Những yếu tố tác dộng đến ý định sử dụng ví điện tử của người dân ở miền Bắc Việt Nam

Bạn đang xem bản rút gọn của tài liệu. Xem và tải ngay bản đầy đủ của tài liệu tại đây (685.69 KB, 11 trang )

He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish. In the first forty days a boy had been with him. But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week. It made the boy sad to see the old man come in each day with his skiff empty and he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast. The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat. The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck. The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its [9] reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks. The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords. But none of these scars were fresh. They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert. Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated. “Santiago,” the boy said to him as they climbed the bank from where the skiff w

We’ve made some money.” The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him. “No,” the old man said. “You’re with a lucky boat. Stay with them.” “But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones every day for three weeks.” “I remember,” the old man said. “I know you did not leave me because you doubted.” “It was papa made me leave. I am a boy and I must obey him.” “I know,” the old man said. “It is quite normal.” “He hasn’t much faith.” [10] “No,” the old man said. “But we have. Haven’t we?” ‘Yes,” the boy said. “Can I offer you a beer on the Terrace and then we’ll take the stuff home.” “Why not?” the old man said. “Between fishermen.” They sat on the Terrace and many of the fishermen made fun of the old man and he was not angry. Others, of the older fishermen, looked at him and were sad. But they did not show it and they spoke politely about the current and the depths they had drifted their lines at and the steady good weather and of what they had seen. The successful fishermen of that day were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them laid full length across two planks, with two men Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 2 staggering at the end of each plank, to the fish house where they waited for the ice truck to carry them to the market in Ha

taken them to the shark factory on the other side of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and tackle, their livers removed, their fins cut off and their hides skinned out and their flesh cut into strips for salting. When the wind was in the east a smell came across the harbour from the shark factory; but today there [11] was only the faint edge of the odour because the wind had backed into the north and then dropped off and it was pleasant and sunny on the Terrace. “Santiago,” the boy said. “Yes,” the old man said. He was holding his glass and thinking of many years ago. “Can I go out to get sardines for you for tomorrow?” “No. Go and play baseball. I can still row and Rogelio will throw the net.” “I would like to go. If I cannot fish with you. I would like to serve in some way.” “You bought me a beer,” the old man said. “You are already a man.” “How old was I when you first took me in a boat?” “Five and you nearly were killed when I brought the fish in too green and he nearly tore the boat to pieces. Can you remember?” “I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing. I can remember you throwing me into the bow where the wet coiled lines were and feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell all over me.” [12] “Can

NHỮNG YẾU TỐ TÁC DỘNG ĐẾN Ý ĐỊNH
SỬ DỤNG VÍ ĐIỆN TỬ CỦA NGƯỜI DÂN
Ở MIỀN BẮC VIỆT NAM

it to you?” “I remember everything from when we first went together.” The old man looked at him with his sun-burned, confident loving eyes. “If you were my boy I’d take you out and gamble,” he said. “But you are your father’s and your mother’s and you are in a lucky boat.” “May I get the sardines? I know where I can get four baits too.” “I have mine left from today. I put them in salt in the box.” “Let me get four fresh ones.” “One,” the old man said. His hope and his confidence had never gone. But now they were freshening as when the breeze rises. “Two,” the boy said. “Two,” the old man agreed. “You didn’t steal them?” “I would,” the boy said. “But I bought these.” “Thank you,” the old man said. He was too simple to wonder when he had attained humility. But he [13] knew he had attained it and he knew it was not disgraceful and it carried no loss of true pride. “Tomorrow is going to be a good day with this current,” he said. “Where are you going?” the boy asked. “Far out to come in when the wind shifts. I want to be out before it is light.” “I’ll try to get him to work far out,” the boy said. “Then if you hook something truly big we can come to your aid.” “He does not like to work too far out.” “No,” the boy said. “But I will see something that he cannot see such as a bird working and get him to come out after dolphin.” “Are his eyes that bad?” “He is

said. “He never went turtle-ing. That is what kills the eyes.” “But you went turtle-ing for years off the Mosquito Coast and your eyes are good.” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 3 “I am a strange old man” “But are you strong enough now for a truly big fish?” “I think so. And there are many tricks.” [14] “Let us take the stuff home,” the boy said. “So I can get the cast net and go after the sardines.” They picked up the gear from the boat. The old man carried the mast on his shoulder and the boy carried the wooden boat with the coiled, hard-braided brown lines, the gaff and the harpoon with its shaft. The box with the baits was under the stern of the skiff along with the club that was used to subdue the big fish when they were brought alongside. No one would steal from the old man but it was better to take the sail and the heavy lines home as the dew was bad for them and, though he was quite sure no local people would steal from him, the old man thought that a gaff and a harpoon were needless temptations to leave in a boat. They walked up the road together to the old man’s shack and went in through its open door. The old man leaned the mast with its wrapped sail against the wall and the boy put the box and the other gear beside it. The mast was nearly as long as the one room of the shack. The shack was made of the toug

called guano and in it there was a bed, a table, one chair, and a place on the dirt floor to cook with charcoal. On the brown walls of the flattened, overlapping leaves of the sturdy fibered [15] guano there was a picture in color of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and another of the Virgin of Cobre. These were relics of his wife. Once there had been a tinted photograph of his wife on the wall but he had taken it down because it made him too lonely to see it and it was on the shelf in the corner under his clean shirt. “What do you have to eat?” the boy asked. “A pot of yellow rice with fish. Do you want some?” “No. I will eat at home. Do you want me to make the fire?” “No. I will make it later on. Or I may eat the rice cold.” “May I take the cast net?” “Of course.” There was no cast net and the boy remembered when they had sold it. But they went through this fiction every day. There was no pot of yellow rice and fish and the boy knew this too. “Eighty-five is a lucky number,” the old man said. “How would you like to see me bring one in that dressed out over a thousand pounds?” “I’ll get the cast net and go for sardines. Will you sit in the sun in the doorway?” [16] “Yes. I have yesterday’s paper and I will read the baseball.” The boy did not know whether yesterday’s paper was a fiction too. But the old man brought it out from under the bed. “Perico gave it t

back when I have the sardines. I’ll keep yours and mine together on ice and we can share them in the morning. When I come back you can tell me about the baseball.” “The Yankees cannot lose.” “But I fear the Indians of Cleveland.” “Have faith in the Yankees my son. Think of the great DiMaggio.” “I fear both the Tigers of Detroit and the Indians of Cleveland.” “Be careful or you will fear even the Reds of Cincinnati and the White Sax of Chicago.” “You study it and tell me when I come back.” “Do you think we should buy a terminal of the lottery with an eighty-five? Tomorrow is the eighty-fifth day.” “We can do that,” the boy said. “But what about the eighty-seven of your great record?” [17] “It could not happen twice. Do you think you can find an eighty-five?” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 4 “I can order one. “One sheet. That’s two dollars and a half. Who can we borrow that from?” “That’s easy. I can always borrow two dollars and a half.” “I think perhaps I can too. But I try not to borrow. First you borrow. Then you beg.” “Keep warm old man,” the boy said. “Remember we are in September.” “The month when the great fish come,” the old man said. “Anyone can be a fisherman in May.” “I go now for the sardines,” the boy said. When the boy came back the old man was asleep in the chair and the sun was down. The boy took the

over the back of the chair and over the old man’s shoulders. They were strange shoulders, still powerful although very old, and the neck was still strong too and the creases did not show so much when the old man was asleep and his head fallen forward. His shirt had been patched so many times that it was like the sail and the patches were faded to many different shades by the sun. The [18] old man’s head was very old though and with his eyes closed there was no life in his face. The newspaper lay across his knees and the weight of his arm held it there in the evening breeze. He was barefooted. The boy left him there and when he came back the old man was still asleep. “Wake up old man,” the boy said and put his hand on one of the old man’s knees. The old man opened his eyes and for a moment he was coming back from a long way away. Then he smiled. “What have you got?” he asked. “Supper,” said the boy. “We’re going to have supper.” “I’m not very hungry.” “Come on and eat. You can’t fish and not eat.” “I have,” the old man said getting up and taking the newspaper and folding it. Then he started to fold the blanket. “Keep the blanket around you,” the boy said. “You’ll not fish without eating while I’m alive.” “Then live a long time and take care of yourself,” the old man said. “What are we eating?” “Black beans and rice, fried ba

brought them in a two-decker metal container from the Terrace. The two sets of knives and forks and spoons were in his pocket with a paper napkin wrapped around each set. “Who gave this to you?” “Martin. The owner.” “I must thank him.” “I thanked him already,” the boy said. “You don’t need to thank him.” “I’ll give him the belly meat of a big fish,” the old man said. “Has he done this for us more than once?” “I think so.” “I must give him something more than the belly meat then. He is very thoughtful for us.” “He sent two beers.” “I like the beer in cans best.” “I know. But this is in bottles, Hatuey beer, and I take back the bottles.” “That’s very kind of you,” the old man said. “Should we eat?” “I’ve been asking you to,” the boy told him gently. “I have not wished to open the container until you were ready.” [20] “I’m ready now,” the old man said. “I only needed time to wash.” Where did you wash? the boy thought. The village water supply was two streets down the road. I must have water here for him, the boy thought, and soap and a good towel. Why am I so Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 5 thoughtless? I must get him another shirt and a jacket for the winter and some sort of shoes and another blanket. “Your stew is excellent,” the old man said. “Tell me about the baseball,” the boy asked him. “In the American League it is the Yan

“They lost today,” the boy told him. “That means nothing. The great DiMaggio is himself again.” “They have other men on the team.” “Naturally. But he makes the difference. In the other league, between Brooklyn and Philadelphia I must take Brooklyn. But then I think of Dick Sisler and those great drives In the old park.” “There was nothing ever like them. He hits the longest ball I have ever seen.” “Do you remember when he used to come to the Terrace?” [21] “I wanted to take him fishing but I was too timid to ask him. Then I asked you to ask him and you were too timid.” “I know. It was a great mistake. He might have gone with us. Then we would have that for all of our lives.” “I would like to take the great DiMaggio fishing,” the old man said. “They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are and would understand.” “The great Sisler’s father was never poor and he, the father, was playing in the Big Leagues when he was my age.” “When I was your age I was before the mast on a square rigged ship that ran to Africa and I have seen lions on the beaches in the evening.” “I know. You told me.” “Should we talk about Africa or about baseball?” “Baseball I think,” the boy said. “Tell me about the great John J. McGraw.” He said Jota for J. “He used to come to the Terrace sometimes too in the older days. But he was rough and

Trần Văn Hùng
Viện Quản trị Kinh doanh, Trường Đại học Kinh tế Quốc dân
Email:
Lê Hồng Quyết
Viện Quản trị Kinh doanh, trường Đại học Kinh tế Quốc dân
Email:

factors, in which there are 3 factors “Trust”, “Perceived usefulness”, and “Perceived ease of
use” which have a positive impact on the intention to use E-wallets of people in the North of
our country. The fourth factor “Risk perception” has a negative impact on the intention to use
E-wallets of people in the North of our country. The study has provided empirical evidence
in the context of the Covid 19 pandemic. The article proposed specific recommendations to
E-wallet users and E-wallet service providers to promote Vietnamese people to use E-wallets
in the coming time.
Keywords: E-wallet, intention to use E-wallets.
JEL code: A31.
1. Giới thiệu
Cuộc cách mạng công nghiệp 4.0, thời đại trí tuệ nhân tạo tạo cơ hội cho sự ra đời và phát triển của ví điện
tử trên thế giới và Việt Nam. Từ năm 1997, hãng Coca Cola đầu tiên cho ra mắt ví điện tử của hãng đến ngày
nay, đã có rất nhiều ví điện tử nổi tiếng ở trên thế giới và ở Việt Nam. Ở Việt Nam, đó là ví điện tử mang các
thương hiệu như ví điện tử Shopee, ví điện tử Grap Moca, ví điện tử MoMo.

Số 308(2) tháng 2/2023

92

He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish. In the first forty days a boy had been with him. But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week. It made the boy sad to see the old man come in each day with his skiff empty and he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast. The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat. The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck. The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its [9] reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks. The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords. But none of these scars were fresh. They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert. Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated. “Santiago,” the boy said to him as they climbed the bank from where the skiff w

We’ve made some money.” The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him. “No,” the old man said. “You’re with a lucky boat. Stay with them.” “But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones every day for three weeks.” “I remember,” the old man said. “I know you did not leave me because you doubted.” “It was papa made me leave. I am a boy and I must obey him.” “I know,” the old man said. “It is quite normal.” “He hasn’t much faith.” [10] “No,” the old man said. “But we have. Haven’t we?” ‘Yes,” the boy said. “Can I offer you a beer on the Terrace and then we’ll take the stuff home.” “Why not?” the old man said. “Between fishermen.” They sat on the Terrace and many of the fishermen made fun of the old man and he was not angry. Others, of the older fishermen, looked at him and were sad. But they did not show it and they spoke politely about the current and the depths they had drifted their lines at and the steady good weather and of what they had seen. The successful fishermen of that day were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them laid full length across two planks, with two men Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 2 staggering at the end of each plank, to the fish house where they waited for the ice truck to carry them to the market in Ha

taken them to the shark factory on the other side of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and tackle, their livers removed, their fins cut off and their hides skinned out and their flesh cut into strips for salting. When the wind was in the east a smell came across the harbour from the shark factory; but today there [11] was only the faint edge of the odour because the wind had backed into the north and then dropped off and it was pleasant and sunny on the Terrace. “Santiago,” the boy said. “Yes,” the old man said. He was holding his glass and thinking of many years ago. “Can I go out to get sardines for you for tomorrow?” “No. Go and play baseball. I can still row and Rogelio will throw the net.” “I would like to go. If I cannot fish with you. I would like to serve in some way.” “You bought me a beer,” the old man said. “You are already a man.” “How old was I when you first took me in a boat?” “Five and you nearly were killed when I brought the fish in too green and he nearly tore the boat to pieces. Can you remember?” “I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing. I can remember you throwing me into the bow where the wet coiled lines were and feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell all over me.” [12] “Can

Sử dụng ví điện tử là một xu hướng hiện đại ở Việt Nam với sự kết hợp giữa cơng nghệ tài chính hiện
đại với việc thanh toán chi trả trực tuyến trên các loại thị trường khác nhau. Theo đánh giá của Nam Khánh
(2021), “từ năm 2020 đến năm 2025, tỷ lệ tăng trưởng hàng năm kép của giá trị giao dịch qua ví điện tử tại
Việt Nam có thể lên tới 29%”. Tình hình trên địi hỏi những đơn vị kinh doanh ví điện tử cần hiểu rõ người

tiêu dùng Việt Nam sử dụng ví điện tử chịu tác động của những yếu tố nào. Từ đó có phương pháp quản trị
khoa học để thu hút ngày càng nhiều người tiêu dùng sử dụng ví điện tử mang nhãn hiệu của mình.
Cơng trình nghiên cứu này được tiến hành nhằm xây dựng mơ hình các yếu tố tác động đến ý định sử dụng
ví điện tử của người dân Việt Nam và xác định tầm quan trọng của các yếu tố tác động đến ý định sử dụng
ví điện tử của người dân Việt Nam, nghiên cứu điển hình tại một số tỉnh thành ở miền bắc Việt Nam trong
điều kiện của đại dịch Covid-19. Đây là cơ sở khoa học để đề xuất những giải pháp khuyến nghị với các nhà
kinh doanh ví điện tử ở Việt Nam thời gian tới. Sau đây là những nhiệm vụ nghiên cứu cụ thể:
- Tổng quan các cơng trình nghiên cứu trên thế giới và trong nước để đề xuất mơ hình nghiên cứu các yếu
tố ảnh hưởng đến ý định sử dụng ví điện tử của người dân Việt Nam.
- Rà sốt hồn thiện mơ hình nghiên cứu, thực hiện kiểm định mơ hình nghiên cứu với các công cụ
thống kê trên phần mềm SPSS phiên bản 22 gồm: phân tích nhân tố khám phá (EFA), kiểm định độ tin cậy
Cronbach’s Alpha, kiểm định tương quan Pearson, hồi quy đa biến và phân tích một chiều (One-way Anova).
- Kiểm định và đo lường mối quan hệ giữa các yếu tố (biến độc lập) với ý định sử dụng ví điện tử của
người dân (biến phụ thuộc). Từ đó, xác định thứ tự tầm quan trọng của những yếu tố tác động đến ý định sử
dụng ví điện tử của người dân.
- Kiểm định sự khác biệt trong tác động của từng yếu tố giữa các đối tượng người dân khác nhau đến ý
định sử dụng ví điện tử.
- Đề xuất các giải pháp kiến nghị với các nhãn hiệu ví điện tử để các nhãn hiệu này thu hút nhiều hơn sự
tham gia tích cực của người dân trong việc sử dụng ví điện tử của họ.
2. Tổng quan nghiên cứu và cơ sở lý thuyết
2.1. Ví điện tử và các loại ví điện tử
Theo các nghiên cứu như nghiên cứu của Shaw (2014), Delafrooz & cộng sự (2011), ví điện tử là phương
thức thanh tốn khơng dùng tiền mặt nhanh và hiệu quả được thay dùng tiền mặt trực tiếp bằng thanh toán
qua tin nhắn. Thơng qua ví điện tử, người tiêu dùng có thể thực hiện việc thanh toán tại điểm bán hoặc trực
tuyến một cách dễ ràng, thuận tiện. Ngồi cơng dụng thanh tốn, ví điện tử cịn có nhiều cơng dụng khác
nữa như có thể lưu giữ các thơng tin cá nhân, lịch sử các giao dịch, và cho phép thực hiện các giao dịch từ
xa giữa người mua, người bán và các đơn vị dịch vụ có liên quan.
Ví điện tử có nhiều loại được phân loại theo các cách khác nhau tùy theo mục đích khác nhau. Căn cứ vào
quan hệ giữa nhà phát hành ví điện tử và người dùng cuối cùng ví điện tử, nhà khoa học Juyal (2011) phân
loại ví điện tử thành 3 loại: Ví điện tử đóng (Closed e-wallet), ví điện tử nửa kín (Semi-closed e-wallet), ví

điện tử mở (Open e-wallet).
Ví điện tử đóng là ví được phát hành bởi một cơng ty, thường là doanh nghiệp bán lẻ hoặc kinh doanh trực
tuyến, cho khách hàng của họ để mua hàng hóa và dịch vụ độc quyền từ cơng ty đó, nhưng khơng cho phép
người dùng rút tiền hoặc thay đổi số dư trong đó thành tiền trong tài khoản ngân hàng. Tiêu biểu cho loại ví
điện tử đóng này có thể kể đến ví điện tử Amazon, ví điện tử Myntra và ví điện tử Shopee.
Khác với ví điện tử đóng, ví điện tử nửa kín có thể sử dụng để mua hàng hóa và dịch vụ, bao gồm cả dịch
vụ tài chính, tại các địa điểm và người bán được liên kết với ví thơng qua nhà phát hành, nhưng khơng bị hạn
chế chỉ mua sản phẩm dịch vụ từ nhà phát hành. Ví dụ cho loại ví điện tử nửa kín là ví điện tử Grab Moca,
ví điện tử Airpay, ví điện tử Momo. Với ví điện tử nửa kín, người dùng khơng thể rút tiền mặt từ tài khoản
ví của mình, nhưng họ có thể đổi số dư trong ví của mình thành tiền trong tài khoản ngân hàng được kết nối
với ví điện tử mà nó có mạng lưới liên kết.
Ví điện tử mở cho phép người dùng có thể sử dụng chúng cho bất kỳ giao dịch nào mà ví nửa kín cho
phép, bao gồm chuyển tiền và rút tiền từ máy ATM và ngân hàng. Tại Việt Nam và nhiều nơi trên thế giới,
ví này chỉ có thể được phát hành bởi các ngân hàng, đơn vị hợp tác với các ngân hàng lớn, ví dụ ví điện tử
do Liên Việt Postbank và Viettel phát hành.

it to you?” “I remember everything from when we first went together.” The old man looked at him with his sun-burned, confident loving eyes. “If you were my boy I’d take you out and gamble,” he said. “But you are your father’s and your mother’s and you are in a lucky boat.” “May I get the sardines? I know where I can get four baits too.” “I have mine left from today. I put them in salt in the box.” “Let me get four fresh ones.” “One,” the old man said. His hope and his confidence had never gone. But now they were freshening as when the breeze rises. “Two,” the boy said. “Two,” the old man agreed. “You didn’t steal them?” “I would,” the boy said. “But I bought these.” “Thank you,” the old man said. He was too simple to wonder when he had attained humility. But he [13] knew he had attained it and he knew it was not disgraceful and it carried no loss of true pride. “Tomorrow is going to be a good day with this current,” he said. “Where are you going?” the boy asked. “Far out to come in when the wind shifts. I want to be out before it is light.” “I’ll try to get him to work far out,” the boy said. “Then if you hook something truly big we can come to your aid.” “He does not like to work too far out.” “No,” the boy said. “But I will see something that he cannot see such as a bird working and get him to come out after dolphin.” “Are his eyes that bad?” “He is

said. “He never went turtle-ing. That is what kills the eyes.” “But you went turtle-ing for years off the Mosquito Coast and your eyes are good.” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 3 “I am a strange old man” “But are you strong enough now for a truly big fish?” “I think so. And there are many tricks.” [14] “Let us take the stuff home,” the boy said. “So I can get the cast net and go after the sardines.” They picked up the gear from the boat. The old man carried the mast on his shoulder and the boy carried the wooden boat with the coiled, hard-braided brown lines, the gaff and the harpoon with its shaft. The box with the baits was under the stern of the skiff along with the club that was used to subdue the big fish when they were brought alongside. No one would steal from the old man but it was better to take the sail and the heavy lines home as the dew was bad for them and, though he was quite sure no local people would steal from him, the old man thought that a gaff and a harpoon were needless temptations to leave in a boat. They walked up the road together to the old man’s shack and went in through its open door. The old man leaned the mast with its wrapped sail against the wall and the boy put the box and the other gear beside it. The mast was nearly as long as the one room of the shack. The shack was made of the toug

called guano and in it there was a bed, a table, one chair, and a place on the dirt floor to cook with charcoal. On the brown walls of the flattened, overlapping leaves of the sturdy fibered [15] guano there was a picture in color of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and another of the Virgin of Cobre. These were relics of his wife. Once there had been a tinted photograph of his wife on the wall but he had taken it down because it made him too lonely to see it and it was on the shelf in the corner under his clean shirt. “What do you have to eat?” the boy asked. “A pot of yellow rice with fish. Do you want some?” “No. I will eat at home. Do you want me to make the fire?” “No. I will make it later on. Or I may eat the rice cold.” “May I take the cast net?” “Of course.” There was no cast net and the boy remembered when they had sold it. But they went through this fiction every day. There was no pot of yellow rice and fish and the boy knew this too. “Eighty-five is a lucky number,” the old man said. “How would you like to see me bring one in that dressed out over a thousand pounds?” “I’ll get the cast net and go for sardines. Will you sit in the sun in the doorway?” [16] “Yes. I have yesterday’s paper and I will read the baseball.” The boy did not know whether yesterday’s paper was a fiction too. But the old man brought it out from under the bed. “Perico gave it t

back when I have the sardines. I’ll keep yours and mine together on ice and we can share them in the morning. When I come back you can tell me about the baseball.” “The Yankees cannot lose.” “But I fear the Indians of Cleveland.” “Have faith in the Yankees my son. Think of the great DiMaggio.” “I fear both the Tigers of Detroit and the Indians of Cleveland.” “Be careful or you will fear even the Reds of Cincinnati and the White Sax of Chicago.” “You study it and tell me when I come back.” “Do you think we should buy a terminal of the lottery with an eighty-five? Tomorrow is the eighty-fifth day.” “We can do that,” the boy said. “But what about the eighty-seven of your great record?” [17] “It could not happen twice. Do you think you can find an eighty-five?” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 4 “I can order one. “One sheet. That’s two dollars and a half. Who can we borrow that from?” “That’s easy. I can always borrow two dollars and a half.” “I think perhaps I can too. But I try not to borrow. First you borrow. Then you beg.” “Keep warm old man,” the boy said. “Remember we are in September.” “The month when the great fish come,” the old man said. “Anyone can be a fisherman in May.” “I go now for the sardines,” the boy said. When the boy came back the old man was asleep in the chair and the sun was down. The boy took the

over the back of the chair and over the old man’s shoulders. They were strange shoulders, still powerful although very old, and the neck was still strong too and the creases did not show so much when the old man was asleep and his head fallen forward. His shirt had been patched so many times that it was like the sail and the patches were faded to many different shades by the sun. The [18] old man’s head was very old though and with his eyes closed there was no life in his face. The newspaper lay across his knees and the weight of his arm held it there in the evening breeze. He was barefooted. The boy left him there and when he came back the old man was still asleep. “Wake up old man,” the boy said and put his hand on one of the old man’s knees. The old man opened his eyes and for a moment he was coming back from a long way away. Then he smiled. “What have you got?” he asked. “Supper,” said the boy. “We’re going to have supper.” “I’m not very hungry.” “Come on and eat. You can’t fish and not eat.” “I have,” the old man said getting up and taking the newspaper and folding it. Then he started to fold the blanket. “Keep the blanket around you,” the boy said. “You’ll not fish without eating while I’m alive.” “Then live a long time and take care of yourself,” the old man said. “What are we eating?” “Black beans and rice, fried ba

brought them in a two-decker metal container from the Terrace. The two sets of knives and forks and spoons were in his pocket with a paper napkin wrapped around each set. “Who gave this to you?” “Martin. The owner.” “I must thank him.” “I thanked him already,” the boy said. “You don’t need to thank him.” “I’ll give him the belly meat of a big fish,” the old man said. “Has he done this for us more than once?” “I think so.” “I must give him something more than the belly meat then. He is very thoughtful for us.” “He sent two beers.” “I like the beer in cans best.” “I know. But this is in bottles, Hatuey beer, and I take back the bottles.” “That’s very kind of you,” the old man said. “Should we eat?” “I’ve been asking you to,” the boy told him gently. “I have not wished to open the container until you were ready.” [20] “I’m ready now,” the old man said. “I only needed time to wash.” Where did you wash? the boy thought. The village water supply was two streets down the road. I must have water here for him, the boy thought, and soap and a good towel. Why am I so Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 5 thoughtless? I must get him another shirt and a jacket for the winter and some sort of shoes and another blanket. “Your stew is excellent,” the old man said. “Tell me about the baseball,” the boy asked him. “In the American League it is the Yan

