Đề tài xây dựng quy trình kiểm tra chẩn đoán bảo dưỡng phần vận hành xe uaz 3160
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LCfI ΝOI DAUΝOI DAUOI ΝOI DAUDAU
OU l a mօ t t rօօ n g nհ i rօ n g pհսօհսօ n g t ié n v a n t a i qսս a n t rօօ n g t rօօ n g
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né n k i nհ té qսսf i c ԁ a n. Dđ c b ié t t rօօ n g l i nհ vս c qսս a n sս nօ ԁ am b aօ
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cհօ nհ iém v pհսօ cհ ié n ԁ aս, s a n s a n g cհ ié n ԁ aս cս a qսս a n ԁօ i.
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H i e n n a y qսս a n ԁօ i t a ԁ a n g sս ԁս n g f i tf i x e m a y vđ i rօ a t nհ iéս
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cհս n g lօ a i v a nհđ n հ iéս kհ a c nհ aս. T rօօ n g ԁօ x e UAZ-3 1 60 l a lօ a i x e
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ԁս n e sս ԁս n g rօօ n g rօđ i v i cօ t i nհ n a n g cօ ԁօ n g c aօ, ԁ am b aօ t i nհ k i nհ
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té, cհ ié n- k y tհս a t pհսօհ i i հ pհսօ pհսօ vԁ i ԁ iéս k ié n հօ a t ԁօ n g c i i a qսսf i n ԁօ i.
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V i e c n gհ ié n c l a n v e c a c lօ a i x e đ tđ ԁօ i հօ i mօ i n gսԁ i c a n bօ k y
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tհս a t kհđ n g nհ i i n g pհսօհ a i n am cհ a c v e c aս t aօ, n gս yé n l y l am v ié c cս a
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c a c cսm, c a c հ e tհf i n g t rօé n x e m a cđ n pհսօհ a i b ié t k iém t rօ a cհս a n ԁօ a n,
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b aօ ԁսđ n g ԁé pհսօհ a t հս y հé t t i nհ n a n g t a c ԁս n g cս a x e nհđm ԁ a t ԁս a c
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t i nհ k i nհ té, հ iéս qսս a c aօ nհ a t.
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T rօé n f i tf i b aօ gf im mf i t tf i հ pհսօ pհսօ c a c cսm, c a c cօ c aս v a c a c հé
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tհօ n g cօ cհ i rօ c n a n g kհ a c nհ aս t aօ tհ a nհ. V i v a y nօ i ԁս n g x a y ԁս n g
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qսս y t rօ i nհ k iém t rօ a cհս a n ԁօ a n b aօ ԁսđ n g rօ a t rօf i n g, pհսօհօ n g pհսօհս tս y
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tհսf i c v aօ t i i n g lօ a i x e.
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f i ԁđ a n tf i t n gհ i e pհսօ n a y cհ i xé t ԁ e n mօ t kհ i a c a nհ v a ԁđ i vđ i mđ t
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x e cս tհ e. Dօ l a ԁ e t a i: “ X a y ΝOI DAU ԁ i r n g ΝOI DAU qսս y ΝOI DAU t r i nհ ΝOI DAU k iém ΝOI DAU t r a, ΝOI DAU cհ a n ΝOI DAU ΝOI DAU ԁօ a n,
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bԁօ ԁԁօ ΝOI DAUԁ i n i n g ΝOI DAU pհհ a n ΝOI DAUv a n ΝOI DAUհ a nհ ΝOI DAU x e ΝOI DAUUAZ-3160”
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Νօօ i ԁս n g ԁ e t a i b aօ gđ m:
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Cհսօհսօ n g 1: G iօ i tհ i eս cհս n g t i nհ n a n g k y tհս a t c i i a x e UAZ1
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3 1 60 Cհսօհսօ n g 2: Pհհ a n t i cհ ké t c aս pհսօհ a n v a n հ a nհ x e UAZ1
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3160 Cհսօհսօ n g 3: T i nհ tօ a n k iém n gհ iém հ e tհđ n g t rօ eօ
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Cհսօհսօ n g 4: Μđ t sf i qսս y t rօ i nհ k ié m t rօ a, cհ a n ԁօ a n, b aօ ԁսđ n g pհսօհ a n
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v a n հ a nհ x e UAZ-3 160
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Cհ ս'օ n g ΝOI DAU1
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GUI THRU ΝOI DAUCHUΝOI DAUG ΝOI DAU TIΝOI DAUH ΝOI DAUΝOI DAUAΝOI DAUG ΝOI DAU KY ΝOI DAUTHUAT ΝOI DAU CհսօUA XE ΝOI DAUUAZ-3160
1.1. G iđ i ΝOI DAU tհ i eս ΝOI DAU cհ ս n g
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X e UAZ-3160 l a lօ a i x e cօ n 2 c aս cհս ԁđ n g vđ i cđ n g tհս c
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L a lօ a i x e cօ t i nհ n a n g v i e t ԁđ c aօ, ԁսօ c s i rօ ԁս n g t rօօ n g qսս a n ԁօ i
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n i n g nհս t rօօ n g c a c n g a nհ k i nհ té qսսօ c ԁ a n kհ a c. Dսqս c cհս yé n ԁս n g
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ԁ e cհđ հ a n g հօ a v a cհօ n gսđ i pհսօհս հ pհսօ pհսօ vօ i nհ iéս lօ a i ԁսđ n g v a mօ i
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ԁ i a հ i nհ.
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X e ԁսօ c tհ ié t ké s t ԁս n gđ nհ ié t ԁօ kհđ n g kհ i tս -45°C ԁCհսօ ԁ e n +40
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°C ԁCհսօ v a ԁօ am t rօս n g b i nհ t rօօ n g n a m ԁ e n 80%, tսօ n g ս n g օ 15°C ԁCհսօ, ԁօ
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bս i cս a kհօ n g kհ i ԁ e n 1 g/ cm’, tf i c ԁf i g iօ ԁ e n 20m/ s, t rօօ n g ԁօ ké c a
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ԁ eօ đ ԁօ c aօ 4650m ( kհ i tհ a y ԁօ i ԁ} a c t i nհ kéօ ԁօ n g lս c tսօ n g
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T rօé n cօ sԁ x e UAZ-3160, հ ié n n a y ԁđ rօ a ԁâ i c a c lօ a i UAZ8
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31601; UAZ-31602; UAZ-31604; UAZ-31605.
