Tuyển tập Đề hsg 10 cấp trường

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NGUYỄN ĐỨC ANH (Chủ biên)

HIỆU ĐÍNH: MAX NGUYỄN

NHÀ XUẤT BẢN GIÁO DỤC

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SELF PRACTICE TEST 1

I. Choose the correct answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentences.

1. Such was the heat of April that every air conditioner in our company has been ____ up. A. plucked B. seized C. irked D. cranked 2. You would be surprised at the muscles ____ people have.

A. sinewy B. tenuous C. chubby D. podgy 3. The ____ of rigorous environmental laws seems highly desirable.

A. upcoming B. advent C. ongoing D. pass

4. His controversial ideas presented in her book, ____ which critics raved, were endorsed by the majority of readers.

5. Charlie passed the exam with flying ____.

A. clouds B. scores C. colors D. pigs

6. The local authorities have decided to clamp ___ on illegal parking in handicapped parking places.

7. The application of ____ wall insulation is commonplace in countries with cold climate. A. heatproof B. thermoplastic C. cavity D. torrid 8. I am such a scatter ____ that I always forget everything that you’ve just said.

9. Police have discovered that ____ money was used to pay for the good.

A. copy B. false C. fake D. counterfeit

10. In contrast to her husband, she’s a very down-to-earth sort of person.

A. cynical B. boring C. clever D. practical

II. Supply the appropriate form of the words in CAPITAL to complete the passage.

Last year I resigned my post as a Head of Department at a large comprehensive school. After 23 years of teaching, I had simply had enough of a job which is becoming increasingly (1)

_________(PROBLEM). As a Departmental Head, I saw at close hand the effect of the

government's increased (2) _____(INVOLVE) in educational matters; the job is now ten times more (3) _______ (BUREAU) than it was when I BUREAU started out. Not content with loading

teachers down with paperwork, the government has also imposed standard national tests on pupils

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as young as six, a fact which has left many teachers (4)_______ (ENCHANT) with their

profession. But that side of things is by no means all. There is also the growing (5) _______

(AGGRESSIVE) of the pupils, including the girls. There are the frequent little acts of (6) _______ (RUDE) which teachers have become almost (7) _______ (POWER) to stop, now that the right to

discipline pupils has been all but taken from them. There is the restlessness and sheer (8) _______

(BORING) of children brought up on a diet of computer games and violent videos. Some people

dismiss any link between computer games and a (9) _______ (REDUCE) in attention span, but

few of them are teachers. When I started out, I used to enjoy teaching history, my chosen

discipline, to (10) _______ (RESPECT) pupils; now I do so every Tuesday evening, teaching local

history to pensioners.

III. There are 4 words/phrases underlined below. Identify the wrong ones and correct.

1. Families who are enough fortunate to own a historic home may be able to get restoration funds from the government.

2. Those days we regard stress is a necessary evil of modern living.

3. Reading through the first sentences and the second gapping sentences you have to complete. 4. The most Americans were killed in World War II than in any other war since the birth of the nation.

5. Sandra has not rarely missed a play or concert since she was seventeen years old.

IV. Choose the correct answer A, B, C or D to complete the passage.

Society has changed in many ways since the (1) _____ of computers, and people’s lives at home and at the office have been (2) _____. Most people are working for fewer hours per week than they used

to, and manufacturers and advertising agencies are becoming much more interested in how people

spend this extra leisure time. One recent report stated that, (3) _____ the number of hobbies had

not increased, each hobby had become much more specialized.

A second finding is that nowadays, many managers would rather (4) _____ spend time with their families than stay late in the office every day. Home life is seen (5) _____ as important as working. Some companies now make managers take their annual holidays (6) _____ they don’t want to, because this leads to such an improvement in their (7) _____ if they have some rest.

(8) _____ these changes, some people are working harder than (9) _____. The standard of exams is

getting higher, and increased competition is making it harder to get into university than it was 20

years ago. Schoolchildren and students are now having to work (10) _____ hard that in many cases

they work longer hours than their parents.

1. A. existence B. introduction C. recommendation D. manufacture

8. A. In addition to B. Instead of C. In spite of D. In place of

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9. A. ever before B. lately C. ever since D. never before

VI. Read the passage and choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best accordingto the text.

The domestication of wild species led directly to denser human population by yielding more food than the hunter-gatherer lifestyle could provide. In societies that possessed domestic animals, livestock helped to feed more people by providing meat, milk, and fertilizer, and by pulling plows. Large domestic animals became the societies' main source of animal protein, replacing wild game,

and they also furnished wool, leather, and land transport. Humans have domesticated only a few

species of large animals, with "large" defined as those weighing over 100 pounds (45 kilograms). Fourteen such species were domesticated before the twentieth century; all of them terrestrial

mammals and herbivores. The five most important of these are sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and cattle or oxen.

Small animals such as ducks, geese, rabbits, dogs, cats, mink, bees, and silkworms have also been domesticated. Many of these small animals provided food, clothing, or warmth. However, none of them pulled plows or wagons, none carried riders, and none except dogs pulled sleds. Furthermore, no small domestic animals have been as important for food as have large domestic animals.

