“One china policy – increasing tension between china and taiwan” from the perspective of 03 newspapers the guardian (uk), fox news (us), and al jazeera (quatar

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<b>MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS </b>

<b>DIPLOMATIC ACADEMY OF VIET NAM </b>

<b>FACULTY OF INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE </b>

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<b>MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS </b>

<b>DIPLOMATIC ACADEMY OF VIET NAM </b>

<b>FACULTY OF INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE </b>

<b>------ </b>

<b>GRADUATION ARTICLE </b>

<b>“ONE CHINA POLICY – INCREASING TENSION </b>

BETWEEN CHINA AND TAIWAN” FROM THE

<b>PERSPECTIVE OF 03 NEWSPAPERS: THE GUARDIAN (UK), FOX NEWS (US), AND AL JAZEERA (QUATAR) </b>

<b>Instructor : M.A Ngo Thi Hong Hanh Student : Tran Thi Lam Oanh </b>

<b>Hanoi - 2022 </b>

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I hereby declare that the content of the international article is the analysis I have obtained during my studies and research and has not copied the work of others. The citations used in the international article are not copied from other people and are taken from all sources and are fully cited.

Hanoi, June 2022

<b>Instructor Student </b>

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After a period of research and study, I have completed the international article and almost ended a challenging four-year period with the Faculty of International Communication and Culture at the Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam.

To get the results like today, I would like to express my sincere thanks to M.A Ngo Thi Hong Hanh, who directly guided me to write this article. She is always enthusiastic about helping, commenting, editing, and giving me the most effective advice from the beginning of the international article to the time this work is completed. I really feel fortunate to have had her guidance and companionship during my last time at the academy.

In addition, I would like to thank all the Faculty of International Communication and Culture teachers at the Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam. During the past four years, my teachers have built and fostered in me a lot of knowledge, skills, lessons, and experience. Those precious things are great motivation to give me the strength to pursue my career path in the future. Finally, I would like to thank my parents and family for facilitating and motivating me to complete my studies and graduation during a four-year period at the Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam in a full way.

My favorite maxim is "Perfection is found in accepting your imperfections." Therefore, in the process of completing the international article, there are still many shortcomings in my work. I hope that teachers can edit and give suggestions so that my article can be finished more effectively.

I sincerely thank you a lot!

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<b>An overview of the three selected newspapers for research</b> ... 6

<b>Taiwan-China Relations and the "One China" Policy</b> ... 8

<b>Statistics of news articles</b> ... 11

<b>Compare the coverage of Taiwan-China tensions in the three newspapers</b> .. 20

<b>Evaluation of the reporting styles of the three newspapers</b> ... 22

<b>Recommendations for press agencies in Vietnam</b> ... 23

<b>Conclusion</b> ... 26

<b>ReferencesAppendix</b>

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Ms. Tsai first took power in 2016 when her Democratic Progressive Party (DDP) refused to acknowledge that the country belonged to the "One China" policy, while China repeatedly said it would bring Taiwan under its control by all necessary measures. Therefore, Tsai Ing-Wen's resounding victory in the 2020 Taiwan presidential election has put Taiwan-China relations at a 40-year low. China considers Taiwan part of its territory; this is the principle stated in the joint communique of the "One China" policy. The growing tension in relations between the two countries have thus developed into a global problem with various media impacts. The Guardian (UK), Fox News (USA) and Al Jazeera (Qatar) are three newspapers representing three continents that have diverse perspectives on the increasing tension between China and Taiwan. This media intervention made the picture of tensions between China and Taiwan become a global agenda and created a divergence in the views of leaders, politicians, and the public around the world. In addition, the difference in opinion of news agencies about the same event also contributes to lessons learned for the Vietnam press in the process of information transmission.

China, Taiwan, One China Policy, Tension, The Guardian, Fox News, Al Jazeera

<b>Introduction </b>

Currently, globalization and the rapid development of science and technology have made the mass media grow strongly and increasingly show their role in society. In addition, this transformation also contributes to deepening the impact of the media on politics and in the field of international relations. In international relations, communication is considered an effective tool used by major countries to increase influence, impact the policies of other countries,

<b>and call for allies from regions around the world. </b>

China's rise and its strong development have questioned the international community as to whether it will attack Taiwan to bring the democratic island,

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with its Western-leaning policies, into the controlled circle by the Communist Party of China and fully merge with China or not. From a variety of mass media, China's earlier attempt to appeal to the Taiwanese public with promises of autonomy can be seen if it accepts reunification with Beijing under the "one country, two systems" has now lost patience with reunification by peaceful means.

In fact, China has never given up what it calls the right to "reunify" Taiwan through the "One China" policy by force if peaceful means are thwarted. The number of naval drills China has conducted recently is alarming all the more – ominous because it comes at a time when US-China relations have deteriorated on several fields, including US policy towards Taiwan and vice versa. In the media, China has always asserted that Taiwan is part of its territory, but on the other hand, the island operates as an independent country and has many cooperative development activities that are "anti-conflict" with the "One China" policy. In the media, China has always asserted that any country that promotes the view that Taiwan is an independent country must be criticized, because Taiwan has become a leading political issue in China, where national communism is growing with the "One China" policy. "One China" is the principle that countries establishing formal diplomatic relations with China are forced to acknowledge, that there is only one China in the world and Taiwan is a part of it. China will condemn and take harsh action against any country that sends a signal in favor of the independence of this territory.