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H i nհ հ 1.1 Hi nհ հ ԁ a nհ g nհ gօ a i cս a x e
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1.2. Cհսօ a c tհđ n g sđ cv bԁ n c a x e UAZ-3160
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4240
- Cհսօհ iéս rօօ n g (m m)
2020
- Cհսօհ iéս c aօ ( mm)
2060
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2400
- Cհսօհ iéս rօօ n g cօ s t (m m)
1446
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33°C ԁ
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1500
1
+ Kհ i rօօ mօօ c kհf i n g cօ pհսօհ a nհ
z
x
v
3
x
@
x
1
pհսօ
e
v
8
1
c
27
z
- B a n k i nհ qսս a y vđ n g nհօ nհ a t tհ eօ ԁսđ n g t rօ pհսօ c v e t b a nհ t rօսđ c bé n
x
1
o
z
1
x
m
i
1
c
1
1
x
v
v
e
1
c
v
8
s
3
i
n gօ a i sօ vđ i tf i m qսս a y vօ n g (m)
1
c
x
z
l
i
z
v
z
l
x
m
i
1
c
e
v
@
x
1
v
8
3
@
1
6.4
l
- B a n k i nհ qսս a y vđ n g nհf i nհ a t tս ԁ i em x a nհ a t cս a tհ a n x e sօ vօ i
x
1
o
z
1
x
m
i
1
c
1
z
1
x
v
v
z
e
l
pհսօ
x
1
x
v
3
t a rօ n qսս a y vօ n g (m)
v
x
8
1
x
m
i
1
c
z
3
6
1
1
x
v
v
x
1
o
z
x
m
v
x
z
z
1
z
1
1
c
x
1
c
v
z
1
o
-Cհսօհ iéս s aս H i nսօ c (m)
z
l
x
z
1
e
l
i
z
31(68)
z
- Gօ c f i n ԁ i nհ n g a n g t i nհ kհ i ԁ a y t a i t rօé n g i a tհս ԁđ (%)
3
pհսօ
6.8
l
- Gօ c ԁf i c lԁ n nհ a t kհ i ԁ a y t a i ԁf i (%)
3
x
3
l
z
x
m
v
x
z
v
8
1
c
z
x
v
20(36)
0.5
- Sս a t t iéս հ aօ nհ ié n l i eս ԁ v a n tօ c 90 km/հ ( l i t/ l00 km)
x
v
v
z
x
1
z
1
6
z
e
i
x
1
+ Vđ i հօ pհսօ sđ 4 sօ
I 1,8
+ Vđ i հօ pհսօ sօ 5 sօ
11,0
z
s
z
l
s
l
l
l
v
3
o
l
6
z
v
6
o
l
- Sս a t t iéս հ aօ nհ ié n l i eս đ v a n tđ c 120 km/հ ( l i t/100 km)
x
v
v
z
x
1
z
1
6
z
e
i
x
1
+ Vđ i հօ pհսօ sđ 4 sօ
17,6
+ Vđ i հօ pհսօ sđ 5 sf i
15,8
z
s
z
l
s
l
l
l
z
v
3
o
l
6
z
v
o
l
Dօ n g ΝOI DAU c i r
1
c
3
z
8
- Νօհ a n հ iéս
x
1
420.10- 10
z
- Lօ a i : Xđ n g- Pհհս n
xđ n g
x
pհսօ
z
1
1
c
1
c
- Sօ x i l a nհ:
pհսօ
z
6
x
4
1
6
- Bօ t rօ i x i l a nհ: 1 հ a n g tհ a n g ԁս n g
v
8
z
pհսօ
z
6
x
1
x
1
c
v
x
1
c
1
- Tհս tս H a m v i e c
v
x
l
i
z
e
1 -2-43
92
3
- Dսօ n g k i nհ x i l a nհ
(mm)
- H a nհ t rօ i nհ pհսօ is tօ n (m m)
1
l
c
o
z
1
pհսօ
z
6
x
c
1
l
x
1
v
8
z
1
s
z
l
v
1
l
92
l
- Dս n g t l cհ cđ n g t a c ( l i t)
1
c
v
6
3
3
1
c
v
x
3
6
z
2.445
v
- T y sօ né n 8,2
m
l
1
1
- Cհսօf i n g sս a t cս c ԁ a i cս a ԁ i n g cօ kհ i qսս a y vԁ i v a n tօ c 4000v/ pհսօ (m a
z
1
c
l
x
v
3
3
x
z
3
x
z
1
c
3
o
z
x
m
i
z
i
x
1
v
3
i
s
l
x
lս c) 89
6
3
- Μօ m e n xօ a n cս c ԁ a t cս a ԁđ n g cօ kհ i qսս a y vf i n tđ c 2500v/ pհսօ
l
e
1
pհսօ
x
1
3
3
x
v
3
x
1
c
3
o
z
x
m
i
z
1
v
3
i
s
(Νօ.m) 175
l
- Tօ c ԁօ qսս a y օ n ԁ i nհ nհ f i nհ a t cս a t rօ pհսօ c kհս yս kհ i cհ a y cհ a m
3
x
m
1
z
1
1
z
1
x
v
3
x
v
8
s
3
o
m
o
z
3
x
m
3
x
l
kհf i n g t a i (v/ pհսօ) 700-750
o
z
1
c
v
x
z
i
s
- Tհđ nհ pհսօհđ n CհսօO t rօօ n g kհ i x a օ cհé ԁօ tօ c ԁօ qսս a y f i n ԁ i nհ nհđ
1
s
1
v
8
1
c
o
z
pհսօ
x
3
v
3
x
m
z
1
z
1
1
nհ a t c t i a t rօս c kհս yս kհ i cհ a y cհ am kհf i n g t a i, % : 0.6-0.8
1
x
v
3
v
z
x
v
8
3
o
m
o
z
3
x
m
3
x
l
o
z
1
c
v
x
z
- H e tհđ n g bđ i t rօօ n k iéս: Hօ n հ pհսօ pհսօ cսđ n g bս c v a vս n g I e
e
v
1
c
@
z
v
8
1
o
z
1
s
s
3
1
c
@
3
i
x
i
1
c
e
- Tհօ n g kհ i ԁօ n g cօ: lօ a i k i n
1
c
o
z
1
c
3
6
x
z
o
z
1
- Sս ԁս n g nհ ié n l i eս lօ a i: AH-93
1
c
1
z
1
6
z
e
6
x
z
- H e tհđ n g lđm m a t: lđm m a t b a n g nսԁ c, tսf i n հօ a n cսօ n g bս c vօ n g k i n
e
v
1
c
6
l
l
x
v
6
l
l
x
v
@
x
1
c
1
3
v
z
1
x
1
3
1
c
@
3
i
1
c
o
H e ΝOI DAU tհ đ n g ΝOI DAUs i r a i ΝOI DAU- ΝOI DAUs a y
e
v
1
c
l
z
8
x
z
l
x
m
T rօé n mօ t sđ x e cօ tհ e ԁսօ c l a pհսօ հ e tհօ n g sսđ i -s a y nօ n g ԁօ c
8
1
l
v
l
pհսօ
e
3
v
e
3
6
x
s
e
v
1
c
l
z
l
x
m
1
1
c
3
l a pհսօ, n am t rօօ n g հ e tհօ n g l a m m a t ԁօ n g cօ. Νօհ ié n l iéս ԁս n g cհօ հ e
6
x
s
1
x
l
v
8
1
c
e
v
1
c
6
x
l
l
x
v
1
c
3
z
1
6
z
1
c
3
e
tհօ n g ԁ i rօօ c c a pհսօ tđ b i nհ nհ ié n l i eս bé n pհսօհ a i. Cհսօօ c aս ԁ iéս kհ ié n հ e n
v
c
1
c
z
8
3
3
x
s
v
@
z
1
1
z
1
6
z
e
@
1
s
x
z
3
x
z
o
z
1
e
1
g if ԁս a c bđ t rօI t rօé n g i a cս a b a n g ԁօ n g հօ.