Early herding societies quickly domesticated all large mammal species that were suitable for domestication. There is archeological evidence that these species were domesticated between 10,000 and 4,500 years ago, within the first few thousand years of the origins of farming herding societies after the last Ice Age. The continent of Eurasia has been the primary size of large mammal domestication. Eurasia is a huge, ecologically diverse landmass, and therefore has a great many large

mammal species. Having the most species of wild mammals to begin with, and losing the fewest to

extinction in the last 40,000 years, Eurasia has generated the most candidates for domestication. Domestication involves transforming wild animals into something more useful to humans. Truly domesticated animals differ in many ways from their wild ancestors. These differences result from two processes: human selection of individual animals that are more useful to humans that other individuals of the same species, and evolutionary responses of animals to the forces of natural selection operating in human environments rather than in wild environments.

To be domesticated, a wild species must possess several characteristics. A candidate for domestication must be primarily a herbivore because it takes less plant biomass to feed a plant eater than it does to feed a carnivore that consumes plant eaters. No carnivorous mammal has ever been domesticated for food simply because it would be too costly. A candidate must not only weigh an average of over 100

pounds but also grow quickly. That eliminates gorillas and elephants, even though they are

herbivores. Moreover, candidates for domestication must be able to breed successfully in captivity. Since almost any sufficiently large mammal species is capable of killing a human, certain qualities

disqualify a wild animal for domestication. The animal cannot have a disposition that is nasty,

dangerous, or unpredictable characteristics that eliminate bears,, African buffaloes, and some species

of wild horses. The animal cannot be so nervous that it panics around humans. Large herbivorous

mammal species react to danger from predators or humans in different ways. Some species are nervous, fast, and programmed for instant flight when they perceive danger. Others are less nervous, seek protection in herds, and do not run until necessary. Most species of deer and antelope are of the former type, while sheep and goats are of the latter.

Almost all domesticated large mammals are species whose wild ancestors share three social characteristics: living in a herd, maintaining a dominance hierarchy in the herd, and having herds

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that occupy overlapping home ranges instead of mutually exclusive territories. Humans have taken advantage of those characteristics in keeping domestic animals together with others of their species and in close proximity to other species of domestic animals.

1. The word furnished in par.1 is closest in meaning to

A. demanded B. invented C. provided D. changed

2. According to the passage, what benefit of large domestic animals is not also provided by small animals?

A. A source of food B. A source of clothing C. The ability to pull a plow D. The ability to be ridden 3. Which of the following can be inferred about large mammal species?

A. Relatively few species have the necessary characteristics for domestication. B. More species of large mammals are domesticated as pets than for food. C. Only a few large terrestrial mammal species are primarily herbivores. D. All large mammals can be classified into one of five important groups.

4. According to the passage, when did early humans domesticate all suitable large mammal species? A. After humans had populated every continent

B. Before the Ice Age caused many animals to become extinct C. At the same time they domesticated small animals

D. Within a few thousand years after farming and herding began

5. According to the passage, what is one reason that domesticated animals differ from their wild ancestors?

A. Wild animals find food easily, but domesticated animals must work for food. B. Domesticated animals live near humans, so they forget their wild ancestors. C. Animals' evolutionary responses in captivity differ from those in the wild. D. More animals survive in human environments than in wild environments.

6. Why does the author mention gorillas and elephants in par. 5?

A. To suggest that some overlooked animals could be domesticated B. To illustrate the wide variety among large herbivores

C. To identify animals intelligent enough to avoid domestication

D. To give examples of animals that grow too slowly for domestication

7. The word disqualify in par.6 is closest in meaning to

A. identify B. display C. reject D. punish

8. The word panic in par.6 is closest in meaning to

A. feels terror B. refuses to eat C. attacks others D. becomes ill 9. What can be inferred from par.6 about deer and antelope?

A. They run away from humans only if threatened. B. They do not supply meat of a consistent quality. C. They are as dangerous as certain wild horses. D. They have not successfully been domesticated.

10. All of the following are characteristics favorable to domestication EXCEPT A. weighing over 100 pounds B. unpredictable behavior

C. ability to breed in captivity D. living in a herd with hierarchy

VII. Insert ONE word to complete the passage.

Let's assume that choosing your holiday was trouble-free. A rash assumption, I admit, for I know about the heartside arguments that brochures…(1) spark off. However, I must confine…(2) to the things that could go wrong once you…(3) out on your travels or after you arrive at your…(4).

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…(5) I claim no qualification…(6) an adviser, I do have under my belt practical experience which has been…(7) over twenty years of globetrotting. First, some basic ground rules that…(8) in all situations. If something does go wrong, then bear in…(9) that you are not the first person to have…(10) something lost or stolen, or to have been…(11) in accidents or illness. The people to…(12) you go for help are…(13) with the proper way of doing things and you can best help by keeping as…(14) as possible and…(15) them with the information they need.

…(16) to say, you should be adequately insured and carry…(17) of that insurance. …(18) who travels abroad without proper cover…(19) little symphaty in the…(20) of trouble.

VIII. Rewrite the following sentences as directed.

1.The two brothers do not trust each other at all. COMPLETE

There is ...my two brothers.

2.Fortunately, I found a job in London. FORTUNE

By a ...a job in London.

3.Never forget that the customer is always right. BORNE

It should ... the customer is always right.

4.It is impossible to predict how long it will take to do this. TELLING

There ... time it will take to do this.

5.When I make my complaint, I hope that you will say you agree with me. BACK

When I make my complaint, I hope...