The growing tension between China and Taiwan has been intensive, conveyed through the media. In particular, the mass media in many regions of the world, when reporting, provide many perspectives and personal opinions on the issue, but they have also been influenced by the views of major powers such as the US. To show more deeply the relationship between the media and politics, as well as to make comparisons and differences of opinion between newspapers when reporting on the same issue, before the divergence in opinion of countries and the general public around the world. From there, draw practical lessons for press agencies and media in Vietnam in the process of receiving, processing, and transmitting information.

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In the process of searching for documents for research, focusing on research papers on the relationship between the media and politics, and how the Western media reported on the China Taiwan relation.–

Firstly, the research literature on communication theories, the relationship between media and politics has the book <b>Frame Analysis</b> published in 1974 by Errving Goffman, the author has made the statement that people have a tendency to interpret the events that have been and are taking place around them through their main framework. This research work of the author is the basis for

<b>the formation of framework theory. Or the book "Truyền thông và quan hệ quốc tế" (temporary translation: Media and International Relations) of </b>

Dr. Ly Thi Hai Yen (editor) published in 2020 by Chính trị Quốc gia Sự thật publishing and was internally circulated at the Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam, introduced a number of conceptions on communication, mass communication, international communication and theories on the relationship between media and public relations. In addition, there is also a study on the

<b>writing style of the press, including the book "Ngôn ngữ báo chí" (temporary </b>

<b>translation: Language of journalism)</b> published in 2003 of Assoc. Prof. Dr. Duong Van Quang, which mentions how to use journalistic language as well as

<b>ways for media researchers to analyze media discourse. </b>

Secondly, in the process of searching for documents, the writer found documents related to the China-Taiwan issue and how the media reported on

<b>that issue. Author Liu Wen in How American Media Presents Crisis of </b>

<b>Sino-Us Relations</b>, first published in 2020, makes an assessment of how the media plays many different roles including transmitters of messages, planners, transmitters, public opinion model, and problem solver in the US-China crisis. Besides, it is also the important information channel for both the government and the people to quickly learn about the crisis and to undertake a number of diplomatic tasks such as pointing out attitudes, explaining policies and setting up agenda. In addition, the book also analyzes the characteristics and patterns of media coverage of important events between China and the United States, discusses their influence on American public opinion as well as the progress of

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the media and decision-making of the US government through a study of relevant New York Times reports from 1990. The ultimate aim is to find out the role and function of the media in the decision-making process on policy to China of the United States and ended up being the inspiration for the foreign policy and international communication of both countries. The study titled “One China, One Taiwan”: An Analysis of the Democratic

<b>Progressive Party's China Policy</b> by TYWang published in the Journal of Asian and African Studies published in 2000, aims to examine China policy of the Democratic Progressive Party and its impact on Taiwan's future

<b>cross-strait relations. </b>

<b>In the book "China's Rise, Taiwan's Dilemma's and International Peace" </b>

by the author Edward Friedman, published by Routledge in 2005 focuses his analysis on the main issues that Taiwan, China and the United States must face, analyzing the need for Taiwan to prevent Chinese rule from squeezing out. The question is whether China will pursue force to gain political and economic advantage over Taiwan, and how the US proposes to maintain peace between the two nations. This is to ensure the maintenance of democracy in Taiwan and good relations with China, and then come up with solutions and practical policies that can help promote international peace and freedom. The research

<b>article “Exile Island: Xinjiang Refugees and the “One China” Policy in </b>

<b>Nationalist Taiwan, 1949</b>–1971” by Justin M. Jacobs printed in the Journal of Cold War Studies in 2016 provides a picture of abnormal time periods experienced by the ROC government in Taiwan after 1949 to pursue the "One China" policy during the Cold War. Emphasizing Chiang Kai-shek's determination to uphold China's geopolitical integrity that went beyond the suppression of Taiwan's independence movement and fervent support for the 1959 uprising by the Tibet people of China. Author George Wei, in the book

<b>China-Taiwan Relations in a Global Context: Taiwan's Foreign Policy and relations</b> published by Routledge Publishing in 2015, has researched important information about Taiwan's foreign policy making specifically, Taiwan's way to develop relations with its diplomatic partners and Taiwan's policy towards typical political opponents, like China. The study demonstrates the unrelenting diplomatic efforts of the Taiwanese to survive in a shrinking international space

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and gives the reader a better understanding of the complexities of Taiwan's relationship with China from Taiwan's foreign policy and strategy in response to the world's second-largest economy's response to the territorial issue.

<b>Recently, in 2022, Scott L. Kastner's book "Political Conflict and Economic </b>

<b>Interdependence Across the Taiwan Strait and Beyond"</b> was published in Asian Security Studies analyzing the main reasons in political conflicts between countries sometimes undermine trade between them and demonstrate that the impact of international political conflict on trade is muted when national leaders are held accountable for international economic interests because such leaders try to prevent political disputes with other nations from spilling over into the economic arenas. The author develops this argument primarily through a detailed case study of an extremely important

<b>contemporary case: the relationship between Mainland China and Taiwan. The article "One China Policy - The Escalation of Tensions Between China </b>

<b>and Taiwan" from the perspective of 03 newspapers The Guardian (UK), Fox News (USA), and Al Jazeera (Qatar)"</b> will continue the line of research to analyze and synthesize the contents published in the above-mentioned newspapers in order to point out the strengths and limitations in the impact of the media on the diplomatic tension between China and Taiwan. In addition, the topic also contributes suggestions on the form and content of conveying information on this topic to press agencies and media in Vietnam.

