Báo cáo hóa học: "ESSENTIAL SPECTRA OF QUASISIMILAR (p,k)-QUASIHYPONORMAL OPERATORS" ppt

ESSENTIAL SPECTRA OF QUASISIMILAR
(p,k)-QUASIHYPONORMAL OPERATORS
AN-HYUN KIM AND IN HYOUN KIM
Received 1 July 2005; Accepted 20 September 2005
It is shown that if M
C
=

AC
0 B

is an 2 × 2upper-triangularoperatormatrixactingon
the Hilbert space Ᏼ
⊕ ᏷ and if σ
e
(·) denotes the essential spectrum, then the passage
from σ
e
(A) ∪ σ
e
(B)toσ
e
(M
C
) is accomplished by removing certain open subsets of
σ
e
(A) ∩ σ
e
(B) from the former. Using this result we establish that quasisimilar (p,k)-
quasihyponormal operators have equal spectra and essential spectra.

Copyright © 2006 A H. Kim and I. H. Kim. This is an open access article distributed un-
der the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribu-
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1. Introduction
Let Ᏼ and ᏷ be infinite-dimensional separable complex Hilbert spaces and let ᏸ(Ᏼ,᏷)
be the set of all bounded linear operators from Ᏼ to ᏷.Weabbreviateᏸ(Ᏼ,Ᏼ)byᏸ(Ᏼ).
If T
∈ ᏸ(Ᏼ)writeσ(T) for the spectrum of T.AnoperatorA ∈ ᏸ(Ᏼ,᏷)iscalledleft-
Fredholm if it has closed range with finite-dimensional null space and right-Fredholm
if it has closed range with its range of finite codimension. If A is both left- and right-
Fredholm, we call it Fredholm: in this case, we define the index of A by
index(A)
=
dimA
−1
(0) − dimᏴ
A(Ᏼ)
. (1.1)
An operator A
∈ ᏸ(Ᏼ)iscalledWe yl if it is Fredholm of index zero. If A ∈ ᏸ(Ᏼ), then the
left essential spectrum σ
+
e
(A), the r ight essential spectrum σ
−
e
(A), the essential spectrum
σ
e
(A), and the Weyl spectrum w(A)aredefinedby

σ
+
e
(A) ={λ ∈ C : A − λI is not left-Fredholm};
σ
−
e
(A) ={λ ∈ C : A − λI is not right-Fredholm};
σ
e
(A) ={λ ∈ C : A − λI is not Fredholm};
w(A)
={λ ∈ C : A − λI is not Weyl}.
(1.2)
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Journal of Inequalities and Applications
Volume 2006, Article ID 72641, Pages 1–7
DOI 10.1155/JIA/2006/72641
2 Essential spectra of quasisimilar operators
When A
∈ ᏸ(Ᏼ)andB ∈ ᏸ(᏷)aregivenwedenotebyM
C
an operator acting on Ᏼ ⊕ ᏷
of the form
M
C
:=

AC
0 B


, (1.3)
where C
∈ ᏸ(᏷,Ᏼ). For bounded linear operators A, B,andC, the equality
σ

M
C

=
σ(A) ∪ σ(B) (1.4)
and the equality
w

M
C

=
w(A) ∪ w(B) (1.5)
were studied by numerous authors. In [5, 10], it was shown that if σ(A)
∩ σ(B)(orw(A) ∩
w(B)) has no interior points, then (1.4)(or(1.5)) is satisfied for every C ∈ ᏸ(᏷,Ᏼ).
Recall [9]thatanoperatorT
∈ ᏸ(Ᏼ)iscalled(p,k)-quasihyponormal if T
∗
k
(|T|
2p
−
|

T
∗
|
2p
)T
k
≥ 0, where 0 <p≤ 1andk is a p ositive integer. This includes p-hyponormal
operators ( k
= 0), k-quasihyponormal operators (p = 1), and p-quasihyponormal oper-
ators (k
= 1). The followings are well known:
{hyponormal operators}⊆{p-hyponormal operators}
⊆{
p-quasihyponormal operators}
⊆

(p,k)-quasihyponormal operators

,
{hyponormal operators}⊆{k-quasihyponormal operators}
⊆

(p,k)-quasihyponormal operators

.
(1.6)
Recall that an operator A
∈ ᏸ(Ᏼ,᏷)iscalledregular ifthereisanoperatorA

∈

ᏸ(᏷,Ᏼ) for which A = AA

A;thenA

is called a generalized inverse for A. In this case, Ᏼ
and ᏷ can be decomposed as follows (cf. [6, 7]):
A
−1
(0) ⊕ A