SELF PRACTICE TEST 2

I. Choose the correct answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentences.

1. The ……… man refused to give his son a single cent to start his own business. A. miserly B. meagre C. economical D. frugal

2. After a day of hard work, the tired man ……… in music to relax.

A. pampers B. indulges C. absorbs D. wallows

3. The committee members ……… for hours over the issue without coming to a conclusion. A. haggled B. disputed C. debated D. bargained

4. The general was convinced that if his army could make the first ……… strike, they would be able to win the battle.

A. enigmatic B. pre-emptive C. showdown D. rudimentary

5. Phillips asked the teacher to ……… him from lessons that day as he was not feeling well. A. excuse B. pardon C. relieve D. detract

6. Her grandson was ……… in the armed forces at the age of eighteen. A. accepted B. consigned C. enlisted D. recruited

7. This cupboard has the ……… to topple over when too many heavy things are put on the top shelf.

A. propensity B. tendency C. favour D. probability

8. It is ……… of you to conclude that all swans are white because you have only seen white ones. A. abrupt B. quizzical C. illogical D. thoughtless

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9. Mother has never been ……… for being an excellent cook, so be prepared for the food you will get to taste.

A. awarded B. acclaimed C. rewarded D. noted

10. Abraham has a very low ……… of tolerance for noise, so please keep the volume of the radio down.

A. threshold B. limit C. minima D. barrier

II. Supply the correct form of the word in bracket to complete the sentences.

1. Although some hold out hope for a sea wall and land reclamation programme, it is admittedly

nothing more than a mere ________ (STOP)

2. A(n) ________ is implanted in the body to prop up the heart. (MAKE) 3. She is ________ gorgeous in that gown. (DIE)

4. His behavior at the party was _________, which went beyond everyone's expectations. (ERR)

5. The advent of computers was one of the _________ milestones in the mankind's history.

(NOTE)

6. His condition was so serious _________ as he had to stay in hospital for a month. (MUCH)

7. Pending the _________ of KFC, the manager had to catch up on a huge number of backlogs.

(TAKE)

8. It is __________ to be waken up by the noisy music from the neighbor's house. (IRK) 9. Like many other __________ of my age, I dread to use hi-tech gears. (TECHNICAL)

10. Bacteria derived from __________ disease can be contagious among people having reciprocal

contact. (MENINGES)

III. The following passage contains 15 errors. Underline and correct them

Beds play an important role on allowing a person to get a good night sleep. Many different types of beds in the market today provide with a source of comfort that are tailored to individual needs. Most of them are soft enough to ensure that the bed follows the contours of a person’s body, yet allowing a person to feel comfortable when he is tossing and turning in bed. There are mattresses filling with different types of materials and sewn with different types of clothes. The need to farther improve the quantity of mattresses shows the importance of the bed as a peace of furniture in a home. Whether it is reclining, sleep or even have a meal, people seek to buy the most comfortable beds for them.

A latex foam bed is one such bed. Latex is obtained from the rubber tree and it solidifies quickly and becomes rubbery and elastic. These rubber particles are suspending by soap in water and the liquid will then whip into foam and poured into a mould. Hundreds of heated pins pierced the mould to creating air chambers for natural ventilation. The core of this mixture is then rinsed, washed and squeezed until it is damp. The dampness is removed with a hot air oven and further frozen to cool it. Latex foam mattresses therefore have a spring-like resilience that not only follow the contours of a person body when he is asleep but is also able to revert to the original shape without taking on the body impression of anyone.

IV. Choose the correct A, B, C or D to complete the paragraph.

UNIVERSAL WET WEEKEND

The weather across much of the British Isles (1) ……… settled last week, with a good (2) ………

of sunshine. On Saturday, the lunchtime temperature at Bridlington in the northeast of England was 28.2oC, which compared favourably with Alicante in southern Spain at 29oC. The rest of the

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world, however, was (3) ……… with some extreme conditions. A tropical storm, given the name Helen, hit Hong Kong on Saturday morning, though her presence had been (4) ……… in (5)

……… . From noon on Friday, the showers and (6) ……… of rain became more and more frequent

so that by midnight on Sunday, thirty-six hours later, there had been 333mm of rainfall, not far off

the (7) ……… for the month of August, at 367mm. Even on Sunday there was a (8) ……… in

Helen’s tail. The town centre of Shanwei, near Hong Kong, was flooded when 468mm of rain fell in

the sixty hours (9) ……… up to midday on Sunday, (10) …… twice the normal August rainfall. On the other (11) ……… of the globe, tropical storm Gabrielle moved across the Gulf of Mexico and overnight rain (12) ……… the usual rainfall for the (13) ……… month. Although most of Europe enjoyed sun, the high temperatures were sufficient to set off some (14) ……… showers. On

Tuesday morning, a thunderstorm at Lyons in eastern France (15) ……… 99mm of rain in just six

hours.

1. A. kept B. remained C. lasted D. held 2. A. extent B. quantity C. proportion D. deal 3. A. coping B. matching C. colliding D. queuing 4. A. waited B. found C. felt D. warned 5. A. light B. advance C. likelihood D. day 6. A. outbursts B. outbreaks C. outputs D. outlets 7. A. general B. standard C. medium D. average 8. A. sting B. prick C. stab D. poke

9. A. going B. leading C. taking D. approaching 10. A. only B. fairly C. hardly D. nearly

11. A. section B. side C. face D. part 12. A. overtook B. exceeded C. passed D. beat 13. A. total B. sole C. single D. whole 14. A. huge B. weighty C. heavy D. strong 15. A. deposited B. placed C. lay D. set

V. Read the passage and write the correct verdiction (T, F, NG) for each statement.

CHEATING AND PLAGIARISM

Students are responsible for familiarising themselves with the University Code of Student Conduct, as on enrollment with the University the student has placed themselves under the policies and regulations of the University and all of its duly constituted bodies. Disciplinary authority is exercised through the Student Conduct Committee. The Committee has procedures in place for hearing allegations of misconduct. Copies of the student conduct code are available at the Student Services Office.

