ASTM D288-61(1978) Definitions of Terms Relating to Petroleum (Withdrawn 1980)

AMERICAN NATIONAL ANSI/ ASTM D 288 - 61 (Reapproved 1978)
STANDARD

Standard Definitions of Terms Relating to

PETROLEUM 1

This S1undard ,. issued under lhe fixed dc~1i:na11on D 288: 1hc number immediu1ely followini: lhe deS•f na11on ind1ca1es lhc
ycJr or original udoption or. m lhe case of rev1s1on. the )Car or lasl revision. I\ number in parenlhe~e., 1ndi~"lllC> 1he year or
las1 rcariprovul.

I n case of a d ispu te re•ordln ll t he t erm s here defined, t he d efinit ions contained in t h is stan dard are t a be
used In their entirety, all not es and s upplementary comments belnst considered 01 part of the defin it ion .

asphalt -black to dark-brown solid or semi- le um d istillate similar to naphtha, but often
solid cementitious material which grad ually or higher distillation range.
liquefies when heated, in which the predom- extraction naphtha-naphtha suitable for ex-
inating constituents are bitumens, all of traction purposes.
which occur in the solid or semisolid form
in nature or are obtained by refini ng petro- Non-Specifications for cxlraclion naphtha
leum, or which are combinations of the bi- appear in ASTM Method D 1155. Analysis or
tumens mentioned with each other o r with Oil-Soluble Sodium Petroleum Sulfonates.1
petroleum or derivatives therec;if.
fuel oil-any liquid or liquefiable petroleum
beftzine-this ter m is archaic and misleading product burned for the generation of heal
in a furnace or firebox, or for the genera-
and should not be used. tion or power in an engine, exclusive of oils
with a nash point below 100 F (38 C), tag
Non -The lcrm "petroleum bcnzin" has closed tester, and oils burned in cotton or
appeared in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia for man} woolwick burners. Fuel oils in common use
years design ating u relined light naphtha used for fall into one of four classes:

extraction purposes. This term should onl} be (/) residual fuel oils, which are topped
used for ma terial meeting lhe U.S. Pharmaco- crude petroleums or viscous residuums ob-
poeia spccifica1ions. The term "benzm" should tained in refinery operations;
never be used without the prefix ·•pel role um." (2) distillate fuel oils, which are distillates
derived directly or indirectl> from c rude
crude pe troleum-a natural(} occurring mix- petro le u m ;
ture, consisting predominantly of hydrocar- (3) crude petroleums and weathered
bons, or of sulfur or both, nitrogen or ox- crude petroleums of relatively low commer-
ygen de rivatives of hyd rocarbons or both, cial value; and
which is removed from the earth in liquid (4) blended fuels, which arc mixtures or
stale or is capable of being so removed. two or more of the three preceding classes.

Non -Crude petroleum is commonly accom- gas oil-a liquid petroleum distillate having a
panied by var} ing quanhlies of extraneous sub-
stances such as waler. inorganic muller. and gas. 'Thcs.: defin11ions arc und.:r lhe jurisdic11on or /\STM
The removal of such cxlrJneous substances alone Commillcc D-2 on Pc1rol.:um Pmducl> :ind I uhn.: 1111\.
docs nol cha nge the status of the mixture as
c rude pet roleum. If such removal appreciably Cum:nt •-dllion effective Scpl. IK. 1%1. Oru 1nJll\ .-.
affects lhc compo~it1on or lhc oil mixture. than sued 19211. Replaces D 211K 57.
lhc rcsulling product is no longcr crude petro-
leum . In 1961 . dclini1ions for p,.,,,,,,.,,,,, Wu.~ ;inJ /'1•1r11/u111111

crude shale oil-oil obtained as a distillate by were added.
the dest r uctive distillation or oil-shale. ' Ann"a/ 8 110A oj ASTM Stu111/urtf.r. Pan H

cymogene-lhis term is archaic and should

not be used.
engine distillate-refined or unrefined pelro-

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viscosity intermediate between that of kero- 0 288
~ine and lubricating oil.
95 percent of which distills below 464 F (240
Non-It should be understood that oils. C). when subjected lo distillation in accord-
other than !;las oil as defined above. ma} be and ance with ASTM Method D 86, Test for Dis-
an: used in the manufa cture of gas. tillation of Petroleum Products.2

gasoline-a refined petroleum naphtha which. Non- The "naphthas" used for specific pur-
by its composition. is suitable for use as a poses such us cleaning, manufacture of rubber.
carburant in internal combustion engines. manufacture of puinl' and vam i, hes. etc.. arc
made to conform lo specifications which ma)
kerosioe-A relined petroleum distillate suit- require products of considera bly grc:aler vola111it}
able for use as a n illuminant when burned than that sci by the limiL~ of lhis generic defini-
in a wick lamp. tion.

Non- The nash point may not be below 73 F petroleum spirits (mineral splrlts)-rcfinc:d
(23 C), as determ ined by the Abel Tester (which petroleum di:>tillate with volatility, nash
is approximately equ1valcnl lo 73 F (23 C) .is point, and other properties, making it suit-
determined by the T Jg Closed Tester, ASTM able as a thinner. and solvent in paints. vJr-
Method D 56, Test for Flash Poinl by the Tag nishcs, and similar products.
Closed Tester).' In the United Stutes of Amer-
ica, local ordinances or insurance regulations N<>TI I- Specifications arc set forth in detail
n:quire Oash points higher than 73 F (23 C). in ASTM Specifications D 235, for Petroleum
Spirits (Mineral Spirits).>
ligroioe-a saturated petroleum naphtha
boiling in the range 20 to 135 C (68 to 275 N OTI 2- The term "turpentine substllute," as
F) and suitable for general laboratory use. applied to petroleum spints, 1s to be condemned
as false and misleading. In Great Britain. the

Non- This term should be use..' "benzine" or "petroleum ether." light hydrocarbon mixture having a nash point
below 32 F (0 C).
lubricating grease-a solid to seminuid
product of dispersion of a thickening agent petroleum tar-viscous black or dark-brown
in a liquid lubricant. Other ingredients product obtained in petroleum refining,
imparting special properties may be in- which wilt yield a substantial quantity of
cluded. solid residue when partially evaporated or
fractionally distilled. The term "tar" should
naphthenic acids-carboxylic acid derivatives never be applied to ma terials derived from
of cycloalkane hydrocarbons (naphlhenes). crude petroleum or fractions thereof,
The monobasic acids have the general type without the prefix "petroleum."
formu la C nH 2n :uOz where x is the number
of rings in the molecule. petroleum wax-a product separated from
petroleum which is solid or semisolid at 77
natiYe asphalt-asphalt occurring as such in F (25 C) and consists essentially of a mix-
nature. ture of saturated hydrocarbons.

oil-shale-A compact rock of sedimentary pitch-this term shall not be applied to petro-
origin, with an ash content of more than 33 leum products.
percent, and containing organic matter that
yields oil when destructively distilled but precipitation naphtha-A naphtha suitable for
not appreciably when extracted with the determination of the precipitation number
ordina ry solvents for petroleum. of lubricating oils.

petrolatum-a petroleum wax of unctuous NOTl!-S pecilicalions arc set forth in detail in
structure containing substantial amounts of ASTM Method D 91. Test for Prccip11a1ion
oil. Number of Lubricating Oils:' ASTM Method D
1313. Tcsl for Sludge Formation in Mincrnl
petroleam ether-this term is misleading and Transformer Oil b) High-Pressure Oxidation

should not be used. (sec ligroine) Bomb.'

petroleum naphtha-a generic term applied rfligolene-this term is archaic and should not
to refined, partly relined. or unrefined be used.
petroleum products and liquid products of
natural gas. not less than I0 percent of which Stoddard solYent-J relined petroleum distil-
distills below 347 F ( 175 C) and not less than late with vclatility, nash point. and other

• I 1111110/ Boak of1ISTM S1a11dards. l'urt l•>.

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properties making it suitable for use as a 0 288
drycleaning solvent.
crude petroleum.
NoTF.-Srccilication~ :ire set forth tn detail in tops-unrefined distillate obtained in lopping
ASTM Specific.ition~ D 484. for Hydrocarbon
Dryclc;tning Solvc·n1s. ' a crude petroleum.
weathered crude petroleum-product resulting
topped c rude petroleum-a residual product
remaining after the removal, by distillation from crude petroleum through loss, due to
or other artificial means, of an appreciable na tural causes during storage and handling,
quantity of the more volatile components of of an appreciable quantity of the more vol-
atile components.

This s1011tlord Is .rubj1w to rcvnion at any lime by the re.spontible uehmeal committee' 01111 must be rt:•ic11ed t •<'ry fi•·e

years and if not re•l.ted. Mhl'f reopproved or withdrawn. Your comments ore Invited either for rt•vi.tion of thn .11antlartl or

for 11tldltlo11ol 1t111dor d1111/d be oddrts.1ed to ASTM Heodq11arter.r. Your comment.• w/11 reulvt eartji1/ co11rrdua11011

at a 111c••tl11g 11f tl1e re.1po11.11ble technical committee. which you 1110)' attend. Ifyou feel that yo11r commtnt.r have not rt~e1vecl
a fair hearing you .rh1111/tl make your views known to the ASTM Committee 011 Stondardr, 19111 Race St.. Ph//odt•lphio. Pa,
IY/(Ji, ll'hit'h will .
ASTM llaurtl of Dlrct1orr.

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