Nursing Standards Nursing Theories

Nursing Standards &
Nursing Theories
Delaune & Ladner Ch 2, Roy
Chapter 2


Elements of a Profession

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Provide service to support social welfare
Possess a specialized body of knowledge
Educate its practioners in institutions of higher
learning
Life long commitment
Formulates policy and controls its membership
Practitioners function autonomously
Have a Code of ethics
Have a professional organization that contributes
and ensures quality of practice


The Nursing Profession

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Nursing is both a profession and a practice
discipline.
The professional nurse is an occupation that
requires extensive education, specialized
training and competence.
Nursing services are delivered in variety of
settings.
The amount of autonomy and accountability
for decisions differs with the practice setting.


Another Definition of Nursing
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Nursing is concerned with the health and
well being of clients/patients.
It involves the delivery of services to
promote, maintain, and restore health as

well as prevent illness.
Nursing also coordinates services to
improve continuity of care.


Nursing Is a Science
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Science
A process of research and inquiry
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empirical knowledge
examination of phenomenon
definition and consensus of terms
model building
theory testing


Nursing is not Medicine
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Uses a similar body of knowledge
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BIO, psych, chem…..

Medicine diagnosis, to cure
Nursing diagnosis to facilitate change
Nursing holistic wellness focus


Nursing is a Science
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Based on theories
Supported by research
That defines describes and directs practice


A Science Is a Process That:
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Identifies to categorize and structures in
order to understand and manipulate
The statements of science are :
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“true”
coherent
logically ordered
focused on definite areas
result in universal statements


Two Major Types of Research
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Quantitative/ empirical
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Observed and measured
Give us numbers, numerical data
Relationships revealed in statistics

Qualitative/Ethics, Esthetics, Personal knowing
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Observed and described
Give us stories, narrative data
Relationships revealed in patterns


Knowledge development
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Combination of scientific and research
process
Documentation and analysis of cause and
effect
Result is theories that organize and
communicate concepts


Theory
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An idea or set of concepts that describe,
organize or explain a phenomenon

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Describes relationships between significant

constructs within the theory


Theories
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Evolve

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Are tested by research

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Contain elements of assumption

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Contain agreed upon definitions


Theories Roy, Pg 87, Delaune pg 27
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Grand –Give us broad definitions, very abstract,
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Meta theories.

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Systems, situation producing theory.

Middle range.
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Man, society.

Nursing focus, family dynamics, stress, maternal
bounding.

Practice – Micro.
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goal directed, research related to proper tube feeding.


Example
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The biological system
called man can be
assisted in preventing
illness by nurses
giving immunizations.

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Meta

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Grand

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Middle range

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Practice


Theories Example
Often Require
Mathematics
Elements of Agreement
0 X 1 = 0 Agreement 0 Not 1
Chemistry
The Ph of Water Is 7.0, Not 10.0


Selected Models and Theories
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Systems theory – operations, biology
Maslow Needs theory - motivation
Roy adaptation model – nursing


Systems Theory
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Assumption/agreements

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Relationship exists between the whole and
its parts

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The whole is more than a sum of its parts

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A system is goal directed

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An open system changes - evolves

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Systems have boundaries - open/closed


Systems Theory
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Input
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Out put
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result of process

Through put
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raw materials

work of the system

Feedback loop –
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message that becomes part of input


Systems Theory
Input
Knowledge
Skills
Abilities
Raw material

Throughput
Process
Analysis

Feedback
Evaluatio
n
Internal environment
External environment

Output
Products
Decisions


Example GI System, Newborn
Child, First Feeding
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Input - anatomy, food, water.

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Through put - digestion.

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Out put - waste, energy, water.

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Feedback - some food tastes better, digests
easier and causes less gas.

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Input - anatomy, different foods, new enzymes
for digestion.