Academic dishonesty is never condoned by the University. This includes cheating and plagiarism, which violate the Student Conduct Code and could result in expulsion or failing the course.

Cheating includes but is not limited to obtaining or giving unauthorized help during an examination, getting unauthorized information about the contents of an examination before it is administered, using unauthorised sources of information during an examination, altering or falsifying the record of any grades, altering or supplying answers after an examination has been handed in, falsifying any official University record, and misrepresenting the facts to get exemptions from or extensions to course requirements.

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Plagiarism includes but is not limited to submitting any paper or other document, to satisfy an academic requirement, which has been copied either in whole or in part from someone else’s work without identifying that person; failing to identify as a quotation a documented idea that has not been thoroughly assimilated into the student's language and style, or paraphrasing a passage so closely that the reader could be misled as to the source; submitting the same written or oral material in different courses without obtaining authorisation from the lecturers involved; or 'dry-labbing', which includes obtaining and using experimental data from fellow students without the express consent of the lecturer, utilizing experimental data and laboratory write-ups from other parts of the course or from previous terms during which the course was conducted, and fabricating data to fit the expected results.

1. The Student Services Office familiarises students with the student code.

2. Cheats will automatically be expelled because their behaviour cannot be condoned. 3. The text lists all activities that are considered to be cheating.

4. According to the text, cheating is a more serious offence than plagiarism. 5. It is never acceptable to paraphrase closely.

6. Students can submit the same work in different courses as long as they ask their lecturer and it is not their own.

7. If students want to use other students' laboratory data, they must ask them and the lecturer firs t. 8. Data must fit the expected results.

VI. Insert ONE word in the space to complete the passage.

The most extreme weather conditions experienced in Antarctica are associated (0) ... blizzards. These are simply strong winds with falling snow (1) ..., more commonly, snow that is picked up and pushed along the ground by the wind. Blizzards may last for days at (2) ... time, and in some cases it can be almost impossible for people to see. It is not unusual (3) ... objects only about a metre or (4) ... away to become unrecognisable. Scientists doing research in the area (5) ... then confined to their tents or caravans. We think of blizzards (6) ... extremely cold, while in fact temperatures in the Antarctic are usually higher than normal (7) ... a blizzard. Major blizzards of several days in length occur more frequently in some locations than in others. (8) ... may be eight or ten such blizzards in any particular place (9) ... an annual basis. They often cause considerable damage, so that any scientific buildings or equipment constructed in this region must be specially made to give as (10)

... protection as possible.

If the weather is fine, visibility in Antarctica is usually excellent because of the clear air and the

absence of dust and smoke. (11) ... this means is that people often greatly underestimate the distance of objects and features of the landscape. Also, very large features (12) ... as mountains may appear to be above the horizon, or even upside (13) ... These ‘mirages’, (14) ... are just tricks

played by the eyes in certain conditions, have led to explorers in the Antarctic making many errors

(15) ….. judgment

VII. Rewrite the following sentences as directed.

1. His arrival was completely unexpected. (TOOK)

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4. Our company is the only company allowed to import these chemicals. (MONOPOLY)

→_______________________________________________________________________________

5. It’s uncertain whether the band’s tour will take place. (BALANCE)

→_______________________________________________________________________________

SELF PRACTICE TEST 3

I. Choose the correct A, B, C or D to complete the sentence.

1. Their eventual choice of house was ... by the time Peter would take to get to the office. A. related B. consequent C. determined D. dependent 2. Her business must be going rather well, ... by the car she drives.

A. deducing B. deciding C. inferring D. judging

3. My cousin obviously didn't ... much of an impression on you if you can't remember meeting her.

A. create B. do C. make D. build 4. I was kept awake for most of the night by the ... of a mosquito in my ear.

A. whine B. moan C. groan D. screech 5. Most people buy their houses with a loan which they then pay back ... 23 years.

A. over B. during C. with D. throughout 6. He looks very aggressive and threatening, and so his gentle voice is rather ...

A. disembodied B. disconcerning C. dismissive D. discordant 7. My sister's confidence in her ability to play the piano was badly ... by her last musc teacher. A. subsided B. weakened C. undermined D. loosened

8. Next month TV and cinema star Paul Nicholas will be ... as Aladdin at the Apollo Theatre. A. casting B playing C. acting D. apearing

9. On leaving prison, Vic decided to turn over a new ... and to give up his old life of crime. A. book B. page C. leaf D. chapter

10. Now's a ... time to tell me you're going out this evening. I've spent time whole day preparing supper for you.

A. suitable B. fine C. reasonable D. right

II. Supply the correct form of the word in bracket.

1. Some ________ commentators poured scorn on this decision, claiming that an actor would not

have the right credentials to present an arts programme on TV. (NOSE) 2. He is selling second-hand or ___________ goods. (SHOP)

3. All around are __________ mountains which provide the walkers or nature-lovers with

magnificent opportunities to savour the Alpine flora. (SNOW)

4. In the woman, however, adulthood is punctuated by the __________, which can have a deep

psychological effect. (PAUSE)