“They lost today,” the boy told him. “That means nothing. The great DiMaggio is himself again.” “They have other men on the team.” “Naturally. But he makes the difference. In the other league, between Brooklyn and Philadelphia I must take Brooklyn. But then I think of Dick Sisler and those great drives In the old park.” “There was nothing ever like them. He hits the longest ball I have ever seen.” “Do you remember when he used to come to the Terrace?” [21] “I wanted to take him fishing but I was too timid to ask him. Then I asked you to ask him and you were too timid.” “I know. It was a great mistake. He might have gone with us. Then we would have that for all of our lives.” “I would like to take the great DiMaggio fishing,” the old man said. “They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are and would understand.” “The great Sisler’s father was never poor and he, the father, was playing in the Big Leagues when he was my age.” “When I was your age I was before the mast on a square rigged ship that ran to Africa and I have seen lions on the beaches in the evening.” “I know. You told me.” “Should we talk about Africa or about baseball?” “Baseball I think,” the boy said. “Tell me about the great John J. McGraw.” He said Jota for J. “He used to come to the Terrace sometimes too in the older days. But he was rough and

drinking. His mind was on horses as well as baseball. At least he carried lists of [22] horses at all times in his pocket and frequently spoke the names of horses on the telephone.” “He was a great manager,” the boy said. “My father thinks he was the greatest.” “Because he came here the most times,” the old man said. “If Durocher had continued to come here each year your father would think him the greatest manager.” “Who is the greatest manager, really, Luque or Mike Gonzalez?” “I think they are equal.” “And the best fisherman is you.” “No. I know others better.” “Que Va,” the boy said. “There are many good fishermen and some great ones. But there is only you.” “Thank you. You make me happy. I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong.” “There is no such fish if you are still strong as you say.” “I may not be as strong as I think,” the old man said. “But I know many tricks and I have resolution.” “You ought to go to bed now so that you will be fresh in the morning. I will take the things back to the Terrace.” [23] “Good night then. I will wake you in the morning.” “You’re my alarm clock,” the boy said. Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 6 “Age is my alarm clock,” the old man said. “Why do old men wake so early? Is it to have one longer day?” “I don’t know,” the boy said. “All I know is that young boys sleep la

man said. “I’ll waken you in time.” “I do not like for him to waken me. It is as though I were inferior.” “I know.” “Sleep well old man.” The boy went out. They had eaten with no light on the table and the old man took off his trousers and went to bed in the dark. He rolled his trousers up to make a pillow, putting the newspaper inside them. He rolled himself in the blanket and slept on the other old newspapers that covered the springs of the bed. He was asleep in a short time and he dreamed of Africa when he was a boy and the long golden beaches and the white beaches, so white they hurt your eyes, and the high capes and the great brown mountains. He lived along that coast now every night and in his dreams he heard the surf roar and saw the native boats [24] come riding through it. He smelled the tar and oakum of the deck as he slept and he smelled the smell of Africa that the land breeze brought at morning. Usually when he smelled the land breeze he woke up and dressed to go and wake the boy. But tonight the smell of the land breeze came very early and he knew it was too early in his dream and went on dreaming to see the white peaks of the Islands rising from the sea and then he dreamed of the different harbours and roadsteads of the Canary Islands. He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of great occurrences, n

strength, nor of his wife. He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach. They played like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy. He never dreamed about the boy. He simply woke, looked out the open door at the moon and unrolled his trousers and put them on. He urinated outside the shack and then went up the road to wake the boy. He was shivering with the morning cold. But he knew he would shiver himself warm and that soon he would be rowing. The door of the house where the boy lived was unlocked and he opened it and walked in quietly with his [25] bare feet. The boy was asleep on a cot in the first room and the old man could see him clearly with the light that came in from the dying moon. He took hold of one foot gently and held it until the boy woke and turned and looked at him. The old man nodded and the boy took his trousers from the chair by the bed and, sitting on the bed, pulled them on. The old man went out the door and the boy came after him. He was sleepy and the old man put his arm across his shoulders and said, “I am sorry.” “Qua Va,” the boy said. “It is what a man must do.” They walked down the road to the old man’s shack and all along the road, in the dark, barefoot men were moving, carrying the masts of their boats. When they reached the old man’s shack the boy

harpoon and gaff and the old man carried the mast with the furled sail on his shoulder. “Do you want coffee?” the boy asked. “We’ll put the gear in the boat and then get some.” They had coffee from condensed milk cans at an early morning place that served fishermen. “How did you sleep old man?” the boy asked. He [26] was waking up now although it was still hard for him to leave his sleep. “Very well, Manolin,” the old man said. “I feel confident today.” “So do I,” the boy said. “Now I must get your sardines and mine and your fresh baits. He brings our gear himself. He never wants anyone to carry anything.” “We’re different,” the old man said. “I let you carry things when you were five years old.”

Số 308(2) tháng 2/2023

93

phép, bao gồm chuyển tiền và rút tiền từ máy ATM và ngân hàng. Tại Việt Nam và nhiều nơi trên thế
giới, ví này chỉ có thể được phát hành bởi các ngân hàng, đơn vị hợp tác với các ngân hàng lớn, ví dụ
ví điện tử do Liên Việt Postbank và Viettel phát hành.

He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish. In the first forty days a boy had been with him. But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week. It made the boy sad to see the old man come in each day with his skiff empty and he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast. The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat. The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck. The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its [9] reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks. The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords. But none of these scars were fresh. They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert. Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated. “Santiago,” the boy said to him as they climbed the bank from where the skiff w

2.2. Các mơ hình nghiên cứu nhân tố tác động đến ý định hành vi của người tiêu dùng

We’ve made some money.” The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him. “No,” the old man said. “You’re with a lucky boat. Stay with them.” “But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones every day for three weeks.” “I remember,” the old man said. “I know you did not leave me because you doubted.” “It was papa made me leave. I am a boy and I must obey him.” “I know,” the old man said. “It is quite normal.” “He hasn’t much faith.” [10] “No,” the old man said. “But we have. Haven’t we?” ‘Yes,” the boy said. “Can I offer you a beer on the Terrace and then we’ll take the stuff home.” “Why not?” the old man said. “Between fishermen.” They sat on the Terrace and many of the fishermen made fun of the old man and he was not angry. Others, of the older fishermen, looked at him and were sad. But they did not show it and they spoke politely about the current and the depths they had drifted their lines at and the steady good weather and of what they had seen. The successful fishermen of that day were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them laid full length across two planks, with two men Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 2 staggering at the end of each plank, to the fish house where they waited for the ice truck to carry them to the market in Ha

2.2.1. Thuyết hành động hợp lý (TRA)

taken them to the shark factory on the other side of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and tackle, their livers removed, their fins cut off and their hides skinned out and their flesh cut into strips for salting. When the wind was in the east a smell came across the harbour from the shark factory; but today there [11] was only the faint edge of the odour because the wind had backed into the north and then dropped off and it was pleasant and sunny on the Terrace. “Santiago,” the boy said. “Yes,” the old man said. He was holding his glass and thinking of many years ago. “Can I go out to get sardines for you for tomorrow?” “No. Go and play baseball. I can still row and Rogelio will throw the net.” “I would like to go. If I cannot fish with you. I would like to serve in some way.” “You bought me a beer,” the old man said. “You are already a man.” “How old was I when you first took me in a boat?” “Five and you nearly were killed when I brought the fish in too green and he nearly tore the boat to pieces. Can you remember?” “I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing. I can remember you throwing me into the bow where the wet coiled lines were and feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell all over me.” [12] “Can

2.2. Các mơ hình nghiên cứu nhân tố tác động đến ý định hành vi của người tiêu dùng

it to you?” “I remember everything from when we first went together.” The old man looked at him with his sun-burned, confident loving eyes. “If you were my boy I’d take you out and gamble,” he said. “But you are your father’s and your mother’s and you are in a lucky boat.” “May I get the sardines? I know where I can get four baits too.” “I have mine left from today. I put them in salt in the box.” “Let me get four fresh ones.” “One,” the old man said. His hope and his confidence had never gone. But now they were freshening as when the breeze rises. “Two,” the boy said. “Two,” the old man agreed. “You didn’t steal them?” “I would,” the boy said. “But I bought these.” “Thank you,” the old man said. He was too simple to wonder when he had attained humility. But he [13] knew he had attained it and he knew it was not disgraceful and it carried no loss of true pride. “Tomorrow is going to be a good day with this current,” he said. “Where are you going?” the boy asked. “Far out to come in when the wind shifts. I want to be out before it is light.” “I’ll try to get him to work far out,” the boy said. “Then if you hook something truly big we can come to your aid.” “He does not like to work too far out.” “No,” the boy said. “But I will see something that he cannot see such as a bird working and get him to come out after dolphin.” “Are his eyes that bad?” “He is

Thuyết hành động hợp lý (TRA) được các nhà khoa học Fishbein và Ajzen nghiên cứu và giới thiệu

said. “He never went turtle-ing. That is what kills the eyes.” “But you went turtle-ing for years off the Mosquito Coast and your eyes are good.” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 3 “I am a strange old man” “But are you strong enough now for a truly big fish?” “I think so. And there are many tricks.” [14] “Let us take the stuff home,” the boy said. “So I can get the cast net and go after the sardines.” They picked up the gear from the boat. The old man carried the mast on his shoulder and the boy carried the wooden boat with the coiled, hard-braided brown lines, the gaff and the harpoon with its shaft. The box with the baits was under the stern of the skiff along with the club that was used to subdue the big fish when they were brought alongside. No one would steal from the old man but it was better to take the sail and the heavy lines home as the dew was bad for them and, though he was quite sure no local people would steal from him, the old man thought that a gaff and a harpoon were needless temptations to leave in a boat. They walked up the road together to the old man’s shack and went in through its open door. The old man leaned the mast with its wrapped sail against the wall and the boy put the box and the other gear beside it. The mast was nearly as long as the one room of the shack. The shack was made of the toug

2.2.1.
hợp lýtiếp
(TRA)
lầnThuyết
đầu tiênhành
vào động
năm 1967,
tục được sửa đổi và hoàn thiện vào các năm 1975, 1988 và 1991.
Thuyết
hành
động
hợp
lý
(TRA)
được
nhàhưởng
khoa đến
học hành
Fishbein
vàcon
Ajzen
nghiên
cứu thực
và giới
Theo lý thuyết này (xem Hình 1), yếucác

tố ảnh
vi của
người
là ý định
hiệnthiệu lần
hành
đó. Ý
định tiếp
thựctục
hiệnđược
hànhsửa
vi đó
quyếtthiện
định vào
bởi hai
là thái
độ của
con người
đầu tiên
vàovinăm
1967,
đổiđược
và hồn
cácnhân
năm tố
1975,
1988
và 1991.
Theovềlý thuyết
hànhHình

vi đó1),
và yếu
các nhân
tố hưởng
thuộc về
chủhành
quanvicủa
người
nhưlàkinh
nghiệm,
cách vi
sống,
này (xem
tố ảnh
đến
củacon
con
người
ý định
thực phong
hiện hành
đó. trình
Ý định thực
độ, tuổi
tác,được
giới quyết
tính. định bởi hai nhân tố là thái độ của con người về hành vi đó và các nhân tố thuộc
hiện hành
vi đó
về chủ quan của con người như kinh nghiệm, phong cách sống, trình độ, tuổi tác, giới tính.

called guano and in it there was a bed, a table, one chair, and a place on the dirt floor to cook with charcoal. On the brown walls of the flattened, overlapping leaves of the sturdy fibered [15] guano there was a picture in color of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and another of the Virgin of Cobre. These were relics of his wife. Once there had been a tinted photograph of his wife on the wall but he had taken it down because it made him too lonely to see it and it was on the shelf in the corner under his clean shirt. “What do you have to eat?” the boy asked. “A pot of yellow rice with fish. Do you want some?” “No. I will eat at home. Do you want me to make the fire?” “No. I will make it later on. Or I may eat the rice cold.” “May I take the cast net?” “Of course.” There was no cast net and the boy remembered when they had sold it. But they went through this fiction every day. There was no pot of yellow rice and fish and the boy knew this too. “Eighty-five is a lucky number,” the old man said. “How would you like to see me bring one in that dressed out over a thousand pounds?” “I’ll get the cast net and go for sardines. Will you sit in the sun in the doorway?” [16] “Yes. I have yesterday’s paper and I will read the baseball.” The boy did not know whether yesterday’s paper was a fiction too. But the old man brought it out from under the bed. “Perico gave it t

back when I have the sardines. I’ll keep yours and mine together on ice and we can share them in the morning. When I come back you can tell me about the baseball.” “The Yankees cannot lose.” “But I fear the Indians of Cleveland.” “Have faith in the Yankees my son. Think of the great DiMaggio.” “I fear both the Tigers of Detroit and the Indians of Cleveland.” “Be careful or you will fear even the Reds of Cincinnati and the White Sax of Chicago.” “You study it and tell me when I come back.” “Do you think we should buy a terminal of the lottery with an eighty-five? Tomorrow is the eighty-fifth day.” “We can do that,” the boy said. “But what about the eighty-seven of your great record?” [17] “It could not happen twice. Do you think you can find an eighty-five?” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 4 “I can order one. “One sheet. That’s two dollars and a half. Who can we borrow that from?” “That’s easy. I can always borrow two dollars and a half.” “I think perhaps I can too. But I try not to borrow. First you borrow. Then you beg.” “Keep warm old man,” the boy said. “Remember we are in September.” “The month when the great fish come,” the old man said. “Anyone can be a fisherman in May.” “I go now for the sardines,” the boy said. When the boy came back the old man was asleep in the chair and the sun was down. The boy took the

over the back of the chair and over the old man’s shoulders. They were strange shoulders, still powerful although very old, and the neck was still strong too and the creases did not show so much when the old man was asleep and his head fallen forward. His shirt had been patched so many times that it was like the sail and the patches were faded to many different shades by the sun. The [18] old man’s head was very old though and with his eyes closed there was no life in his face. The newspaper lay across his knees and the weight of his arm held it there in the evening breeze. He was barefooted. The boy left him there and when he came back the old man was still asleep. “Wake up old man,” the boy said and put his hand on one of the old man’s knees. The old man opened his eyes and for a moment he was coming back from a long way away. Then he smiled. “What have you got?” he asked. “Supper,” said the boy. “We’re going to have supper.” “I’m not very hungry.” “Come on and eat. You can’t fish and not eat.” “I have,” the old man said getting up and taking the newspaper and folding it. Then he started to fold the blanket. “Keep the blanket around you,” the boy said. “You’ll not fish without eating while I’m alive.” “Then live a long time and take care of yourself,” the old man said. “What are we eating?” “Black beans and rice, fried ba

brought them in a two-decker metal container from the Terrace. The two sets of knives and forks and spoons were in his pocket with a paper napkin wrapped around each set. “Who gave this to you?” “Martin. The owner.” “I must thank him.” “I thanked him already,” the boy said. “You don’t need to thank him.” “I’ll give him the belly meat of a big fish,” the old man said. “Has he done this for us more than once?” “I think so.” “I must give him something more than the belly meat then. He is very thoughtful for us.” “He sent two beers.” “I like the beer in cans best.” “I know. But this is in bottles, Hatuey beer, and I take back the bottles.” “That’s very kind of you,” the old man said. “Should we eat?” “I’ve been asking you to,” the boy told him gently. “I have not wished to open the container until you were ready.” [20] “I’m ready now,” the old man said. “I only needed time to wash.” Where did you wash? the boy thought. The village water supply was two streets down the road. I must have water here for him, the boy thought, and soap and a good towel. Why am I so Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 5 thoughtless? I must get him another shirt and a jacket for the winter and some sort of shoes and another blanket. “Your stew is excellent,” the old man said. “Tell me about the baseball,” the boy asked him. “In the American League it is the Yan

“They lost today,” the boy told him. “That means nothing. The great DiMaggio is himself again.” “They have other men on the team.” “Naturally. But he makes the difference. In the other league, between Brooklyn and Philadelphia I must take Brooklyn. But then I think of Dick Sisler and those great drives In the old park.” “There was nothing ever like them. He hits the longest ball I have ever seen.” “Do you remember when he used to come to the Terrace?” [21] “I wanted to take him fishing but I was too timid to ask him. Then I asked you to ask him and you were too timid.” “I know. It was a great mistake. He might have gone with us. Then we would have that for all of our lives.” “I would like to take the great DiMaggio fishing,” the old man said. “They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are and would understand.” “The great Sisler’s father was never poor and he, the father, was playing in the Big Leagues when he was my age.” “When I was your age I was before the mast on a square rigged ship that ran to Africa and I have seen lions on the beaches in the evening.” “I know. You told me.” “Should we talk about Africa or about baseball?” “Baseball I think,” the boy said. “Tell me about the great John J. McGraw.” He said Jota for J. “He used to come to the Terrace sometimes too in the older days. But he was rough and

drinking. His mind was on horses as well as baseball. At least he carried lists of [22] horses at all times in his pocket and frequently spoke the names of horses on the telephone.” “He was a great manager,” the boy said. “My father thinks he was the greatest.” “Because he came here the most times,” the old man said. “If Durocher had continued to come here each year your father would think him the greatest manager.” “Who is the greatest manager, really, Luque or Mike Gonzalez?” “I think they are equal.” “And the best fisherman is you.” “No. I know others better.” “Que Va,” the boy said. “There are many good fishermen and some great ones. But there is only you.” “Thank you. You make me happy. I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong.” “There is no such fish if you are still strong as you say.” “I may not be as strong as I think,” the old man said. “But I know many tricks and I have resolution.” “You ought to go to bed now so that you will be fresh in the morning. I will take the things back to the Terrace.” [23] “Good night then. I will wake you in the morning.” “You’re my alarm clock,” the boy said. Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 6 “Age is my alarm clock,” the old man said. “Why do old men wake so early? Is it to have one longer day?” “I don’t know,” the boy said. “All I know is that young boys sleep la

man said. “I’ll waken you in time.” “I do not like for him to waken me. It is as though I were inferior.” “I know.” “Sleep well old man.” The boy went out. They had eaten with no light on the table and the old man took off his trousers and went to bed in the dark. He rolled his trousers up to make a pillow, putting the newspaper inside them. He rolled himself in the blanket and slept on the other old newspapers that covered the springs of the bed. He was asleep in a short time and he dreamed of Africa when he was a boy and the long golden beaches and the white beaches, so white they hurt your eyes, and the high capes and the great brown mountains. He lived along that coast now every night and in his dreams he heard the surf roar and saw the native boats [24] come riding through it. He smelled the tar and oakum of the deck as he slept and he smelled the smell of Africa that the land breeze brought at morning. Usually when he smelled the land breeze he woke up and dressed to go and wake the boy. But tonight the smell of the land breeze came very early and he knew it was too early in his dream and went on dreaming to see the white peaks of the Islands rising from the sea and then he dreamed of the different harbours and roadsteads of the Canary Islands. He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of great occurrences, n

strength, nor of his wife. He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach. They played like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy. He never dreamed about the boy. He simply woke, looked out the open door at the moon and unrolled his trousers and put them on. He urinated outside the shack and then went up the road to wake the boy. He was shivering with the morning cold. But he knew he would shiver himself warm and that soon he would be rowing. The door of the house where the boy lived was unlocked and he opened it and walked in quietly with his [25] bare feet. The boy was asleep on a cot in the first room and the old man could see him clearly with the light that came in from the dying moon. He took hold of one foot gently and held it until the boy woke and turned and looked at him. The old man nodded and the boy took his trousers from the chair by the bed and, sitting on the bed, pulled them on. The old man went out the door and the boy came after him. He was sleepy and the old man put his arm across his shoulders and said, “I am sorry.” “Qua Va,” the boy said. “It is what a man must do.” They walked down the road to the old man’s shack and all along the road, in the dark, barefoot men were moving, carrying the masts of their boats. When they reached the old man’s shack the boy

Hình 1: Thuyết hành động hợp lý TRA

harpoon and gaff and the old man carried the mast with the furled sail on his shoulder. “Do you want coffee?” the boy asked. “We’ll put the gear in the boat and then get some.” They had coffee from condensed milk cans at an early morning place that served fishermen. “How did you sleep old man?” the boy asked. He [26] was waking up now although it was still hard for him to leave his sleep. “Very well, Manolin,” the old man said. “I feel confident today.” “So do I,” the boy said. “Now I must get your sardines and mine and your fresh baits. He brings our gear himself. He never wants anyone to carry anything.” “We’re different,” the old man said. “I let you carry things when you were five years old.”

Thái độ hướng tới
hành vi
Ý định
hành vi

Hành vi
thực sự

Nhân tố

chủ quan
Nguồn: Ajzen (1985).

Lý thuyết trên khá chung chung cho thấy hành động của một chủ thể chịu sự tác động trực tiếp bởi nhận
Lý quan
thuyếtcủa
trênhọ
kháđối
chung
chung cho
thấytính
hành
một dịch
chủ thể
sự táclạiđộng
thức chủ
với những
thuộc
củađộng
sảncủa
phẩm,
vụ chịu
sẽ mang
giá trực
trị gìtiếp
chobởi
họ khi họ
nhận
thức
chủ

quan
của
họ
đối
với
những
thuộc
tính
của
sản
phẩm,
dịch
vụ
sẽ
mang
lại
giá
trị
gì
cho
hướng hành vi của mình đến để có được sản phẩm, dịch vụ đó.
họ khi họ hướng hành vi của mình đến để có được sản phẩm, dịch vụ đó.
2.2.2.
Mơ hình chấp nhận cơng nghệ (TAM)

Mơ hình
chấp
nhận
cơng(TAM)
nghệ (TAM)

Mơ 2.2.2.
hình chấp
nhận
cơng
nghệ
được Davis và các cộng sự phát triển vào năm 1986 và được hồn
mơ
hình
hồn
thiện
sau
hai
lần
hồn
thiện
được
là TAM
2.năm
Theo1986
mơphát
hình
TAM,
hành
vi1986
và1,thái
độ
Mơ
hình
chấp
nhận

cơng
nghệ
(TAM)
được
Davis
và đời
các
cộng
sự
triển
vào
vàmơ
được
thiện sau hai lần vào các năm 1989 và 1993.
Mơgọi
hình
ra
được
gọi
là năm
TAM
và
hình hồn
của
một
chủ
thể
có
quan
hệ

nhân
quả
với
nhau
(xem
Hình
2).
hồnhai
thiện
haithiện
lần vào
cácgọi
nămlà1989
đời năm
1986
gọiđộ
là của
TAM
1, chủ
và thể có
thiện sau
lần sau
hồn
được
TAMvà2.1993.
TheoMơ
mơhình
hìnhraTAM,
hành
vi được

và thái
một
quan hệ nhân quả với nhau (xem Hình 2).
Hình 2: Mơ hình chấp nhận cơng nghệ (TAM 1)
Cảm nhận về
tính hữu dụng
Các biến
mơi trường

Thái
độ

Ý
định

Hành
động

Cảm nhận về việc
dễ sử dụng
Nguồn: Davis (1989).

