKF~DWUX\FSOSK}|QJ
SKSGQJPWESKW~SWUzQYWLQKFKXQJFKRQKLXWUPPW~W
9Q~~DWUX\QKSQKK}QJWLWWFFFWKQKSKQFDKWKơQJQĐ[F
~ÊQKGXQJO}QJWÂQKPPGRYJLWKQKKWKơQJ
9LFOẳDFKăQNWKXWWUX\QKSFQ[HP[WFF\XWơVDX
-

'XQJO}QJ\zXFX
-

&{QJVXW\zXFX
-

%xQJWK{QJ\zXFX

-

.KQxQJNWQơLWK{QJWLQ
-

.KQxQJW}|QJWKÂFKYLVẳSKWWULQWK{QJWLQ
-

.KQxQJFXQJFS~DGÊFKYã
-

.KQxQJJLDRWLSYLWUPPW~W
7ÂQKERPWWK{QJWLQ
7URQJ~DWUX\QKSFQWKẳFKLQVDRFKRVĐQJY{WX\Q~LQSKWWáFFWUP
PW~WULzQJONK{QJWKFDQQKLXQKDX~}F9PãF~ÂFKQ\QzQSKLSKyQ
FKLDWQVơWKđLJLDQKRFNK{QJJLDQFDVĐQJY{WX\QFQWKLW~WUX\QWLQWằF
3KyQ
OXâQJ G

&KX\
.K{L
SKãF
/
\
PX
1
/
\
PX
PW

UW
6

W


6

W


6W
/
ă
FWKX
;
.K{L
SKãF
;



WK{QJWLQYSKLSKyQSKơLFFWQVơFFNKHWKđLJLDQKRFNK{QJJLDQ~FKLD
PWFFKWKÂFKKSFKRWáQJWUPPW~W
7áTXDQ~LPJKSVĐQJPDQJWURQJPWESKW~SYWLQK~DWUX\QKSFĐ
WKFKLDUDGQJVDX
7'0$~DWUX\QKSSKyQFKLDWKHRWKđLJLDQ
)'0$~DWUX\QKSSKyQFKLDWKHRWQVơ
&'0$~DWUX\QKSSKyQFKLDWKHRP

,,3KonQJSKtS7'0$

1JX\lQOô
7'0$OKWKơQJWURQJ~ĐFFWUPPW~WGQJFKXQJPWESKW~SWUzQ
F|VSKyQFKLDWKđLJLDQ~OPYLFQ\FQVạGãQJPWVĐQJPDQJ~LXFKVơ
7URQJSK}|QJSKS7'0$ WK{QJWLQ~}FSKW OzQY WLQKWURQJ ~ÊQKGQJ
NLXEXUVWPWGQJJĐLPôL~LPW~WSKWFFEXUVWWK{QJWLQFDPQKWLPW
NKHWKđLJLDQQKW~ÊQKGR~ĐPFGVạGãQJFQJWQVơNKLWUX\FSWLFQJ
ESKW~SQK}QJWK{QJWLQWáFF~LNK{QJEÊFKâQJOQOzQQKDX

SKÂDWKXFK
WKẳFKLQWFKWK{QJWLQWLPWNKHWKđLJLDQQKW~ÊQKW}|QJằQJYLSKÂDSKW
+WKơQJ7'0$FĐWKVạGãQJWơWQKWF{QJVXWYWLQKYWWFFF~LVạ
GãQJPWORLWQVơQzQESKW~SFK~}FFKX\QWLSFFWÂQKLXFDWUP
WLWKđL~LP
1JRLUDYFĐWKGGQJWKD\~êL~}FGXQJO}QJWUX\QWLEQJYLFWKD\
~êLNKRQJWKđLJLDQSKWWKXQzQKWKơQJQ\FĐ}X~LPOOLQKKRWWURQJWKLW
OSWX\Q
0WNKFFQWKLWJLFKRVDLVơWKđLJLDQSKWFDWWFFFWUPSKLQP
WURQJNKRQJWKđLJLDQSKÔQJY
&~XWUĂFNKXQJ7'0$