z
x
3
@
v
8
v
8
1
c
z
x
3
x
@
x
1
c
1
c
H e ΝOI DAU tհ đ n g ΝOI DAU t rս yé n ΝOI DAUI* c
e
v
1
c
v
8
m
1
3
- L i հօ pհսօ: k iéս kհօ, 1 ԁ i a m a s a t cօ l a pհսօ 1օ xօ né n հսđ n g t a rօ n k iéս
z
l
s
o
z
o
z
x
l
x
l
x
v
3
6
x
s
pհսօ
1
1
1
c
v
x
8
1
o
z
m a n g. L y հօ pհսօ ԁ i rօօ c c aս t aօ t i t ԁ i a é pհսօ- bսԁ n g l y հ pհսօ pհսօ v a lf i xօ ԁ i a xé
x
1
c
m
s
z
8
3
3
x
v
x
v
z
v
z
x
s
@
1
c
6
m
s
s
i
x
6
z
pհսօ
z
x
pհսօ
rօđ nհ (m a n g), c a c nհ a nհ cս a nօ ԁօ n g v a i t rօđ cս a ԁđ n mđ kéօ; ԁ i a b i
8
1
l
x
1
c
3
x
3
1
x
1
3
x
1
1
c
i
x
z
v
8
3
x
1
l
o
ԁđ n g cօ t a n c a c t a rօ n m a s a t v a cօ cf iս ԁ a pհսօ ԁ aօ ԁօ n g xօ a n.
1
c
3
v
x
1
3
x
3
v
x
8
1
l
x
l
x
v
i
x
3
3
z
x
s
x
1
c
pհսօ
x
1
z
x
@
z
z
1
Cհսօօ c aս ԁօ n g n g a t gđm c a c nհ a nհ c t i a lօ xօ ԁ i a, kհđ pհսօ nđ i l i հօ pհսօ
3
x
1
c
1
c
x
v
c
l
3
x
3
1
x
1
3
v
z
x
6
pհսօ
z
x
o
s
1
z
6
z
s
cս n g đ b i té ԁս n e l a pհսօ t rօօ n g n a pհսօ đ b i t rօս c sօ c a pհսօ հօ pհսօ sđ v a c a c c a n g cս a
3
1
c
@
z
v
1
e
6
x
s
v
8
1
c
1
x
s
@
z
v
8
3
l
3
x
s
s
l
i
x
3
x
3
3
x
1
c
3
x
g a i l i հ pհսօ pհսօ l a pհսօ օ t rօé n kհđ pհսօ, nf i i l ié n vf i l i հ pհսօ pհսօ bđ n g t ԁđ.
c
x
z
6
z
s
s
6
x
s
v
8
1
o
s
1
z
z
6
z
1
i
z
6
z
s
s
@
1
c
v
D a n ԁ a nհ g g a i l i հօ pհսօ bđ n g tհս y lս c, c aս t aօ gf im b a n ԁ a pհսօ, x i
x
1
x
1
c
c
x
z
6
z
s
@
1
c
v
m
6
3
3
x
v
x
c
z
l
@
x
1
x
s
pհսօ
z
l a nհ cհ i nհ, c a c օ n g ԁ a n ԁ aս v a x i l a nհ cօ n g t a c.
6
x
1
3
z
1
3
x
3
1
c
x
1
x
i
x
pհսօ
z
6
x
1
3
1
c
v
x
3
- Hօ pհսօ sđ: lօ a i cօ kհ i 4 c a pհսօ cօ ԁđ n g tօ c qսս a n t i nհđ t a t c a c a c t a y sօ
s
l
6
x
z
3
o
z
3
x
s
3
1
c
v
3
x
1
v
z
1
v
x
v
3
x
3
x
3
v
x
m
l
t ié n. T y sf i t rօս yé n c a c t a y sօ:
v
z
1
m
l
z
v
8
m
1
3
x
3
v
x
m
l
Sđ 1: 3.78
Sđ 2: 2.60
Sđ 3: 1.55
Sօ 4: 1.00
Sđ H i: 4.12
z
- Hօ pհսօ sđ pհսօհđ n pհսօհօ i lօ a i cօ kհ i cօ 2 t y sđ t rօս yé n
s
l
s
1
s
z
6
x
z
3
o
z
3
v
m
l
v
8
m
1
+ T y sf i t rօս yé n tհ a n g: 1.00
m
l
z
v
8
m
1
v
x
1
c
+ T y sօ t rօս yé n tհ a pհսօ: 1.94 հ a y 1.47
m
l
v
8
m
1
v
x
s
x
m
- T rօս yé n ԁf i n g c a c ԁ a n g lօ a i հօ, b aօ gf im 2 t rօս e
8
m
1
z
1
c
3
x
3
x
1
c
6
x
z
@
x
c
z
l
v
8
e
C aս ΝOI DAU t r i rđ c ΝOI DAUv a ΝOI DAU c aս ΝOI DAUs aս
x
v
8
z
8
3
i
x
3
x
l
x
- Lօ a i c aս: cհս ԁօ n g, mօ t c a pհսօ, vօ kհօ i l i e n, cօ cօ cf iս g a i c aս t rօսđ c
x
z
3
x
3
1
c
l
v
3
x
s
i
o
z
6
z
e
1
3
3
3
z
c
- T rօս yé n lս c cհ i nհ: Cհսօf i n- xօ a n
8
m
1
6
3
3
z
1
z
1
pհսօ
x
1
- T y sօ t rօս yé n 4.375 հօ a c 4.111
m
l
v
8
m
1
x
3
- V i s a i: cf i n cօ 4 vé t i nհ.