Mơ hình chấp nhận cơng nghệ TAM 1 thể hiện mối quan hệ nhân quả giữa tính hữu dụng, sự dễ dàng sử
dụngMơ
củahình
cơng
nghệ
vàcơng
thái nghệ
độ của

người
sửhiện
dụng
đốiquan
với hệ
cơng
nghệ
mơ hình
chấp
nhận
TAM
1 thể
mối
nhân
quả đó.
giữaTheo
tính hữu
dụng,này,
sự dễhành
dàngđộng (quyết
định)
của
một
chủ
thể
để
thực
hiện
một
việc

gì
đó
phụ
thuộc
vào
dự
định
và
xa
hơn
nữa
là
thái
độ của người
sử dụng của cơng nghệ và thái độ của người sử dụng đối với công nghệ đó. Theo mơ hình này, hành
đó đối
với
cơng
việc
nào
đó.
Trong
đó,
thái
độ
của
họ
phụ
thuộc
vào

(1)
cảm
nhận
về
tính
hữu
dụng và (2)
động (quyết định) của một chủ thể để thực hiện một việc gì đó phụ thuộc vào dự định và xa hơn nữa
cảm nhận về việc dễ dàng sử dụng. Các cảm nhận đến lượt mình chịu sự tác động của các biến mơi trường
là thái độ của người đó đối với cơng việc nào đó. Trong đó, thái độ của họ phụ thuộc vào (1) cảm
như các biến quy trình cơng nghệ, kinh nghiệm, kiến thức hoặc trình độ đào tạo.
nhận về tính hữu dụng và (2) cảm nhận về việc dễ dàng sử dụng. Các cảm nhận đến lượt mình chịu sự
Về
cơ bản, mơ hình TAM có nhiều điểm chi tiết hơn mơ hình TRA khi nói đến tác động của các nhân tố
tác động của các biến môi trường như các biến quy trình cơng nghệ, kinh nghiệm, kiến thức hoặc trình
đến hành vi thực sự của một chủ thể. Hạn chế của mơ hình TAM là cho rằng tác động của biến mơi trường,
độ đào tạo.
bên ngồi là khơng lớn, gián tiếp.
Về cơ bản, mơ hình TAM có nhiều điểm chi tiết hơn mơ hình TRA khi nói đến tác động của các nhân
2.2.3. Một số mơ hình nghiên cứu khác
tố đến hành vi thực sự của một chủ thể. Hạn chế của mơ hình TAM là cho rằng tác động của biến mơi
Trong nhiều cơng trình nghiên cứu khác gần đây như nghiên cứu của Gefen (2000), Chen & Corkindale
trường, bên ngồi là khơng lớn, gián tiếp.
(2008), Shaw (2014) đã cho rằng nhân tố môi trường có ảnh hưởng lớn đến hành vi của người tiêu dùng và
số vào
mơ hình
cứu khác
nhờ 2.2.3.
đó bổMột
sung

mơ nghiên
hình nghiên
cứu TRA và TAM một nhân tố mới, nhân tố sự tin tưởng của người sử
Trong nhiều cơng trình nghiên cứu khác gần đây như nghiên cứu của Gefen (2000), Chen &

Corkindale
(2008),
Shaw (2014) đã cho rằng nhân tố94
mơi trường có ảnh hưởng lớn đến hành vi của
Số 308(2)
tháng
2/2023
người tiêu dùng và nhờ đó bổ sung vào mơ hình nghiên cứu TRA và TAM một nhân tố mới, nhân tố
sự tin tưởng của người sử dụng, một yếu tố không thể thiếu trong các giao dịch hay giao tiếp với công

He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish. In the first forty days a boy had been with him. But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week. It made the boy sad to see the old man come in each day with his skiff empty and he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast. The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat. The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck. The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its [9] reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks. The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords. But none of these scars were fresh. They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert. Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated. “Santiago,” the boy said to him as they climbed the bank from where the skiff w

We’ve made some money.” The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him. “No,” the old man said. “You’re with a lucky boat. Stay with them.” “But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones every day for three weeks.” “I remember,” the old man said. “I know you did not leave me because you doubted.” “It was papa made me leave. I am a boy and I must obey him.” “I know,” the old man said. “It is quite normal.” “He hasn’t much faith.” [10] “No,” the old man said. “But we have. Haven’t we?” ‘Yes,” the boy said. “Can I offer you a beer on the Terrace and then we’ll take the stuff home.” “Why not?” the old man said. “Between fishermen.” They sat on the Terrace and many of the fishermen made fun of the old man and he was not angry. Others, of the older fishermen, looked at him and were sad. But they did not show it and they spoke politely about the current and the depths they had drifted their lines at and the steady good weather and of what they had seen. The successful fishermen of that day were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them laid full length across two planks, with two men Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 2 staggering at the end of each plank, to the fish house where they waited for the ice truck to carry them to the market in Ha

taken them to the shark factory on the other side of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and tackle, their livers removed, their fins cut off and their hides skinned out and their flesh cut into strips for salting. When the wind was in the east a smell came across the harbour from the shark factory; but today there [11] was only the faint edge of the odour because the wind had backed into the north and then dropped off and it was pleasant and sunny on the Terrace. “Santiago,” the boy said. “Yes,” the old man said. He was holding his glass and thinking of many years ago. “Can I go out to get sardines for you for tomorrow?” “No. Go and play baseball. I can still row and Rogelio will throw the net.” “I would like to go. If I cannot fish with you. I would like to serve in some way.” “You bought me a beer,” the old man said. “You are already a man.” “How old was I when you first took me in a boat?” “Five and you nearly were killed when I brought the fish in too green and he nearly tore the boat to pieces. Can you remember?” “I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing. I can remember you throwing me into the bow where the wet coiled lines were and feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell all over me.” [12] “Can

dụng, một yếu tố không thể thiếu trong các giao dịch hay giao tiếp với công chúng.

it to you?” “I remember everything from when we first went together.” The old man looked at him with his sun-burned, confident loving eyes. “If you were my boy I’d take you out and gamble,” he said. “But you are your father’s and your mother’s and you are in a lucky boat.” “May I get the sardines? I know where I can get four baits too.” “I have mine left from today. I put them in salt in the box.” “Let me get four fresh ones.” “One,” the old man said. His hope and his confidence had never gone. But now they were freshening as when the breeze rises. “Two,” the boy said. “Two,” the old man agreed. “You didn’t steal them?” “I would,” the boy said. “But I bought these.” “Thank you,” the old man said. He was too simple to wonder when he had attained humility. But he [13] knew he had attained it and he knew it was not disgraceful and it carried no loss of true pride. “Tomorrow is going to be a good day with this current,” he said. “Where are you going?” the boy asked. “Far out to come in when the wind shifts. I want to be out before it is light.” “I’ll try to get him to work far out,” the boy said. “Then if you hook something truly big we can come to your aid.” “He does not like to work too far out.” “No,” the boy said. “But I will see something that he cannot see such as a bird working and get him to come out after dolphin.” “Are his eyes that bad?” “He is

said. “He never went turtle-ing. That is what kills the eyes.” “But you went turtle-ing for years off the Mosquito Coast and your eyes are good.” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 3 “I am a strange old man” “But are you strong enough now for a truly big fish?” “I think so. And there are many tricks.” [14] “Let us take the stuff home,” the boy said. “So I can get the cast net and go after the sardines.” They picked up the gear from the boat. The old man carried the mast on his shoulder and the boy carried the wooden boat with the coiled, hard-braided brown lines, the gaff and the harpoon with its shaft. The box with the baits was under the stern of the skiff along with the club that was used to subdue the big fish when they were brought alongside. No one would steal from the old man but it was better to take the sail and the heavy lines home as the dew was bad for them and, though he was quite sure no local people would steal from him, the old man thought that a gaff and a harpoon were needless temptations to leave in a boat. They walked up the road together to the old man’s shack and went in through its open door. The old man leaned the mast with its wrapped sail against the wall and the boy put the box and the other gear beside it. The mast was nearly as long as the one room of the shack. The shack was made of the toug

Khi tham gia vào các hoạt động hoặc giao dịch trực tuyến, có rất nhiều mối nguy hiểm cần xem xét trước
và sau khi sử dụng dịch vụ. Khi khách hàng không chắc chắn về chất lượng của sản phẩm, thương hiệu hoặc

dịch vụ trực tuyến, họ có thể lo lắng về sự chậm trễ vơ cớ trong việc giao sản phẩm, thanh tốn cho một sản
phẩm trước khi nhận được sản phẩm cũng như các hành động gian lận và hành động bất hợp pháp khác. Vì
vậy, Tarip & Eddaoudi (2009), Kim & cộng sự (2014), Yang & cộng sự (2015) đã bổ sung thêm nhân tố nhận
thức về rủi ro khi sử dụng sản phẩm dịch vụ như mất dữ liệu, gian lận tín dụng thẻ.

called guano and in it there was a bed, a table, one chair, and a place on the dirt floor to cook with charcoal. On the brown walls of the flattened, overlapping leaves of the sturdy fibered [15] guano there was a picture in color of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and another of the Virgin of Cobre. These were relics of his wife. Once there had been a tinted photograph of his wife on the wall but he had taken it down because it made him too lonely to see it and it was on the shelf in the corner under his clean shirt. “What do you have to eat?” the boy asked. “A pot of yellow rice with fish. Do you want some?” “No. I will eat at home. Do you want me to make the fire?” “No. I will make it later on. Or I may eat the rice cold.” “May I take the cast net?” “Of course.” There was no cast net and the boy remembered when they had sold it. But they went through this fiction every day. There was no pot of yellow rice and fish and the boy knew this too. “Eighty-five is a lucky number,” the old man said. “How would you like to see me bring one in that dressed out over a thousand pounds?” “I’ll get the cast net and go for sardines. Will you sit in the sun in the doorway?” [16] “Yes. I have yesterday’s paper and I will read the baseball.” The boy did not know whether yesterday’s paper was a fiction too. But the old man brought it out from under the bed. “Perico gave it t

back when I have the sardines. I’ll keep yours and mine together on ice and we can share them in the morning. When I come back you can tell me about the baseball.” “The Yankees cannot lose.” “But I fear the Indians of Cleveland.” “Have faith in the Yankees my son. Think of the great DiMaggio.” “I fear both the Tigers of Detroit and the Indians of Cleveland.” “Be careful or you will fear even the Reds of Cincinnati and the White Sax of Chicago.” “You study it and tell me when I come back.” “Do you think we should buy a terminal of the lottery with an eighty-five? Tomorrow is the eighty-fifth day.” “We can do that,” the boy said. “But what about the eighty-seven of your great record?” [17] “It could not happen twice. Do you think you can find an eighty-five?” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 4 “I can order one. “One sheet. That’s two dollars and a half. Who can we borrow that from?” “That’s easy. I can always borrow two dollars and a half.” “I think perhaps I can too. But I try not to borrow. First you borrow. Then you beg.” “Keep warm old man,” the boy said. “Remember we are in September.” “The month when the great fish come,” the old man said. “Anyone can be a fisherman in May.” “I go now for the sardines,” the boy said. When the boy came back the old man was asleep in the chair and the sun was down. The boy took the

over the back of the chair and over the old man’s shoulders. They were strange shoulders, still powerful although very old, and the neck was still strong too and the creases did not show so much when the old man was asleep and his head fallen forward. His shirt had been patched so many times that it was like the sail and the patches were faded to many different shades by the sun. The [18] old man’s head was very old though and with his eyes closed there was no life in his face. The newspaper lay across his knees and the weight of his arm held it there in the evening breeze. He was barefooted. The boy left him there and when he came back the old man was still asleep. “Wake up old man,” the boy said and put his hand on one of the old man’s knees. The old man opened his eyes and for a moment he was coming back from a long way away. Then he smiled. “What have you got?” he asked. “Supper,” said the boy. “We’re going to have supper.” “I’m not very hungry.” “Come on and eat. You can’t fish and not eat.” “I have,” the old man said getting up and taking the newspaper and folding it. Then he started to fold the blanket. “Keep the blanket around you,” the boy said. “You’ll not fish without eating while I’m alive.” “Then live a long time and take care of yourself,” the old man said. “What are we eating?” “Black beans and rice, fried ba

brought them in a two-decker metal container from the Terrace. The two sets of knives and forks and spoons were in his pocket with a paper napkin wrapped around each set. “Who gave this to you?” “Martin. The owner.” “I must thank him.” “I thanked him already,” the boy said. “You don’t need to thank him.” “I’ll give him the belly meat of a big fish,” the old man said. “Has he done this for us more than once?” “I think so.” “I must give him something more than the belly meat then. He is very thoughtful for us.” “He sent two beers.” “I like the beer in cans best.” “I know. But this is in bottles, Hatuey beer, and I take back the bottles.” “That’s very kind of you,” the old man said. “Should we eat?” “I’ve been asking you to,” the boy told him gently. “I have not wished to open the container until you were ready.” [20] “I’m ready now,” the old man said. “I only needed time to wash.” Where did you wash? the boy thought. The village water supply was two streets down the road. I must have water here for him, the boy thought, and soap and a good towel. Why am I so Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 5 thoughtless? I must get him another shirt and a jacket for the winter and some sort of shoes and another blanket. “Your stew is excellent,” the old man said. “Tell me about the baseball,” the boy asked him. “In the American League it is the Yan

“They lost today,” the boy told him. “That means nothing. The great DiMaggio is himself again.” “They have other men on the team.” “Naturally. But he makes the difference. In the other league, between Brooklyn and Philadelphia I must take Brooklyn. But then I think of Dick Sisler and those great drives In the old park.” “There was nothing ever like them. He hits the longest ball I have ever seen.” “Do you remember when he used to come to the Terrace?” [21] “I wanted to take him fishing but I was too timid to ask him. Then I asked you to ask him and you were too timid.” “I know. It was a great mistake. He might have gone with us. Then we would have that for all of our lives.” “I would like to take the great DiMaggio fishing,” the old man said. “They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are and would understand.” “The great Sisler’s father was never poor and he, the father, was playing in the Big Leagues when he was my age.” “When I was your age I was before the mast on a square rigged ship that ran to Africa and I have seen lions on the beaches in the evening.” “I know. You told me.” “Should we talk about Africa or about baseball?” “Baseball I think,” the boy said. “Tell me about the great John J. McGraw.” He said Jota for J. “He used to come to the Terrace sometimes too in the older days. But he was rough and

drinking. His mind was on horses as well as baseball. At least he carried lists of [22] horses at all times in his pocket and frequently spoke the names of horses on the telephone.” “He was a great manager,” the boy said. “My father thinks he was the greatest.” “Because he came here the most times,” the old man said. “If Durocher had continued to come here each year your father would think him the greatest manager.” “Who is the greatest manager, really, Luque or Mike Gonzalez?” “I think they are equal.” “And the best fisherman is you.” “No. I know others better.” “Que Va,” the boy said. “There are many good fishermen and some great ones. But there is only you.” “Thank you. You make me happy. I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong.” “There is no such fish if you are still strong as you say.” “I may not be as strong as I think,” the old man said. “But I know many tricks and I have resolution.” “You ought to go to bed now so that you will be fresh in the morning. I will take the things back to the Terrace.” [23] “Good night then. I will wake you in the morning.” “You’re my alarm clock,” the boy said. Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 6 “Age is my alarm clock,” the old man said. “Why do old men wake so early? Is it to have one longer day?” “I don’t know,” the boy said. “All I know is that young boys sleep la

man said. “I’ll waken you in time.” “I do not like for him to waken me. It is as though I were inferior.” “I know.” “Sleep well old man.” The boy went out. They had eaten with no light on the table and the old man took off his trousers and went to bed in the dark. He rolled his trousers up to make a pillow, putting the newspaper inside them. He rolled himself in the blanket and slept on the other old newspapers that covered the springs of the bed. He was asleep in a short time and he dreamed of Africa when he was a boy and the long golden beaches and the white beaches, so white they hurt your eyes, and the high capes and the great brown mountains. He lived along that coast now every night and in his dreams he heard the surf roar and saw the native boats [24] come riding through it. He smelled the tar and oakum of the deck as he slept and he smelled the smell of Africa that the land breeze brought at morning. Usually when he smelled the land breeze he woke up and dressed to go and wake the boy. But tonight the smell of the land breeze came very early and he knew it was too early in his dream and went on dreaming to see the white peaks of the Islands rising from the sea and then he dreamed of the different harbours and roadsteads of the Canary Islands. He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of great occurrences, n

Hình 3: Mơ hình nghiên cứu đề xuất những yếu tố tác động đến
ý định sử dụng ví điện tử của người dân ở các tỉnh miền Bắc Việt Nam

strength, nor of his wife. He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach. They played like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy. He never dreamed about the boy. He simply woke, looked out the open door at the moon and unrolled his trousers and put them on. He urinated outside the shack and then went up the road to wake the boy. He was shivering with the morning cold. But he knew he would shiver himself warm and that soon he would be rowing. The door of the house where the boy lived was unlocked and he opened it and walked in quietly with his [25] bare feet. The boy was asleep on a cot in the first room and the old man could see him clearly with the light that came in from the dying moon. He took hold of one foot gently and held it until the boy woke and turned and looked at him. The old man nodded and the boy took his trousers from the chair by the bed and, sitting on the bed, pulled them on. The old man went out the door and the boy came after him. He was sleepy and the old man put his arm across his shoulders and said, “I am sorry.” “Qua Va,” the boy said. “It is what a man must do.” They walked down the road to the old man’s shack and all along the road, in the dark, barefoot men were moving, carrying the masts of their boats. When they reached the old man’s shack the boy

harpoon and gaff and the old man carried the mast with the furled sail on his shoulder. “Do you want coffee?” the boy asked. “We’ll put the gear in the boat and then get some.” They had coffee from condensed milk cans at an early morning place that served fishermen. “How did you sleep old man?” the boy asked. He [26] was waking up now although it was still hard for him to leave his sleep. “Very well, Manolin,” the old man said. “I feel confident today.” “So do I,” the boy said. “Now I must get your sardines and mine and your fresh baits. He brings our gear himself. He never wants anyone to carry anything.” “We’re different,” the old man said. “I let you carry things when you were five years old.”

Sự tin tưởng (T)
H1+
Nhận thức rủi ro (PR)

H2 H3+

Ý định sử dụng ví
điện tử của người
dân (IT)

Nhận thức tính hữu ích (PU)
H4+
Nhận thức tính dễ sử dụng (PEOU)
Bảng 1: Những nhân tố và thang đo cho mơ hình nghiên cứu đề xuất
Nhân tố
Thang đo
Nguồn
Mơ tảđề xuất
Mã
Mơ tả
Mã hóa
Mơ hình được
đểhóa
kiểm định các giả thuyết sau:
Sự tin
T
Ví điện tử có đầy đủ các tính năng để bảo vệ an
T1
Gefen
Giả thuyếttưởng
H1: Sự tin tưởng có ảnh hưởng tích
định
ninhcực
chotới

tàiýsản
củasửtơidụng vi điện tử.
(2000),
Chen &
Ví ảnh
điệnhưởng
tử bảo tiêu
mật cực
thơng
chính
của tơi
T2
Giả thuyết H2: Nhận thức rủi ro có
tớitin
ý tài
định
sử dụng
ví điện tử.
Corkindale
Ví điện tử có đầy đủ các tính năng để bảo vệ
T3
Giả thuyết H3: Nhận thức tính hữu ích có hảnh
hưởng
cựctơi
tới ý định sử dụng vi điện tử. (2008),
quyền
riêngtích
tư của
Shaw
Vísử

điện
tử giữ
cho hưởng
dữ liệu tích
cá nhân
được
Giả thuyết H4: Nhận thức tính dễ
dụng
có ảnh
cực của
tới ýtơiđịnh
sử dụngT4
ví điện tử.
(2014)
an tồn
Từ mơ hình nghiên cứu đề xuất, nhóm nghiên
cứu
hợp
và hình
cho các biến trong
Ví điện
tử tổng
khơng
bị gian
lận thành thang đoT5
Nhận
thức
PR
Nhận
thấy

rủi
ro
cao
trong
các
giao
dịch
PR1
Tarip &
mơ hình (Bảng 1).
rủi ro
Eddaoudi
Mua phải sản phẩm khơng đúng với cam kết
PR2
Bảng 1: Những nhân
tốdịch
và thang
đogói,
chovận
mơchuyển,
hình nghiên
xuất (2009), Kim
Các
vụ (bao
thanh cứu đềPR3
& cộng sự
tốn,…) khơng như lời hứa
Nhân tố
Thang đo
Nguồn

(2014),
Quyền riêng tư của tôi bị xâm phạm khơng
PR4
Mơ tả
Mã hóa
Mơ tả
Mã hóa
Yang &
giống với điều khoản quy định
Sự tin
T
Ví điện tử có đầy đủ các tính năng để bảo vệ an
T1
Gefen
cộng sự
tưởng
ninh cho tài sản của tôi
(2000),
(2015)
Chen
&
điện
tử tử
bảo
thơng
chính
củachính
tơi cá T2
Nhận thức
PU Ví Ví

điện
cảimật
thiện
hiệutin
quảtàiquản
lý tài
PU1
Davis
Corkindale
Ví điện tử có đầy đủnhân
các tính
năng để bảo vệ
T3
tính hữu ích
của tơi
(1989)
(2008),
quyền
riêng
củathời
tơi gian của tơi
Ví điện
tử giúp
tiếttư
kiệm
PU2
Shaw
Ví điệnVítửđiện
giữtử
cho

dữ
liệu
cá
nhân
của
tơi
được
T4
cho phép tơi mua được hàng hóa
PU3
(2014)
an với
tồngiá cả hợp lý hơn
mong muốn
Ví điện
mang
lại nhiều
giá trịlận
khác (khuyến
PU4
Ví tử
điện
tử khơng
bị gian
T5
mại,rủi
giảm
giá các
dịpcác
đặcgiao

biệt,…)
Nhận thức
PR
Nhận thấy
ro cao
trong
dịch
PR1
Tarip &
PEOU Mua
Đối
vớisản
tơi,phẩm
ví điệnkhông
tử rất đúng
dễ sử với
dụng
và kết
tiện lợi PR2
PEOU1 Eddaoudi
Davis
rủi Nhận
ro thức
cam
phải
tính dễ sử
(1989)
Các
thao
tác

để
giao
dịch
tiền,
hàng
rất
rõ
ràng
PEOU2
(2009), Kim
Các dịch vụ (bao gói, vận chuyển, thanh
PR3
dụng
Tươngtốn,…)
tác giữakhơng
người như
mua,lời
người
hứa bán và trung PEOU3 & cộng sự
rất nhanh
và chính
xác
(2014),
Quyền riênggian
tư của
tơi bị xâm
phạm
khơng
PR4
Ý định sử

IT
Tơi sẵn
dụng quy
ví điện
tử ngay
IT1
Davis
Yang
&
giống
vớisàng
điềusửkhoản
định
dụng Ví
(1989);
Tơi chắc chắn sẽ sử dụng ví điện tử trong tương
IT2
cộng
sự
điện tử của
Barone &
lai gần
(2015)
người
dân
Miniard
IT3
Tơi
sẽ
chuyển

sang
giao
dịch
bằng
ví
điện
tử
Nhận thức
PU
Ví điện tử cải thiện hiệu quả quản lý tài chính cá
PU1
Davis
(1999)
tương
trongcủa
tính hữu ích
nhân
tôilai gần
(1989)
Ví điện tử giúp tiết kiệm thời gian của tơi
PU2
3. Phương pháp nghiên cứu
Số 308(2)
tháng 2/2023
3.1. Quy trình nghiên cứu

Sau đây là các bước nghiên cứu đã được tiến hành:

95

He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish. In the first forty days a boy had been with him. But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week. It made the boy sad to see the old man come in each day with his skiff empty and he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast. The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat. The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck. The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its [9] reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks. The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords. But none of these scars were fresh. They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert. Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated. “Santiago,” the boy said to him as they climbed the bank from where the skiff w

We’ve made some money.” The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him. “No,” the old man said. “You’re with a lucky boat. Stay with them.” “But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones every day for three weeks.” “I remember,” the old man said. “I know you did not leave me because you doubted.” “It was papa made me leave. I am a boy and I must obey him.” “I know,” the old man said. “It is quite normal.” “He hasn’t much faith.” [10] “No,” the old man said. “But we have. Haven’t we?” ‘Yes,” the boy said. “Can I offer you a beer on the Terrace and then we’ll take the stuff home.” “Why not?” the old man said. “Between fishermen.” They sat on the Terrace and many of the fishermen made fun of the old man and he was not angry. Others, of the older fishermen, looked at him and were sad. But they did not show it and they spoke politely about the current and the depths they had drifted their lines at and the steady good weather and of what they had seen. The successful fishermen of that day were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them laid full length across two planks, with two men Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 2 staggering at the end of each plank, to the fish house where they waited for the ice truck to carry them to the market in Ha

taken them to the shark factory on the other side of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and tackle, their livers removed, their fins cut off and their hides skinned out and their flesh cut into strips for salting. When the wind was in the east a smell came across the harbour from the shark factory; but today there [11] was only the faint edge of the odour because the wind had backed into the north and then dropped off and it was pleasant and sunny on the Terrace. “Santiago,” the boy said. “Yes,” the old man said. He was holding his glass and thinking of many years ago. “Can I go out to get sardines for you for tomorrow?” “No. Go and play baseball. I can still row and Rogelio will throw the net.” “I would like to go. If I cannot fish with you. I would like to serve in some way.” “You bought me a beer,” the old man said. “You are already a man.” “How old was I when you first took me in a boat?” “Five and you nearly were killed when I brought the fish in too green and he nearly tore the boat to pieces. Can you remember?” “I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing. I can remember you throwing me into the bow where the wet coiled lines were and feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell all over me.” [12] “Can