<b>Methodology </b>

In terms of space, the contents of news and articles about the increasing tension in China-Taiwan relations with the "One China" policy on online newspapers The Guardian (UK), Fox News (USA), and Al Jazeera (Qatar). In terms of time, from 2020 to 2021, this is a period of time when many events and issues related to tension in the relationship between the two countries take place. Therefore, the author uses the following main research methods such as document research, including the selection, collection, analysis, and synthesis of documents and information related to the research object; methods of analyzing messages analyzing language and conveyed opinions and messages by three newspapers; and statistical methods, including the

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collection, synthesis, and presentation of data to compare and reflect different aspects of the research object.

<b>An overview of the three selected newspapers for research</b>

The first newspaper selected for the study was The Guardian (UK). The Guardian is a daily newspaper published in London by Guardian News & Media Ltd and distributed throughout the UK and around the world. Founded in 1821, The Guardian is a rarity among the major British newspapers owned by a non-profit organization (the Scott Trust, through Guardian Media Group). In terms of current coverage and influence, the newspaper owns more than 2,100 reporters from many different countries and operates in 180 countries, accounting for more than 85% of the countries worldwide. The newspaper reaches more than 23 million people on average monthly, with 8.5 million Facebook followers and 3.5 million YouTube channel subscribers. This makes The Guardian the 10th most distributed newspaper worldwide. In addition, guardian.co.uk is one of the world's most visited English news websites. According to the newspaper's editor, The Guardian has the second highest online readership in the world of English-language newspaper websites, behind only The New York Times.

For many years, The Guardian was considered one of the UK's most important newspapers when it held the National Newspaper of the Year award, one of Britain's major journalism awards. The newspaper is also commented upon as the most read newspaper among the "quality news brands" of the UK, such as The Times, The Daily Telegraph, and The Independent. Today, The Guardian seems to have cemented its place as one of the leading British newspapers in the future and as the representative of the power of British media worldwide. In terms of political views, The Guardian is generally liberal to the left wing, and it is known for its nonconformist viewpoints and support for creative, non-traditional approaches. Along with The Times and The Daily Telegraph, it is considered one of the quality newspapers in the UK.

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The second newspaper is the Fox News channel (USA). Fox News is a 24-hour general-news service channel based in New York City. Fox News is one of the top five newspapers in the USA, and it is the most watched news channel in the country. It was founded by Rupert Murdoch on October 7, 1996. Owned by News Corp, Fox News is present in more than 90 million homes and dominates the cable news landscape, regularly making the list of the top ten shows in the genre.

In terms of current coverage and influence, Fox News operates on live cable and satellite channels, targeting audiences inside and outside the United States. Fox News provides service to 86 countries and territories worldwide, with international broadcasts featuring Fox Extra segments during commercials. Fox News has up to 15 offices operating in major cities around the world. It is also a popular news network on social media, with nearly 21 million followers on Twitter, 7 million on Instagram, and more than 23 million on Facebook. In 2018, Fox News was rated by Nielsen as the most watched cable network in the US, averaging 2.4 million viewers during prime time. By 2022, Fox News will have made history as a cable news channel for the 20th consecutive year, with total all-day viewership and prime time slot number one in the United States.

In terms of political views, Fox News is seen as a newspaper that favors the Republican Party, typically the George W. Bush and Donald Trump administrations, and has a somewhat unbiased view of the Democratic Party. However, Fox News employees have said their news coverage is independent of opinion and commentary, and they have denied bias in reporting. The last newspaper is Al Jazeera (Qatar). Al Jazeera is an international media company founded in 1996 with headquarters in Doha, Qatar. Al Jazeera is known for covering international events occurring in the region, such as the 2001 Afghanistan war or the events surrounding the Arab Spring movement. Al Jazeera's newscasts are often appreciated for having live correspondents covering events and providing information that rattles regional politics.

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In terms of current coverage and influence, Al Jazeera has more than 3000 employees from 130 different countries around the world (Aljazeera, n.d.). This station has global coverage through satellite and cable TV networks. Currently, Al Jazeera can provide news to 310 million households in more than 100 countries and has more than 65 offices worldwide. This is considered the most famous newspaper in the Arab world.

In addition to Al Jazeera, it also offers an online website version and a low-resolution streaming version on the Live station platform, on which Al Jazeera English has more than 25,000 videos currently streaming on this platform. Al Jazeera is also available in different language versions.

In terms of political views, Al Jazeera is on the one hand owned and funded by the Qatari government however the company claims that it is editorially independent of the government. Al Jazeera insists that it covers all issues of the debate. Al Jazeera presents Israel's point of view and that of Iran's with equal objectivity (Aljazeera, n.d.). This claim is controversial as Al Jazeera is frequently accused of being a communication arm for the Qatari government (The Guardian, 2012). Even the closure of Al Jazeera under pressure from the governments of Saudi Arabia, the Emirate of Bahrain and Egypt became one of the demands that the Qatari government had to fulfill during the Qatari diplomatic crisis in 2017.

Al Jazeera is sometimes reported to have pro-Islamic views, promote the Muslim Brotherhood, and have pro-Sunni and anti-Shia biases in its coverage of regional affairs. However, despite the criticism, Al Jazeera has very little religious specific content in its programs and is more Westernized and moderate in mind (The Atlantic, 2012).