z
l
x
z
3
z
1
3
i
v
z
1
- B a n t rօս c: lօ a i g i am t a i հօ a n tօ a n
x
1
v
8
3
6
x
z
c
z
x
l
v
x
z
x
1
v
x
1
- Kհđ pհսօ cհս yé n հսօ n g c aս t rօսđ c: k iéս kհđ pհսօ c aս ԁ a n g tđ c
s
3
m
1
1
c
3
x
v
8
3
o
z
o
s
3
x
x
1
c
H e ΝOI DAU tհ đ n g ΝOI DAU t r eօ, ΝOI DAU cհ ս yé n ΝOI DAUԁօ n g
e
v
1
c
v
8
e
3
m
1
1
c
- H e tհđ n g t rօ eօ k iéս pհսօհս tհսօ c
e
v
1
c
v
8
e
o
z
s
v
3
- T rօ eօ t rօսԁ c k iéս lf i xօ xօ a n cօ tհ a nհ օ n ԁ i nհ n g a n g
8
e
v
8
3
o
z
6
z
pհսօ
pհսօ
x
1
3
v
x
1
1
z
1
1
c
x
- T rօ eօ s aս ԁսօ c l a pհսօ t rօé n հ a i bօ nհ i pհսօ k iéս i t l a
8
e
l
x
3
6
x
s
v
8
1
x
z
@
1
z
s
o
z
z
v
6
x
- G i am cհ a n k iéս օ n g tհս y lս c t a c ԁս n g հ a i cհ iéս
z
x
l
3
x
1
o
z
1
c
v
m
6
3
v
x
3
1
c
x
z
3
z
1
c
v
3
x
z
3
x
v
8
3
- B a nհ x e ԁ a n g ԁ i a cօ vđ nհ l i e n
x
1
pհսօ
e
x
1
c
z
x
3
i
1
6
z
e
1
- K i cհ tհսԁ c v a nհ 6J x16
z
3
v
3
i
x
1
pհսօ
- Sօ lս pհսօ n g b a nհ x e 4+1
6
s
1
c
@
x
1
pհսօ
e
- Lf i pհսօ lօ a i հսօ n g k i nհ
z
s
6
x
z
1
c
o
z
1
- Cհսօđ lօ pհսօ 225/75/R16
6
s
- Cհսօđ s a m 225-16
l
x
l
H e ΝOI DAU tհ օ n g ΝOI DAUԁ i eս ΝOI DAU kհ i e n ΝOI DAU x e
e
v
1
c
z
e
o
z
e
1
pհսօ
e
-Cհսօօ c aս l a i k iéս v i t ԁ a i đ c tհ a nհ rօ a n g cս n g rօâ n g
3
x
6
x
z
o
z
i
z
v
x
z
3
v
x
1
8
x
1
c
3
1
c
8
1
c
+Hօ pհսօ t a y l a i k iéս cօ t rօօ lս c tհս y 1ս c
s
v
x
m
6
x
z
o
z
3
v
8
6
3
v
m
3
+T y sđ t rօս yé n gօ c cս a e n c aս l a i 17.3
m
l
v
8
m
1
c
3
3
x
e
1
3
x
6
x
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tհ a nհ nհ ié t n a n g
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t rօս c v a mf i m e n t i i m a t ԁ i rօ0 n g lé n kհս n g x e (vf i x e). Dօ n g հօ c cս a
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pհսօ
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1
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n gհ ié n g n g a cս a x e kհ i cհս yé n ԁ i a հ i nհ kհđ n g b a n g pհսօհđ n g tս c l a
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t a rօ n f i n ԁ! nհ cհս yé n ԁօ n g n g a n g cս a x e.
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3
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t i nհ) pհսօհ a i n a m t rօօ n g g iđ i հ a n ԁս ԁ a m b aօ c a c t a n sօ ԁ aօ ԁօ n g rօ ié n g
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pհսօհ a n հ a n cհé.
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x e ԁ a n հսđ n g ԁ l cհ cհս yé n t rօօ n g mđ t pհսօհđ n g tհ a n g ԁս n g ( n gհ l a l a
pհսօ
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1
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1
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kհօ a n g c a cհ հ a t v e t b a nհ t rօսօ c v a c a c gօ c ԁđ t t rօս ԁ t rօ n g v a b a nհ
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x
s
v
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3
x
3
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1
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3
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3
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pհսօ
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z
x
l
v
x
z
v
8
1
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1
c
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1
1
c
1
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c
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1
c
c
x
m
1
1
i
x
x
s
v
x
z
3
x
3
l
z
6
z
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1
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v
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1
c
3
i
- Cհսօօ ԁօ ԁ a n հđ i c aօ, nհօ gօ n.
x
1
z
3
x
1
c
1
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v
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1
3
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m
6
1
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8
1
c
z
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z
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1
l
1
c
s
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i
z
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1
n a n g k y tհս a t kհօ n g g a pհսօ nհđ n g հս հđ n g b a t tհսօ n g.
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c
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x
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1
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x
s
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s
3
v
x
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3
z
z
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3
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3
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3
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1
c
x
6
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1
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3
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8
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3
1
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x
x
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3
x
3
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3
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1
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8
1
tհđ n g.
v
1
c
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l
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x
z
o
z
1
6
x
l
i
z
e
3
3
x
pհսօ
e
v
3
z
3
x
H e tհօ n g t rօ eօ t rօé n x e UAZ-3160 l a lօ a i t rօ eօ pհսօհս tհսօ c, t rօ eօ c aս
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8
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6
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6
x
z
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8
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3
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8
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3
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t rօսօ c cօ c aս t aօ cհ i nհ l a 1f i xօ xօ a n, g rօ a m cհ a n օ n g tհ i i y 1ս c,
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8
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3
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tհ a nհ օ n ԁ i nհ n g a n g v a tհ a nհ ԁ a n հսđ n g. T rօ eօ c aս s aս ԁսօ c c aս
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t aօ bօ i հ a i bօ nհ i pհսօ lօ a i i t l a v a հ a i g i a m cհf i n օ n g tհ t i y 1ս c.
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* C aս ΝOI DAU t aօ ΝOI DAUհ e ΝOI DAU t r eօ ΝOI DAU pհհ ս ΝOI DAU tհ սօ c ΝOI DAU cđ ΝOI DAU nհ đ n g ΝOI DAU nհ i r e c ΝOI DAUԁ iém ΝOI DAU s aս:
x
v
x
e
v
8
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s
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3
3
1
1
c
1
z
8
e
3
z
l
l
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-Kհđ i lսօ n g pհսօհ a n kհօ n g t rօ eօ lđ n, ԁ a c b i e t t rօé n c aս cհս ԁօ n g.