2.3. Mơ hình nghiên cứu đề xuất, thang đo và các giả thuyết nghiên cứu

it to you?” “I remember everything from when we first went together.” The old man looked at him with his sun-burned, confident loving eyes. “If you were my boy I’d take you out and gamble,” he said. “But you are your father’s and your mother’s and you are in a lucky boat.” “May I get the sardines? I know where I can get four baits too.” “I have mine left from today. I put them in salt in the box.” “Let me get four fresh ones.” “One,” the old man said. His hope and his confidence had never gone. But now they were freshening as when the breeze rises. “Two,” the boy said. “Two,” the old man agreed. “You didn’t steal them?” “I would,” the boy said. “But I bought these.” “Thank you,” the old man said. He was too simple to wonder when he had attained humility. But he [13] knew he had attained it and he knew it was not disgraceful and it carried no loss of true pride. “Tomorrow is going to be a good day with this current,” he said. “Where are you going?” the boy asked. “Far out to come in when the wind shifts. I want to be out before it is light.” “I’ll try to get him to work far out,” the boy said. “Then if you hook something truly big we can come to your aid.” “He does not like to work too far out.” “No,” the boy said. “But I will see something that he cannot see such as a bird working and get him to come out after dolphin.” “Are his eyes that bad?” “He is

said. “He never went turtle-ing. That is what kills the eyes.” “But you went turtle-ing for years off the Mosquito Coast and your eyes are good.” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 3 “I am a strange old man” “But are you strong enough now for a truly big fish?” “I think so. And there are many tricks.” [14] “Let us take the stuff home,” the boy said. “So I can get the cast net and go after the sardines.” They picked up the gear from the boat. The old man carried the mast on his shoulder and the boy carried the wooden boat with the coiled, hard-braided brown lines, the gaff and the harpoon with its shaft. The box with the baits was under the stern of the skiff along with the club that was used to subdue the big fish when they were brought alongside. No one would steal from the old man but it was better to take the sail and the heavy lines home as the dew was bad for them and, though he was quite sure no local people would steal from him, the old man thought that a gaff and a harpoon were needless temptations to leave in a boat. They walked up the road together to the old man’s shack and went in through its open door. The old man leaned the mast with its wrapped sail against the wall and the boy put the box and the other gear beside it. The mast was nearly as long as the one room of the shack. The shack was made of the toug

Từ tổng quan các cơng trình nghiên cứu ở trên, nhóm tác giả đề xuất mơ hình nghiên cứu những yếu tố
ảnh hưởng đến ý định sử dụng ví điện tử E-wallet của người dân ở các tỉnh miền Bắc Việt Nam (Hình 3).

called guano and in it there was a bed, a table, one chair, and a place on the dirt floor to cook with charcoal. On the brown walls of the flattened, overlapping leaves of the sturdy fibered [15] guano there was a picture in color of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and another of the Virgin of Cobre. These were relics of his wife. Once there had been a tinted photograph of his wife on the wall but he had taken it down because it made him too lonely to see it and it was on the shelf in the corner under his clean shirt. “What do you have to eat?” the boy asked. “A pot of yellow rice with fish. Do you want some?” “No. I will eat at home. Do you want me to make the fire?” “No. I will make it later on. Or I may eat the rice cold.” “May I take the cast net?” “Of course.” There was no cast net and the boy remembered when they had sold it. But they went through this fiction every day. There was no pot of yellow rice and fish and the boy knew this too. “Eighty-five is a lucky number,” the old man said. “How would you like to see me bring one in that dressed out over a thousand pounds?” “I’ll get the cast net and go for sardines. Will you sit in the sun in the doorway?” [16] “Yes. I have yesterday’s paper and I will read the baseball.” The boy did not know whether yesterday’s paper was a fiction too. But the old man brought it out from under the bed. “Perico gave it t

back when I have the sardines. I’ll keep yours and mine together on ice and we can share them in the morning. When I come back you can tell me about the baseball.” “The Yankees cannot lose.” “But I fear the Indians of Cleveland.” “Have faith in the Yankees my son. Think of the great DiMaggio.” “I fear both the Tigers of Detroit and the Indians of Cleveland.” “Be careful or you will fear even the Reds of Cincinnati and the White Sax of Chicago.” “You study it and tell me when I come back.” “Do you think we should buy a terminal of the lottery with an eighty-five? Tomorrow is the eighty-fifth day.” “We can do that,” the boy said. “But what about the eighty-seven of your great record?” [17] “It could not happen twice. Do you think you can find an eighty-five?” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 4 “I can order one. “One sheet. That’s two dollars and a half. Who can we borrow that from?” “That’s easy. I can always borrow two dollars and a half.” “I think perhaps I can too. But I try not to borrow. First you borrow. Then you beg.” “Keep warm old man,” the boy said. “Remember we are in September.” “The month when the great fish come,” the old man said. “Anyone can be a fisherman in May.” “I go now for the sardines,” the boy said. When the boy came back the old man was asleep in the chair and the sun was down. The boy took the

Mơ hình được đề xuất để kiểm định các giả thuyết sau:

over the back of the chair and over the old man’s shoulders. They were strange shoulders, still powerful although very old, and the neck was still strong too and the creases did not show so much when the old man was asleep and his head fallen forward. His shirt had been patched so many times that it was like the sail and the patches were faded to many different shades by the sun. The [18] old man’s head was very old though and with his eyes closed there was no life in his face. The newspaper lay across his knees and the weight of his arm held it there in the evening breeze. He was barefooted. The boy left him there and when he came back the old man was still asleep. “Wake up old man,” the boy said and put his hand on one of the old man’s knees. The old man opened his eyes and for a moment he was coming back from a long way away. Then he smiled. “What have you got?” he asked. “Supper,” said the boy. “We’re going to have supper.” “I’m not very hungry.” “Come on and eat. You can’t fish and not eat.” “I have,” the old man said getting up and taking the newspaper and folding it. Then he started to fold the blanket. “Keep the blanket around you,” the boy said. “You’ll not fish without eating while I’m alive.” “Then live a long time and take care of yourself,” the old man said. “What are we eating?” “Black beans and rice, fried ba

Giả thuyết H1: Sự tin tưởng có ảnh hưởng tích cực tới ý định sử dụng vi điện tử.

brought them in a two-decker metal container from the Terrace. The two sets of knives and forks and spoons were in his pocket with a paper napkin wrapped around each set. “Who gave this to you?” “Martin. The owner.” “I must thank him.” “I thanked him already,” the boy said. “You don’t need to thank him.” “I’ll give him the belly meat of a big fish,” the old man said. “Has he done this for us more than once?” “I think so.” “I must give him something more than the belly meat then. He is very thoughtful for us.” “He sent two beers.” “I like the beer in cans best.” “I know. But this is in bottles, Hatuey beer, and I take back the bottles.” “That’s very kind of you,” the old man said. “Should we eat?” “I’ve been asking you to,” the boy told him gently. “I have not wished to open the container until you were ready.” [20] “I’m ready now,” the old man said. “I only needed time to wash.” Where did you wash? the boy thought. The village water supply was two streets down the road. I must have water here for him, the boy thought, and soap and a good towel. Why am I so Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 5 thoughtless? I must get him another shirt and a jacket for the winter and some sort of shoes and another blanket. “Your stew is excellent,” the old man said. “Tell me about the baseball,” the boy asked him. “In the American League it is the Yan

“They lost today,” the boy told him. “That means nothing. The great DiMaggio is himself again.” “They have other men on the team.” “Naturally. But he makes the difference. In the other league, between Brooklyn and Philadelphia I must take Brooklyn. But then I think of Dick Sisler and those great drives In the old park.” “There was nothing ever like them. He hits the longest ball I have ever seen.” “Do you remember when he used to come to the Terrace?” [21] “I wanted to take him fishing but I was too timid to ask him. Then I asked you to ask him and you were too timid.” “I know. It was a great mistake. He might have gone with us. Then we would have that for all of our lives.” “I would like to take the great DiMaggio fishing,” the old man said. “They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are and would understand.” “The great Sisler’s father was never poor and he, the father, was playing in the Big Leagues when he was my age.” “When I was your age I was before the mast on a square rigged ship that ran to Africa and I have seen lions on the beaches in the evening.” “I know. You told me.” “Should we talk about Africa or about baseball?” “Baseball I think,” the boy said. “Tell me about the great John J. McGraw.” He said Jota for J. “He used to come to the Terrace sometimes too in the older days. But he was rough and

Giả thuyết H2: Nhận thức rủi ro có ảnh hưởng tiêu cực tới ý định sử dụng ví điện tử.

drinking. His mind was on horses as well as baseball. At least he carried lists of [22] horses at all times in his pocket and frequently spoke the names of horses on the telephone.” “He was a great manager,” the boy said. “My father thinks he was the greatest.” “Because he came here the most times,” the old man said. “If Durocher had continued to come here each year your father would think him the greatest manager.” “Who is the greatest manager, really, Luque or Mike Gonzalez?” “I think they are equal.” “And the best fisherman is you.” “No. I know others better.” “Que Va,” the boy said. “There are many good fishermen and some great ones. But there is only you.” “Thank you. You make me happy. I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong.” “There is no such fish if you are still strong as you say.” “I may not be as strong as I think,” the old man said. “But I know many tricks and I have resolution.” “You ought to go to bed now so that you will be fresh in the morning. I will take the things back to the Terrace.” [23] “Good night then. I will wake you in the morning.” “You’re my alarm clock,” the boy said. Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 6 “Age is my alarm clock,” the old man said. “Why do old men wake so early? Is it to have one longer day?” “I don’t know,” the boy said. “All I know is that young boys sleep la

Giả thuyết H3: Nhận thức tính hữu ích có hảnh hưởng tích cực tới ý định sử dụng vi điện tử.

man said. “I’ll waken you in time.” “I do not like for him to waken me. It is as though I were inferior.” “I know.” “Sleep well old man.” The boy went out. They had eaten with no light on the table and the old man took off his trousers and went to bed in the dark. He rolled his trousers up to make a pillow, putting the newspaper inside them. He rolled himself in the blanket and slept on the other old newspapers that covered the springs of the bed. He was asleep in a short time and he dreamed of Africa when he was a boy and the long golden beaches and the white beaches, so white they hurt your eyes, and the high capes and the great brown mountains. He lived along that coast now every night and in his dreams he heard the surf roar and saw the native boats [24] come riding through it. He smelled the tar and oakum of the deck as he slept and he smelled the smell of Africa that the land breeze brought at morning. Usually when he smelled the land breeze he woke up and dressed to go and wake the boy. But tonight the smell of the land breeze came very early and he knew it was too early in his dream and went on dreaming to see the white peaks of the Islands rising from the sea and then he dreamed of the different harbours and roadsteads of the Canary Islands. He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of great occurrences, n

strength, nor of his wife. He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach. They played like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy. He never dreamed about the boy. He simply woke, looked out the open door at the moon and unrolled his trousers and put them on. He urinated outside the shack and then went up the road to wake the boy. He was shivering with the morning cold. But he knew he would shiver himself warm and that soon he would be rowing. The door of the house where the boy lived was unlocked and he opened it and walked in quietly with his [25] bare feet. The boy was asleep on a cot in the first room and the old man could see him clearly with the light that came in from the dying moon. He took hold of one foot gently and held it until the boy woke and turned and looked at him. The old man nodded and the boy took his trousers from the chair by the bed and, sitting on the bed, pulled them on. The old man went out the door and the boy came after him. He was sleepy and the old man put his arm across his shoulders and said, “I am sorry.” “Qua Va,” the boy said. “It is what a man must do.” They walked down the road to the old man’s shack and all along the road, in the dark, barefoot men were moving, carrying the masts of their boats. When they reached the old man’s shack the boy

Giả thuyết H4: Nhận thức tính dễ sử dụng có ảnh hưởng tích cực tới ý định sử dụng ví điện tử.

harpoon and gaff and the old man carried the mast with the furled sail on his shoulder. “Do you want coffee?” the boy asked. “We’ll put the gear in the boat and then get some.” They had coffee from condensed milk cans at an early morning place that served fishermen. “How did you sleep old man?” the boy asked. He [26] was waking up now although it was still hard for him to leave his sleep. “Very well, Manolin,” the old man said. “I feel confident today.” “So do I,” the boy said. “Now I must get your sardines and mine and your fresh baits. He brings our gear himself. He never wants anyone to carry anything.” “We’re different,” the old man said. “I let you carry things when you were five years old.”

Từ mơ hình nghiên cứu đề xuất, nhóm nghiên cứu tổng hợp và hình thành thang đo cho các biến trong
mơ hình (Bảng 1).
3. Phương pháp nghiên cứu
3.1. Quy trình nghiên cứu
Sau đây là các bước nghiên cứu đã được tiến hành:
Bước 1: Xác định vấn đề nghiên cứu. Vấn đề nghiên cứu trong công trình này là “Các yếu tố ảnh hưởng
tới ý định sử dụng ví điện tử của người dân ở miền Bắc Việt Nam”.
Bước 2: Tổng quan các nghiên cứu đã được thực hiện, đề xuất mơ hình nghiên cứu với các thang đo dự
kiến và các giả thuyết nghiên cứu.
Bước 3: Thu thập dữ liệu. Dữ liệu được nhóm tác giả xác thu thập đảm bảo độ tin cậy cho phân tích gồm
cả dữ liệu thứ cấp, phỏng vấn sâu và điều tra xã hội học.
Bước 4: Phân tích dữ liệu. Dữ liệu được thu thập sẽ được làm sạch bằng các phương pháp thống kê thích
hợp thơng qua phần mềm SPSS phiên bản 22.0: Kiểm định Cronbach’s Alpha, phân tích nhân tố khám phá
(EFA), phân tích hồi quy và phân tích post-hoc ANOVA.
Bước 5: Thảo luận kết quả nghiên cứu và đề xuất kiến nghị với các doanh nghiệp, tổ chức phát hành ví
điện tử.

3.2. Thu thập dữ liệu
3.2.1. Thu thập dữ liệu thứ cấp
Dữ liệu thứ cấp được thu thập chủ yếu từ thông tin đăng tải trực tuyến trên website của các tổ chức, các
cơng trình nghiên cứu đã được cơng bố ở trong và ngồi nước cũng như các trang mạng uy tín. Thơng tin thứ
cấp chủ yếu được thu thập phục vụ việc tổng quan về thị trường thanh tốn ví điện tử tồn cầu, thị trường
ví điện tử tại Việt nam, xu hướng phát triển trong tương lai trong các năm từ 2016 đến nay và dự báo đến
năm 2025.
3.2.2. Thu thập dữ liệu sơ cấp
Phỏng vấn sâu
Phỏng vấn sâu được thực hiện với 5 đối tượng đã biết đến ví điện tử. Mục đích của cuộc phỏng vấn sâu
là để nhận được phản hồi về bảng câu hỏi khảo sát. Từ đó, bổ sung, loại bỏ và sửa chữa các nội dung trong
bảng điều tra xã hội học để hoàn thiện và thực hiện khảo sát trên diện rộng.
Các cuộc phỏng vấn này còn nhằm mục tiêu thu thập ý kiến của đại diện người dân về tính năng của ví
điện tử, điều gì thúc đẩy họ sử dụng và ngăn cản họ sử dụng ví điện tử.
Phỏng vấn sâu cũng nhằm tham khảo ý kiến của người dân về những giải pháp cần được áp dụng nhằm
thu hút người dân sử dụng ví điện tử nhiều hơn.
Điều tra xã hội học
- Đối tượng điều tra: Người dân ở các tỉnh miền Bắc Việt Nam từ Thanh Hóa trở ra có ý định sử dụng ví
điện tử bao gồm cả những người đã và đang sử dụng ví điện tử. Mẫu nghiên cứu sẽ khơng bao gồm những
người dân khơng có ý định sử dụng ví điện tử.
- Quy mơ mẫu điều tra: Theo Hair & cộng sự (1998), quy mô mẫu điều tra tối thiểu là 5 lần tổng số thang
đo (còn gọi là biến) của mơ hình nghiên cứu. Theo mơ hình nghiên cứu đề xuất, tổng số thang đo là 19. Như

Số 308(2) tháng 2/2023

96

He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish. In the first forty days a boy had been with him. But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week. It made the boy sad to see the old man come in each day with his skiff empty and he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast. The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat. The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck. The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its [9] reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks. The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords. But none of these scars were fresh. They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert. Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated. “Santiago,” the boy said to him as they climbed the bank from where the skiff w

We’ve made some money.” The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him. “No,” the old man said. “You’re with a lucky boat. Stay with them.” “But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones every day for three weeks.” “I remember,” the old man said. “I know you did not leave me because you doubted.” “It was papa made me leave. I am a boy and I must obey him.” “I know,” the old man said. “It is quite normal.” “He hasn’t much faith.” [10] “No,” the old man said. “But we have. Haven’t we?” ‘Yes,” the boy said. “Can I offer you a beer on the Terrace and then we’ll take the stuff home.” “Why not?” the old man said. “Between fishermen.” They sat on the Terrace and many of the fishermen made fun of the old man and he was not angry. Others, of the older fishermen, looked at him and were sad. But they did not show it and they spoke politely about the current and the depths they had drifted their lines at and the steady good weather and of what they had seen. The successful fishermen of that day were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them laid full length across two planks, with two men Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 2 staggering at the end of each plank, to the fish house where they waited for the ice truck to carry them to the market in Ha

taken them to the shark factory on the other side of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and tackle, their livers removed, their fins cut off and their hides skinned out and their flesh cut into strips for salting. When the wind was in the east a smell came across the harbour from the shark factory; but today there [11] was only the faint edge of the odour because the wind had backed into the north and then dropped off and it was pleasant and sunny on the Terrace. “Santiago,” the boy said. “Yes,” the old man said. He was holding his glass and thinking of many years ago. “Can I go out to get sardines for you for tomorrow?” “No. Go and play baseball. I can still row and Rogelio will throw the net.” “I would like to go. If I cannot fish with you. I would like to serve in some way.” “You bought me a beer,” the old man said. “You are already a man.” “How old was I when you first took me in a boat?” “Five and you nearly were killed when I brought the fish in too green and he nearly tore the boat to pieces. Can you remember?” “I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing. I can remember you throwing me into the bow where the wet coiled lines were and feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell all over me.” [12] “Can

vậy, quy mô mẫu điều tra tối thiểu là 95 người dân. Tuy nhiên, để có kết quả có độ tin cậy cao nhất có thể,
nhóm nghiên cứu đã gửi phiếu điều tra đến càng nhiều người sống ở các tỉnh thành miền Bắc Việt Nam (từ
Thanh Hóa trở ra) càng tốt. Kết quả nhóm đã nhận được 287 phiếu trả lời. Số phiếu hợp lệ là 245.

it to you?” “I remember everything from when we first went together.” The old man looked at him with his sun-burned, confident loving eyes. “If you were my boy I’d take you out and gamble,” he said. “But you are your father’s and your mother’s and you are in a lucky boat.” “May I get the sardines? I know where I can get four baits too.” “I have mine left from today. I put them in salt in the box.” “Let me get four fresh ones.” “One,” the old man said. His hope and his confidence had never gone. But now they were freshening as when the breeze rises. “Two,” the boy said. “Two,” the old man agreed. “You didn’t steal them?” “I would,” the boy said. “But I bought these.” “Thank you,” the old man said. He was too simple to wonder when he had attained humility. But he [13] knew he had attained it and he knew it was not disgraceful and it carried no loss of true pride. “Tomorrow is going to be a good day with this current,” he said. “Where are you going?” the boy asked. “Far out to come in when the wind shifts. I want to be out before it is light.” “I’ll try to get him to work far out,” the boy said. “Then if you hook something truly big we can come to your aid.” “He does not like to work too far out.” “No,” the boy said. “But I will see something that he cannot see such as a bird working and get him to come out after dolphin.” “Are his eyes that bad?” “He is

said. “He never went turtle-ing. That is what kills the eyes.” “But you went turtle-ing for years off the Mosquito Coast and your eyes are good.” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 3 “I am a strange old man” “But are you strong enough now for a truly big fish?” “I think so. And there are many tricks.” [14] “Let us take the stuff home,” the boy said. “So I can get the cast net and go after the sardines.” They picked up the gear from the boat. The old man carried the mast on his shoulder and the boy carried the wooden boat with the coiled, hard-braided brown lines, the gaff and the harpoon with its shaft. The box with the baits was under the stern of the skiff along with the club that was used to subdue the big fish when they were brought alongside. No one would steal from the old man but it was better to take the sail and the heavy lines home as the dew was bad for them and, though he was quite sure no local people would steal from him, the old man thought that a gaff and a harpoon were needless temptations to leave in a boat. They walked up the road together to the old man’s shack and went in through its open door. The old man leaned the mast with its wrapped sail against the wall and the boy put the box and the other gear beside it. The mast was nearly as long as the one room of the shack. The shack was made of the toug

called guano and in it there was a bed, a table, one chair, and a place on the dirt floor to cook with charcoal. On the brown walls of the flattened, overlapping leaves of the sturdy fibered [15] guano there was a picture in color of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and another of the Virgin of Cobre. These were relics of his wife. Once there had been a tinted photograph of his wife on the wall but he had taken it down because it made him too lonely to see it and it was on the shelf in the corner under his clean shirt. “What do you have to eat?” the boy asked. “A pot of yellow rice with fish. Do you want some?” “No. I will eat at home. Do you want me to make the fire?” “No. I will make it later on. Or I may eat the rice cold.” “May I take the cast net?” “Of course.” There was no cast net and the boy remembered when they had sold it. But they went through this fiction every day. There was no pot of yellow rice and fish and the boy knew this too. “Eighty-five is a lucky number,” the old man said. “How would you like to see me bring one in that dressed out over a thousand pounds?” “I’ll get the cast net and go for sardines. Will you sit in the sun in the doorway?” [16] “Yes. I have yesterday’s paper and I will read the baseball.” The boy did not know whether yesterday’s paper was a fiction too. But the old man brought it out from under the bed. “Perico gave it t

back when I have the sardines. I’ll keep yours and mine together on ice and we can share them in the morning. When I come back you can tell me about the baseball.” “The Yankees cannot lose.” “But I fear the Indians of Cleveland.” “Have faith in the Yankees my son. Think of the great DiMaggio.” “I fear both the Tigers of Detroit and the Indians of Cleveland.” “Be careful or you will fear even the Reds of Cincinnati and the White Sax of Chicago.” “You study it and tell me when I come back.” “Do you think we should buy a terminal of the lottery with an eighty-five? Tomorrow is the eighty-fifth day.” “We can do that,” the boy said. “But what about the eighty-seven of your great record?” [17] “It could not happen twice. Do you think you can find an eighty-five?” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 4 “I can order one. “One sheet. That’s two dollars and a half. Who can we borrow that from?” “That’s easy. I can always borrow two dollars and a half.” “I think perhaps I can too. But I try not to borrow. First you borrow. Then you beg.” “Keep warm old man,” the boy said. “Remember we are in September.” “The month when the great fish come,” the old man said. “Anyone can be a fisherman in May.” “I go now for the sardines,” the boy said. When the boy came back the old man was asleep in the chair and the sun was down. The boy took the

- Phương pháp chọn mẫu: Nghiên cứu này sử dụng phương pháp chọn mẫu thuận tiện. Nhóm nghiên cứu
đã tập hợp danh sách 475 người dân trong độ tuổi từ 16 trở lên trên tất cả các tỉnh thành ở miền bắc Việt
Phần
mềmHóa
SPSS
vàgửi
cácphiếu
cơng cụ
hỗtra
trợđề
khác
như
Nam từ
Thanh

trở22.0
ra để
điều
nghị
trảExcel
lời. được sử dụng để phân tích bộ dữ liệu.

over the back of the chair and over the old man’s shoulders. They were strange shoulders, still powerful although very old, and the neck was still strong too and the creases did not show so much when the old man was asleep and his head fallen forward. His shirt had been patched so many times that it was like the sail and the patches were faded to many different shades by the sun. The [18] old man’s head was very old though and with his eyes closed there was no life in his face. The newspaper lay across his knees and the weight of his arm held it there in the evening breeze. He was barefooted. The boy left him there and when he came back the old man was still asleep. “Wake up old man,” the boy said and put his hand on one of the old man’s knees. The old man opened his eyes and for a moment he was coming back from a long way away. Then he smiled. “What have you got?” he asked. “Supper,” said the boy. “We’re going to have supper.” “I’m not very hungry.” “Come on and eat. You can’t fish and not eat.” “I have,” the old man said getting up and taking the newspaper and folding it. Then he started to fold the blanket. “Keep the blanket around you,” the boy said. “You’ll not fish without eating while I’m alive.” “Then live a long time and take care of yourself,” the old man said. “What are we eating?” “Black beans and rice, fried ba

brought them in a two-decker metal container from the Terrace. The two sets of knives and forks and spoons were in his pocket with a paper napkin wrapped around each set. “Who gave this to you?” “Martin. The owner.” “I must thank him.” “I thanked him already,” the boy said. “You don’t need to thank him.” “I’ll give him the belly meat of a big fish,” the old man said. “Has he done this for us more than once?” “I think so.” “I must give him something more than the belly meat then. He is very thoughtful for us.” “He sent two beers.” “I like the beer in cans best.” “I know. But this is in bottles, Hatuey beer, and I take back the bottles.” “That’s very kind of you,” the old man said. “Should we eat?” “I’ve been asking you to,” the boy told him gently. “I have not wished to open the container until you were ready.” [20] “I’m ready now,” the old man said. “I only needed time to wash.” Where did you wash? the boy thought. The village water supply was two streets down the road. I must have water here for him, the boy thought, and soap and a good towel. Why am I so Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 5 thoughtless? I must get him another shirt and a jacket for the winter and some sort of shoes and another blanket. “Your stew is excellent,” the old man said. “Tell me about the baseball,” the boy asked him. “In the American League it is the Yan