<b>Taiwan-China Relations and the "One China" Policy </b>

Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is an island separated from China by the Taiwan Strait. It has been administered independently of mainland China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), since 1949. Therefore, the Taiwan-China relationship is also known as the Cross-Strait Relations. The

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Taiwan Strait relationship is between two political entities divided by the Taiwan Strait in the Western Pacific. Since no official name has been given for this relationship, as a neutral researcher, the research will use the name

<b>Taiwan-China relationship. </b>

In the Chinese Civil War with the victory of the Communist Party of China, the ROC forces withdrew to Taiwan and established the government in Taipei, while the PRC government was established in Beijing. Because of this milestone, the relationship between the two sides has left many knots that were difficult to untie when the civil war suddenly ended without a peace agreement being made. In the early stages, the two sides continued to clash militarily and scrambled over which country was the legitimate government of China. The People's Republic of China refuses to recognize Taiwan as an independent country and has always been quite tense over this issue.

Once again, cross-strait tensions between the two countries have escalated since Taiwan President Tsai Ing-wen took office in 2016. Ms. Tsai, a Democratic Progressive Party member, refused to accept the "one country, two systems", rejected the "One China" principle and agreed to maintain the status of the two sides of the strait. In addition, Taiwan will fulfill its responsibility to safeguard regional security by continuing to expand goodwill and maintaining stable and consistent cross-strait relations. Meanwhile, Beijing clearly insists there is only one China and Taiwan is a part of it. China views the People's Republic of China as the only legitimate government, an approach it calls the "One China principle" that seeks Taiwan's eventual "reunification" with the mainland. China has also set political preconditions for cross-strait exchanges, unilaterally suspending official interactions, and repeatedly conducting political repression and military coercion on Taiwan.

"One China" is the viewpoint of the People's Republic of China when it believes that China considers Taiwan an inalienable part of its territory and asserts that the People's Republic of China is China's sole legal representative in the whole world. The One China policy has been developed in the process of the Chinese's struggle to protect their sovereignty and territorial integrity, and on the basis of the fact that China says Taiwan is a part of China. In addition, the People's

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Republic of China exclusively uses the term "One China" in official communications. The One China Policy is implemented quite hard and fiercely by the People's Republic of China. The proposed principle requires that all countries around the world that want to establish diplomatic relations with China must recognize this policy and must not maintain relations with Taiwan. The recognition of only one China is also a precondition that China sets in negotiating with the Taiwanese government.

In the period of 2020 2021, the tension between the two countries once again – reached its worst state in many years. Beijing has taken increasingly aggressive actions, including sending fighter jets near the island. China's attack on Taiwan is also likely to draw in the United States, a factor driving this rise in tensions. Since 1979, the United States began to implement the "One China" policy, according to which the "One China" principle is the core spirit of the three China-US joint communiques. Firstly, it is an irreplaceable premise since China and the United States established diplomatic relations. The second is the most important political foundation in the relationship between the two countries, and finally, the "red line" that the two countries are not allowed to touch. However, the United States still often has agreements and close cooperation on many issues in the unofficial relationship with Taiwan, typically with very large-value arms sales contracts.

Under President Donald Trump, he repeatedly touched the "red line" of the one China policy. However, after taking office, President Joe Biden changed the way the previous Trump administration did on the Taiwan issue. The Biden administration, although criticized China about the Taiwan issue, has basically adhered to the One China policy. However, compliance does not mean that the Biden administration will stop meddling in Taiwan, on the contrary, the US will continue to use its unofficial relationship with Taiwan to contain China. In the joint communiques, the United States will continue to assist Taiwan in maintaining its self-defense capacity, emphasizing the United States' commitment to Taiwan firmly, and criticizing China for causing tension when in the Taiwan Strait, military threats of China against Taiwan were detrimental to regional peace and stability. However, China has steadily strengthened its

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military posture to prevent US intervention in order to keep the Taiwan issue moving in the right direction, in line with the One China policy.

<b>Statistics of news articles </b>

Between 2020 and 2021, 144 articles about the rising tension between China and Taiwan under the "One China" policy were published on the websites of three selected newspapers. As follows:

Regarding the number of articles, Table 1.1 shows that in 2020 and 2021, more articles were published in The Guardian and Al Jazeera than on Fox News, equivalent to 35% of the total number of articles selected for research, while Fox News only accounts for 28%.

In terms of posting frequency, the number of articles on Al Jazeera was posted most regularly, while Fox News, with a smaller number of articles, also had the lowest posting density. The common point between these three newspapers is that the frequency of posting did not last for a long time and was not regular every month. For 2020, all three newspapers published with sparse and uneven density between months, The Guardian focused on January, Fox News focused on April, and Al Jazeera focused on May. The posting rate in 2021 increased significantly, accounting for more than 50% of the total number of articles in both years. The three newspapers focused on publishing with greater frequency

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only in October and November 2021, when tensions between China and Taiwan reached their worst levels in the past 40 years.

Regarding the length of the article, the number of articles with a length of 300 to 500 words, like short news, accounted for the least proportion. The first place was news, articles with 300 600 words accounted for the overwhelming – number; only a small percentage of 12.5% of articles were over 1000 words. The Guardian had the most news and articles with 300 600 words, with a total – of 34 articles and articles, accounting for more than 39% of the total number of articles over 1000 words. This newspaper also tended to invest in news articles with a capacity of more than 600 words to 1000 words. For Fox News, the number of articles over 1000 words was very little, and most of them were short news and analysis articles, synthesizing from 300 to 600 words. Al Jazeera was a newspaper with a number of news and articles that were distributed more evenly and reasonably than on The Guardian and Fox News. Specifically, the number of articles with a length of 300 words to 600 words is 11. Looking at chart 1.1, it can be seen that 3 newspapers had similar trends in terms of content.