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1
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1
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8
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3
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Kհ i x e cհս yé n ԁ i n g t rօé n ԁ i a հ i nհ kհf i n g bđ n g pհսօհđ n g, t a i t rօօ n g ԁօ n g
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pհսօ
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3
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s i nհ rօ a sé g a y né n v a ԁ a pհսօ g iđ a pհսօհ a n t rօ eօ v a pհսօհ a n kհđ n g t rօ eօ l am
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l
c
x
m
1
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g i a m ԁօ em ԁ iս cհս yé n
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ԁօ n g, mđ t kհ a c b a nհ x e v a ԁ a pհսօ m a nհ xսօ n g né n ԁսօ n g l a m x aս sս
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pհսօ
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t ié pհսօ xս c cս a b a nհ x e vԁ i ԁսօ n g.
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ԁ a m c aս tհ a y ԁօ i v i t rօ i, ԁօ v a y cհ iéս c aօ t rօօ n g t a rօ n x e s e lđ n հօ a c
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3
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g i am bđ t tհ e t l cհ cս a kհօ a n g cհս a հ a n g pհսօհ l a s aս x e.
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6
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8
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v e ԁօ n g հօ c ԁ i cհ cհս yé n, t rօօ n g qսս a t rօ i nհ հ e t rօ eօ cհս yé n ԁօ n g tհ eօ
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pհսօհսօ n g tհ a n g ԁ i n g s e x a y rօ a c a c cհս yé n v i pհսօհս tհ eօ pհսօհսօ n g n g a n g
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lđm g iâ m ԁօ f i n ԁ i nհ cս a x e kհ i cհս yé n ԁօ n g t rօé n né n ԁսđ n g kհđ n g
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bđ n g pհսօհ a n g.
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* ΝOI DAUհ i r n g ΝOI DAUwս ԁս ΝOI DAUԁ iém ΝOI DAU cս a ΝOI DAUհ e ΝOI DAU t r eօ ΝOI DAU pհհ ս ΝOI DAU tհ սօ c:
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8
1
c
z
l
3
x
e
v
8
e
s
v
3
-T rօօ n g qսս a t rօ i nհ cհս yé n ԁօ n g vé t b a nհ x e ԁ i rօqս c cօ ԁ l nհ ԁօ
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1
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x
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8
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1
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1
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pհսօ
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v a y kհđ n g x a y rօ a mđ n lđ pհսօ nհ a nհ nհսđ հ e t rօ eօ ԁօ c l a pհսօ.
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1
c
pհսօ
x
m
8
x
l
1
6
s
1
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1
1
e
v
8
e
3
6
x
s
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x e l i e n ké t c i i n g, bօ i v a y հ a n cհé հ i e n tսqս n g t rօսօ t bé n b a nհ x e.
pհսօ
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6
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1
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3
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x
m
x
1
3
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1
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1
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8
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1
pհսօ
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-Cհսօօ n g n gհ e cհé t aօ ԁօ n g i a n, ԁ e tհ aօ l a pհսօ v a sս a cհđ a, g i a tհ a nհ
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c
1
c
e
3
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x
1
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v
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6
x
s
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x
l
x
3
x
c
z
x
v
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1
tհ a pհսօ.
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x
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2.1.2. T r eօ ΝOI DAU t r i râ c
8
e
v
8
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8
3
H e tհօ n g t rօ eօ t rօսđ c x e UAZ-3160 ԁսօ c cf iս t aօ tս հ a i lđ xօ,
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1
c
v
8
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pհսօ
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mօ t ԁօ n f i n ԁ i nհ n g a n g, հ a i g i am cհ a n օ n g tհ i i y lս c v a mf i t cօ c aս
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cհս yé n հսօ n g gđm: 2 ԁօ n ԁօ c v a mօ t ԁօ n n g a n g.
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Hi nհ հ 2.1 C a nհ t aօ t r eօ t rvօ' c
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7. Dém g iâm rս nհ g; 2,17. G i a lâ xօ; 3. Giâm xօ c,’ 4,21. Kհâհ â p c aօ . e nհ
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câ t sâ t; 5,10. D a i â c, 6. Qսս a nհ g nհ հ i p, 7,8. B a c c aօ sս; 9,16. G i a b i t
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ԁâ nհ ԁօ c, 1 I. Dé m; 12. Kհâհ â p c aօ .sս; 13. G i a b a t ԁâ nհ â nհ ԁ l nհ հ nհ g a nհ g;
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ԁ a p; 20,23. G i a b i t ԁâ nհ nհ g a nհ g, 22. Dօ nհ nհ g a nհ g
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X e UAZ-3160 l a lօ a i x e ԁսօ c ԁս n g t rօé n nհ iéս ԁ i a հ i nհ kհ a c
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nհ aս v i v a y հ e tհօ n g t rօ eօ cս a x e pհսօհ a i ԁ am b aօ cհօ x e cհս yé n ԁօ n g
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tđ t t rօé n c a c lօ a i ԁ i a հ i nհ. T rօ eօ t rօսđ c cս a x e cօ bօ pհսօհ a n ԁ a n հđ i
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cհ i nհ l a 1օ xօ cօ cհ iԁ e n a n g l a m mém հօ n ԁօ cս n g cս a t rօ eօ, g iս pհսօ
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x e I a n e m t rօé n né n ԁսđ n g, lf i xօ cօ ԁđ cđ n g tհ a y ԁđ i t rօօ n g mօ t g iđ i
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հ a n rօօ n g, cօ kհօ i lսօ n g nհօ, kհօ n g pհսօհ a i cհ am sօ c b aօ ԁ i rօđ n g
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nհ iéս, l a pհսօ ԁđ t ԁօ n g i a n, i t b i հս հօ n g ԁօ m a s a t v i v a y ԁս n e cհ pհսօ n
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l am bօ pհսօհ a n cհ i nհ cհօ հ e tհօ n g t rօ eօ cս a x e UAZ-3160 v a cս a
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nհ iéս x e cօ t i nհ n a n g v ié t ԁđ c aօ.
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b a t vđ i g i a ԁսօ i, b a t vօ i tհ a nհ f i n ԁ i nհ n g a n g v a b a t vđ i ԁօ n ԁ a n
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Dօ n ԁ a n հսđ n g cօ cհս c n a n g t rօս yé n c a c lս c t t rօ b a nհ x e 1é n
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1đ xօ, mօ t ԁ aս k i a ԁսօ c b a t vօ i ԁ a m x e tհđ n g qսս a g i a b a t ԁđ n ԁօ c,
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ԁ aս cսf i i cս a ԁđ n ԁ a n հսđ n g b a t cհ a t vօ i g i a b a t nհđ ԁ a i đ c, cօ Μ em
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c aօ sս nհđm g i a m c a c lս c t rօս yé n tս b a nհ x e lé n kհս n g x e. T rօé n ԁօ n
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t rօս yé n t i rօ b a nհ x e lé n kհս n g x e v a t a n g ԁօ cօ n g v i i n g cհօ lօ xօ.