“They lost today,” the boy told him. “That means nothing. The great DiMaggio is himself again.” “They have other men on the team.” “Naturally. But he makes the difference. In the other league, between Brooklyn and Philadelphia I must take Brooklyn. But then I think of Dick Sisler and those great drives In the old park.” “There was nothing ever like them. He hits the longest ball I have ever seen.” “Do you remember when he used to come to the Terrace?” [21] “I wanted to take him fishing but I was too timid to ask him. Then I asked you to ask him and you were too timid.” “I know. It was a great mistake. He might have gone with us. Then we would have that for all of our lives.” “I would like to take the great DiMaggio fishing,” the old man said. “They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are and would understand.” “The great Sisler’s father was never poor and he, the father, was playing in the Big Leagues when he was my age.” “When I was your age I was before the mast on a square rigged ship that ran to Africa and I have seen lions on the beaches in the evening.” “I know. You told me.” “Should we talk about Africa or about baseball?” “Baseball I think,” the boy said. “Tell me about the great John J. McGraw.” He said Jota for J. “He used to come to the Terrace sometimes too in the older days. But he was rough and

Phần mềm SPSS 22.0 và các công cụ hỗ trợ khác như Excel được sử dụng để phân tích bộ dữ liệu.

drinking. His mind was on horses as well as baseball. At least he carried lists of [22] horses at all times in his pocket and frequently spoke the names of horses on the telephone.” “He was a great manager,” the boy said. “My father thinks he was the greatest.” “Because he came here the most times,” the old man said. “If Durocher had continued to come here each year your father would think him the greatest manager.” “Who is the greatest manager, really, Luque or Mike Gonzalez?” “I think they are equal.” “And the best fisherman is you.” “No. I know others better.” “Que Va,” the boy said. “There are many good fishermen and some great ones. But there is only you.” “Thank you. You make me happy. I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong.” “There is no such fish if you are still strong as you say.” “I may not be as strong as I think,” the old man said. “But I know many tricks and I have resolution.” “You ought to go to bed now so that you will be fresh in the morning. I will take the things back to the Terrace.” [23] “Good night then. I will wake you in the morning.” “You’re my alarm clock,” the boy said. Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 6 “Age is my alarm clock,” the old man said. “Why do old men wake so early? Is it to have one longer day?” “I don’t know,” the boy said. “All I know is that young boys sleep la

Trên
mềm SPSS,
nhóm
tác giả
tiến
hànhnhóm
phân tác
tích giả
nhân
tố đến
khám
phángười
(EFA)dân

và có
kiểm
định
- Gửi
vàphần
thu phiếu
điều tra:
Phiếu
điềuđãtra
được
gửi
475
đầy
đủ độ
địa chỉ từ
Trên
phần
mềm
SPSS,
nhóm
tác
giả
đã
tiến
hành
phân
tích
nhân
tố
khám

phá
(EFA)
và
kiểm
định
độ
tin
cậy
Cronbach’s
Alpha
để
loại
bỏ
các
thang
đo,
nhân
tố
khơng
đủ
độ
tin
cậy.
10 tháng 11 năm 2021 qua địa chỉ email, zalo và nhận lại bản trả lời muộn nhất vào 17 giờ ngày 20 tháng
tin cậy Cronbach’s Alpha để loại bỏ các thang đo, nhân tố không đủ độ tin cậy.
12 năm
2021.
Trước
tiên, để kiểm định độ hội tụ và phân biệt của các thang đo, nhóm nghiên cứu đã tiến hành kiểm

man said. “I’ll waken you in time.” “I do not like for him to waken me. It is as though I were inferior.” “I know.” “Sleep well old man.” The boy went out. They had eaten with no light on the table and the old man took off his trousers and went to bed in the dark. He rolled his trousers up to make a pillow, putting the newspaper inside them. He rolled himself in the blanket and slept on the other old newspapers that covered the springs of the bed. He was asleep in a short time and he dreamed of Africa when he was a boy and the long golden beaches and the white beaches, so white they hurt your eyes, and the high capes and the great brown mountains. He lived along that coast now every night and in his dreams he heard the surf roar and saw the native boats [24] come riding through it. He smelled the tar and oakum of the deck as he slept and he smelled the smell of Africa that the land breeze brought at morning. Usually when he smelled the land breeze he woke up and dressed to go and wake the boy. But tonight the smell of the land breeze came very early and he knew it was too early in his dream and went on dreaming to see the white peaks of the Islands rising from the sea and then he dreamed of the different harbours and roadsteads of the Canary Islands. He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of great occurrences, n

strength, nor of his wife. He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach. They played like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy. He never dreamed about the boy. He simply woke, looked out the open door at the moon and unrolled his trousers and put them on. He urinated outside the shack and then went up the road to wake the boy. He was shivering with the morning cold. But he knew he would shiver himself warm and that soon he would be rowing. The door of the house where the boy lived was unlocked and he opened it and walked in quietly with his [25] bare feet. The boy was asleep on a cot in the first room and the old man could see him clearly with the light that came in from the dying moon. He took hold of one foot gently and held it until the boy woke and turned and looked at him. The old man nodded and the boy took his trousers from the chair by the bed and, sitting on the bed, pulled them on. The old man went out the door and the boy came after him. He was sleepy and the old man put his arm across his shoulders and said, “I am sorry.” “Qua Va,” the boy said. “It is what a man must do.” They walked down the road to the old man’s shack and all along the road, in the dark, barefoot men were moving, carrying the masts of their boats. When they reached the old man’s shack the boy

harpoon and gaff and the old man carried the mast with the furled sail on his shoulder. “Do you want coffee?” the boy asked. “We’ll put the gear in the boat and then get some.” They had coffee from condensed milk cans at an early morning place that served fishermen. “How did you sleep old man?” the boy asked. He [26] was waking up now although it was still hard for him to leave his sleep. “Very well, Manolin,” the old man said. “I feel confident today.” “So do I,” the boy said. “Now I must get your sardines and mine and your fresh baits. He brings our gear himself. He never wants anyone to carry anything.” “We’re different,” the old man said. “I let you carry things when you were five years old.”

tiên,
đểdữkiểm
hộiKMO
tụ và phân
biệt của
các thang
cứunhân
đã tiến
định
giả
thuyết
với
kiểmđộ
định
và Barlett
(Bảng
2) và đo,
thựcnhóm
hiện nghiên
phân tích
tố hành
khámkiểm
phá
3.3.Trước

Phân
tích
liệuđịnh
định giả thuyết với kiểm định KMO và Barlett (Bảng 2) và thực hiện phân tích nhân tố khám phá

(EFA)
thành22.0
phầnvàchính
và phép
quay
(Bảng
3). được
Kết quả
thấy tất
cảbộ
cácdữ
biến
Phần
mềmvới
SPSS
các cơng
cụ hỗ
trợVarimax
khác như
Excel
sử EFA
dụngcho
để phân
tích
liệu. Trên

(EFA)
với
thành
phần
chính
và
phép
quay
Varimax
(Bảng
3).
Kết
quả
EFA
cho
thấy
tất
cả
các
biến
quan
sát
đều
đạt
u
cầu
kiểm
định
độ
hội

tụ
và
phân
biệt
với
tải
nhân
tố
>
0,5;
0
<
KMO
=
0,855
<
phần mềm SPSS, nhóm tác giả đã tiến hành phân tích nhân tố khám phá (EFA) và kiểm định độ1 tin cậy
quan
đạt< yêu
cầu
kiểm định>độ
hộitổng
tụ và phân biệt
với tảitrích
nhân
tố >là0,5;
0 < KMO
= 4).
0,855 < 1
và Sigsát

= đều
0,000
Eigenvalue
1 và
saiđủ
được
xuất
61,604%
(Bảng
Cronbach’s
Alpha
để 0,05,
loại bỏ
các thang đo,
nhân phương
tố không
độ tin cậy.
và Sig = 0,000 < 0,05, Eigenvalue > 1 và tổng phương sai được trích xuất là 61,604% (Bảng 4).

Trước tiên, để kiểm định độ hội tụ và phân biệt của các thang đo, nhóm nghiên cứu đã tiến hành kiểm
định giả thuyết với kiểm định KMOBảng
và Barlett
(Bảng
và thực
hiện phân tích nhân tố khám phá (EFA) với
2: Kiểm
định2)
KMO
và Barlett
BảngMeasure

2: Kiểmofđịnh
KMOAdequacy)
và Barlett
Hệ số KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin
Sampling
Hệ số định
KMOBarlett
(Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin
of Sampling
Kiểm
của
ChiMeasure
bình phương
(Appox.Adequacy)
Chi Square)
Sphericity
Kiểm định Barlett của
Chi bình phương (Appox. Chi Square)
Df
Sphericity
Df ý nghĩa (Sig.)
Mức
Mức
ý nghĩa
(Sig.)nghiên cứu.
Nguồn: Kết quả điều tra xã hội học
2021
của nhóm
Nguồn: Kết quả điều tra xã hội học 2021 của nhóm nghiên cứu.

0,855
0,855
1369,914
1369,914
120
120
0,000
0,000

Bảng 3: Ma trận xoay hệ số tải nhân tố sau 2 vòng xoay nhân tố
sau 2tốvòng xoay nhân tố
Thang đo Bảng 3: Ma trận xoay hệ số tải nhân tốNhân
Thang đo
1
2 Nhân tố
3
4
1
2
3
4
T4
0,768
T3
0,735
T4
0,768
T2
0,701
T3

0,735
T2
0,701
T5
0,697
T1
0,693
T5
0,697
T1
0,693
PR3
0,816
PR1
0,784
PR3
0,816
PR2
0,722
PR1
0,784
PR4
0,679
PR2
0,722
PR4
0,679
PU2
0,743
PU3

0,736
PU2
0,743
PU3
0,736
PU1
0,701
PU4
0,692
PU1
0,701
PU4
0,692
PEOU2
0,793
PEOU3
0,774
PEOU2
0,793
PEOU3
0,774
PEOU1
0,726
PEOU1
0,726
Nguồn: Kết quả phân tích nhân tố khám phá EFA tài liệu thu thập năm 2021.
Nguồn: Kết quả phân tích nhân tố khám phá EFA tài liệu thu thập năm 2021.
Bảng 4: Tóm tắt giá trị Eigenvalue và tổng phương sai xoay nhân tố
Bảng 4: Tóm
tắt giá trị Eigenvalue và tổngTổng

phương
sai xoay
nhân
tố tố (Rotation
Eigenvalue
phương
sai xoay
nhân
Sums ofsai
Squared
Loadings)
Eigenvalue
Tổng phương
xoay nhân
tố (Rotation
Squared Loadings)
Nhân Tổng số
% sai lệch (%
% sai lệch cộng
Tổng Sums
% of
phương
% phương sai
tố
Nhân
Tổng
%saiphương
%
phương
Tổng

số
%ofsai
lệch (%
% sai dồn
lệch cộng
(Total)
variance)
số
xoay
xoay
nhân sai
tố
tố
số
sai xoay
xoay
(Total)
of variance)
dồn %) (Total)
(Cumulative
nhân
tố (%
cộngnhân
dồntố
variance)
(Cumulative
nhân
tố (%
cộng dồn %)
(Cumulative %) (Total) of

variance) (Cumulative
11
5,311
33,193
33,193
5,311 of 33,193
33,193 %)
11
5,311
33,193
33,193
5,311
33,193
33,193
22
1,762
11,015
44,208
1,762
11,015
44,208
33
1,599
9,991
54,199
1,599
9,991
54,199
22
1,762

11,015
44,208
1,762
11,015
44,208
33
1,599
9,991
54,199
1,599
9,991
54,199
44
1,185
7,405
61,604
1,185
7,405
61,604
44 Kết1,185
7,405tố khám phá 61,604
1,185
7,405
61,604
Nguồn:
quả phân tích nhân
EFA tài liệu thu
thập năm 2021.
Nguồn: Kết quả phân tích nhân tố khám phá EFA tài liệu thu thập năm 2021.

Số 308(2) tháng 2/2023

97

He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish. In the first forty days a boy had been with him. But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week. It made the boy sad to see the old man come in each day with his skiff empty and he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast. The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat. The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck. The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its [9] reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks. The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords. But none of these scars were fresh. They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert. Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated. “Santiago,” the boy said to him as they climbed the bank from where the skiff w

We’ve made some money.” The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him. “No,” the old man said. “You’re with a lucky boat. Stay with them.” “But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones every day for three weeks.” “I remember,” the old man said. “I know you did not leave me because you doubted.” “It was papa made me leave. I am a boy and I must obey him.” “I know,” the old man said. “It is quite normal.” “He hasn’t much faith.” [10] “No,” the old man said. “But we have. Haven’t we?” ‘Yes,” the boy said. “Can I offer you a beer on the Terrace and then we’ll take the stuff home.” “Why not?” the old man said. “Between fishermen.” They sat on the Terrace and many of the fishermen made fun of the old man and he was not angry. Others, of the older fishermen, looked at him and were sad. But they did not show it and they spoke politely about the current and the depths they had drifted their lines at and the steady good weather and of what they had seen. The successful fishermen of that day were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them laid full length across two planks, with two men Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 2 staggering at the end of each plank, to the fish house where they waited for the ice truck to carry them to the market in Ha

taken them to the shark factory on the other side of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and tackle, their livers removed, their fins cut off and their hides skinned out and their flesh cut into strips for salting. When the wind was in the east a smell came across the harbour from the shark factory; but today there [11] was only the faint edge of the odour because the wind had backed into the north and then dropped off and it was pleasant and sunny on the Terrace. “Santiago,” the boy said. “Yes,” the old man said. He was holding his glass and thinking of many years ago. “Can I go out to get sardines for you for tomorrow?” “No. Go and play baseball. I can still row and Rogelio will throw the net.” “I would like to go. If I cannot fish with you. I would like to serve in some way.” “You bought me a beer,” the old man said. “You are already a man.” “How old was I when you first took me in a boat?” “Five and you nearly were killed when I brought the fish in too green and he nearly tore the boat to pieces. Can you remember?” “I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing. I can remember you throwing me into the bow where the wet coiled lines were and feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell all over me.” [12] “Can

thành phần chính và phép quay Varimax (Bảng 3). Kết quả EFA cho thấy tất cả các biến quan sát đều đạt
yêu cầu kiểm định độ hội tụ và phân biệt với tải nhân tố > 0,5; 0 < KMO = 0,855 < 1 và Sig = 0,000 < 0,05,
Việc kiểm định độ tin cậy được thực hiện bằng phương pháp Cronbach’s Alpha. Cronbach's Alpha
Eigenvalue > 1 và tổng phương sai được trích xuất là 61,604% (Bảng 4).
của tất cả các biến trong mơ hình nghiên cứu (Sự tin tưởng, Nhận thức rủi ro, Nhận thức tính hữu ích,
Bảng 3 cho thấy sự hội tụ của các thang đo và các nhân tố trong mơ hình. Như vậy, tất cả các biến đều đáp
Nhận thức tính dễ sử dụng) lần lượt là 0,813; 0,808; 0,736 và 0,746. Biến Ý định sử dụng ví điện tử
ứng yêuViệc
cầukiểm
đã được
(2010)
nêu thực
ra. hiện bằng phương pháp Cronbach’s Alpha. Cronbach's Alpha
địnhHair
độ tin
cậy được
có Cronbach's Alpha là 0,922. Cả 4 biến độc lập và biến phụ thuộc đều có hệ số Cronbach's Alpha lớn
tất định
cả cácđộbiến

mơ hình
cứu (Sự
tin tưởng,
thức rủi Alpha.
ro, NhậnCronbach’s
thức tính hữu
ích, của tất
Việccủa
kiểm
tin trong
cậy được
thựcnghiên
hiện bằng
phương
phápNhận
Cronbach’s
Alpha
hơnNhận
ngưỡng
tiêu
chuẩn
là
0,7
và
các
điều
kiện
khác
đều
đảm

bảo
yêu
cầu
đã
được
Hair
&
cộng
sự
thức tính
sử nghiên
dụng) lần
lượt
là tin
0,813;
0,808;
0,736
và 0,746.
Ý thức
định sử
điệnNhận
tử thức
cả các biến trong
mơ dễ
hình
cứu
(Sự
tưởng,
Nhận
thức

rủi ro,Biến
Nhận
tínhdụng
hữuvíích,
(1998)Cronbach's
nêu ra. Do đó, khơng
có quan4 sát
loại trừ
5). đều có hệ số Cronbach's Alpha lớn
là 0,922.
biếnnào
độcbịlập
biến(Bảng
phụ
thuộc
tính dễcó
sử dụng) lầnAlpha
lượt là
0,813;Cả
0,808;
0,736
vàvà0,746.
Biến
Ý định sử dụng ví điện tử có Cronbach’s
hơn
ngưỡng
tiêu
chuẩn
là
0,7

và
các
điều
kiện
khác
đều
đảm
bảo
u cầu đã Alpha
được Hair
cộng
sự
Alpha là 0,922. Cả 4 biến độc lập và biến phụ thuộc đều có hệ số Cronbach’s
lớn &
hơn
ngưỡng
tiêu
Do đó,
khơng
có
quan
sát
nào
bị
loại
trừ
(Bảng
5).
chuẩn là(1998)
0,7 vànêu

cácra.Bảng
điều
kiện
khác
đều
đảm
bảo
u
cầu
đã
được
Hair
&
cộng
sự
(1998)
nêu
ra.
Do
đó,
khơng
5: Tổng hợp kết quả phân tích độ tin cậy Chronbach’s Alpha
có quan sát nào bị loại trừ
(Bảng
5). của
Trung
bình
Phương sai của
Hệ số tương
Chronbach’s

thang đo nếu
thang đo nếu
quan biến tổng
Alpha nếu loại
Bảng 5: Tổng hợp kết quả phân tích độ tin cậy Chronbach’s Alpha
loại biến
loại biến
thang đo
Trung bình của
Phương sai của
Hệ số tương
Chronbach’s
Nhân tố: Sự tin tưởng. Chronbach’s Alpha: 0,811. Số thang đo: 5
thang đo nếu
thang đo nếu
quan biến tổng
Alpha nếu loại
T1
15,09
8,102
0,576
0,781
loại biến
loại
biến
thang
đo
T2
15,07
7,306

0,616
0,770
Nhân tố: Sự tin tưởng. Chronbach’s Alpha: 0,811. Số thang đo: 5
T3 T1
15,18
7,246
0,639
0,762
15,09
8,102
0,576
0,781
T4 T2
15,14
8,344
0,574
0,782
15,07
7,306
0,616
0,770
T5 T3
15,20
8,415
0,609
0,774
15,18
7,246
0,639
0,762

Nhân tố: T4
Nhận thức rủi ro.
Chronbach’s Alpha:
đo: 4
15,14
8,3440,809. Số thang
0,574
0,782
PR1T5
8,51
7,021
0,708
0,723
15,20
8,415
0,609
0,774
PR2tố: Nhận thức rủi
8,48
7,087 0,809. Số thang0,611
0,772
Nhân
ro. Chronbach’s Alpha:
đo: 4
PR1
8,51
7,021
0,708
0,723
PR3

8,40
6,799
0,706
0,723
PR2
8,48
7,087
0,611
0,772
PR4
8,59
8,522
0,498
0,818
8,40 ích. Chronbach’s
6,799Alpha: 0,732. Số
0,706
0,723
Nhân tố:PR3
Nhận thức tính hữu
thang đo : 4
PR4
8,59
8,522
0,498
0,818
PU1
11,49
3,407
0,428

0,724
Nhân
hữu ích. Chronbach’s
thang đo : 4
PU2tố: Nhận thức tính
11,40
3,224Alpha: 0,732. Số
0,548
0,657
PU1
11,49
3,407
0,428
0,724
PU3
11,40
3,004
0,575
0,639
PU2
11,40
3,224
0,548
0,657
PU4
11,35
3,114
0,541
0,660
PU3

11,40
3,004
0,575
0,639
Nhân tố: Nhận thức tính dễ sử dụng. Chronbach’s Alpha: 0,757. Số thang đo: 3
PU4
11,35
3,114
0,541
0,660
PEOU1
7,46
3,454
0,530
0,738
Nhân tố: Nhận thức tính dễ sử dụng. Chronbach’s Alpha: 0,757. Số thang đo: 3
PEOU2
7,52
2,701
0,637
0,614
PEOU1
7,46
3,454
0,530
0,738
PEOU3
7,68
2,661
0,606

0,653
PEOU2
7,52
2,701
0,637
0,614
Biến phụ
thuộc:
Ý
định
sử
dụng
Ví
điện
tử
của
người
dân.
Chronbach’s
Alpha:
0,922. Số
PEOU3
7,68
2,661
0,606
0,653
thang
đo:
3
Biến phụ thuộc: Ý định sử dụng Ví điện tử của người dân. Chronbach’s Alpha: 0,922. Số

IT1đo: 3
8,43
2,607
0,819
0,905
thang
IT2IT1
8,44
2,517
0,873
0,863
8,43
2,607
0,819
0,905
IT3IT2
8,49
2,390
0,836
0,894
8,44
2,517
0,873
0,863
IT3
8,49
2,390
0,836
0,894
Nguồn: Kết quả phân tích nhân tố khám phá EFA tài liệu thu thập năm 2021.

it to you?” “I remember everything from when we first went together.” The old man looked at him with his sun-burned, confident loving eyes. “If you were my boy I’d take you out and gamble,” he said. “But you are your father’s and your mother’s and you are in a lucky boat.” “May I get the sardines? I know where I can get four baits too.” “I have mine left from today. I put them in salt in the box.” “Let me get four fresh ones.” “One,” the old man said. His hope and his confidence had never gone. But now they were freshening as when the breeze rises. “Two,” the boy said. “Two,” the old man agreed. “You didn’t steal them?” “I would,” the boy said. “But I bought these.” “Thank you,” the old man said. He was too simple to wonder when he had attained humility. But he [13] knew he had attained it and he knew it was not disgraceful and it carried no loss of true pride. “Tomorrow is going to be a good day with this current,” he said. “Where are you going?” the boy asked. “Far out to come in when the wind shifts. I want to be out before it is light.” “I’ll try to get him to work far out,” the boy said. “Then if you hook something truly big we can come to your aid.” “He does not like to work too far out.” “No,” the boy said. “But I will see something that he cannot see such as a bird working and get him to come out after dolphin.” “Are his eyes that bad?” “He is

said. “He never went turtle-ing. That is what kills the eyes.” “But you went turtle-ing for years off the Mosquito Coast and your eyes are good.” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 3 “I am a strange old man” “But are you strong enough now for a truly big fish?” “I think so. And there are many tricks.” [14] “Let us take the stuff home,” the boy said. “So I can get the cast net and go after the sardines.” They picked up the gear from the boat. The old man carried the mast on his shoulder and the boy carried the wooden boat with the coiled, hard-braided brown lines, the gaff and the harpoon with its shaft. The box with the baits was under the stern of the skiff along with the club that was used to subdue the big fish when they were brought alongside. No one would steal from the old man but it was better to take the sail and the heavy lines home as the dew was bad for them and, though he was quite sure no local people would steal from him, the old man thought that a gaff and a harpoon were needless temptations to leave in a boat. They walked up the road together to the old man’s shack and went in through its open door. The old man leaned the mast with its wrapped sail against the wall and the boy put the box and the other gear beside it. The mast was nearly as long as the one room of the shack. The shack was made of the toug

called guano and in it there was a bed, a table, one chair, and a place on the dirt floor to cook with charcoal. On the brown walls of the flattened, overlapping leaves of the sturdy fibered [15] guano there was a picture in color of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and another of the Virgin of Cobre. These were relics of his wife. Once there had been a tinted photograph of his wife on the wall but he had taken it down because it made him too lonely to see it and it was on the shelf in the corner under his clean shirt. “What do you have to eat?” the boy asked. “A pot of yellow rice with fish. Do you want some?” “No. I will eat at home. Do you want me to make the fire?” “No. I will make it later on. Or I may eat the rice cold.” “May I take the cast net?” “Of course.” There was no cast net and the boy remembered when they had sold it. But they went through this fiction every day. There was no pot of yellow rice and fish and the boy knew this too. “Eighty-five is a lucky number,” the old man said. “How would you like to see me bring one in that dressed out over a thousand pounds?” “I’ll get the cast net and go for sardines. Will you sit in the sun in the doorway?” [16] “Yes. I have yesterday’s paper and I will read the baseball.” The boy did not know whether yesterday’s paper was a fiction too. But the old man brought it out from under the bed. “Perico gave it t

back when I have the sardines. I’ll keep yours and mine together on ice and we can share them in the morning. When I come back you can tell me about the baseball.” “The Yankees cannot lose.” “But I fear the Indians of Cleveland.” “Have faith in the Yankees my son. Think of the great DiMaggio.” “I fear both the Tigers of Detroit and the Indians of Cleveland.” “Be careful or you will fear even the Reds of Cincinnati and the White Sax of Chicago.” “You study it and tell me when I come back.” “Do you think we should buy a terminal of the lottery with an eighty-five? Tomorrow is the eighty-fifth day.” “We can do that,” the boy said. “But what about the eighty-seven of your great record?” [17] “It could not happen twice. Do you think you can find an eighty-five?” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 4 “I can order one. “One sheet. That’s two dollars and a half. Who can we borrow that from?” “That’s easy. I can always borrow two dollars and a half.” “I think perhaps I can too. But I try not to borrow. First you borrow. Then you beg.” “Keep warm old man,” the boy said. “Remember we are in September.” “The month when the great fish come,” the old man said. “Anyone can be a fisherman in May.” “I go now for the sardines,” the boy said. When the boy came back the old man was asleep in the chair and the sun was down. The boy took the

over the back of the chair and over the old man’s shoulders. They were strange shoulders, still powerful although very old, and the neck was still strong too and the creases did not show so much when the old man was asleep and his head fallen forward. His shirt had been patched so many times that it was like the sail and the patches were faded to many different shades by the sun. The [18] old man’s head was very old though and with his eyes closed there was no life in his face. The newspaper lay across his knees and the weight of his arm held it there in the evening breeze. He was barefooted. The boy left him there and when he came back the old man was still asleep. “Wake up old man,” the boy said and put his hand on one of the old man’s knees. The old man opened his eyes and for a moment he was coming back from a long way away. Then he smiled. “What have you got?” he asked. “Supper,” said the boy. “We’re going to have supper.” “I’m not very hungry.” “Come on and eat. You can’t fish and not eat.” “I have,” the old man said getting up and taking the newspaper and folding it. Then he started to fold the blanket. “Keep the blanket around you,” the boy said. “You’ll not fish without eating while I’m alive.” “Then live a long time and take care of yourself,” the old man said. “What are we eating?” “Black beans and rice, fried ba

brought them in a two-decker metal container from the Terrace. The two sets of knives and forks and spoons were in his pocket with a paper napkin wrapped around each set. “Who gave this to you?” “Martin. The owner.” “I must thank him.” “I thanked him already,” the boy said. “You don’t need to thank him.” “I’ll give him the belly meat of a big fish,” the old man said. “Has he done this for us more than once?” “I think so.” “I must give him something more than the belly meat then. He is very thoughtful for us.” “He sent two beers.” “I like the beer in cans best.” “I know. But this is in bottles, Hatuey beer, and I take back the bottles.” “That’s very kind of you,” the old man said. “Should we eat?” “I’ve been asking you to,” the boy told him gently. “I have not wished to open the container until you were ready.” [20] “I’m ready now,” the old man said. “I only needed time to wash.” Where did you wash? the boy thought. The village water supply was two streets down the road. I must have water here for him, the boy thought, and soap and a good towel. Why am I so Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 5 thoughtless? I must get him another shirt and a jacket for the winter and some sort of shoes and another blanket. “Your stew is excellent,” the old man said. “Tell me about the baseball,” the boy asked him. “In the American League it is the Yan