A(Ᏼ) = Ᏼ, A(Ᏼ) ⊕ (AA

)
−1
(0) = ᏷. (1.7)
It is familiar [3, 7]thatA
∈ ᏸ(Ᏼ,᏷) is regular if and only if A has closed range.
If Ᏼ and ᏷ are Hilbert spaces and X : Ᏼ
→ ᏷ is a bounded linear transformation hav-
ing trivial kernel and dense range, then X is called quasiaffinity.IfA
∈ ᏸ(Ᏼ), B ∈ ᏸ(᏷),
and there exist quasiaffinities X
∈ ᏸ(Ᏼ,᏷), Y ∈ ᏸ(᏷,Ᏼ) satisfying XA= BX, AY = YB,
then A and B are said to be quasisimilar. Quasisimilarity is an e quivalent relation weaker
than similarity. Similarity preserves the spectrum and essential spectrum of an operator,
but this fails to be true for quasisimilarity. Therefore it is natural to ask that for operators
A and B such that A and B are quasisimilar, what condition should be imposed on A and
B to insure the equality relation σ
e
(A) = σ

e
(B)(σ(A) = σ(B))?
It is know n that quasisimilar normal operators are unitarily e quivalent [2, Lemma 4.1].
Thus quasisimilar normal oper ators have equal spectra and essential spectra. Clary [1,
Theorem 2] proved that quasisimilar hyponor mal operators have equal spectra and asked
A H. Kim and I. H. Kim 3
whether quasisimilar hyponormal operators also have essential spectra. Later Williams
(see [11,Theorem1],[12, Theorem 3]) showed that two quasisimilar quasinormal op-
erators and under certain conditions two quasisimilar hyponormal operators have equal
essential spectra. Gupta [4, Theorem 4] showed that biquasitriangular and quasisimi-
lar k-quasihyponormal operators have equal essential spectra. On the other hand, Yang
[13, Theorem 2.10] proved that quasisimilar M-hyponormal operators have equal es-
sential spectra, and Yingbin and Zikun [14, Corollary 12] showed that quasisimilar p-
hyponormal operators have also equal spectra and essential spectra. Very recently, Jeon et
al. [8, Theorem 5] showed that quasisimilar injective p-quasihyponormal operators have
equal spectra and essential spectra. In this paper we give some conditions for operators A
and B (A is left-Fredholm and B is right-Fredholm) to exist an operator C such that M
C
is Fredholm, and describe the essential spectra of M
C
. Using this result we establish that
quasisimilar (p,k)-quasihyponormal operators have equal spectra and essential spectra.
2. Main results
We need auxiliary lemmas to prove the main result.
Lemma 2.1. For a given pair (A,B) of operators if

A 0
0 B

is Fredholm, then M

C
is Fredholm
for every C
∈ ᏸ(᏷,Ᏼ).Hence,inparticular,
σ
e

M
C

⊆
σ
e

A 0
0 B

=
σ
e
(A) ∪ σ
e
(B). (2.1)
Proof. This follows at once from the observation that

AC
0 B

=


I 0
0 B

IC
0 I

A 0
0 I

. 
Lemma 2.2 [10,Corollary2]. Suppose ᐄ, ᐅ, ᐆ are Hilbert spaces. If T ∈ ᏸ(ᐄ,ᐅ), S ∈
ᏸ(ᐅ,ᐆ),andST ∈ ᏸ(ᐄ,ᐆ) have closed ranges, then there is isomorphism
T
−1
(0) ⊕ S
−1
(0) ⊕ (STᐄ)
⊥
∼
=
(ST)
−1
(0) ⊕ (Tᐄ)
⊥
⊕ (Sᐅ)
⊥
. (2.2)
The following lemma gives a necessary and sufficient condition for M
C
to be Fred-

holm. This is a Fredholm version of [10, Lemma 4].
Lemma 2.3. Let A
∈ ᏸ(Ᏼ) and B ∈ ᏸ(᏷). Then M
C
=

AC
0 B

is Fredholm for some C ∈
ᏸ(᏷,Ᏼ) if and only if A and B satisfy the following conditions:
(i) A is left-Fredholm,
(ii) B is right-Fredholm,
(iii) (A Fredholm
⇔ B Fredholm).
Proof. Since M
C
=

I 0
0 B

IC
0 I

A 0
0 I

, we can see that if M
C

is Fredholm, then

A 0
0 I

is
left-Fredholm and

I 0
0 B

is right-Fredholm, so that A is left-Fredholm and B is right-
Fredholm. On the other hand, since, evidently,

I 0
0 B

IC
0 I

and

A 0
0 I

have closed ranges,
it follows from Lemma 2.2 that
A
−1
(0) ⊕ B

−1
(0) ⊕

ran

M
C

⊥
∼
=
ker

M
C

⊕
A(Ᏼ)
⊥
⊕ B(᏷)
⊥
. (2.3)
4 Essential spectra of quasisimilar operators
Since by assumption M
C
is Fredholm, we have
dimB
−1
(0) < ∞⇐⇒dimA(Ᏼ)
⊥