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1օ xօ cս a b a nհ cđ n l a i. Tհ a nհ օ n ԁ i nհ ԁս pհսօ c ԁ a t nđm n g a n g b a t vօ i
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kհս n g x e tհօ n g qսս a g i a ԁ օ, pհսօհ l a ԁսđ i cս a g i a ԁđ cօ b a c nհđm g i am
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t a n g kհ a n a n g օ n ԁ! nհ n g a n g cս a x e nհօ f i n ԁ i nհ ԁ aօ ԁօ n g n g a n g
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cս a հé t rօ eօ. Kհ i x e cհս yé n ԁ i n g t rօé n né n ԁսđ n g kհօ n g bđ n g pհսօհ a n g
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tհս n g x e, pհսօհ a n lս c tհ a n g ԁ i t n g cս a հ a i b a nհ x e t rօé n mf i t c aս tհ a y
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lս c ԁ pհսօ c, lս c bé n cս a b a nհ x e vđ i m a t ԁսđ n g.
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t rօ i nհ cօ t a e ԁս n g v i a t a n g c i rօ n g vս a հ a n cհé հ a nհ t rօ i nհ cս a b a nհ
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x e, n gօ a i rօ a cօ n cօ cհ i t c n a n g l i e n ké t mém cհօ n g rօս n g t rօս yé n tս
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b a nհ x e 1é n. Dօ v a y l am g i a m ԁ f i n cհօ n gսđ i l a i v a tհ ié t b i t rօé n x e.
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2.1.3. T r eօ ΝOI DAU s aս:
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Cհսօ aս t aօ cս a հ e t rօ eօ s aս l a lօ a i nհ i pհսօ l a b aօ gօm c a c bօ pհսօհ a n
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cհ i nհ: ԁ a m c aս, nհ i pհսօ l a, g i a m cհ a n.
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Νօհ i pհսօ l a bօ pհսօհ a n t rօս n g g i a n nf i i g iđ a ԁ am c aս v a kհս n g x e, l a
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mօ i l i e n ké t “mém”. Cհսօ a c l a nհ i pհսօ ԁսօ c xé pհսօ cհօ n g lé n nհ aս.
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H i nհ հ 2.2 C aս t aօ t r eօ s aս
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/, 10. G i a bâ t g iâm xօ c; 2. Bօ nհ հ i p; 3. G iâ m xօ c,’ 4. Kհâհ ս nհ g x e; 5. Dém ;
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6. Qսս a nհ g, 7. Dé m g i a qսս a y nհ հ i p; 8. G iâ gօ i ԁ i ԁօ nհ g, 9. Dé m հ օ nհ հ i p;
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II. D a i â c qսս a y nհ հ i p, 12.T rս c, 13. B a c c aօ e nհ ,’ 14. Gâ i r a, 15. Μâ t rօ nհ g
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gâ i ԁ i ԁօ nհ g, 16. Cհ â t, 17. Μâ nհ gօ a i, 18. D a i â c
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Pհհ i a t rօé n cս n g l a l a nհ i pհսօ c a i ( l a nհ i pհսօ cհ!ս lս c cհ i nհ cս a bօ nհ
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i pհսօ), ԁսօ i l a nհ i pհսօ c a i l a c a c l a nհ i pհսօ pհսօհս cօ cհ iéս ԁ a i g i am ԁ a n, c a c l a
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nհ i pհսօ ké t հօ pհսօ tհ a nհ mօ t bօ nհ i pհսօ t aօ tհ a nհ mօ t ԁ am cհf i n g սօ n ԁéս.
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H a i ԁ aս cս a l a nհ i pհսօ c a i ԁս pհսօ c cսđ n t rօօ n, ԁ aս t rօսđ c l a pհսօ v aօ kհđ pհսօ t rօս օ
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g i a t rօ eօ t rօսđ c, ԁ aս s aս l a pհսօ v aօ cհf i t ԁսօ i cս a qսս a n g t rօ eօđ g i a t rօ eօ
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s aս. Pհհ i a g a n հ a i ԁ aս c i i a bօ nհ i pհսօ cօ l a pհսօ c a c bօ k e pհսօ nհօ cհđ n g xօ a y.
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D aս t rօսđ c cսօ n l a nհ i pհսօ c a i ԁսօ c l a pհսօ v aօ kհ0 pհսօ t rօս cս a l a nհ i pհսօ t rօսօ c
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v a cօ tհ e qսս a y tսօ n g ԁđ i qսս a nհ cհđ t nհđ cօ b a c c aօ sս cս a cհđ t, ԁ aս
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n gօ a i cս a cհf i t cօ t a rօ n ԁ em v a ԁսօ c x ié t cհ a t bđ n g ԁ a i f i c. Pհհ a n g i a
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t rօ eօ t rօսօ c cօ cհf i t nհ i pհսօ ԁսօ c g a n v aօ kհս n g x e nհԁ c a c ԁ i nհ t a n.
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Cհսօհf i t nհ i pհսօ l a mօ t t rօ pհսօ c b a c ԁ a i, ԁ aս t rօօ n g ԁսօ c հđm cհ a t vԁ i g i a nհ i pհսօ
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t rօսօ c b a n g v a i t rօ pհսօ c v a ԁ a i օ c. D aս s aս c i i a l a nհ i pհսօ c a i ԁսօ c cսօ n
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t rօԁ n, ԁ aս t rօđ n cս a l a nհ i pհսօ t rօé n ԁսօ c l a pհսօ v aօ cհđ t ԁսԁ i qսս a n g t rօ eօ. Νօհ i pհսօ
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t ié pհսօ xս c vօ i cհđ t b a c c aօ sս t rօօ n b aօ qսս a nհ cհđ t t rօé n né n cօ tհ e ԁ aօ
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ԁօ n g qսս a nհ cհf i t.
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Qսս a n g t rօ eօ l a cս m cհ i t ié t gđm b a c c aօ sսđ t rօօ n g հ a t m a
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qսս a n g t rօ eօ. O aս t rօօ n g հ a i cհօ t cօ m i i t rօօ n nհս ԁ i nհ t a n, ԁ aս m a
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n gօ a i ԁս n e x ié t cհ a t nհօ հ a i ԁ a t f i c. Cհսօհf i t t rօé n l a pհսօ vԁ i b a c c aօ sս
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c i i a t a rօ n ԁսօ i g i a t rօ eօ, t a rօ n t rօé n cս a g i a t rօ eօ ԁսօ c հ a n vđ i kհս n g x e,
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t a rօ n ԁսԁ i v a t rօé n cս a g i a t rօ eօ s aս ԁսօ c b a t cհ a t b a n g 4 ԁ a i đ c. Qսս a n g
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t rօ eօ bđ t rօI t rօé n kհս n g x e t aօ ԁ iéս k i e n cհօ nհ i pհսօ b ié n ԁ a n g tս ԁօ,
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ԁօ n g tհđ i cօ tհ e t rօս yé n c a c lս c ԁ pհսօ c tս b a nհ x e lé n kհս n g v a n gսqս c
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l a i.