“They lost today,” the boy told him. “That means nothing. The great DiMaggio is himself again.” “They have other men on the team.” “Naturally. But he makes the difference. In the other league, between Brooklyn and Philadelphia I must take Brooklyn. But then I think of Dick Sisler and those great drives In the old park.” “There was nothing ever like them. He hits the longest ball I have ever seen.” “Do you remember when he used to come to the Terrace?” [21] “I wanted to take him fishing but I was too timid to ask him. Then I asked you to ask him and you were too timid.” “I know. It was a great mistake. He might have gone with us. Then we would have that for all of our lives.” “I would like to take the great DiMaggio fishing,” the old man said. “They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are and would understand.” “The great Sisler’s father was never poor and he, the father, was playing in the Big Leagues when he was my age.” “When I was your age I was before the mast on a square rigged ship that ran to Africa and I have seen lions on the beaches in the evening.” “I know. You told me.” “Should we talk about Africa or about baseball?” “Baseball I think,” the boy said. “Tell me about the great John J. McGraw.” He said Jota for J. “He used to come to the Terrace sometimes too in the older days. But he was rough and

drinking. His mind was on horses as well as baseball. At least he carried lists of [22] horses at all times in his pocket and frequently spoke the names of horses on the telephone.” “He was a great manager,” the boy said. “My father thinks he was the greatest.” “Because he came here the most times,” the old man said. “If Durocher had continued to come here each year your father would think him the greatest manager.” “Who is the greatest manager, really, Luque or Mike Gonzalez?” “I think they are equal.” “And the best fisherman is you.” “No. I know others better.” “Que Va,” the boy said. “There are many good fishermen and some great ones. But there is only you.” “Thank you. You make me happy. I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong.” “There is no such fish if you are still strong as you say.” “I may not be as strong as I think,” the old man said. “But I know many tricks and I have resolution.” “You ought to go to bed now so that you will be fresh in the morning. I will take the things back to the Terrace.” [23] “Good night then. I will wake you in the morning.” “You’re my alarm clock,” the boy said. Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 6 “Age is my alarm clock,” the old man said. “Why do old men wake so early? Is it to have one longer day?” “I don’t know,” the boy said. “All I know is that young boys sleep la

man said. “I’ll waken you in time.” “I do not like for him to waken me. It is as though I were inferior.” “I know.” “Sleep well old man.” The boy went out. They had eaten with no light on the table and the old man took off his trousers and went to bed in the dark. He rolled his trousers up to make a pillow, putting the newspaper inside them. He rolled himself in the blanket and slept on the other old newspapers that covered the springs of the bed. He was asleep in a short time and he dreamed of Africa when he was a boy and the long golden beaches and the white beaches, so white they hurt your eyes, and the high capes and the great brown mountains. He lived along that coast now every night and in his dreams he heard the surf roar and saw the native boats [24] come riding through it. He smelled the tar and oakum of the deck as he slept and he smelled the smell of Africa that the land breeze brought at morning. Usually when he smelled the land breeze he woke up and dressed to go and wake the boy. But tonight the smell of the land breeze came very early and he knew it was too early in his dream and went on dreaming to see the white peaks of the Islands rising from the sea and then he dreamed of the different harbours and roadsteads of the Canary Islands. He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of great occurrences, n

strength, nor of his wife. He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach. They played like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy. He never dreamed about the boy. He simply woke, looked out the open door at the moon and unrolled his trousers and put them on. He urinated outside the shack and then went up the road to wake the boy. He was shivering with the morning cold. But he knew he would shiver himself warm and that soon he would be rowing. The door of the house where the boy lived was unlocked and he opened it and walked in quietly with his [25] bare feet. The boy was asleep on a cot in the first room and the old man could see him clearly with the light that came in from the dying moon. He took hold of one foot gently and held it until the boy woke and turned and looked at him. The old man nodded and the boy took his trousers from the chair by the bed and, sitting on the bed, pulled them on. The old man went out the door and the boy came after him. He was sleepy and the old man put his arm across his shoulders and said, “I am sorry.” “Qua Va,” the boy said. “It is what a man must do.” They walked down the road to the old man’s shack and all along the road, in the dark, barefoot men were moving, carrying the masts of their boats. When they reached the old man’s shack the boy

harpoon and gaff and the old man carried the mast with the furled sail on his shoulder. “Do you want coffee?” the boy asked. “We’ll put the gear in the boat and then get some.” They had coffee from condensed milk cans at an early morning place that served fishermen. “How did you sleep old man?” the boy asked. He [26] was waking up now although it was still hard for him to leave his sleep. “Very well, Manolin,” the old man said. “I feel confident today.” “So do I,” the boy said. “Now I must get your sardines and mine and your fresh baits. He brings our gear himself. He never wants anyone to carry anything.” “We’re different,” the old man said. “I let you carry things when you were five years old.”

Nguồn: Kết quả phân tích nhân tố khám phá EFA tài liệu thu thập năm 2021.

Bảng 6: Kết quả phân tích tương quan Pearson (r)
Bảng
6: Kết quả phân tíchPR
tương quan Pearson
(r)

Trust
PU
Trust
PR
PU
1**
-0,397**
0,266**
1**
-0,397**
0,266**
1**
-0,355**
1**
-0,355**
1**

Factor
Factor
Trust
PRTrust
PR
PU
PU
POEU
POEU
IT IT
0,450**
-0,519**
0,450**

-0,519**
** Hệ
số
Sig.
của
tương
quan
Pearson
mức
0,01.
** Hệ số Sig. của tương quan Pearson mức 0,01.

1**

0,579**
0,579**

POEU

POEU
0,461**
0,461**
-0,467**
-0,467**
0,282**
0,282**
1**
1**
0,429**
0,429**

Nguồn:
KếtKết
quảquả
điều
tratra
xãxãhội
cứu.
Nguồn:
điều
hộihọc
học2021
2021của
củanhóm
nhóm nghiên
nghiên cứu.

Cơng trình nghiên cứu cũng đã tiến hành định kiểm định tương quan PEARSON nhằm kiểm định sự
tương quan giữa các biến độc lập với các biến phụ thuộc và kiểm định dấu hiệu đa cộng tuyến. Kết quả cho
thấy hệ số tương quan Pearson (r) của các cặp biến nằm trong khoảng từ -1 < r < 1 với sig < 0,05 và độ mạnh

Số 308(2) tháng 2/2023

98

Cơng trình nghiên cứu cũng thực hiện kiểm định giả thuyết và phân tích hồi quy đa biến (Bảng 7) để
thiết lập mối quan hệ giữa các yếu tố (biến độc lập) với ý định sử dụng ví điện tử của người dân ở
miền Bắc Việt Nam (biến phụ thuộc).

VIF

called guano and in it there was a bed, a table, one chair, and a place on the dirt floor to cook with charcoal. On the brown walls of the flattened, overlapping leaves of the sturdy fibered [15] guano there was a picture in color of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and another of the Virgin of Cobre. These were relics of his wife. Once there had been a tinted photograph of his wife on the wall but he had taken it down because it made him too lonely to see it and it was on the shelf in the corner under his clean shirt. “What do you have to eat?” the boy asked. “A pot of yellow rice with fish. Do you want some?” “No. I will eat at home. Do you want me to make the fire?” “No. I will make it later on. Or I may eat the rice cold.” “May I take the cast net?” “Of course.” There was no cast net and the boy remembered when they had sold it. But they went through this fiction every day. There was no pot of yellow rice and fish and the boy knew this too. “Eighty-five is a lucky number,” the old man said. “How would you like to see me bring one in that dressed out over a thousand pounds?” “I’ll get the cast net and go for sardines. Will you sit in the sun in the doorway?” [16] “Yes. I have yesterday’s paper and I will read the baseball.” The boy did not know whether yesterday’s paper was a fiction too. But the old man brought it out from under the bed. “Perico gave it t

back when I have the sardines. I’ll keep yours and mine together on ice and we can share them in the morning. When I come back you can tell me about the baseball.” “The Yankees cannot lose.” “But I fear the Indians of Cleveland.” “Have faith in the Yankees my son. Think of the great DiMaggio.” “I fear both the Tigers of Detroit and the Indians of Cleveland.” “Be careful or you will fear even the Reds of Cincinnati and the White Sax of Chicago.” “You study it and tell me when I come back.” “Do you think we should buy a terminal of the lottery with an eighty-five? Tomorrow is the eighty-fifth day.” “We can do that,” the boy said. “But what about the eighty-seven of your great record?” [17] “It could not happen twice. Do you think you can find an eighty-five?” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 4 “I can order one. “One sheet. That’s two dollars and a half. Who can we borrow that from?” “That’s easy. I can always borrow two dollars and a half.” “I think perhaps I can too. But I try not to borrow. First you borrow. Then you beg.” “Keep warm old man,” the boy said. “Remember we are in September.” “The month when the great fish come,” the old man said. “Anyone can be a fisherman in May.” “I go now for the sardines,” the boy said. When the boy came back the old man was asleep in the chair and the sun was down. The boy took the

1,376
1,324
1,138
1,416

over the back of the chair and over the old man’s shoulders. They were strange shoulders, still powerful although very old, and the neck was still strong too and the creases did not show so much when the old man was asleep and his head fallen forward. His shirt had been patched so many times that it was like the sail and the patches were faded to many different shades by the sun. The [18] old man’s head was very old though and with his eyes closed there was no life in his face. The newspaper lay across his knees and the weight of his arm held it there in the evening breeze. He was barefooted. The boy left him there and when he came back the old man was still asleep. “Wake up old man,” the boy said and put his hand on one of the old man’s knees. The old man opened his eyes and for a moment he was coming back from a long way away. Then he smiled. “What have you got?” he asked. “Supper,” said the boy. “We’re going to have supper.” “I’m not very hungry.” “Come on and eat. You can’t fish and not eat.” “I have,” the old man said getting up and taking the newspaper and folding it. Then he started to fold the blanket. “Keep the blanket around you,” the boy said. “You’ll not fish without eating while I’m alive.” “Then live a long time and take care of yourself,” the old man said. “What are we eating?” “Black beans and rice, fried ba

brought them in a two-decker metal container from the Terrace. The two sets of knives and forks and spoons were in his pocket with a paper napkin wrapped around each set. “Who gave this to you?” “Martin. The owner.” “I must thank him.” “I thanked him already,” the boy said. “You don’t need to thank him.” “I’ll give him the belly meat of a big fish,” the old man said. “Has he done this for us more than once?” “I think so.” “I must give him something more than the belly meat then. He is very thoughtful for us.” “He sent two beers.” “I like the beer in cans best.” “I know. But this is in bottles, Hatuey beer, and I take back the bottles.” “That’s very kind of you,” the old man said. “Should we eat?” “I’ve been asking you to,” the boy told him gently. “I have not wished to open the container until you were ready.” [20] “I’m ready now,” the old man said. “I only needed time to wash.” Where did you wash? the boy thought. The village water supply was two streets down the road. I must have water here for him, the boy thought, and soap and a good towel. Why am I so Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 5 thoughtless? I must get him another shirt and a jacket for the winter and some sort of shoes and another blanket. “Your stew is excellent,” the old man said. “Tell me about the baseball,” the boy asked him. “In the American League it is the Yan

“They lost today,” the boy told him. “That means nothing. The great DiMaggio is himself again.” “They have other men on the team.” “Naturally. But he makes the difference. In the other league, between Brooklyn and Philadelphia I must take Brooklyn. But then I think of Dick Sisler and those great drives In the old park.” “There was nothing ever like them. He hits the longest ball I have ever seen.” “Do you remember when he used to come to the Terrace?” [21] “I wanted to take him fishing but I was too timid to ask him. Then I asked you to ask him and you were too timid.” “I know. It was a great mistake. He might have gone with us. Then we would have that for all of our lives.” “I would like to take the great DiMaggio fishing,” the old man said. “They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are and would understand.” “The great Sisler’s father was never poor and he, the father, was playing in the Big Leagues when he was my age.” “When I was your age I was before the mast on a square rigged ship that ran to Africa and I have seen lions on the beaches in the evening.” “I know. You told me.” “Should we talk about Africa or about baseball?” “Baseball I think,” the boy said. “Tell me about the great John J. McGraw.” He said Jota for J. “He used to come to the Terrace sometimes too in the older days. But he was rough and

drinking. His mind was on horses as well as baseball. At least he carried lists of [22] horses at all times in his pocket and frequently spoke the names of horses on the telephone.” “He was a great manager,” the boy said. “My father thinks he was the greatest.” “Because he came here the most times,” the old man said. “If Durocher had continued to come here each year your father would think him the greatest manager.” “Who is the greatest manager, really, Luque or Mike Gonzalez?” “I think they are equal.” “And the best fisherman is you.” “No. I know others better.” “Que Va,” the boy said. “There are many good fishermen and some great ones. But there is only you.” “Thank you. You make me happy. I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong.” “There is no such fish if you are still strong as you say.” “I may not be as strong as I think,” the old man said. “But I know many tricks and I have resolution.” “You ought to go to bed now so that you will be fresh in the morning. I will take the things back to the Terrace.” [23] “Good night then. I will wake you in the morning.” “You’re my alarm clock,” the boy said. Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 6 “Age is my alarm clock,” the old man said. “Why do old men wake so early? Is it to have one longer day?” “I don’t know,” the boy said. “All I know is that young boys sleep la

man said. “I’ll waken you in time.” “I do not like for him to waken me. It is as though I were inferior.” “I know.” “Sleep well old man.” The boy went out. They had eaten with no light on the table and the old man took off his trousers and went to bed in the dark. He rolled his trousers up to make a pillow, putting the newspaper inside them. He rolled himself in the blanket and slept on the other old newspapers that covered the springs of the bed. He was asleep in a short time and he dreamed of Africa when he was a boy and the long golden beaches and the white beaches, so white they hurt your eyes, and the high capes and the great brown mountains. He lived along that coast now every night and in his dreams he heard the surf roar and saw the native boats [24] come riding through it. He smelled the tar and oakum of the deck as he slept and he smelled the smell of Africa that the land breeze brought at morning. Usually when he smelled the land breeze he woke up and dressed to go and wake the boy. But tonight the smell of the land breeze came very early and he knew it was too early in his dream and went on dreaming to see the white peaks of the Islands rising from the sea and then he dreamed of the different harbours and roadsteads of the Canary Islands. He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of great occurrences, n

strength, nor of his wife. He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach. They played like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy. He never dreamed about the boy. He simply woke, looked out the open door at the moon and unrolled his trousers and put them on. He urinated outside the shack and then went up the road to wake the boy. He was shivering with the morning cold. But he knew he would shiver himself warm and that soon he would be rowing. The door of the house where the boy lived was unlocked and he opened it and walked in quietly with his [25] bare feet. The boy was asleep on a cot in the first room and the old man could see him clearly with the light that came in from the dying moon. He took hold of one foot gently and held it until the boy woke and turned and looked at him. The old man nodded and the boy took his trousers from the chair by the bed and, sitting on the bed, pulled them on. The old man went out the door and the boy came after him. He was sleepy and the old man put his arm across his shoulders and said, “I am sorry.” “Qua Va,” the boy said. “It is what a man must do.” They walked down the road to the old man’s shack and all along the road, in the dark, barefoot men were moving, carrying the masts of their boats. When they reached the old man’s shack the boy

trung bình, cho thấy các biến có tương quan với nhau nhưng khơng có dấu hiệu của đa cộng tuyến (Bảng 6)

harpoon and gaff and the old man carried the mast with the furled sail on his shoulder. “Do you want coffee?” the boy asked. “We’ll put the gear in the boat and then get some.” They had coffee from condensed milk cans at an early morning place that served fishermen. “How did you sleep old man?” the boy asked. He [26] was waking up now although it was still hard for him to leave his sleep. “Very well, Manolin,” the old man said. “I feel confident today.” “So do I,” the boy said. “Now I must get your sardines and mine and your fresh baits. He brings our gear himself. He never wants anyone to carry anything.” “We’re different,” the old man said. “I let you carry things when you were five years old.”

Bảng
Sự khác

nhaukiểm
giữađịnh
các nhóm
điều và
traphân
về mức
Cơng trình nghiên
cứu8:
cũng
thực hiện
giả thuyết
tíchđộ
hồiđánh
quy giá
đa biến (Bảng 7) để thiết
ý
định
sử
dụng
ví
điện
tử
của
người
dân
ở
miền
bắc
nước
ta

lập mối quan hệ giữa các yếu tố (biến độc lập) với ý định sử dụng ví điện tử của người dân ở miền Bắc Việt
Tiêu chí đánh giá
Số quan
Trung bình ý
Độ lệch
Giá trị
Nam (biến phụ thuộc).
sát

định hành động

chuẩn

Sig.

QuaGiới
Bảng
7, hồi quy đa biến được thực hiện với 4 biến độc lập bao gồm “Sư tin tưởng” (T),
“Nhận thức
tính
0,025
63 thức tính dễ
4,3915
0,62659
rủi ro”Nam
(PR), “Nhận thức tính hữu ích” (PU) và “Nhận
sử dụng” (POEU)
và một biến phụ thuộc
Nữsử dụng ví điện tử” (IT) là rất có ý nghĩa vì
182

4,1667
0,81405
“Ý định
tất cả các giá
trị Sig. của giá
trị F của các biến độc lập
Tồn
bộ
245
4,2245
đều nhỏ hơn 0,05. Mơ hình hồi quy khơng có hiện tượng đa cộng tuyến vì tất cả0,77634
các hệ số VIP đều nhỏ hơn
Tuổi
0,046
2 phù Nhỏ
hợp hơn
với các
yêu cầu đã được Hair (2010) nêu163
ra.
23 tuổi
4,4532
0,68178
Nghiên
này đã thực hiện phân tích phương sai82một chiều (One-way
để xác định có hay khơng
4,0865 Anova)
0,63405
Trên cứu
23 tuổi
Cơng

trình
nghiên cứu cũng thực hiện kiểm định245
giả thuyết và 4,2245
phân tích hồi quy
đa biến (Bảng 7) để
Tồn
bộ
0,77634
có sự khác nhau giữa các nhóm dân cư theo các tiêu chí nhân khẩu học khi đánh giá tác động của các yếu tố
quan
hệ giữa
các người
yếu tốdân
(biến
độc lập)
ý định
dân ở
Học
vấn
0,025
đến ýthiết
địnhlập
sửmối
dụng
ví điện
tử của
ở miền
Bắcvới
nước
ta. sử dụng ví điện tử của người

Có trình
độ trung
phổphụ
thơng
trở lên
miền
Bắc Việt
Namhọc
(biến
thuộc).

224

4,4127

0,58824

Theo
Lê Văn Huy & Trương Trần Trâm Anh (2012),
của phân tích phương
Khác
21 kết luận 4,1987
0,68682sai một chiều (Oneway Anova)
Tồn bộnêu ra là:
245
4,2245
0,77634
quả điều
hội
học

2021
của
nhóm
cứu.
Bảng
7:xãKết
địnhsai
giảOne-Way
thuyếtnghiên
nghiên
cứu
vàhơn
hồi hoặc
quy đa
biến
- Nguồn:
Nếu giáKết
trị (Sig.)
củatra
phân
tíchkiểm
phương
Anova
nhỏ
bằng
0,05 (Sig ≤ 0,05), thì kết
Biến
R
bình
phương

Βeta
Chuẩn
hóa
Sig.
VIF
luận tồn tại nhóm tuổi, nhóm giới tính, nhóm điều tra có sự khác nhau trong đánh giá biến xem
xét.
đã Hiệu chỉnh

- 4.
Ngược
lại,
nếu
giá luận
trị (Sig.)
của phân
tích
phương
Anova lớn hơn0,000
0,05 (Sig 1,376
> 0,05), thì kết
Tóm
tắt và
thảo
kết quả
nghiên
cứu
Sự
tin tưởng
(T)

0,501 sai One-Way0,224
luận chưa
có
đủ
cơ
sở
để
nói
rằng
có
sự
khác
biệt
giữa
các
nhóm
tuổi,
nhóm
giới
tính,
nhóm
điều tra trong
Nhận thức rủi ro (PR)
-0,227
0,000
1,324
4.1. Đặc điểm mẫu điều tra
thứcxem
tínhxét.
hữu ích (PU)

0,434
0,000
1,138
đánh Nhận
giá biến
Nhận thức tính dễ sử dụng (PEOU)
0,108
điều
tra xã
hội họcnữ2021
củangười
nhóm (chiếm
nghiên 74,3%).
cứu.
-Nguồn:
Nam cóKết
63 quả
người
(chếm
25,7%),
có 182

Trong
số quả
245 chi
người
lời phiếu
Sau
đâytổng
là kết

tiếttrả
(Bảng
8): điều tra hợp lệ thì :

0,046

1,416

- Với Giới tính, ý định sử dụng ví điện tử giữa nhóm nam và nữ có sự khác biệt, trong đó ý định sử dụng
ví điện
tử của
nam
- Nhóm
tuổi
trả lớn
lời hơn
nhiềunữ.
nhất là nhóm có tuổi từ 23 tuổi trở xuống với 163 người (chiếm 66,5%).
Bảng
8: Sự
khác nhau giữa các nhóm điều tra về mức độ đánh giá
Nhóm trên 23 tuổi
(chiếm
33,5%).
ý định sử dụng ví điện tử của người dân ở miền bắc nước ta
- Người có thuTiêu
nhậpchí
bình
qn
5 triệu

tham gia
trảýlời nhiều
51,8%.
đánh
giáhàng tháng dướiSố
quanđồngTrung
bình
Độ nhất
lệch chiếm
Giá
trị
Tiếp theo là nhóm có thu nhập từ 5 đến 10 triệu sát
đồng chiếm
và 11 đến chuẩn
20 triệu đồngSig.
chiếm
định30,6%
hành động
Giới Nhóm
tính có thu nhập trên 20 triệu đồng/tháng có ít người tham gia nhất chiếm 4,9%.
0,025
12,7%.
Nam
63
4,3915
0,62659
- Người
từ phổ thơng trung
học trở lên chiếm
Nữ dùng ví điện tử tham gia khảo sát có trình

182độ học vấn 4,1667
0,81405
Tồn
bộ đó, người có trình độ cao đẳng trở lên chiếm
245 61,6%. 4,2245
0,77634
91%,
trong
Tuổi
0,046
4.2.Nhỏ
Thảo
luận
kết quả nghiên cứu
hơn
23 tuổi
163
4,4532
0,68178
82
4,0865
0,63405
Trên 23 tuổi
Tồn bộ
245
4,2245
0,77634
Học vấn
0,025
Có trình độ trung học phổ thơng trở lên

224
4,4127
0,58824
Khác
21
4,1987
0,68682
Tồn bộ
245
4,2245
0,77634
Nguồn: Kết quả điều tra xã hội học 2021 của nhóm nghiên cứu.

- Với độ tuổi, có 2 nhóm khác biệt: Nhóm có độ tuổi từ 22 trở xuống có ý định sử dụng ví điện tử cao hơn
so với
có và
độthảo
tuổi luận
trên 22
4. nhóm
Tóm tắt
kếttuổi.
quả nghiên cứu
- Với
độ văn
hóa,
nhóm
4.1. trình
Đặc điểm
mẫu

điều
tra có trình độ trung học phổ thơng trở lên có ý định sử dụng ví điện tử cao hơn

Trong tổng số 245 người trả lời phiếu điều tra hợp lệ
99thì :
Số 308(2)
tháng 2/2023

- Nam có 63 người (chếm 25,7%), nữ có 182 người (chiếm 74,3%).
- Nhóm tuổi trả lời nhiều nhất là nhóm có tuổi từ 23 tuổi trở xuống với 163 người (chiếm 66,5%).