7URQJSK}|QJSKS7'0$PôL~LPW~WSKWFFEXUVWWK{QJWLQFDPQK
WKHRFKXNẵQKW~ÊQKNKRQJWKđLJLDQJLDOQSKWFFEXUVWFDFQJPW~L
JăLONKXQJ&FEXUVWWURQJNKXQJFĐWKSKyQOPORLEXUVWFKXQYEXUVW
WK{QJWLQ 1JRL UD JLD FF EXUVW WURQJ NKXQJFàQJ FĐ FF NKRQJ WKđL JLDQ Gẳ
SKÔQJ~WUQKFKâQJOQJL}FFEXUVWNKL~âQJENK{QJFKÂQK[FKRFFĐWKEÊ
OQWUX\QGQ
D

%XUVWWKsQJWLQ
%XUVWWK{QJWLQO%XUVWPDQJWK{QJWLQ~}FSKWWáFF~LWK{QJWLQ1ĐJâP
SKQ
-

SKQPR~X



-

GOLX


&%7%.K{LSKãF~âQJKâYVĐQJPDQJ&F~LSKWNKFQKDXFĐVẳVDL
NKFQKƠYWQVơWơF~ELWQzQ ~LWKXSKLFĐNKQxQJNK{LSKãFFFK
FKÂQK[F WQ VơY WơF ~ELW FD WáQJ EXUVW ~LXQ\ ~W ~}F QKđ WÂQ KLX
&%7%


8:WáGX\QKWw}FVạGãQJ~~QKGXWKđL~LPEW~XFDEXUVW
QKđ~ĐP\WKXFĐWK[F~ÊQKFKÂQK[FWKđL~LPEW~XYWKđL~LPNWWKảF
FDPWEXUVWFàQJQK}YÊWUÂFDFFELWWURQJEXUVWJLảSFKRYLFJLLPFKÂQK
[FWK{QJWLQ0ôL8:W}|QJTXDQ~VRVQKFF8:SKLFĐ[FVXWQKQ
GQJFDRQJD\FWURQJWU}đQJKS[FVXWOôLELWOQ


6&NzQKGÊFKYã&FNzQKQ\PDQJWK{QJWLQ~LXNKLQYTXQOK
WKơQJ~âQJEWLF|FXKWKơQJFQKERJLDFF~LSKWWK{QJWLQYL
QKDXKRFJLDFF~LWK{QJWLQYFF~LFKXQSKWWK{QJWLQ~âQJWKđLWURQJ

KWKơQJ


2:RUGHUZLUH/NzQKWKRLRU7HOH[~}FVạGãQJFKRYLFSKơLKS
KRW~QJJLDFF~LPW~W


'OLXWK{QJWLQ3KQFÔQOLFDEXUVWWK{QJWLQPDQJFFNzQKWK{QJWLQ
3&0~}FJKSWKHRPWWUQKWẳ~}FELWWU}FSKLEzQWKX
E%XUVWFKXQ
7URQJSK}|QJSKS7'0$QKLX~LPW~WFQJVạGãQJNzQK7'0$
QzQ\zXFX~âQJEOFQWKLW7K{QJWLQ~ÊQKWKđLWáPW~LPW~WV~}FO\
OPFKXQFKRWWFFF~LNKF%XUVWFKXQVPDQJWK{QJWLQ~ÊQKNẵQ\&X
WUảF
%XUVWFKXQFĐSKQPR ~XJLơQJEXUVW WK{QJ WLQ SKQJLOLX ~F WKD\
EQJ&'&ONzQK~LXNKLQYWUSKãFYãFKRPãF~ÂFK~âQJEYVS[SOL
FFNzQKFD~LWK{QJWLQPW~W