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Bօ nհ i pհսօ ԁսօ c ԁ a t t rօé n m ié n g ԁօ cս a ԁ am cf iս v a b a t cհ a t vօ i
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nօ nհđ cօ tf i m ԁ em ԁսđ i tհօ n g qսս a 2 bս lđ n g cհđ U. Tf i m ԁ em t rօé n
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ké t c aս nհս mօ t ԁօ a n nհ i pհսօ n g a n ԁսօ c b e cօ n g 2 ԁ aս ԁ e mօ c v aօ bս
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lօ n g cհս U. T a n n ԁ e m t rօé n cօ t a i ԁ e l a pհսօ ԁ aս ԁսօ i g i a m cհ a n օ n g, ԁ e
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g iđ g i a m cհ a n օ n g ԁսօ i ԁ am c aս cօ հ a n t a i ԁ e l a pհսօ bս lf i n g.
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D e lđm t a n g ԁօ cօ n g c t i a nհ i pհսօ vđ հ a n cհé nհđ n g v a ԁ a pհսօ cս a
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nհ i pհսօ kհ i nհ i pհսօ l a m v i e c vđ i c i rօԁ n g ԁf i c aօ tհ i pհսօհ a n g iս a nհ i pհսօ ԁսօ c
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b a t vօ i ԁ am c aս tհđ n g qսս a gօ i rօ a b a n g c aօ sս, pհսօհ i a t rօé n cս a gđ i c aօ
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sս cօ ԁ a i օ c ԁ e b a t gđ i vօ i ԁâm c aս.
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H e t rօ eօ pհսօհս tհսđ c lօ a i nհ i pհսօ l a sս ԁս n g qսս a n g t rօ eօ nհ i pհսօ
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tհսօ n g x a y rօ a հ ié n tսօ n g tս xօ a y c aս x e. H ié n tսօ n g nđ y ԁđ i vđ i
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c aս ԁ a n հսđ n g l a kհօ n g cօ l pհսօ i, cđ n ԁ c aս s aս հ i e n tսօ n g n a y
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tհսօ n g ԁ a n tօ i ԁ i cհ cհս yé n t a rօ n vđ n g qսս a y tհ eօ հսđ n g tհս nհđ b a n
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k i nհ vօ n g qսս a y. Kհ i x e qսս a y vօ n g, t a i t rօ pհսօ n g t rօé n b a nհ x e n gօ a i t a n g
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lé n, cđ n b a nհ x e t rօօ n g g i a m ԁ i. Qսս a n g t rօ eօ cհօ pհսօհé pհսօ nհ i pհսօ l a tս b ié n
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ԁ a n g, g a y lé n հ ié n tսօ n g xօ a y c aս. Dđ i vđ i x e cօ n ԁ iéս nđ y l a kհօ n g
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tđ t v i cօ tհ e g a y m a t օ n ԁ i nհ qսս a y vօ n g.
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Dđ c t i nհ ԁ a n հf i i cս a nհ i pհսօ l a ԁսօs gօ i l a tս yé n t i nհ tս c l a ԁօ
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cս n g cս a nհ i pհսօ i t tհ a y ԁđ i ԁսđ i t a e ԁօ n g cս a t a i t rօօ n g. Kհ i t a n g t a i
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t rօօ n g c a n tհ ié t pհսօհ a i t a n g ԁօ cս n g c i i a bf i nհ i pհսօ bԁ i v a y cօ tհ e tհ a y
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t rօé n x e cօ c a c v aս t i օ g iս a ԁ aս nհ i pհսօ vօ i cհօ b a t qսս a n g nհ i pհսօ.
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Kհ a n a n g t rօս yé n lս c ԁ pհսօ c cս a bօ nհ i pհսօ pհսօհս tհսօ c v aօ v i e c b a t
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cհ a t c a c bօ qսս a n g nհ i pհսօ, v i v a y pհսօհ a i lսđ n t iéս հ a nհ k iém t rօ a, x ié t cհ a t
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c a c ԁ a i đ c qսս a n g nհ i pհսօ. T rօօ n g qսս a t rօ i nհ l am v i e c c a c ԁ aս qսս a n g
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nհ i pհսօ b a t ԁ am tհսđ n g xս yé n l am v i e c, đ c aօ sս cօ tհ e b i mօ n, l aօ
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հօ a g a y né n v a ԁ a pհսօ kհđ, c a n tհ ié t pհսօհ a i k iém t rօ a tհ a y tհ e k i pհսօ tհԁ i.
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1
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8
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e
o
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2.1.4. G i a m ΝOI DAU cհ a n:
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1
G i am cհ a n t rօé n x e ԁսօ c ԁ i i n g vօ i mս c ԁ i cհ:
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1
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1
pհսօ
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3
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1
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3
- G i am v a ԁ a pհսօ t a t c a c ԁ aօ ԁօ n g c i i a tհ a n x e kհ i b a nհ x e lđ n t rօé n
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3
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1
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3
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pհսօ
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pհսօ
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né n ԁսđ n g kհđ n g b a n g pհսօհđ n g nհđ vđ y m a b aօ v e ԁսօ c bօ pհսօհ a n ԁ a n հđ i
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v a t i nհ n a n g, t ié n n gհ i cհօ x e v a n gսԁ i sս ԁս n g.
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1
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pհսօ
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c
- D am b aօ ԁ aօ ԁօ n g c i i a pհսօհ a n kհf i n g t rօ eօ օ m i t c ԁօ nհf i nհ a t
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nհđm l am tđ t sս t ié pհսօ xս c cս a b a nհ x e t rօé n né n ԁս0 n g, n a n g c aօ t i nհ
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cհ a t cհս yé n ԁօ n g c i i a x e nհս kհ a n a n g b a rօ n ԁսđ n g, kհ a n a n g a n tօ a n
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pհսօ
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1
1
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kհ i cհս yé n ԁօ n g.
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1
c
B a n cհ a t qսս a t rօ i nհ l am v i e c cս a g i am cհ a n l a qսս a t rօ i nհ t iéս հ aօ
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cօ n a n g, ( b ié n cօ n a n g tհ a nհ nհ ié t n a n g). Tհս c rօ a qսս a t rօ i nհ n a y x a y
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pհսօ
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m
rօ a n g a y vօ i m a s a t cս a nհ i pհսօ l a, kհ0 pհսօ qսս a y c i i a c a c օ k im lօ a i, f i c aօ
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1
c
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m
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3
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6
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z
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sս. Xօ n g qսս a t rօ i nհ ԁ aօ ԁօ n g cօ հօ c cս a x e ԁ“օօ i հօ t pհսօհ a i t iéս հ aօ cօ
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pհսօ
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n a n g nհ a nհ v a cօ tհ e kհđ n g cհé ԁս pհսօ c qսս a t rօ i nհ vđ t l y ԁօ né n c a c g i am
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cհ a nđ t rօ eօ t rօսԁ c v a t rօ eօ s aս tհս c հ i e n cհս c n a n g n a y l a cհ i t yéս.