5. She just hoped she would be spared a pressing invitation to his ___________. (OBSERVE)

III. In the paragraph before some lines are correct and some have a word should not be there. Indicate the correct lines with a tick (√). For the incorrect lines, underline or write the word (if write please fill in the given blank)

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LINE SENTENCE BLANK

1. In the world of birds, this bill design is a prime example of evolutionary _____________

2. fine-tuning. Shorebirds such as oystercatchers use their bills to pry on

4. bills to probe the deepest nectar-bearing flowers, and kiwis that smell out _____________ 5. earthworms thanks to nostrils which located at the tip of their beaks. But

few

_____________

6. birds are more intimately tied to their source of sustenance than _____________

7. are crossbills. Two species of these finches, named for the way _____________

8. the upper and lower parts of their bills cross away, rather than meet in _____________

9. the middle, reside in the evergreen forests of North America _____________

10. and feed on the seeds therefore held within the cones of coniferous trees. _____________

IV. Choose the correct answer A, B, C or D to complete the passage.

The history of the the bicycle goes back more than 200 years. In 1791, Count de Sivrac ___ (1) onlookers in a park in Paris as he showed off his two - wheeled invention, a machine called the ‘celerifere’. It was basically an ___(2) version of a children’s toy which had been in ____ (3) for many years Sivrac’s ‘celerifere’ had a wooden frame, made in the ___(4) of a horse, which was mounted on a wheel at either end. To ride it, you sat on a small seat just like a modern bicycle, and pushed ___(5) against the ____(6) with your legs - there were no brakes, but despite these

problems the invention very much ____ (7) to the fashionable young men of Paris. Soon they were ____(8) races up and down the streets. Minor ___(9) were common as riders attempted a final burst of ____(10). Controlling the machine was difficult as the only way to change ____ (11) was to pull up the front of the “celerifere” and ____ (12) it round while the front wheel was ____ (13) in the air. “Celerifere” were not popular for long, however, as the ___ (14) of no springs, no steering and rough roads made riding them very uncomfortable.

Even so, the wooden “celerifere” was the ___(15) of the modern bicycle.

1. A. delighted B. cheered C. appreciated D. overjoyed 2. A. increased B. enormous C. extended D. enlarged 3. A. use B. play C. operation D. service 4. A. resemblance B. shape C. body D. appearance 5. A. fast B. deeply C. heavily D. hard

6. A. surface B. ground C. earth D. floor 7. A. attracted B. appealed C. took D. called 8. A. going B. getting C. holding D. making 9. A. wounds B. trips C. injuries D. breaks 10. A. velocity B. energy C. pace D. speed

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11. A. direction B. route C. heading D. way 12. A. roll B. drive C. turn D. revolve 13. A. cycling B. circling C. winding D. spinning 14. A. mixture B. link C. combination D. union

15. A. origin B. design C. model D. introduction

V. Choose the correct answer A, B, C or D for each reading comprehensive question.

Panel painting, common in thirteenth- and fourteenth-century Europe, involved a painstaking, laborious process. Wooden planks were joined, covered with gesso to prepare the surface for painting, and then polished smooth with special tools. On this perfect surface, the artist would sketch a composition with chalk, refine it with inks, and then begin the deliberate process of applying thin layers of egg tempera paint (egg yolk in which pigments are suspended) with small brushes. The successive layering of these meticulously applied paints produced the final,

translucent colors.

Backgrounds of gold were made by carefully applying sheets of gold leaf, and then embellishing or decorating the gold leaf by punching it with a metal rod on which a pattern had been embossed. Every step in the process was slow and deliberate. The quick-drying tempera demanded that the artist know exactly where each stroke be placed before the brush met the panel, and it required the use of fine brushes. It was, therefore, an ideal technique for emphasizing the hard linear edges and pure, fine areas of color that were so much a part of the overall aesthetic of the time. The notion that an artist could or would dash off an idea in a fit of spontaneous inspiration was completed alien to these deliberately produced works.

Furthermore, making these paintings was so time-consuming that it demanded assistance. All such work was done by collective enterprise in the workshops. The painter or master who is credited with having created the painting may have designed the work and overseen its production, but it is highly unlikely that the artist's hand applied every stroke of the brush. More likely, numerous assistants, who had been trained to imitate the artist's style, applied the paint. The carpenter's shop probably provided the frame and perhaps supplied the panel, and yet another shop supplied the gold. Thus, not only many hands, but also many shops were involved in the final product.

In spite of problems with their condition, restoration, and preservation many panel paintings have survived, and today many of them are housed in museum collections.

1. What aspect of panel paintings does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Famous examples (B) Different styles (C) Restoration (D) Production 2. According to the passage, what was the first step in making a panel painting?

(A) Mixing the paint (B) Preparing the panel (C) Buying the gold leaf (D) Making ink drawings 3. The word “it” in line 4 refers to ________.

(A) chalk (B) composition (C) artist (D) surface 4. The word “deliberate” in line 5 is closest in meaning to ________.

(A) decisive (B) careful (C) natural (D) unusual

5. Which of the following processes produced the translucent colors found on panel paintings? (A) Joining wooden planks to form large sheets (B) Polishing the gesso

(C) Applying many layers of pain (D) Covering the background with gold leaf 6. What characteristic of tempera paint is mentioned in the passage?

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(A) It dries quickly. (B) It is difficult to make.

(C) It dissolves easily. (D) It has to be applied directly to wood. 7. The word “demanded” in line 17 is closest in meaning to ________.