Figure 1.1: Length of articles

Regarding the topic of reflection, the topic that received the most attention among three newspapers was the content of China's statements and actions

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towards Taiwan and vice versa. The second highlighted content was the US impact on the growing tension between the two countries. Specifically, the content around 144 articles related to the following issues: Taiwan election, information on the "One China" policy, statements by Xi Jinping and officials, statements by Tsai and officials of this country, China's actions, Taiwan's actions, US actions towards Taiwan and China, and some other content related to this issue.

Figure 1.2: Reflected topics

Figure 1.3: Distribution rate of topics of 03 newspapers <small>Statements by Tsai andofficials of this country</small>

<small>Taiwan electionInformation about the "One China" policyStatements by Xi Jinping and officialsStatements by Tsai and officials of this countryChina's actionsTaiwan's actions</small>

<small>US actions towards Taiwan and ChinaOther content</small>

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The distribution of topics among the three newspapers is also quite different. As for The Guardian, the newspaper pays more attention to China's actions, campaigns, and statements towards Taiwan. Content related to countries that have moved to support Taiwan accounted for more than 50% of the total articles. Followed by Taiwan's problem-solving moves and related statements. While Fox News focuses on China's pressure and criticism of US actions towards Taiwan, it also provides positive information about US actions. Unlike the two newspapers mentioned above, Al Jazeera seems to have a neutral tendency when the distribution of news coverage is more even than the two newspapers mentioned above. Al Jazeera also focused on three main topics, namely the actions of China, Taiwan, and the United States, the remaining topics were reported equally.

Regarding information sources, there is a clear division of information sources among three newspapers. Newspapers used their sources from: correspondents, interviews with officials, political leaders, Twitter, and the regional and Western press. While much of The Guardian's coverage is done by a team of field reporters, Fox News focuses primarily on sources from interviews with political officials and leaders, balanced with self-exploited sources. Finally, for Al Jazeera, this newspaper has very few self-made sources, mainly from references from local media in the Middle East and the West.

Figure 1.4: Different types of used sources

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As for The Guardian, the newspaper's view of the growing tension in the relationship between Taiwan and China was the most diverse when expressing views in both positive and negative directions. In addition, through the survey, it can be seen that The Guardian used many secondary sources, in which news from Western media ranks second and accounts for a large amount of news. However, The Guardian did not really believe in the authenticity of such information, nor did it consider news from secondary sources that represented its views. So more than half of the news on the issue was self-produced by The Guardian. The Guardian's stance was reflected in the following factors. Firstly, when expressing its views on the campaign, the newspaper not only directly stated its point of view but also indirectly expressed the views adopted by government officials or diplomatic and military experts. These articles were all referenced by Western media such as AP, Reuters, and AFP. The Guardian used this method to report the views of all the stakeholders without using it to express its own views. This shows that The Guardian prioritized self-production and did not have absolute confidence in the authenticity of the sources that the newspaper cites as a reference.

Secondly, The Guardian gave a full perspective of all parties involved in the Taiwan issue and had a fairly neutral point of view. The Guardian was the newspaper that most fully covered all the events that were considered to be the reason for the increase tension between China and Taiwan. While the two newspapers above only revolved around the actions of three main actors: Taiwan, China, and the United States, The Guardian had more than 10% of articles reporting on the actions of Japan, England, Australia, the AUKUS alliance and Lithuania relating the problem. Most of these articles were written by correspondents to ensure they were as accurate as possible.

Thirdly, The Guardian had a general view of China's actions to increase tensions on Taiwan somewhat negatively. When it came to China's actions, The Guardian used many strong and negative words such as "threat", "warn", “clampdown”, "using force", "punish", "catastrophic", "invade" to display a

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show of strength and desire for a full-scale invasion of the territory Taiwan in the near future.

Fourth, The Guardian compared with the two selected newspapers for research had more articles giving personal views. This was reflected in a number of articles with the title: “Why are there fears China and Taiwan could go to war?”, “Why is China increasing its military pressure on Taiwan?”, “How Taiwan's struggle for Covid vaccines is inflaming with China”. With each article, The Guardian explained and gave its point of view objectively when analyzing the issue in the presence of all stakeholders and outsiders. Typically expressed through the questions: What does China want?, What is Taiwan's reaction?, What do countries around the world think?, Actions of the United States.

As for the Fox News, this newspaper generally presented a negative view of China's actions towards Taiwan and partly highlighted the strategies and attitudes of the United States towards this tension. However, the newspaper also had a view that it did not consider the "ambiguous strategy" of the United States towards Taiwan to have complete strategic significance. This special thing was reflected in the fact that under President Joe Biden, Fox News reported on US activities towards Taiwan with a denser frequency than under President Donald Trump, and somewhat expressed his views not be objective and truthful about the statements of President Joe Biden. In summary, Fox News' stance was reflected in the following factors.

Firstly, it is easy to see that Fox News's approach to Taiwan was very clear. This newspaper offered very neutral views towards Taiwan, often used objective terms and emphasized the country's desire for autonomy. When it called to Taiwan, the newspaper used some more objective terms such as "independence", "freedom", "secure", and "consolidate".

Secondly, when talking about China, its statements and actions, the newspaper took a somewhat offensive approach and showed more or less disagreement. Fox News showed a negative view of China when reporting through words such as "tricky", "dangerous", "insidious", "the greatest threat”, and “provocative”. Almost when mentioning China's military, diplomatic and economic pressure

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on Taiwan, the newspaper was accompanied by a word with a negative connotation, only a few articles were written under the neutral titles. Thirdly, the newspaper's reporting style legitimized the US action towards Taiwan in the context of the country's increasing tensions with China. Unlike the other two newspapers, Fox News did not focus on Taiwan's actions, but only on China's aggression and increasing pressure on the country. So that the newspaper could use this excuse to report on its strategy towards Taiwan through the eyes of its readers in the most positive and somewhat correct way. Under President Donald Trump, the newspaper only reported on China's retaliatory actions or warnings to his actions towards Taiwan in a one-sided direction. However, under President Joe Biden with a "ambiguous strategy" for Taiwan but still adhering to the "One China" policy, the newspaper has had a two-way view and way when reporting with greater frequency about Joe Biden's actions and statements. Through reporting, although Joe Biden's actions with Taiwan and China were somewhat more certain and objective than Donald Trump's, the newspaper believed that those actions were more provocative to China when continuing to report on the statements of politicians and diplomats with pro-Taiwan views. In addition, Fox News also had two articles showing a comparison of Donald Trump and Joe Biden.

Fourth, when expressing its views on the increasing tension between Taiwan and China, Fox News not only gave its views directly, but also indirectly through the views of politicians, foreign ministry spokespersons, government officials and even reader opinions. There are 17 articles, equivalent to 40% of the total number of newspapers in Fox News, expressing the views of the above subjects. For Al Jazeera, unlike the above two newspapers, Al Jazeera had the most objective and neutral view when reporting on the rise tension between China and Taiwan. Al Jazeera always expressed the views of all stakeholders through the use of a variety of sources, although this newspaper rarely expressed its own views directly. Al Jazeera did not focus on a certain topic but spans articles on many aspects. Al Jazeera's stance was reflected in the following factors.

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Firstly, when it came to actions and statements of the two parties concerned, China and Taiwan, the newspaper did not use many negative words and used neutral words when it came to tensions in relation of the two countries. For Taiwan and China relations, Al Jazeera used "Cross-strait relations" instead of "China - Taiwan relations”. In addition, none of Al Jazeera's articles used negative language with aggression when referring to China's military and political reinforcements on Taiwan, or its "ambiguous strategy" United States to Taiwan.

Secondly, most of Al Jazeera's articles were combined from three different sources, including self-productions from Al Jazeera, the regional and Western press, and Twitter. This newspaper always tried to present a different perspective on an event or issue and cites the views of the stakeholders. Western newspapers such as Reuters, AP or Twitter were also used by Al Jazeera with high accuracy and reliability. In addition, even when Al Jazeera used sources from local press or from correspondents, this newspaper was only for informational purposes and did not represent the author's own views. This showed that Al Jazeera tried to report with as objective a view as possible about the tension in the Taiwan-China relationship under the influence of the United States.

Thirdly, compared to The Guardian and Fox News, the words used in Al Jazeera were somewhat diverse and the title was more interesting to readers. This is clearly seen when looking at the frequency of words appearing in Al Jazeera's articles. Except for names like China and Taiwan, no word appeared more than 100 times. The words that appeared most often were also words from the lexicon of the Taiwan-China relationship such as The US, tensions, escalate, condemn, criticize (See chart 1.5). This could be explained by two reasons, firstly Al Jazeera presented the problem in many ways and there was no emphasis or focused on a single subject or issue related to the rising tension in Taiwan - China relationship as the other two newspapers. In addition, Al Jazeera consulted information from various domestic and foreign sources in combination with quoting opinions of relevant politicians and experts.

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Figure 1.5: Frequency of words appearing on Al Jazeera Fourth, the topic deeply explored by Al Jazeera was the actions of China and Taiwan before increasing pressure from many sides. This was reflected in the fact that nearly all of Al Jazeera's article titles begin with "China" and "Taiwan" and accompanying action verbs to emphasize the main issue to be announced. Al Jazeera only focused on reporting, only a few articles showed a pessimistic view when referring to the issue through some predictive titles such as: “Is China really about to invade Taiwan?”, “‘Don’t play with fire’: China tells US on Taiwan”. However, the author did not directly express his views, but through quoting the opinions of politicians and diplomats of relevant parties. Fifth, regarding the "ambiguous strategy" of the US towards Taiwan before China's military, diplomatic and economic usage to put pressure on Taiwan, Al Jazeera barely expressed its opinions with those actions. Although, Al Jazeera had three separate articles analyzing the reactions of stakeholders to the US strategy in both directions for agreement and disagreement, this newspaper did not make any comment. Articles referring to US actions towards Taiwan and China were for only reporting.

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In terms of the number of articles, Al Jazeera was the leading newspaper in terms of the number of articles and the frequency of publication, besides the length of articles and reference sources were also very diverse. This showed that out of the three research subjects, Al Jazeera was the newspaper with the largest investment when it came to reporting on the rise of Taiwan-China tensions and also had great interest to the actions of China and Taiwan. This came from the fact that Taiwan-China relations were increasingly tense under the influence of the United States, a neutral Middle Eastern newspaper like Al Jazeera would report and communicate in many aspects of the problem in the most objective way with greater frequency than in other countries. In contrast, when the Taiwan-China relationship turned to its worst level in more than 40 years, news was published with great frequency by US media such as Fox News or the neutral newspaper like Al Jazeera, this issue has also received great attention from the people of these countries. That interest motivates newspapers to continue reporting with more frequency, thereby forming a framework in communication in which the newspapers both play a role in creating global agendas as well as a means of reflecting public concerns.

As for Fox News, although the research results show that despite the smallest number of articles, this newspaper focused on all issues related to the relationship of Taiwan and China. This shows that Fox News actively built certain frameworks to approach the issue so that the US public could have the most overview of the issue and the country's strategic actions in the rising tension between Taiwan and China. Whereas The Guardian's articles had the number of articles with the length ranked second, they did not focus on a certain issue to exploit later, but chose to provide a lot of information from more angles. In terms of views and stances, Fox News had the most negative view of the three newspapers when it came to China's actions towards Taiwan and this country. While Al Jazeera and The Guardian had a more objective view, only used more neutral words. Neutral reporting on Taiwan-China relations was how Al Jazeera and The Guardian demonstrated objectivity when reporting. Meanwhile, Fox News' opinions came from the fact that this newspaper wanted

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to build a negative image of China in order to legitimize and highlight the correctness of US activities towards Taiwan. The difference of opinion of the three newspapers based in the UK, the United States and Qatar caused the public of the three countries to view the event from different angles. This created a hierarchy in public opinion on the Taiwan-China issue at different system levels. Besides, it also showed the foreign policy perspective of each country when looking at the impact of the newspaper at the national level. In addition, the three newspapers also had different ways of expressing the writer's point of view. While The Guardian often gave its own opinion through self-reported and self-made articles, Fox News used sources from Western press and Twitter of government officials to give their opinions about China's actions when putting pressure on Taiwan and responding to the actions of the United States. Only Al Jazeera did not put the subjective opinion of the writer in the articles, although Al Jazeera was the most referenced source from the Western press. This shows despite reporting on the same issue and using the same source, the three newspapers have different ways of presenting news. This difference could be clearly seen that the newspapers want to express their purposes and messages separately.

Regarding the topic and angle of exploitation, all three newspapers exploited and focused on three main contents, namely the actions of China, Taiwan and the United States, but still had their own topics to be exploited. The difference in exploitation angle could be seen from the political point of view, which was originally different from the three newspapers. With Fox News, this newspaper took a pro-Republican stance, so there would be a certain comparison between Donald Trump and Joe Biden's policies towards Taiwan and China. Besides, it also gave an unbiased view on the vague strategy of Joe Biden of the Democratic Party for Taiwan. For The Guardian, the most explored aspect was the future of Taiwan's worsening relationship with China. This newspaper brought a lot of articles with personal views and predictions of parties involved and interested in this issue. While Al Jazeera is concerned about the security situation around the world if this relationship is increasingly tense to the worse.

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This difference shows that the same issue was covered, but the three newspapers exploited different backgrounds for their own purposes.

<b>Evaluation of the reporting styles of the three newspapers </b>

In terms of strengths, first of all, it can be seen that the three newspapers mostly reported with a neutral and objective attitude. Research results show that in three newspapers, their articles had problems that were objectively reported about the increase in tension in the Taiwan-China relationship. This strength is reflected in the fact that when it came to the actions of China and Taiwan, newspapers used neutral words without any negative nuances to describe them. Although The Guardian and Fox News still used negative words to describe China's actions, most of the remaining information surrounding the issue was reported in a neutral way, which was most evidently shown through the reporting of Al Jazeera.

In addition, objectivity was also reflected in the fact that the media had a combination of different news sources. In which the Guardian and Al Jazeera had articles using their own sources, made by correspondents. The various uses of sources, including self-produced sources in other countries, can increase the reliability of the information in the articles. Although Al Jazeera and The Guardian used secondary sources from the Western press and Twitter, they nevertheless had a way of leading and asserting the views of those sources that did not represent their voice. This ensured neutrality in the expression of views on the issue of the newspapers.

The second advantage of the three newspapers based on the research results is that all three newspapers exploited the increasing tension in the Taiwan-China relationship from different angles and chose new ways to report. The difference in coverage came from the purposes of the newspapers, as well as the public's interest in different countries. Newspapers all have the desire to convey issues associated with their political views from new perspectives. Exploiting an issue from different angles is a way to attract readers and create a distinctive feature for newspapers.

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<b>Books </b>

Albert, E 2016, China-Taiwan Relations, Council on Foreign Relations. Atkinson, J 2010, China–Taiwan diplomatic competition and the Pacific Islands, The Pacific Review, pp. 407-427.

Bush, R. C 2013, Uncharted strait: The future of China-Taiwan relations, Brookings Institution Press.

Chen, D. P 2019, The Trump Administration’s One‐China Policy: Tilting toward Taiwan in an Era of US‐PRC Rivalry, Asian Politics & Policy, pp. 250-278.

Chiang, Y. F 2004, One-China Policy and Taiwan, Fordham Int'l LJ. Deng, H 2016, The legal challenges of legislation and policies relating to energy conservation and energy efficiency in China. In China's Energy Efficiency and Conservation, Springer, Singapore, pp. 75-91.

DellaVigna, S & Kaplan, E 2007, The Fox News effect: Media bias and voting, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, pp. 1187-1234.

Moorsteen, R, Moorsteen, R. H, & Abramowitz, M 1971, Remaking China Policy: US-China Relations and Governmental Decision-making, Harvard

Jacobs, J. B 2006, One China, diplomatic isolation and a separate Taiwan, in China's Rise, Taiwan's Dilemma's and International Peace, Routledge, pp. 113-137.

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Jacobs, J. M 2016, Exile Island: Xinjiang Refugees and the “One China” Policy in Nationalist Taiwan, 1949–1971, Journal of Cold War Studies, pp. 188-218.

Lee, W. C 2008, Long shot and short hit: China as a military power and its implications for the USA and Taiwan, Journal of Asian and African studies, pp. 523-542.

Saunders, P. C 2005, Long-term trends in China-Taiwan relations: implications for US Taiwan policy, Asian Survey, pp. 970-991.

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Wei, G 2012, China-Taiwan Relations in a Global Context, Routledge. Wen, L 2020), How American Media Presents Crisis of Sino-Us Relations, AuthorHouse.

Wang, T 2022, "One China, One Taiwan": An Analysis of the Democratic Progressive Party's China Policy, Asian and African Studies, [Accessed 1 May 2022], Brill.

Duong Van Quang 2017, Truyền thông và nghiên cứu quan hệ quốc tế [Communication and international relations studies], Faculty of International Communication and External Culture, Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam, pp. 12-17

Le Thanh Binh 2012, Giáo Trình Đại Cương Truyền Thông Quốc Tế [Textbook of General International Communication], Thông Tin và Truyền Thông Publishing, Hanoi, pp. 8.

Ly Thi Hai Yen 2019, Truyền thông & Quan hệ quốc tế [Communication & International Relations], Faculty of International Communication and External Culture, Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam.

Ly Thi Hai Yen (Ed) 2020, Giáo trình Truyền thơng và quan hệ quốc tế [Textbook of Communication and International Relations], Chính trị quốc gia - Sự thật Publishing, Hanoi.

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Nguyen Thi Hong Nam 2015, Truyền thông quốc tế Lý luận và thực tiễn - [International communication - Theory and practice], Thông tấn Publishing, Hanoi.

Pham Thai Viet 2014, Đại cương Truyền thông Quốc tế [Diploma of International Communication], Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam.

Vu Tuan Anh 2020, Giáo trình phương pháp nghiên cứu truyền thông [Textbook of media research methods], Khoa học và xã hội Publishing, Hanoi

<b>Electronic documents </b>

Aljazeera.com. 2022. About Us | Today's latest from Al Jazeera, < [Accessed 1 May 2022].

Anh Duy 2022, Trung Quốc cam kết “thống nhất” Đài Loan theo cách hòa bình [China pledges to "reunify" Taiwan peacefully], Cơng an Thành Phố Hồ Chí Minh, March 06 2022, [Accessed 2 May 2022], < te/thoi-su-quoc-te/trung-quoc-cam-ket-thong-nhat-dai-loan-theo-cach-hoa-binh_127866.html>.

Binh An 2022, Đài Loan tuyên bố không 'phát động chiến tranh' với Trung Quốc [Taiwan says it won't 'wage war' with China], Tuoi tre online, October 10 2021, [Accessed 2 May 2022], <

Encyclopedia Britannica. 2022. The Guardian | British newspaper, < [Accessed 1 May 2022].

Foxnews.com. 2022. Fox News Channel | Corporate Information | Company Info | Fox News., < [Accessed 1 May 2022].

Huyen Le 2022, Trung Quốc chỉ trích Đài Loan 'lợi dụng' khủng hoảng Ukraine [China criticizes Taiwan for 'taking advantage' of Ukraine crisis], VnExpress, March 16 2022, [Accessed 2 May 2022], <

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Hong Loan 2017, Chính sách Một Trung Quốc là gì [What is the One China Policy?], Nghiên cứu quốc tế, March 14 2017, [Accessed 2 May 2022], < Linh Dan 2020, Trung Quốc yêu cầu Mỹ tôn trọng chính sách "Một Trung Quốc" [China asks the US to respect the "One China" policy], Công an Nhân dân điện tử, November 11 2020, [Accessed 2 May 2022], <

Phuong Mai 2022, Việt Nam ủng hộ chính sách "một nước Trung Quốc" thống nhất [Vietnam supports the unified "one China" policy], Điện t Chính ử

<

Thanh Hao 2021, Mỹ khẳng định vẫn theo chính sách 'một Trung Quốc' [The US insists it still follows the 'one China' policy], VietNamNet News, November 01 2021, [Accessed 2 May 2022], <

Theguardian.com. 2022. About us | The Guardian,

< [Accessed 1 May 2022].

Van Khoa 2022, Chiến lược mới cho Đài Loan nếu Trung Quốc tấn công [New strategy for Taiwan if China attacks], Thanh Niên, January 10 2022, [Accessed 2 May 2022], <

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<b>Table </b>

Table 1.1: Publishing frequency of 03 newspapers from January 1st, 2020 to December 31st, 2021 ... 11

<b>Figure </b>

Figure 1.1: Length of articles ... 12 Figure 1.2: Reflected topics ... 13 Figure 1.3: Distribution rate of topics of 03 newspapers ... 13 Figure 1.4: Different types of used sources ... 14 Figure 1.5: Frequency of words appearing on Al Jazeera... 19

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