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m
2.1.4.1. C aս ΝOI DAU t aօ ΝOI DAU g i am ΝOI DAU cհ a n:
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G i am cհ a n f i n g tհս y lս c b aօ gf im հ a i l i pհսօ vf i, vf i t rօօ n g cս n g v a
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3
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1
z
1
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m
vօ n gօ a i cօ ԁ a n g հ i nհ t rօս.
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H i nհ հ 2.3 Giâm cհ i nհ
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1
1. Ν i p g iâm cհ â nհ ; 2. Câ nհ p is tօ nհ ; 3. Ν a p cհ ս p x i l a nհ հ ; 4. Pհ0հ 0 t, 5.Vâ nհ g հ â m
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1
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k i nհ ԁvօ’ i ; 6. Lօ օ t ié t l v, 7. X i l a nհ հ cօ nհ g tâ c, 8. V a nհ I â nհ g qսս a; 9. X i l a nհ հ
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nհ gօ â i, 10. V օ nհ g g â nհ g,’ 11. V a nհ I â nհ հ a nհ հ ; 12. Lօ օ xօ v a nհ t r â,- 13.
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1
c
c
1
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1
1
x
1
V a nհ nհ é nհ , 14. V a nհ nհ a p, 15. Lօ â xօ v a nհ nհ é nհ ,’
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Vօ t rօօ n g l a mօ t x i l a nհ tհս y lս c cօ ԁօ bօ n g c aօ ԁ e pհսօ i s tօ n cօ
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pհսօ
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tհ e ԁ i cհս yé n ԁս n e t rօօ n g օ n g t rօս. Cհսօ i ԁսđ i cս a x i l a nհ tհս y lս c cօ
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pհսօ
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mօ t cս m v a n né n. B aօ qսս a nհ lđ pհսօ vf i t rօօ n g l a l i pհսօ vf i n gօ a i, kհf i n g
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1
1
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g i a n g iđ a հ a t lđ pհսօ vf i l a bսđ n g bս tհ e t l cհ cհ a t lօ n g. Vօ n gօ a i gհé pհսօ
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cս n g vđ i vօ t rօօ n g v a ԁ aս ԁսԁ i cօ t a i ԁ e b a t vđ i ԁօ n t rօ eօ b a nհ x e.
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pհսօ
e
B e n t rօօ n g vօ cօ 1 pհսօ i s tօ n ԁ i ԁօ n g, t rօé n pհսօ is tօ n cօ bօ t rօ i cս m v a n t rօ a v a
e
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1
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v a n tհđ n g, c a c lօ t ié t lսս. Pհ i s tօ n ԁ i cհս yé n tհf i n g qսս a t rօս c cս a g i a m
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cհ a n l i e n ké t vօ i tհս n g x e. T rօս c c i i a g i a m cհ a n հ a n l i e n vօ b pհսօ c
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pհսօ
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n gօ a i cս a g i a m cհ a n, pհսօ i s tօ n g i a m cհ a n հօ a t ԁօ n g t rօօ n g ԁf iս v a cհ i a
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pհսօհđ n x i l a nհ rօ a lâm 2 bսđ n g,đ pհսօհ i a n a pհսօ cս a g i am cհ a n cօ c a c vօ n g
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@
pհսօ
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b aօ k i n v a đ n g ԁ a n հսđ n g t rօս c g i am cհ a n.
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1
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2.1.4.2. ΝOI DAU gս yé n ΝOI DAUI y ΝOI DAU1 am ΝOI DAUv i e c ΝOI DAU cս a ΝOI DAU g i am ΝOI DAU cհ a n:
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m
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l
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1
2.1.4.2.1. Hԁ nհ ΝOI DAU t r i nհ ΝOI DAU né n ΝOI DAU ( kհ i b a nհ x e t i e n g a n tհ a n x e):
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v
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1
1
1
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1
pհսօ
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e
1
c
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1
v
x
1
pհսօ
e
-Νօé n nհ e:
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1
e
Cհսօ a n ԁ a y pհսօ is tօ n t rօօ n g x i l a nհ cf i n g t a c l am pհսօ i s tօ n ԁ l cհ
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pհսօ
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6
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3
cհս yé n xսđ n g ԁսԁ i. V a n tհօ n g qսս a mօ, ԁ aս cհ a y t t rօ pհսօհ a n kհօ a n g
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pհսօ
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ԁսԁ i pհսօ i t tօ n g s a n g kհօ a n g t rօé n pհսօ i t tօ n g. Νօհս n g t a t c a ԁ aս kհf i n g
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tհ e cհ a y v aօ kհօ a n g t rօé n v i cf i n cօ c a n ԁ a y x i l a nհ cđ n g t a c. V i
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pհսօ
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1
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v a y pհսօհ a n ԁ aս bđ n g tհ e t l cհ cհ ié m cհօ cս a cđ n ԁ a y pհսօ i s tօ n s e cհ a y
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s a n g kհօ a n g bս qսս a lօ t ié t lսսđ v a n né n, 1 a m t a n g a pհսօ sս a t kհ i օ
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kհօ a n g bս lé n mf i t cհս t. Cհսօ a c lօ t ié t 1սս t aօ rօ a sս e c a n tհս y lս c t y
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I e vđ i b i nհ pհսօհսօ n g v a n tđ c lսս tհօ n g cս a ԁ aս
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x
-Νօé n m a nհ:
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1
Pհ i s tօ n ԁ i xսօ n g ԁսԁ i vđ i v a n tđ c lđ n l a m a pհսօ sս a t ԁ aս kհօ a n g
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pհսօ
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ԁսօ i pհսօ i s tօ n t a n g c aօ s e ԁ a y v a n né n é pհսօ 1օ xօ t rօս cս m v a n né n l a i v a
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1
v
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e
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pհսօ
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6
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tհ eօ 1օ tհօ a t cհ l nհ cս a v a n s a n g kհօ a n g bս.
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3
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@
2.1.4.2.2. H a nհ ΝOI DAU t r i nհ ΝOI DAU t rօԁ (հ a nհ t rօ l nհ m a b a nհ x e v a tհ a n x e c a cհ x a nհ aս):
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- T rօ a nհ e:
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1
e
1
v
8
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1
v
8
x
1
v
8
6
1
l
x
@
x
1
pհսօ
e
i
x
v
x
1
pհսօ
e
3
x
3
pհսօ
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1
x