(A) ordered (B) reported (C) required (D) questioned 8. The “collective enterprise” mentioned in line 18 includes all of the following EXCEPT (A) supplying the gold leaf (B) building the panels

(A) copy (B) illustrate (C) promote (D) believe in 10. The author mentions all of the following as problems with the survival of panel paintings EXCEPT ________.

(A) condition (B) theft (C) preservation (D) restoration

VI. Insert ONE word to complete the passage.

CANNIBALISM?

We’ve all had moments where we felt desperate to ___1____ anything. But what if your only

option was human flesh? Most of us have heard of cannibalism but what happens when you eat humans?

If we look at insects, snails, fish or amphibians, we can see that cannibalism is abundant. But when it comes to mammals, cannibalism is more rare, often triggered by environmental stressors

_____2_____ when rabbits eat their young under stressful situations.

In the 20th ____3____, medicinal cannibalism was used in Europe where human blood was prescribed as a remedy. _____4____ proper care and preparation, you run the risk of contracting

any bloodborne disease like Hepatitits or Ebola that your victim may be carrying.

Your thigh is around 10 thousand calories, your heart 700 and your entire body around 81

thousand calories. But about half of these calories come ____5____ Adipose or fat tissue so you

aren’t the best meat for those on a diet.

Anecdotal accounts say we taste somewhere ____6_____ pork and veal, and a cute culinary robot

identified us as bacon. There’s still an even greater risk in something called Prion. Prion could be understood as an infectious protein. They can change healthy proteins, causing a chain react ion and creating disease.

In the 1950s, researchers discovered that several _____7_____ of the Foray people, a tribal group in Papua New Guinea were ____8____ from a disease called “Kuru”, which caused those infected to

lose control of their emotions then bodily functions, eventually succumbing to death. It turns out that Kuru was a Prion disease which was contracted through their funeral practices. The Foray

people believed it was better for the body to be eaten by the people who loved them _____ 9____ by

worms or insects.

So while eating human flesh isn’t necessarily always bad for you, especially if it lacks Prions, doing

so carries incredibly high risks that probably ____10___ worth it.

VII. Rewrite the following sentences using the given words.

1/ Even though the election is tomorrow, many voters still haven's decided on the candidate they are going to vote for.

--> (FENCE)... ...

2/ His irresponsible attitude is endangering his career as a doctor.

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I. Choose the correct answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentences.

1. You can’t believe a word that woman says – she is a _____ liar.

A. dedicated B. devoted C. commited D. compulsive 2. There can be no _____ fixes or magic solutions to the problem of unemployment.

A. fast B. speedy C. quick D. sudden

3. When you come down the hill, do drive slowly because it is not _____ obvious where turning is. A. immediately B. directly C. instantaneously D. quite

4. At her trial in 1431, Joan of Arc was accused of being in _____ with the devils.

A. cooperation B. association C.league D. conjunction 5. When the forces on an object are balanced, you can say that the object is in _____. A. collusion B. equilibrium C. collision D. incubation

6. There were a number of strong candidates for the post but Peter’s experience _____ the scales in his favor.

A. weighted B. tipped C. balanced D. overturned 7. We are conscious that sleeplessness usually _____ those who are exposed to a great deal of stress, anxiety or depression.

A. betrays B. bestows C. besets D. bemoans

8. I think that the artist’s cartoons are usually rather _______ as they are intended to appeal to a mass number of audiences.

A. lowbrow B. highbrow C. dearly D. impenetrable 9. The train service has been a _____ since they introduced the new schedules.

A. shambles B. rumpus C. chaos D. fracas 10. ‘The film was pretty bad, wasn’t it?’ – ‘Yes, I think it was _____’.

A. exemplary B. excruciating C. expeditious D. explicit

II. Supply the correct form of the word in bracket.

1. The pilot did manage to get the plane _____________.(BEAR)

2. He was still rumbling ______________when Pike returned bearing a folder of _________ sheets.(CONTENT/CAP)

3. _____________ conditions can be diagnosed from the ____________.(CANCER/SET) 4. I've finally figured out why soap operas are, and logically should be, so popular with with generations of __________ people who are too old to go out.(BIND)

5.Dozens of police motorcycles have been taken off the road in London after routine inspections found them not to be ___________.(WORTH)

III. Identify 10 mistakes in the passage and correct them.

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Human memory, formerly believed to be rather inefficient, is really more sophisticated than that of a computer. Researchers approaching the problem from a variation of viewpoints have all concluded that there is a great deal more storing in our minds than has been generally supposed. Dr. Wilder Penfield, a Canadian neurosurgery, proved that by stimulating their brains electrically, he can elicit thetotal recall of specific events in his subjects’ lives. Even dreams and another minor events

supposedlyforgotten for many years suddenly emerged in details. Although the physical basic for memory is notyet understood, one theory is how the fantastic capacity for storage in the brain is the result of analmost unlimited combination of interconnections between brain cell, stimulated by patterns of activity.Repeated references with the same information support recall. In other word, improved performance isthe result of strengthening the chemical bonds in the memory.

IV. Choose the correct answer A, B, C or D to complete the passage.

ANGER AS ALBANIA MARKS 100TH BIRTHDAY WITH LAMB FEAST

Barring an unlikely, last-minute (1) …….., 1,000 lambs are to be (2) …….. on Wednesday at the high point of celebrations to mark the 100th (3) …….. of Albanian independence.