< ∞, (2.4)
which together with the fact that A is left-Fredholm and B is right-Fredholm gives the
condition (iii).
For the converse we asssume that conditions (i), (ii), and (iii) hold. First observe that
if A and B are both Fredholm, then by Lemma 2.1, M
C
is Fredholm for every C.Thus
we suppose that A and B are not Fredholm. But since A is left-Fredholm and B is right-
Fredholm, it follows that
B
−1
(0)
∼
=
A(Ᏼ)
⊥
. (2.5)
Note that A and B are both regular, and so we suppose A
= AA

A and B = BB

B.Thenas
in (1.7), Ᏼ and ᏷ can be decomposed as
A(Ᏼ)
⊕ (AA

)
−1
(0) = Ᏼ, B

−1
(0) ⊕ B

B(᏷) = ᏷. (2.6)
By (2.5)wehave(AA

)
−1
(0)
∼
=
B
−1
(0). So there exists an isomorphism J : B
−1
(0) →
(AA

)
−1
(0). Define an operator C : ᏷ → Ᏼ by
C :
=

J 0
00

: B
−1
(0) ⊕ B


B(᏷) −→ (AA

)
−1
(0) ⊕ A(Ᏼ). (2.7)
Then we have that C
∈ ᏸ(᏷, Ᏼ), C(᏷) = (AA

)
−1
(0), and C
−1
(0) = B

B(᏷). We now
claim that M
C
is Fredholm. Indeed,

AC
0 B

h
k

=
0 =⇒ Ah = Ck = Bk = 0

because A(Ᏼ) ∩ C(᏷) ={0}


, (2.8)
which implies k
= 0, and hence
ker

AC
0 B

=
A
−1
(0) ⊕ 0
᏷
, (2.9)

AC
0 B

Ᏼ
᏷

=

A(Ᏼ)+(AA

)
−1
(0)
B(᏷)


=

Ᏼ
B(᏷)

, (2.10)
and hence

ran

AC
0 B

⊥
∼
=
0
Ᏼ
⊕ B(᏷)
⊥
. (2.11)
The spaces in (2.9)and(2.11) are both finite dimensional. Thus M
C
is Fredholm. This
completes the proof.

Corollar y 2.4. For a given pair (A,B) of operators the following holds

C∈ᏸ(᏷,Ᏼ)

σ
e

M
C

=
σ
+
e
(A) ∪ σ
−
e
(B) ∪

σ
e
(A) ∪ σ
e
(B)

\

σ
e
(A) ∩ σ
e
(B)

. (2.12)

A H. Kim and I. H. Kim 5
Hence in particular, for every C
∈ ᏸ(᏷,Ᏼ),

σ
e
(A) ∪ σ
e
(B)

\

σ
e
(A) ∩ σ
e
(B)

⊂
σ
e

M
C

⊂
σ
e
(A) ∪ σ
e

(B). (2.13)
The proof i s immediate f rom Lemma 2.3, Corollary 2 .4,andLemma 2.1.
From Corollary 2.4 we see that σ
e
(M
C
) shrinks from σ
e

A 0
0 B

=
σ
e
(A) ∪ σ
e
(B). How
much of σ
e
(A) ∪ σ
e
(B) survives? The following says that the passage from σ
e
(A) ∪ σ
e
(B)
to σ
e
(M

C
) is accomplished by removing certain open subsets of σ
e
(A) ∩ σ
e
(B)fromthe
former.
Theorem 2.5. For operators A
∈ ᏸ(Ᏼ), B ∈ ᏸ(᏷),andC ∈ ᏸ(᏷,Ᏼ),thereisequality
σ
e
(A) ∪ σ
e
(B) = σ
e

M
C

∪
S, (2.14)
where
S is the union of certain of the holes in σ
e
(M
C
) whichhappentobesubsetsofσ
e
(A) ∩
σ

e
(B).
Proof. We first claim that, for every C
∈ ᏸ(᏷,Ᏼ),
η

σ
e

M
C

=
η

σ
e
(A) ∪ σ
e
(B)

, (2.15)
where η
C denotes the “polynomially convex hull,” which is also the “connected hull”
obtained [6, 7] by “filling in the holes” of a compact subset. Since by (2.15), σ
e
(M
C
) ⊆
σ

e
(A) ∪ σ
e
(B)foreveryC ∈ ᏸ(᏷,Ᏼ), we need to show that ∂(σ
e
(A) ∪ σ
e
(B)) ⊆ ∂σ
e
(M
C
),
where ∂
C denotes the topological boundary of the compact set C ⊆ C. But since intσ
e
(M
C
)
⊆ int(σ
e
(A) ∪ σ
e
(B)), it suffices to show that ∂(σ
e
(A) ∪ σ
e
(B)) ⊆ σ
e
(M
C