He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish. In the first forty days a boy had been with him. But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week. It made the boy sad to see the old man come in each day with his skiff empty and he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast. The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat. The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck. The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its [9] reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks. The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords. But none of these scars were fresh. They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert. Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated. “Santiago,” the boy said to him as they climbed the bank from where the skiff w

We’ve made some money.” The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him. “No,” the old man said. “You’re with a lucky boat. Stay with them.” “But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones every day for three weeks.” “I remember,” the old man said. “I know you did not leave me because you doubted.” “It was papa made me leave. I am a boy and I must obey him.” “I know,” the old man said. “It is quite normal.” “He hasn’t much faith.” [10] “No,” the old man said. “But we have. Haven’t we?” ‘Yes,” the boy said. “Can I offer you a beer on the Terrace and then we’ll take the stuff home.” “Why not?” the old man said. “Between fishermen.” They sat on the Terrace and many of the fishermen made fun of the old man and he was not angry. Others, of the older fishermen, looked at him and were sad. But they did not show it and they spoke politely about the current and the depths they had drifted their lines at and the steady good weather and of what they had seen. The successful fishermen of that day were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them laid full length across two planks, with two men Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 2 staggering at the end of each plank, to the fish house where they waited for the ice truck to carry them to the market in Ha

taken them to the shark factory on the other side of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and tackle, their livers removed, their fins cut off and their hides skinned out and their flesh cut into strips for salting. When the wind was in the east a smell came across the harbour from the shark factory; but today there [11] was only the faint edge of the odour because the wind had backed into the north and then dropped off and it was pleasant and sunny on the Terrace. “Santiago,” the boy said. “Yes,” the old man said. He was holding his glass and thinking of many years ago. “Can I go out to get sardines for you for tomorrow?” “No. Go and play baseball. I can still row and Rogelio will throw the net.” “I would like to go. If I cannot fish with you. I would like to serve in some way.” “You bought me a beer,” the old man said. “You are already a man.” “How old was I when you first took me in a boat?” “Five and you nearly were killed when I brought the fish in too green and he nearly tore the boat to pieces. Can you remember?” “I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing. I can remember you throwing me into the bow where the wet coiled lines were and feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell all over me.” [12] “Can

các nhóm khác.
4. Tóm tắt và thảo luận kết quả nghiên cứu
4.1. Đặc điểm mẫu điều tra
Trong tổng số 245 người trả lời phiếu điều tra hợp lệ thì :
- Nam có 63 người (chếm 25,7%), nữ có 182 người (chiếm 74,3%).
- Nhóm tuổi trả lời nhiều nhất là nhóm có tuổi từ 23 tuổi trở xuống với 163 người (chiếm 66,5%). Nhóm
trên 23 tuổi (chiếm 33,5%).
- Người có thu nhập bình qn hàng tháng dưới 5 triệu đồng tham gia trả lời nhiều nhất chiếm 51,8%. Tiếp
theo là nhóm có thu nhập từ 5 đến 10 triệu đồng chiếm 30,6% và 11 đến 20 triệu đồng chiếm 12,7%. Nhóm
có thu nhập trên 20 triệu đồng/tháng có ít người tham gia nhất chiếm 4,9%.
- Người dùng ví điện tử tham gia khảo sát có trình độ học vấn từ phổ thông trung học trở lên chiếm 91%,
trong đó, người có trình độ cao đẳng trở lên chiếm 61,6%.

4.2. Thảo luận kết quả nghiên cứu
Thứ nhất, mơ hình 4 nhân tố ảnh hưởng đến ý định sử dụng ví điện tử của người dân ở miền bắc Việt Nam
được tổng hợp và đề xuất trên đây là hoàn toàn phù hợp với điều kiện hiện nay ở miền bắc nước ta.
Thứ hai, cả bốn giả thuyết (H1, H2, H3, H4) gắn liền với 4 biến (T, PR, PU và PEOU) đều được hỗ trợ
bởi mơ hình nghiên cứu. Riêng ba biến “Sự tin tưởng” (T), “Nhận thức tính hữu ích” (PU) và “Nhận thức
tính dễ sử dụng” (PEOU) có ảnh hưởng tích cực đến biến phụ thuộc vì hệ số Beta chuẩn hóa của ba biến lần
lượt có giá trị dương (0,224; 0,434 và 0,108) với giá trị Sig. đều nhỏ hơn 0,05. Điều đó có nghĩa rằng nếu
một trong ba nhân tố này tăng lên, ý định sử dụng ví điện tử của người dân miền Bắc nước ta sẽ tăng lên.
Thứ ba, riêng yếu tố “Nhận thức rủi ro” (PR) có giá trị Beta chuẩn hóa âm (-0,227) với giá trị Sig. là 0,000
nhỏ hơn 0,05 chứng tỏ biến này có ảnh hưởng tiêu cực tới biến phụ thuộc. Điều này có nghĩa rằng nếu nhận
thức rủi ro tăng lên, ý định sử dụng ví điện tử của người dân miền Bắc nước ta sẽ giảm đi.
Thứ tư, trong số 3 yếu tố tác động tích cực nêu trên, yếu tố “Nhận thức tính hữu ích” có tác động mạnh
nhất, vì có hệ số Beta chuẩn hóa cao nhất (0,434). Yếu tố có tác động thấp nhất là yếu tố “Nhận thức tính dễ
sử dụng” vì có hệ số Beta chuẩn hóa thấp nhất (0,108).
Thứ năm, hệ số bình phương R đã điều chỉnh có giá trị 0,501, có nghĩa là mơ hình trên có thể giải thích
50,1% mối quan hệ giữa các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến ý định sử dụng ví điện tử của người dân miền Bắc nước
ta.
Thứ sáu, có 3 biến có sự khác biệt giữa các nhóm người có ý định sử dụng ví điện tử là giới tính, tuổi, và
trình độ học vấn. Trong đó, nam giới có ý định sử dụng ví điện tử cao hơn nữ giới. Đây là điểm đặc biệt cần
được nghiên cứu sâu hơn trong thời gian tới. Nhóm có độ tuổi dưới trẻ từ 22 trở xuống, đang theo học tại
các trường đại học, cao đẳng, trung cấp, trung học phổ thơng có ý định sử dụng ví điện tử cao hơn các nhóm
cịn lại. Đây là đối tượng trẻ và cũng là tương lai của các hãng phát hành ví điện tử.
5. Kết luận và khuyến nghị
Từ kết quả nghiên cứu nêu trên nhóm tác giả có một số khuyến nghị sau:
Thứ nhất, các tổ chức phát hành ví điện tử và các tổ chức cung cấp dịch vụ ví điện tử cần chú trọng đến
việc gia tăng tính hữu ích của ví điện tử. Đây là điểm rất quan trọng, vì có đến 80 % người được hỏi trả các
câu hỏi phỏng vấn cho rằng mục đích chính của việc sử dụng ví điện tử của họ là vì lý do lợi ích kinh tế.
Như vậy, ngoài sự tiện lợi như khả năng thanh toán nhiều nơi, tiết kiệm thời gian giao dịch, người dân sử
dụng ví điện tử cịn quan tâm đến các lợi ích kinh tế thiết thực như dịch vụ hàng hóa đa dạng, chi phí giao
dịch thấp, thường có ưu đãi, giảm giá.

Thứ hai, các tổ chức phát hành và cung cấp dịch vụ ví điện tử cần đầu tư nghiên cứu nhằm nâng cao tính
năng bảo mật thông tin của hệ thống công nghệ đang áp dụng của mình giúp tăng cường lịng tin, giảm bớt
những rủi ro có thể xảy ra liên quan tới bảo mật thơng tin hay những mất mát khác có thể xảy ra từ phía
người tiêu dùng sử dụng ví điện tử. Nâng cấp hệ thống công nghệ nhằm tăng khả năng bảo mật thông tin
tất sẽ cần đến nội bộ vận hành mới có chất lượng và kỹ năng quản lý tốt hơn để vận hành hệ thống và sử
dụng các công cụ gắn liền với hệ thống mới đã được nâng cấp. Các tổ chức nêu trên cần nâng cao năng lực

it to you?” “I remember everything from when we first went together.” The old man looked at him with his sun-burned, confident loving eyes. “If you were my boy I’d take you out and gamble,” he said. “But you are your father’s and your mother’s and you are in a lucky boat.” “May I get the sardines? I know where I can get four baits too.” “I have mine left from today. I put them in salt in the box.” “Let me get four fresh ones.” “One,” the old man said. His hope and his confidence had never gone. But now they were freshening as when the breeze rises. “Two,” the boy said. “Two,” the old man agreed. “You didn’t steal them?” “I would,” the boy said. “But I bought these.” “Thank you,” the old man said. He was too simple to wonder when he had attained humility. But he [13] knew he had attained it and he knew it was not disgraceful and it carried no loss of true pride. “Tomorrow is going to be a good day with this current,” he said. “Where are you going?” the boy asked. “Far out to come in when the wind shifts. I want to be out before it is light.” “I’ll try to get him to work far out,” the boy said. “Then if you hook something truly big we can come to your aid.” “He does not like to work too far out.” “No,” the boy said. “But I will see something that he cannot see such as a bird working and get him to come out after dolphin.” “Are his eyes that bad?” “He is

said. “He never went turtle-ing. That is what kills the eyes.” “But you went turtle-ing for years off the Mosquito Coast and your eyes are good.” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 3 “I am a strange old man” “But are you strong enough now for a truly big fish?” “I think so. And there are many tricks.” [14] “Let us take the stuff home,” the boy said. “So I can get the cast net and go after the sardines.” They picked up the gear from the boat. The old man carried the mast on his shoulder and the boy carried the wooden boat with the coiled, hard-braided brown lines, the gaff and the harpoon with its shaft. The box with the baits was under the stern of the skiff along with the club that was used to subdue the big fish when they were brought alongside. No one would steal from the old man but it was better to take the sail and the heavy lines home as the dew was bad for them and, though he was quite sure no local people would steal from him, the old man thought that a gaff and a harpoon were needless temptations to leave in a boat. They walked up the road together to the old man’s shack and went in through its open door. The old man leaned the mast with its wrapped sail against the wall and the boy put the box and the other gear beside it. The mast was nearly as long as the one room of the shack. The shack was made of the toug

called guano and in it there was a bed, a table, one chair, and a place on the dirt floor to cook with charcoal. On the brown walls of the flattened, overlapping leaves of the sturdy fibered [15] guano there was a picture in color of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and another of the Virgin of Cobre. These were relics of his wife. Once there had been a tinted photograph of his wife on the wall but he had taken it down because it made him too lonely to see it and it was on the shelf in the corner under his clean shirt. “What do you have to eat?” the boy asked. “A pot of yellow rice with fish. Do you want some?” “No. I will eat at home. Do you want me to make the fire?” “No. I will make it later on. Or I may eat the rice cold.” “May I take the cast net?” “Of course.” There was no cast net and the boy remembered when they had sold it. But they went through this fiction every day. There was no pot of yellow rice and fish and the boy knew this too. “Eighty-five is a lucky number,” the old man said. “How would you like to see me bring one in that dressed out over a thousand pounds?” “I’ll get the cast net and go for sardines. Will you sit in the sun in the doorway?” [16] “Yes. I have yesterday’s paper and I will read the baseball.” The boy did not know whether yesterday’s paper was a fiction too. But the old man brought it out from under the bed. “Perico gave it t

back when I have the sardines. I’ll keep yours and mine together on ice and we can share them in the morning. When I come back you can tell me about the baseball.” “The Yankees cannot lose.” “But I fear the Indians of Cleveland.” “Have faith in the Yankees my son. Think of the great DiMaggio.” “I fear both the Tigers of Detroit and the Indians of Cleveland.” “Be careful or you will fear even the Reds of Cincinnati and the White Sax of Chicago.” “You study it and tell me when I come back.” “Do you think we should buy a terminal of the lottery with an eighty-five? Tomorrow is the eighty-fifth day.” “We can do that,” the boy said. “But what about the eighty-seven of your great record?” [17] “It could not happen twice. Do you think you can find an eighty-five?” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 4 “I can order one. “One sheet. That’s two dollars and a half. Who can we borrow that from?” “That’s easy. I can always borrow two dollars and a half.” “I think perhaps I can too. But I try not to borrow. First you borrow. Then you beg.” “Keep warm old man,” the boy said. “Remember we are in September.” “The month when the great fish come,” the old man said. “Anyone can be a fisherman in May.” “I go now for the sardines,” the boy said. When the boy came back the old man was asleep in the chair and the sun was down. The boy took the

over the back of the chair and over the old man’s shoulders. They were strange shoulders, still powerful although very old, and the neck was still strong too and the creases did not show so much when the old man was asleep and his head fallen forward. His shirt had been patched so many times that it was like the sail and the patches were faded to many different shades by the sun. The [18] old man’s head was very old though and with his eyes closed there was no life in his face. The newspaper lay across his knees and the weight of his arm held it there in the evening breeze. He was barefooted. The boy left him there and when he came back the old man was still asleep. “Wake up old man,” the boy said and put his hand on one of the old man’s knees. The old man opened his eyes and for a moment he was coming back from a long way away. Then he smiled. “What have you got?” he asked. “Supper,” said the boy. “We’re going to have supper.” “I’m not very hungry.” “Come on and eat. You can’t fish and not eat.” “I have,” the old man said getting up and taking the newspaper and folding it. Then he started to fold the blanket. “Keep the blanket around you,” the boy said. “You’ll not fish without eating while I’m alive.” “Then live a long time and take care of yourself,” the old man said. “What are we eating?” “Black beans and rice, fried ba

brought them in a two-decker metal container from the Terrace. The two sets of knives and forks and spoons were in his pocket with a paper napkin wrapped around each set. “Who gave this to you?” “Martin. The owner.” “I must thank him.” “I thanked him already,” the boy said. “You don’t need to thank him.” “I’ll give him the belly meat of a big fish,” the old man said. “Has he done this for us more than once?” “I think so.” “I must give him something more than the belly meat then. He is very thoughtful for us.” “He sent two beers.” “I like the beer in cans best.” “I know. But this is in bottles, Hatuey beer, and I take back the bottles.” “That’s very kind of you,” the old man said. “Should we eat?” “I’ve been asking you to,” the boy told him gently. “I have not wished to open the container until you were ready.” [20] “I’m ready now,” the old man said. “I only needed time to wash.” Where did you wash? the boy thought. The village water supply was two streets down the road. I must have water here for him, the boy thought, and soap and a good towel. Why am I so Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 5 thoughtless? I must get him another shirt and a jacket for the winter and some sort of shoes and another blanket. “Your stew is excellent,” the old man said. “Tell me about the baseball,” the boy asked him. “In the American League it is the Yan

“They lost today,” the boy told him. “That means nothing. The great DiMaggio is himself again.” “They have other men on the team.” “Naturally. But he makes the difference. In the other league, between Brooklyn and Philadelphia I must take Brooklyn. But then I think of Dick Sisler and those great drives In the old park.” “There was nothing ever like them. He hits the longest ball I have ever seen.” “Do you remember when he used to come to the Terrace?” [21] “I wanted to take him fishing but I was too timid to ask him. Then I asked you to ask him and you were too timid.” “I know. It was a great mistake. He might have gone with us. Then we would have that for all of our lives.” “I would like to take the great DiMaggio fishing,” the old man said. “They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are and would understand.” “The great Sisler’s father was never poor and he, the father, was playing in the Big Leagues when he was my age.” “When I was your age I was before the mast on a square rigged ship that ran to Africa and I have seen lions on the beaches in the evening.” “I know. You told me.” “Should we talk about Africa or about baseball?” “Baseball I think,” the boy said. “Tell me about the great John J. McGraw.” He said Jota for J. “He used to come to the Terrace sometimes too in the older days. But he was rough and

drinking. His mind was on horses as well as baseball. At least he carried lists of [22] horses at all times in his pocket and frequently spoke the names of horses on the telephone.” “He was a great manager,” the boy said. “My father thinks he was the greatest.” “Because he came here the most times,” the old man said. “If Durocher had continued to come here each year your father would think him the greatest manager.” “Who is the greatest manager, really, Luque or Mike Gonzalez?” “I think they are equal.” “And the best fisherman is you.” “No. I know others better.” “Que Va,” the boy said. “There are many good fishermen and some great ones. But there is only you.” “Thank you. You make me happy. I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong.” “There is no such fish if you are still strong as you say.” “I may not be as strong as I think,” the old man said. “But I know many tricks and I have resolution.” “You ought to go to bed now so that you will be fresh in the morning. I will take the things back to the Terrace.” [23] “Good night then. I will wake you in the morning.” “You’re my alarm clock,” the boy said. Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 6 “Age is my alarm clock,” the old man said. “Why do old men wake so early? Is it to have one longer day?” “I don’t know,” the boy said. “All I know is that young boys sleep la

man said. “I’ll waken you in time.” “I do not like for him to waken me. It is as though I were inferior.” “I know.” “Sleep well old man.” The boy went out. They had eaten with no light on the table and the old man took off his trousers and went to bed in the dark. He rolled his trousers up to make a pillow, putting the newspaper inside them. He rolled himself in the blanket and slept on the other old newspapers that covered the springs of the bed. He was asleep in a short time and he dreamed of Africa when he was a boy and the long golden beaches and the white beaches, so white they hurt your eyes, and the high capes and the great brown mountains. He lived along that coast now every night and in his dreams he heard the surf roar and saw the native boats [24] come riding through it. He smelled the tar and oakum of the deck as he slept and he smelled the smell of Africa that the land breeze brought at morning. Usually when he smelled the land breeze he woke up and dressed to go and wake the boy. But tonight the smell of the land breeze came very early and he knew it was too early in his dream and went on dreaming to see the white peaks of the Islands rising from the sea and then he dreamed of the different harbours and roadsteads of the Canary Islands. He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of great occurrences, n

strength, nor of his wife. He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach. They played like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy. He never dreamed about the boy. He simply woke, looked out the open door at the moon and unrolled his trousers and put them on. He urinated outside the shack and then went up the road to wake the boy. He was shivering with the morning cold. But he knew he would shiver himself warm and that soon he would be rowing. The door of the house where the boy lived was unlocked and he opened it and walked in quietly with his [25] bare feet. The boy was asleep on a cot in the first room and the old man could see him clearly with the light that came in from the dying moon. He took hold of one foot gently and held it until the boy woke and turned and looked at him. The old man nodded and the boy took his trousers from the chair by the bed and, sitting on the bed, pulled them on. The old man went out the door and the boy came after him. He was sleepy and the old man put his arm across his shoulders and said, “I am sorry.” “Qua Va,” the boy said. “It is what a man must do.” They walked down the road to the old man’s shack and all along the road, in the dark, barefoot men were moving, carrying the masts of their boats. When they reached the old man’s shack the boy

harpoon and gaff and the old man carried the mast with the furled sail on his shoulder. “Do you want coffee?” the boy asked. “We’ll put the gear in the boat and then get some.” They had coffee from condensed milk cans at an early morning place that served fishermen. “How did you sleep old man?” the boy asked. He [26] was waking up now although it was still hard for him to leave his sleep. “Very well, Manolin,” the old man said. “I feel confident today.” “So do I,” the boy said. “Now I must get your sardines and mine and your fresh baits. He brings our gear himself. He never wants anyone to carry anything.” “We’re different,” the old man said. “I let you carry things when you were five years old.”

Số 308(2) tháng 2/2023

100

He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish. In the first forty days a boy had been with him. But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week. It made the boy sad to see the old man come in each day with his skiff empty and he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast. The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat. The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck. The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its [9] reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks. The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords. But none of these scars were fresh. They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert. Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated. “Santiago,” the boy said to him as they climbed the bank from where the skiff w

We’ve made some money.” The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him. “No,” the old man said. “You’re with a lucky boat. Stay with them.” “But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones every day for three weeks.” “I remember,” the old man said. “I know you did not leave me because you doubted.” “It was papa made me leave. I am a boy and I must obey him.” “I know,” the old man said. “It is quite normal.” “He hasn’t much faith.” [10] “No,” the old man said. “But we have. Haven’t we?” ‘Yes,” the boy said. “Can I offer you a beer on the Terrace and then we’ll take the stuff home.” “Why not?” the old man said. “Between fishermen.” They sat on the Terrace and many of the fishermen made fun of the old man and he was not angry. Others, of the older fishermen, looked at him and were sad. But they did not show it and they spoke politely about the current and the depths they had drifted their lines at and the steady good weather and of what they had seen. The successful fishermen of that day were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them laid full length across two planks, with two men Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 2 staggering at the end of each plank, to the fish house where they waited for the ice truck to carry them to the market in Ha

taken them to the shark factory on the other side of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and tackle, their livers removed, their fins cut off and their hides skinned out and their flesh cut into strips for salting. When the wind was in the east a smell came across the harbour from the shark factory; but today there [11] was only the faint edge of the odour because the wind had backed into the north and then dropped off and it was pleasant and sunny on the Terrace. “Santiago,” the boy said. “Yes,” the old man said. He was holding his glass and thinking of many years ago. “Can I go out to get sardines for you for tomorrow?” “No. Go and play baseball. I can still row and Rogelio will throw the net.” “I would like to go. If I cannot fish with you. I would like to serve in some way.” “You bought me a beer,” the old man said. “You are already a man.” “How old was I when you first took me in a boat?” “Five and you nearly were killed when I brought the fish in too green and he nearly tore the boat to pieces. Can you remember?” “I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing. I can remember you throwing me into the bow where the wet coiled lines were and feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell all over me.” [12] “Can

của đội ngũ nhân sự vận hành chuyên trách nhằm hỗ trợ cho khách hàng trong q trình sử dụng ví điện tử.

it to you?” “I remember everything from when we first went together.” The old man looked at him with his sun-burned, confident loving eyes. “If you were my boy I’d take you out and gamble,” he said. “But you are your father’s and your mother’s and you are in a lucky boat.” “May I get the sardines? I know where I can get four baits too.” “I have mine left from today. I put them in salt in the box.” “Let me get four fresh ones.” “One,” the old man said. His hope and his confidence had never gone. But now they were freshening as when the breeze rises. “Two,” the boy said. “Two,” the old man agreed. “You didn’t steal them?” “I would,” the boy said. “But I bought these.” “Thank you,” the old man said. He was too simple to wonder when he had attained humility. But he [13] knew he had attained it and he knew it was not disgraceful and it carried no loss of true pride. “Tomorrow is going to be a good day with this current,” he said. “Where are you going?” the boy asked. “Far out to come in when the wind shifts. I want to be out before it is light.” “I’ll try to get him to work far out,” the boy said. “Then if you hook something truly big we can come to your aid.” “He does not like to work too far out.” “No,” the boy said. “But I will see something that he cannot see such as a bird working and get him to come out after dolphin.” “Are his eyes that bad?” “He is

said. “He never went turtle-ing. That is what kills the eyes.” “But you went turtle-ing for years off the Mosquito Coast and your eyes are good.” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 3 “I am a strange old man” “But are you strong enough now for a truly big fish?” “I think so. And there are many tricks.” [14] “Let us take the stuff home,” the boy said. “So I can get the cast net and go after the sardines.” They picked up the gear from the boat. The old man carried the mast on his shoulder and the boy carried the wooden boat with the coiled, hard-braided brown lines, the gaff and the harpoon with its shaft. The box with the baits was under the stern of the skiff along with the club that was used to subdue the big fish when they were brought alongside. No one would steal from the old man but it was better to take the sail and the heavy lines home as the dew was bad for them and, though he was quite sure no local people would steal from him, the old man thought that a gaff and a harpoon were needless temptations to leave in a boat. They walked up the road together to the old man’s shack and went in through its open door. The old man leaned the mast with its wrapped sail against the wall and the boy put the box and the other gear beside it. The mast was nearly as long as the one room of the shack. The shack was made of the toug

Thứ ba, cần nâng cao sự chuyên nghiệp của các trung tâm dịch vụ khách hàng của các tổ chức phát hành
và cung cấp dịch vụ ví điện tử nhằm giảm bớt các vấn đề, khó khăn mà khách hàng gặp phải khi sử dụng ví
điện tử và nhờ đó tăng sự tin tưởng của họ thơng qua tiếp xúc hoặc gọi điện tới nhân viên.