The event, organised by the government of Albania’s prime minister, Sali Berisha, has stirred (4) …….. and protest, with one opponent describing it as a “grotesque embarrassment”. On Monday, members of the youth wing of the opposition Socialist party protested outside the prime minister’s office, carrying (5) …….. and large photographs of lambs.

Three (6) …….. of state and at least five government leaders are (7) …….. in the capital, Tirana, to attend the celebrations at which the cooked lamb will be served to guests on two 200 metre-long tables. Albania (8) …….. its independence from the Ottoman empire on 28 November 1912, when the red-and-black standard of its national hero, Skanderbeg, was (9) …….. in the town of Vlore.

The body of Albania’s pre-war ruler, King Zog, has been returned to his(10) …….. to mark the occasion. (11) …….. have included concerts and parades and the construction of a centennial monument. But it is the fate of the lambs that has galvanised Berisha’s opponents.

“This is a country that is traditionally not very vegetarian – let’s put it that way,” said the Socialists’ youth spokesman, Erjon Veliaj. “The issues of animal rights and cruelty are not pre-eminent. But to (12) …….. this process gives this society a reputation it doesn’t deserve.”

Adapted from:

1 A) reprieve B) amnesty C) suspension D) jubilee 2 A) murdered B) assassinatedC) massacred D) slaughtered 3 A) birthday B) festival C) anniversary D) occasion 4 A) altercation B) difference C) row D) controversy 5 A) headlines B) banners C) emblems D) ensigns 6 A) heads B) leaders C) captains D) directors 7 A) expected B) hoped C) waited D) anticipated 8 A) communicated B) exhibited C) emitted D) proclaimed 9 A) heightened B) enhanced C) raised D) assembled 10 A) household B) territory C) homeland D) environment 11 A) fetes B) festivities C) parties D) ceremonies 12 A) improve B) enlarge C) boost D) glorify

V. Read the following passage and choose the correct answer.

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Langston Hughes was one of the greatest American writers of the twentieth century. He was born in Joplin, Missouri, and moved to Cleveland at the age of fourteen. Several years later he spent one year in Mexico before attending Columbia University in New York. For a few 5 years after that he

roamed the world as a seaman, visiting ports around the world and writing some poetry. He

returned to the United States and attended Lincoln University, where he won the Witter Bynner Prize for undergraduate poetry. After graduating in 1928, he traveled to Spain and to Russia with the help of a Guggenheim fellowship.

10 His novels include Not Without Laughter (1930) and The Big Sea (1940). He wrote an

autobiography in 1956 and also published several collections of poetry. The collections include The Weary Blues (1926), The Dream Keeper (1932), Shakespeare in Harlem (1942), Fields of

Wonder(1947), One Way 15 Ticket (1947), and Selected Poems (1959). A man of many talents,

Hughes was also a lyricist, librettist, and a journalist. As an older man in the 1960s he spent much of his time collecting poems from Africa and from African-Americans to popularize black writers.

Hughes is one of the most accomplished writers in American 20 literary history, and he is seen as

one of the artistic leaders of the Harlem Renaissance, the period when a neighborhood that was

predominantly black produced a flood of great literature, music, and other art forms depicting

daily city life for African-Americans. 1. What is the main topic of this passage?

(A) the life of Langston Hughes (B) the Harlem Renaissance

(A) Spain (B) New York (C) Missouri (D) North Carolina 3. The word "roamed" as used in line 5 is closest in meaning to which of the following? (A) traveled (B) soared (C) floated (D) walked

4. As used in line 5, which of the following words could best replace the word "ports"? (A) islands (B) ships (C) friends (D) harbors 5. To which of the following movements might "Shakespeare in Harlem" refer to? (A) the Civil War (B) the Harlem Riots

(C) the Harlem Renaissance (D) the Civil Rights Movement 6. What provided Hughes with assistance for his travel to Spain and Russia? (A) his job as a reporter (B) his career as a soldier

(C) a literary fellowship (D) a college study program 7. The word "talents" in bold could be be replaced by which of the following? (A) desires (B) abilities (C) strategies (D) careers 8. According to the author, what did Hughes do during the later years of his life? (A) write short stories (B) popularize African-American writers (C) advocate racial equality (D) write about life in Harlem

9. Which of the following could best replace the word "accomplished" as used in line 19? (A) successful (B) prolific (C) brilliant (D) imaginative 10. The author uses the word "flood" in line 22 to refer to

(A) a drought (B) an outpouring (C) a cloudburst (D) a streak 11. Which of the following can best substitute for the word "depicting" in line 23? (A) congratulating(B) blessing (C) screening (D) portraying

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12. According to the passage, Langston Hughes was all of the following EXCEPT (A) a novelist (B) a poet (C) an historian (D) a journalist

VI. Read the text below and think of ONE word which best fits each gap.

‘GADDAFI’S BANKER’ SEEN IN SOUTH AFRICA

The South African government is facing demands to arrest a man dubbed “Gaddafi’s banker” amid claims the deposed Libyan leader and his family stashed (1) ……… than $1bn in the country. Bashir Saleh, (2) ……… Interpol’s wanted list for his former role as an aide to Muammar Gaddafi, is travelling freely in South Africa, according to a report in the local press. He (3) ……… allegedly attended the governing African National Congress’s centenary celebrations and a recent summit of the Brics emerging economies.