). Indeed we have
∂

σ
e
(A) ∪ σ
e
(B)

⊆
∂σ
e
(A) ∪ ∂σ
e
(B) ⊆ σ
+
e
(A) ∪ σ
−
e
(B) ⊆ σ
e

M
C

, (2.16)
where the last inclusion follows from (2.13) and the second inclusion follows from the
punctured neighborhood theorem (cf. [7]): for every operator T,
∂σ

e
(T) ⊆ σ
+
e
(T) ∩ σ
−
e
(T). (2.17)
This proves (2.15). Consequently, (2.15) says that the passage from σ
e
(M
C
)toσ
e
(A) ∪
σ
e
(B) is the filling in certain of the holes in σ
e
(M
C
). But since, by (2.12), (σ
e
(A) ∪ σ
e
(B)) \
σ
e
(M
C

)iscontainedinσ
e
(A) ∩ σ
e
(B), it follows that any holes in σ
e
(M
C
) which are filled
in should occur in σ
e
(A) ∩ σ
e
(B). This completes the proof. 
Corollar y 2.6. If σ
e
(A) ∩ σ
e
(B) has no interior points, then, for every C ∈ ᏸ(᏷,Ᏼ),
σ
e

M
C

=
σ
e
(A) ∪ σ
e

(B). (2.18)
Proof. This follows at once from Theorem 2.5.

6 Essential spectra of quasisimilar operators
The following lemma is used for proof of the main theorem.
Lemma 2.7 [9, Lemma 1]. If A is (p,k)-quasihyponormal operator and the range of A
k
is
not dense, then A has the following matrix representation:
A
=

A
1
A
2
0 A
3

on ran

A
k

⊕
ker

A
∗
k


, (2.19)
where A
1
is p-hyponormal on ran(A
k
) and A
3
k
= 0.Furthermore,σ(A) = σ(A
1
) ∪{0}.
We are ready for prov ing the main theorem.
Theorem 2.8. If A
∈ ᏸ(Ᏼ) and B ∈ ᏸ(᏷) are quasisimilar (p,k)-quasihyponor mal oper-
ators, then σ(A)
= σ(B) and σ
e
(A) = σ
e
(B).
Proof. Suppose that X
∈ ᏸ(Ᏼ,᏷)andY ∈ ᏸ(᏷,Ᏼ) are injective operators with dense
range such that XA
= BX and AY = YB.IftherangeofA
k
is dense, then B
k
X = XA
k

im-
plies that the range of B
k
is also dense. Therefore A and B are quasisimilar p-hyponormal
operators, and hence the result follows from [14, Corollary 12]. If instead the range of
A
k
is not dense, then A
k
Y = YB
k
implies that the range of B
k
is not dense. Therefore by
Lemma 2.7, A and B have the following matrix representations:
A
=

A
1
A
2
0 A
3

on ran

A
k


⊕
ker

A
∗
k

,
B
=

B
1
B
2
0 B
3

on ran

B
k

⊕
ker

B
∗
k


,
(2.20)
where A
1
and B
1
are p-hyponormal and A
3
k
= B
3
k
= 0. Since quasisimilar p-hyponormal
operators have equal spectra and essential spectra, in view of Cor ollary 2 .6 and Lemma
2.7,itsuffices to show that
(i) A
1
and B
1
are quasisimilar;
(ii) domain (A
3
) ={0}⇔domain (B
3
) ={0}.
Towards the statement (i), observe that
XA
k
= BXA
k−1

=··· = B
k
X, YB
k
= AYB
k−1
=··· = A
k
Y. (2.21)
If we denote the X
1
: ran(A
k
) → ran(B
k
)andY
1
: ran(B
k
) → ran(A
k
), then X
1
and Y
1
are
injective and have dense range. Now for any x
∈ ran(A
k
), X

1
A
1
x = XAx = BXx = B
1
X
1
x
and for any y
∈ ran(B
k
), Y
1
B
1
y = YBy = AY y = A
1
Y
1
y.HenceA
1
and B
1
are quasisim-
ilar.
For the statement (ii), assume that A
∗
k
x = 0 for nonzero x in Ᏼ.Thenby(2.21)we
have that B

∗
k
Y
∗
x = 0. Since Y
∗
is one to one, we have that domain(B
3
) ={0} implies
domain(A
3
) ={0}, and similarly, domain(A
3
) ={0} implies domain(B
3
) ={0}, which
completes the proof.

A H. Kim and I. H. Kim 7
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by a Grant (R14-2003-006-01000-0) from the Korea Research
Foundation.
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An-Hyun Kim: D epartment of Mathematics, Changwon National University,
Changwon 641–773, South Korea

E-mail address:
In Hyoun Kim: Department of Mathematics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
E-mail address: