Chapter 4_ Bev Or Fcev.pdf

Bui Van Ga, Bui Thi Minh Tu
Danang University of Science and Technology-The University of Danang

1 Automobile vs Net Zero
2 Energy storage onboard BEV

3 Energy storage onboard FCEV
EV

4 Future EV: BEV? or FCEV?

5 Conclusions

1.
Automobile vs

Net Zero

According to COP21 Paris
Agreement, the cutting down of
GHG emission should be in
practice now to ensure the
atmospheric temperature increase
lower than 2 C relative to 1850-
1900 period at the end of this
century (scenario RCP 4.5). This
needs the global action of all
countries in over the world.

Vietnam strongly committed to the global
action for GHG emission reduction. At COP26

Glassgow, Vietnam has announced the Net
Zero strategy of the country. According to the
strategy, the net GHG emission in Vietnam will
be 0 at 2050. To achieve this goal, the energy
balance need to be changed. The renewable
energy will replace fossil fuel in almost
activities, particularly in power production and
transport sectors.


Several countries have announced plans to phase out the use of petrol automobiles:

1. Norway: The Norwegian government has set a target to ban the sale of new petrol cars by 2025.
2. Netherlands: The Netherlands has announced plans to ban the sale of new petrol and diesel cars by 2030.
3. United Kingdom: The UK has set a target to ban the sale of new petrol and diesel cars by 2030, with hybrid

vehicles allowed until 2035.
4. France: France has set a target to ban the sale of new petrol and diesel cars by 2040.
5. Germany: Germany has set a target to ban the sale of new petrol and diesel cars by 2030.
6. India: The Indian government has set a target to have only electric vehicles on the road by 2030.
7. China: The Chinese government has set a target to have 20% of all new cars sold in the country be electric by

2025, and is working towards a goal of eventually phasing out petrol cars entirely.
8. Recently, The European Parliament has voted to approve a ban on new sales of carbon-emitting petrol and

diesel cars by 2035
9. The Singapore government sets a plan for clean energy application on all road transport sectors by 2040.
10.Vietnam will start imposing restrictions on the manufacture and import of vehicles using fossil fuel from 2040

and by 2050, all road vehicles, including public transport vehicles, should be electric or use green energy

2.
Energy Storage

onboard BEV

Energy density Solid-state batteries:

1200 • Solid electrolyte instead of a liquid or
Lithium Air (2020) gel electrolyte,

 Solid-state Battery (2016) Lithium Polymer (1999) • Higher energy density,

Prismatic • Faster charging times,

200 • Safety.
Lithium Phosphate (2001)
Toyota, BMW, and QuantumScape, are
150 Lithium Ion (1992) developing solid-state batteries for EVs.
Nickel Cadmium (1899)
Cylindrical
100 Cylindrical Aluminum Cans

Prismatic Prismatic
Wh/kg


Lead Acid (1859) Nickel Metal Hydride (1990)
50
Cylindrical

Prismatic

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 1000
Wh/L

Energy density Gravimetric density (Wh/kg)
500
• Energy density of lithium-ion batteries has
improved at a rate of 11.6% yearly since 1990. 250
2030
• The volumetric energy density of lead-acid battery 2020
increases with the same ratio, but the gravimetric
energy density is almost unchanged. 30 600

• It is expected that by 2030, the recharge time of 0 1200
lithium-based batteries can be reduced to by 15 Fast recharge time (min) Volumetric density (Wh/L)
minutes and that of lead-based batteries can be
reduced to by 90 minutes Gravimetric density (Wh/kg)
60

30

2030
2020

90 75

60 150
Fast recharge time (min) Volumetric density (Wh

400 800 Energy density

Giá accu USD/kWh300 600 • Currently, the storage capacity of the
Mật độ năng lượng Wh/kg battery is about 300-350 Wh/kg.
200 400
• It is expected that in the next 10
100 200 years, the storage capacity of the
battery will be about 500-700 Wh/kg
0 2018 Năm 2027 0 with new generation batteries.
2015 2030
2021 2024 • The cost of a lithium-based battery
has decreased continuously from 380
NMC, LMO, LCO, Li-Silicon, Li-Sulfur Li-Magnesium USD/kWh in 2015 to about 70
LFP, NCA, LTO Điện phân rắn Li-khơng khí USD/kWh in 2030.
Điện áp cao

Energy density

Fast charging

1. Charging rates: Fast charging typically refers to charging at rates higher than 50
kW, with some fast chargers offering rates up to 350 kW. This can allow EVs to
recharge up to 80% of their battery capacity in as little as 20-30 minutes.

2. Compatibility: Not all EVs are capable of accepting fast charging rates, and some
may have limitations on the maximum charging rate they can accept.

3. Charging infrastructure: Fast charging requires a network of charging stations that
are capable of delivering high charging rates.

4. Battery management: Fast charging can put additional stress on EV batteries,
which can lead to increased degradation and reduced lifespan if not managed
properly.

5. Cost: Fast charging may be more expensive than slow charging

Fast charging NoSrmạcalthCưhờarngginAgCAC FSaạsct CnharnghinDgCDC

CLấepvđeộl 11 CLấepveđlộ22 CLấepvđeộl 33
7,2
PCôonwgesr u(ấktW(k) W) 1,4 50 120 150 350

TChhờairggiianngstạimc e(p(hmútin) ) 2400 500 75 30 25 10

3 levels of the charging system:

• Level 1 charger with AC voltage 120V or 220V, charger capacity is usually 1.4kW with charging current of 15 to 20
A. This is a typical charger used for BEVs charging at home.

• Level 2 chargers, with AC voltage of 240V, capacity from 6-18kW, charging current from 16 to 40 A. The charger
connects to household grid electricity and it takes normally 5-8 hours to fully charge the car's 60kWh battery. This
level requires a separate electrical network for the BEVs.

• Level 3, also known as fast charging, typically goes up to 800V with a capacity of up to 400 kW. This level requires
a special electrical network and strict safety measures. A quick charge can help recharge an electric vehicle's
lithium-ion battery in about 10 minutes.

• Many attempts are trying to increase the charging speed from 1C (60 min) to 6C (10 min)

• 10-minute charge-up time threshold is very feasible in the next decade

Fast charging

Fast charging

100 • • Minimum charging temperature is
normally 25C.
Vòng đời so với chuẩn 25C 80  [36]
• With charger 50 kW, energy
• [37]  conversion efficiency is 93% at
25C but 39% at -25C.
60 
• At charging temperature 10°C,
 [38] battery lifespan is a haft of that at
25°C
40

•

20

•• 

0

-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25

Nhiệt độ (C)

Some solutions… Cuộn thứ cấp

Điện lưới Trường điện từ

Cuộn sơ cấp

• Tồn bộ hệ thống năng lượng đặt dưới mặt đường, an tồn.
• Nguy cơ phát sinh tia lửa điện trong quá trình kết nối giữa ô tô và trạm nạp điện

khơng xảy ra.
• Hiệu suất sạc điện phụ thuộc nhiều vào vị trí của ơ tơ và khoảng cách giữa bộ phát

và accu, thường thấp hơn so với hệ thống sạc bằng dẫn điện
• Bức xạ điện từ do bộ sạc phát ra có thể ảnh hưởng đến các thiết bị điện tử của ô tô

Some solutions…

Move-and-charge technology

• Move-and-charge technology has high potentiality to fundamentally solve the
long-term problems of the BEV;

• There is no need to install so many batteries in the BEV;
• The BEV can be conveniently charged at the charging zone during driving;
• The pilot projects in Israel, Sweden and US.

Some solutions… Swapping battery:

Ơ tơ hốn đổi accu (1) việc tháo lắp accu vào hệ
thống điện của xe có nguy
Accu hết điện Accu hốn đổi Accu đầy điện Trạm hốn đổi accu ơ tơ cơ xảy ra phóng điện gây

mất an toàn;

(2) việc đầu tư các trạm hoán
đổi accu với đầy đủ cơ sở
hạ tầng nạp điện, lưu trữ
một số lượng accu đáng kể
để hoán đổi rất đắt tiền;

(3) xe điện phải được thiết kế
đặc biệt phù hợp với pin
hoán đổi;

(4) cần có sự hợp tác giữa các
hãng sản xuất xe điện để
chuẩn hóa accu

Cost 1000 $ Interior

50 Powertrain 60% Body
45 10%
40
35 Chassis Controlling
30 ICEV
25 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 BEV
20
15
10

5
0

2016

BEV Battery ICEV

Price comparison of a mid-size BEV and ICEV Cost sharing of the main vehicle’s components

• Battery packs accounted for 48% of the BEV's cost in 2016, 32% actually and is
forecasted that by 2030, the battery cost will only account for 18% of the total cost
of BEVs.

• The powertrain contributes to the majority cost of the BEV. As battery prices become
cheaper and cheaper, electric cars will become lower than those powered by internal
combustion engines of the same size in the near future