called guano and in it there was a bed, a table, one chair, and a place on the dirt floor to cook with charcoal. On the brown walls of the flattened, overlapping leaves of the sturdy fibered [15] guano there was a picture in color of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and another of the Virgin of Cobre. These were relics of his wife. Once there had been a tinted photograph of his wife on the wall but he had taken it down because it made him too lonely to see it and it was on the shelf in the corner under his clean shirt. “What do you have to eat?” the boy asked. “A pot of yellow rice with fish. Do you want some?” “No. I will eat at home. Do you want me to make the fire?” “No. I will make it later on. Or I may eat the rice cold.” “May I take the cast net?” “Of course.” There was no cast net and the boy remembered when they had sold it. But they went through this fiction every day. There was no pot of yellow rice and fish and the boy knew this too. “Eighty-five is a lucky number,” the old man said. “How would you like to see me bring one in that dressed out over a thousand pounds?” “I’ll get the cast net and go for sardines. Will you sit in the sun in the doorway?” [16] “Yes. I have yesterday’s paper and I will read the baseball.” The boy did not know whether yesterday’s paper was a fiction too. But the old man brought it out from under the bed. “Perico gave it t

back when I have the sardines. I’ll keep yours and mine together on ice and we can share them in the morning. When I come back you can tell me about the baseball.” “The Yankees cannot lose.” “But I fear the Indians of Cleveland.” “Have faith in the Yankees my son. Think of the great DiMaggio.” “I fear both the Tigers of Detroit and the Indians of Cleveland.” “Be careful or you will fear even the Reds of Cincinnati and the White Sax of Chicago.” “You study it and tell me when I come back.” “Do you think we should buy a terminal of the lottery with an eighty-five? Tomorrow is the eighty-fifth day.” “We can do that,” the boy said. “But what about the eighty-seven of your great record?” [17] “It could not happen twice. Do you think you can find an eighty-five?” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 4 “I can order one. “One sheet. That’s two dollars and a half. Who can we borrow that from?” “That’s easy. I can always borrow two dollars and a half.” “I think perhaps I can too. But I try not to borrow. First you borrow. Then you beg.” “Keep warm old man,” the boy said. “Remember we are in September.” “The month when the great fish come,” the old man said. “Anyone can be a fisherman in May.” “I go now for the sardines,” the boy said. When the boy came back the old man was asleep in the chair and the sun was down. The boy took the

over the back of the chair and over the old man’s shoulders. They were strange shoulders, still powerful although very old, and the neck was still strong too and the creases did not show so much when the old man was asleep and his head fallen forward. His shirt had been patched so many times that it was like the sail and the patches were faded to many different shades by the sun. The [18] old man’s head was very old though and with his eyes closed there was no life in his face. The newspaper lay across his knees and the weight of his arm held it there in the evening breeze. He was barefooted. The boy left him there and when he came back the old man was still asleep. “Wake up old man,” the boy said and put his hand on one of the old man’s knees. The old man opened his eyes and for a moment he was coming back from a long way away. Then he smiled. “What have you got?” he asked. “Supper,” said the boy. “We’re going to have supper.” “I’m not very hungry.” “Come on and eat. You can’t fish and not eat.” “I have,” the old man said getting up and taking the newspaper and folding it. Then he started to fold the blanket. “Keep the blanket around you,” the boy said. “You’ll not fish without eating while I’m alive.” “Then live a long time and take care of yourself,” the old man said. “What are we eating?” “Black beans and rice, fried ba

Thứ tư, các tổ chức phát hành ví điện tử và các tổ chức cung cấp dịch vụ ví điện tử cần gia tăng các tiện
ích được tích hợp trong ví điện tử để một mặt gia tăng lợi ích, mặt khác gia tăng lòng tin và tạo sự thuận tiện
hơn cho người dân sử dụng ví điện tử, thậm chí tiết giảm một phần lợi nhuận để khuyến khích người tiêu
dùng sử dụng ví điện tử.

brought them in a two-decker metal container from the Terrace. The two sets of knives and forks and spoons were in his pocket with a paper napkin wrapped around each set. “Who gave this to you?” “Martin. The owner.” “I must thank him.” “I thanked him already,” the boy said. “You don’t need to thank him.” “I’ll give him the belly meat of a big fish,” the old man said. “Has he done this for us more than once?” “I think so.” “I must give him something more than the belly meat then. He is very thoughtful for us.” “He sent two beers.” “I like the beer in cans best.” “I know. But this is in bottles, Hatuey beer, and I take back the bottles.” “That’s very kind of you,” the old man said. “Should we eat?” “I’ve been asking you to,” the boy told him gently. “I have not wished to open the container until you were ready.” [20] “I’m ready now,” the old man said. “I only needed time to wash.” Where did you wash? the boy thought. The village water supply was two streets down the road. I must have water here for him, the boy thought, and soap and a good towel. Why am I so Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 5 thoughtless? I must get him another shirt and a jacket for the winter and some sort of shoes and another blanket. “Your stew is excellent,” the old man said. “Tell me about the baseball,” the boy asked him. “In the American League it is the Yan

“They lost today,” the boy told him. “That means nothing. The great DiMaggio is himself again.” “They have other men on the team.” “Naturally. But he makes the difference. In the other league, between Brooklyn and Philadelphia I must take Brooklyn. But then I think of Dick Sisler and those great drives In the old park.” “There was nothing ever like them. He hits the longest ball I have ever seen.” “Do you remember when he used to come to the Terrace?” [21] “I wanted to take him fishing but I was too timid to ask him. Then I asked you to ask him and you were too timid.” “I know. It was a great mistake. He might have gone with us. Then we would have that for all of our lives.” “I would like to take the great DiMaggio fishing,” the old man said. “They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are and would understand.” “The great Sisler’s father was never poor and he, the father, was playing in the Big Leagues when he was my age.” “When I was your age I was before the mast on a square rigged ship that ran to Africa and I have seen lions on the beaches in the evening.” “I know. You told me.” “Should we talk about Africa or about baseball?” “Baseball I think,” the boy said. “Tell me about the great John J. McGraw.” He said Jota for J. “He used to come to the Terrace sometimes too in the older days. But he was rough and

drinking. His mind was on horses as well as baseball. At least he carried lists of [22] horses at all times in his pocket and frequently spoke the names of horses on the telephone.” “He was a great manager,” the boy said. “My father thinks he was the greatest.” “Because he came here the most times,” the old man said. “If Durocher had continued to come here each year your father would think him the greatest manager.” “Who is the greatest manager, really, Luque or Mike Gonzalez?” “I think they are equal.” “And the best fisherman is you.” “No. I know others better.” “Que Va,” the boy said. “There are many good fishermen and some great ones. But there is only you.” “Thank you. You make me happy. I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong.” “There is no such fish if you are still strong as you say.” “I may not be as strong as I think,” the old man said. “But I know many tricks and I have resolution.” “You ought to go to bed now so that you will be fresh in the morning. I will take the things back to the Terrace.” [23] “Good night then. I will wake you in the morning.” “You’re my alarm clock,” the boy said. Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 6 “Age is my alarm clock,” the old man said. “Why do old men wake so early? Is it to have one longer day?” “I don’t know,” the boy said. “All I know is that young boys sleep la

man said. “I’ll waken you in time.” “I do not like for him to waken me. It is as though I were inferior.” “I know.” “Sleep well old man.” The boy went out. They had eaten with no light on the table and the old man took off his trousers and went to bed in the dark. He rolled his trousers up to make a pillow, putting the newspaper inside them. He rolled himself in the blanket and slept on the other old newspapers that covered the springs of the bed. He was asleep in a short time and he dreamed of Africa when he was a boy and the long golden beaches and the white beaches, so white they hurt your eyes, and the high capes and the great brown mountains. He lived along that coast now every night and in his dreams he heard the surf roar and saw the native boats [24] come riding through it. He smelled the tar and oakum of the deck as he slept and he smelled the smell of Africa that the land breeze brought at morning. Usually when he smelled the land breeze he woke up and dressed to go and wake the boy. But tonight the smell of the land breeze came very early and he knew it was too early in his dream and went on dreaming to see the white peaks of the Islands rising from the sea and then he dreamed of the different harbours and roadsteads of the Canary Islands. He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of great occurrences, n

strength, nor of his wife. He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach. They played like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy. He never dreamed about the boy. He simply woke, looked out the open door at the moon and unrolled his trousers and put them on. He urinated outside the shack and then went up the road to wake the boy. He was shivering with the morning cold. But he knew he would shiver himself warm and that soon he would be rowing. The door of the house where the boy lived was unlocked and he opened it and walked in quietly with his [25] bare feet. The boy was asleep on a cot in the first room and the old man could see him clearly with the light that came in from the dying moon. He took hold of one foot gently and held it until the boy woke and turned and looked at him. The old man nodded and the boy took his trousers from the chair by the bed and, sitting on the bed, pulled them on. The old man went out the door and the boy came after him. He was sleepy and the old man put his arm across his shoulders and said, “I am sorry.” “Qua Va,” the boy said. “It is what a man must do.” They walked down the road to the old man’s shack and all along the road, in the dark, barefoot men were moving, carrying the masts of their boats. When they reached the old man’s shack the boy

Thứ năm, các tổ chức phát hành ví điện tử và các đơn vị cung cấp dịch vụ ví điện tử cần thực hiện các
giải pháp nhằm giảm thiểu các rủi ro khi sử dụng ví điện tử như áp dụng công nghệ mới nhất vào bảo vệ tài
khoản, bảo mật thông tin khách hàng, nâng cao trách nhiệm của đội ngũ bán hàng, dịch vụ viên.

harpoon and gaff and the old man carried the mast with the furled sail on his shoulder. “Do you want coffee?” the boy asked. “We’ll put the gear in the boat and then get some.” They had coffee from condensed milk cans at an early morning place that served fishermen. “How did you sleep old man?” the boy asked. He [26] was waking up now although it was still hard for him to leave his sleep. “Very well, Manolin,” the old man said. “I feel confident today.” “So do I,” the boy said. “Now I must get your sardines and mine and your fresh baits. He brings our gear himself. He never wants anyone to carry anything.” “We’re different,” the old man said. “I let you carry things when you were five years old.”

Tài liệu tham khảo
Ajzen, I. (1985), From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior, Heidelberg: Springer.
Barone, M.J. & Miniard, P.W. (1999), ‘How and when factual ad claims mislead consumers: Examining the deceptive
consequences of interactions for partial comparative advertisements’, Journal of Consumer Research, 36, 58-74.
Chen, Y.H.H. & Corkindale, D. (2008), Towards an understanding of the behavioral intention to use online news
services: an exploratory study, truy cập lần cuối ngày 25 tháng 1 năm 2022, từ < />insight/content/doi/10.1108/10662240810883326/full/html>.
Davis, F.D. (1989), ‘Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology’, MIS
Quarterly, 13(3), p.319.
Delafrooz, N., Paim, L.H. & Khatibi, A. (2011), ‘Understanding consumer’s internet purchase intention in Malaysia’,
African Journal of Business Management, 5(3), 2837-2846.
Gefen, D. (2000), ‘E-commerce: the role of familiarity and trust’, The International Journal of Management Science,
28(6), 725-737.
Hair, J.F (2010), Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson, R.E. & Tatham, R.L. (1998), Multivariate data analysis, Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Juyal, P. (2011), Types of digital wallets: A detailed giude, truy cập ngày 19 tháng 1 năm 2022, từ < />blog/payments/mobile-wallet/types-of-digital-wallets/>.
Kim, C., Tao, W., Shin, N. & Kim, K.S. (2014), ‘An empirical study of customers’ perceptions of security and trust in
e-payment systems’, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 9(1), 84-95.
Lê Văn Huy & Trương Trần Trâm Anh (2012), Giáo trình phương pháp nghiên cứu trong kinh doanh, Nhà xuất Tài
chính.
Nam Khánh (2021), Việt Nam là chiến trường nóng bỏng của Ví điện tử, MOMO đang dẫn đầu, bỏ xa á quân
VIETTELPAY (2021), truy cập ngày 19 tháng 1 năm 2022, từ < />Shaw, N. (2014), ‘The mediating influence of trust in the adoption of the mobile wallet’, Journal of Retailing and
Consumer Services, 21(4), 449-459.
Tarip, N. & Eddaoudi, B. (2009), ‘Assessing the effect of trust and security factors on consumers’ willingness for online
shopping among the urban moroccans’, International Journal of Business and Management Science, 2(1), 17-32.
Yang, Q., Pang, C., Liu, L., Yen, D.C. & Tarn, J.M. (2015), ‘Exploring consumer perceived risk and trust for online
payments: An empirical study in China’s younger generation’, Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 9-24.

Số 308(2) tháng 2/2023

101

He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish. In the first forty days a boy had been with him. But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week. It made the boy sad to see the old man come in each day with his skiff empty and he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast. The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat. The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck. The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its [9] reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks. The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords. But none of these scars were fresh. They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert. Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated. “Santiago,” the boy said to him as they climbed the bank from where the skiff w

We’ve made some money.” The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him. “No,” the old man said. “You’re with a lucky boat. Stay with them.” “But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones every day for three weeks.” “I remember,” the old man said. “I know you did not leave me because you doubted.” “It was papa made me leave. I am a boy and I must obey him.” “I know,” the old man said. “It is quite normal.” “He hasn’t much faith.” [10] “No,” the old man said. “But we have. Haven’t we?” ‘Yes,” the boy said. “Can I offer you a beer on the Terrace and then we’ll take the stuff home.” “Why not?” the old man said. “Between fishermen.” They sat on the Terrace and many of the fishermen made fun of the old man and he was not angry. Others, of the older fishermen, looked at him and were sad. But they did not show it and they spoke politely about the current and the depths they had drifted their lines at and the steady good weather and of what they had seen. The successful fishermen of that day were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them laid full length across two planks, with two men Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 2 staggering at the end of each plank, to the fish house where they waited for the ice truck to carry them to the market in Ha

taken them to the shark factory on the other side of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and tackle, their livers removed, their fins cut off and their hides skinned out and their flesh cut into strips for salting. When the wind was in the east a smell came across the harbour from the shark factory; but today there [11] was only the faint edge of the odour because the wind had backed into the north and then dropped off and it was pleasant and sunny on the Terrace. “Santiago,” the boy said. “Yes,” the old man said. He was holding his glass and thinking of many years ago. “Can I go out to get sardines for you for tomorrow?” “No. Go and play baseball. I can still row and Rogelio will throw the net.” “I would like to go. If I cannot fish with you. I would like to serve in some way.” “You bought me a beer,” the old man said. “You are already a man.” “How old was I when you first took me in a boat?” “Five and you nearly were killed when I brought the fish in too green and he nearly tore the boat to pieces. Can you remember?” “I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing. I can remember you throwing me into the bow where the wet coiled lines were and feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell all over me.” [12] “Can

it to you?” “I remember everything from when we first went together.” The old man looked at him with his sun-burned, confident loving eyes. “If you were my boy I’d take you out and gamble,” he said. “But you are your father’s and your mother’s and you are in a lucky boat.” “May I get the sardines? I know where I can get four baits too.” “I have mine left from today. I put them in salt in the box.” “Let me get four fresh ones.” “One,” the old man said. His hope and his confidence had never gone. But now they were freshening as when the breeze rises. “Two,” the boy said. “Two,” the old man agreed. “You didn’t steal them?” “I would,” the boy said. “But I bought these.” “Thank you,” the old man said. He was too simple to wonder when he had attained humility. But he [13] knew he had attained it and he knew it was not disgraceful and it carried no loss of true pride. “Tomorrow is going to be a good day with this current,” he said. “Where are you going?” the boy asked. “Far out to come in when the wind shifts. I want to be out before it is light.” “I’ll try to get him to work far out,” the boy said. “Then if you hook something truly big we can come to your aid.” “He does not like to work too far out.” “No,” the boy said. “But I will see something that he cannot see such as a bird working and get him to come out after dolphin.” “Are his eyes that bad?” “He is

said. “He never went turtle-ing. That is what kills the eyes.” “But you went turtle-ing for years off the Mosquito Coast and your eyes are good.” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 3 “I am a strange old man” “But are you strong enough now for a truly big fish?” “I think so. And there are many tricks.” [14] “Let us take the stuff home,” the boy said. “So I can get the cast net and go after the sardines.” They picked up the gear from the boat. The old man carried the mast on his shoulder and the boy carried the wooden boat with the coiled, hard-braided brown lines, the gaff and the harpoon with its shaft. The box with the baits was under the stern of the skiff along with the club that was used to subdue the big fish when they were brought alongside. No one would steal from the old man but it was better to take the sail and the heavy lines home as the dew was bad for them and, though he was quite sure no local people would steal from him, the old man thought that a gaff and a harpoon were needless temptations to leave in a boat. They walked up the road together to the old man’s shack and went in through its open door. The old man leaned the mast with its wrapped sail against the wall and the boy put the box and the other gear beside it. The mast was nearly as long as the one room of the shack. The shack was made of the tou

called guano and in it there was a bed, a table, one chair, and a place on the dirt floor to cook with charcoal. On the brown walls of the flattened, overlapping leaves of the sturdy fibered [15] guano there was a picture in color of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and another of the Virgin of Cobre. These were relics of his wife. Once there had been a tinted photograph of his wife on the wall but he had taken it down because it made him too lonely to see it and it was on the shelf in the corner under his clean shirt. “What do you have to eat?” the boy asked. “A pot of yellow rice with fish. Do you want some?” “No. I will eat at home. Do you want me to make the fire?” “No. I will make it later on. Or I may eat the rice cold.” “May I take the cast net?” “Of course.” There was no cast net and the boy remembered when they had sold it. But they went through this fiction every day. There was no pot of yellow rice and fish and the boy knew this too. “Eighty-five is a lucky number,” the old man said. “How would you like to see me bring one in that dressed out over a thousand pounds?” “I’ll get the cast net and go for sardines. Will you sit in the sun in the doorway?” [16] “Yes. I have yesterday’s paper and I will read the baseball.” The boy did not know whether yesterday’s paper was a fiction too. But the old man brought it out from under the bed. “Perico gave it t

back when I have the sardines. I’ll keep yours and mine together on ice and we can share them in the morning. When I come back you can tell me about the baseball.” “The Yankees cannot lose.” “But I fear the Indians of Cleveland.” “Have faith in the Yankees my son. Think of the great DiMaggio.” “I fear both the Tigers of Detroit and the Indians of Cleveland.” “Be careful or you will fear even the Reds of Cincinnati and the White Sax of Chicago.” “You study it and tell me when I come back.” “Do you think we should buy a terminal of the lottery with an eighty-five? Tomorrow is the eighty-fifth day.” “We can do that,” the boy said. “But what about the eighty-seven of your great record?” [17] “It could not happen twice. Do you think you can find an eighty-five?” Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 4 “I can order one. “One sheet. That’s two dollars and a half. Who can we borrow that from?” “That’s easy. I can always borrow two dollars and a half.” “I think perhaps I can too. But I try not to borrow. First you borrow. Then you beg.” “Keep warm old man,” the boy said. “Remember we are in September.” “The month when the great fish come,” the old man said. “Anyone can be a fisherman in May.” “I go now for the sardines,” the boy said. When the boy came back the old man was asleep in the chair and the sun was down. The boy took the

over the back of the chair and over the old man’s shoulders. They were strange shoulders, still powerful although very old, and the neck was still strong too and the creases did not show so much when the old man was asleep and his head fallen forward. His shirt had been patched so many times that it was like the sail and the patches were faded to many different shades by the sun. The [18] old man’s head was very old though and with his eyes closed there was no life in his face. The newspaper lay across his knees and the weight of his arm held it there in the evening breeze. He was barefooted. The boy left him there and when he came back the old man was still asleep. “Wake up old man,” the boy said and put his hand on one of the old man’s knees. The old man opened his eyes and for a moment he was coming back from a long way away. Then he smiled. “What have you got?” he asked. “Supper,” said the boy. “We’re going to have supper.” “I’m not very hungry.” “Come on and eat. You can’t fish and not eat.” “I have,” the old man said getting up and taking the newspaper and folding it. Then he started to fold the blanket. “Keep the blanket around you,” the boy said. “You’ll not fish without eating while I’m alive.” “Then live a long time and take care of yourself,” the old man said. “What are we eating?” “Black beans and rice, fried ba

brought them in a two-decker metal container from the Terrace. The two sets of knives and forks and spoons were in his pocket with a paper napkin wrapped around each set. “Who gave this to you?” “Martin. The owner.” “I must thank him.” “I thanked him already,” the boy said. “You don’t need to thank him.” “I’ll give him the belly meat of a big fish,” the old man said. “Has he done this for us more than once?” “I think so.” “I must give him something more than the belly meat then. He is very thoughtful for us.” “He sent two beers.” “I like the beer in cans best.” “I know. But this is in bottles, Hatuey beer, and I take back the bottles.” “That’s very kind of you,” the old man said. “Should we eat?” “I’ve been asking you to,” the boy told him gently. “I have not wished to open the container until you were ready.” [20] “I’m ready now,” the old man said. “I only needed time to wash.” Where did you wash? the boy thought. The village water supply was two streets down the road. I must have water here for him, the boy thought, and soap and a good towel. Why am I so Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 5 thoughtless? I must get him another shirt and a jacket for the winter and some sort of shoes and another blanket. “Your stew is excellent,” the old man said. “Tell me about the baseball,” the boy asked him. “In the American League it is the Yan

“They lost today,” the boy told him. “That means nothing. The great DiMaggio is himself again.” “They have other men on the team.” “Naturally. But he makes the difference. In the other league, between Brooklyn and Philadelphia I must take Brooklyn. But then I think of Dick Sisler and those great drives In the old park.” “There was nothing ever like them. He hits the longest ball I have ever seen.” “Do you remember when he used to come to the Terrace?” [21] “I wanted to take him fishing but I was too timid to ask him. Then I asked you to ask him and you were too timid.” “I know. It was a great mistake. He might have gone with us. Then we would have that for all of our lives.” “I would like to take the great DiMaggio fishing,” the old man said. “They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are and would understand.” “The great Sisler’s father was never poor and he, the father, was playing in the Big Leagues when he was my age.” “When I was your age I was before the mast on a square rigged ship that ran to Africa and I have seen lions on the beaches in the evening.” “I know. You told me.” “Should we talk about Africa or about baseball?” “Baseball I think,” the boy said. “Tell me about the great John J. McGraw.” He said Jota for J. “He used to come to the Terrace sometimes too in the older days. But he was rough and

drinking. His mind was on horses as well as baseball. At least he carried lists of [22] horses at all times in his pocket and frequently spoke the names of horses on the telephone.” “He was a great manager,” the boy said. “My father thinks he was the greatest.” “Because he came here the most times,” the old man said. “If Durocher had continued to come here each year your father would think him the greatest manager.” “Who is the greatest manager, really, Luque or Mike Gonzalez?” “I think they are equal.” “And the best fisherman is you.” “No. I know others better.” “Que Va,” the boy said. “There are many good fishermen and some great ones. But there is only you.” “Thank you. You make me happy. I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong.” “There is no such fish if you are still strong as you say.” “I may not be as strong as I think,” the old man said. “But I know many tricks and I have resolution.” “You ought to go to bed now so that you will be fresh in the morning. I will take the things back to the Terrace.” [23] “Good night then. I will wake you in the morning.” “You’re my alarm clock,” the boy said. Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea 6 “Age is my alarm clock,” the old man said. “Why do old men wake so early? Is it to have one longer day?” “I don’t know,” the boy said. “All I know is that young boys sleep l

man said. “I’ll waken you in time.” “I do not like for him to waken me. It is as though I were inferior.” “I know.” “Sleep well old man.” The boy went out. They had eaten with no light on the table and the old man took off his trousers and went to bed in the dark. He rolled his trousers up to make a pillow, putting the newspaper inside them. He rolled himself in the blanket and slept on the other old newspapers that covered the springs of the bed. He was asleep in a short time and he dreamed of Africa when he was a boy and the long golden beaches and the white beaches, so white they hurt your eyes, and the high capes and the great brown mountains. He lived along that coast now every night and in his dreams he heard the surf roar and saw the native boats [24] come riding through it. He smelled the tar and oakum of the deck as he slept and he smelled the smell of Africa that the land breeze brought at morning. Usually when he smelled the land breeze he woke up and dressed to go and wake the boy. But tonight the smell of the land breeze came very early and he knew it was too early in his dream and went on dreaming to see the white peaks of the Islands rising from the sea and then he dreamed of the different harbours and roadsteads of the Canary Islands. He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of great occurrences, n

strength, nor of his wife. He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach. They played like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy. He never dreamed about the boy. He simply woke, looked out the open door at the moon and unrolled his trousers and put them on. He urinated outside the shack and then went up the road to wake the boy. He was shivering with the morning cold. But he knew he would shiver himself warm and that soon he would be rowing. The door of the house where the boy lived was unlocked and he opened it and walked in quietly with his [25] bare feet. The boy was asleep on a cot in the first room and the old man could see him clearly with the light that came in from the dying moon. He took hold of one foot gently and held it until the boy woke and turned and looked at him. The old man nodded and the boy took his trousers from the chair by the bed and, sitting on the bed, pulled them on. The old man went out the door and the boy came after him. He was sleepy and the old man put his arm across his shoulders and said, “I am sorry.” “Qua Va,” the boy said. “It is what a man must do.” They walked down the road to the old man’s shack and all along the road, in the dark, barefoot men were moving, carrying the masts of their boats. When they reached the old man’s shack the boy

harpoon and gaff and the old man carried the mast with the furled sail on his shoulder. “Do you want coffee?” the boy asked. “We’ll put the gear in the boat and then get some.” They had coffee from condensed milk cans at an early morning place that served fishermen. “How did you sleep old man?” the boy asked. He [26] was waking up now although it was still hard for him to leave his sleep. “Very well, Manolin,” the old man said. “I feel confident today.” “So do I,” the boy said. “Now I must get your sardines and mine and your fresh baits. He brings our gear himself. He never wants anyone to carry anything.” “We’re different,” the old man said. “I let you carry things when you were five years old.”

Những yếu tố tác dộng đến ý định sử dụng ví điện tử của người dân ở miền Bắc Việt Nam

Tài liệu liên quan

Tài liệu bạn tìm kiếm đã sẵn sàng tải về