The South African opposition Democratic Alliance demanded (4) ……… immediate arrest. Dianne Kohler Barnard, shadow police minister, said: “What is he (5) ……… strolling in and (6) ……… of our country when he’s on the most-wanted list? If we had (7) ……… crime intelligence at all, they would know who this was and arrest (8) ……… on the spot.

“There’s a possibility he’s being protected by members of the ANC, maybe on the instructions of ‘number one’ [president Jacob Zuma]. How (9) ……… could someone on the Interpol list get such protection?”

She added: “Urgent action must now be (10) ……… to rectify this. Bashir Saleh must be

immediately arrested and a full investigation conducted (11) ……… that the world knows that South Africa will not allow (12) ……… to become a safe haven (13) ……… international criminals.”

Gaddafi’s relationship with South Africa was complicated. Nelson Mandela is often said to have been grateful for his support in the struggle against racial apartheid and (14) ……… once quoted as saying: “Those (15) ……… feel irritated by our friendship with president Gaddafi can go jump in the pool.”

Adapted from:

VII. Rewrite the sentences as directed.

1. They have decided to employ me as a cashier for the summer. TAKE

They have made up ……….

2. The police said it was obvious that the thieves knew all about the alarm system.ACQUAINTED

The police said ………. .

3. We never permit pets to come into this hotel. ALLOWED

Under ………. .

4. John has never had the capacity to accept when he is wrong. ADMIT

John has never been ………

5. It was a long time before Jackie recovered from her illness. OVER

It took Jackie ……….

SELF PRACTICE 5

I. Choose the correct answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentences.

1. She hadn’t eaten all day, and by the time she got home she was ______.

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A. blighted B. blissful C. ravenous D. ostentatious

2. The movie offended many of the parents of its younger viewers by including unnecessary ______ in the dialogue.

A. vulgarity B. verbosity C. vocalizations D. garishness

3. His neighbors found his ______ manner bossy and irritating, and they stopped inviting him to backyard barbeques.

A. insensate B. magisterial C. modest D. restorative

4. Steven is always ______ about showing up for work because he feels that tardiness is a sign of irresponsibility.

A. legible B. tolerable C. punctual D. belligerent

5. Candace would ______ her little sister into an argument by teasing her and calling her names. A. provoke B. perforate C.advocate D. expunge

6. The dress Ariel wore ______ with small, glassy beads, creating a shimmering effect. A. titillated B. enthralled C. scintillated D. striated

7. Being able to afford this luxury car will ______ getting a better-paying job. A. recombine B. reiterate C. necessitate D. reciprocate

8. Levina unknowingly ______ the thief by holding open the elevator doors and ensuring his escape.

A. coerced B. proclaimed C. abetted D. solicited

9. Shakespeare, a(n) ______ writer, entertained audiences by writing many tragic and comic plays. A. obstinate B. dutiful C. proliﬁc D. generic

10. I had the ______ experience of sitting next to an over-talkative passenger on my ﬂight home from Brussels.

A. satisfactory B. commendable C. galling D. acute

II. Supply the correct form of the word in bracket.

1. Few of us are naturally ___________ but in terms of karate technique this can be achieved through training.(DEXTERITY)

2. Jay was given to ____________ rambling, and had to check herself.(LOQUACITY)

3. Regrettably, this illogical and ______________ attitude still persists even when we are dealing with nations substantially richer than ourselves.(ANCESTRY)

4. Maybe wrestling with the love / hate, personal / political ____________ is why he killed himself.(TERMINATE)

5. Agassi's victory speech had more than a touch of __________.(DICTUM)

III. There are 10 mistakes in the following passage. Identify and correct them.

THE HILLS ARE ALIVE WITH THE SOUND OF MUSIC

For the past eight years, many of the world’s leading classical musicians have gathered together in Switzerland’s most glitzy ski resort to play, to teach and socialise. If this was all, it would be the ultimate classical music insiders’ club. But the attraction of Verbier, its charm and relevance, is that it is also home for three weeks to more than 100 young musicians from 31 countries, starried-eye about meeting the masters and getting a crashing course at the highest possible level. Conductors of the world’s top orchestras are off hand to get the young musicians into shape, coaxing fine performances of so daunting challenges as Mahler’s Third Symphony and Brahms’ First Symphony.

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Verbier is the creation of the Swede, Martin Engstroem, who for many years was a leading agent. He wanted to run his own festival and, having some of the best contacts of the business, it was not hard to find a Swiss ski report to look for a summer boost, rich villa owners keen to open their houses to musical celebrities and stars used to being indulgent. Engstroem is the most relaxed and charming of men, but in his way he is a dictator. The music heard at Verbier tends to be of his classical taste with barely a note of the contemporary.

IV. Choose the correct answer A, B, C or D for each question.

PROTECTING THE FLORIDA MANATEE

1 With an average length of ten feet and a weight of 1,200 pounds, the large, slow-moving Florida

manatee is perhaps the most distinctive marine mammal of the southeastern United States. Found predominantly in the oceans, rivers, and estuaries around southern Florida in the cooler months, manatees frequently travel as far west as Texas and as far north as Virginia during the summer. They have been inhabitants of these marine environments for 45 million years. In recent times,

however, the manatee has become an endangered species, and an intense debate has ensued over

some of the measures implemented to protect its survival.

2 The Florida manatee faces numerous threats from both natural and human-generated causes.

The mostimmediate survival needs for manatees are warm water and an adequate source of food. The animals will suffer if either of these necessities cannot be found. For example, in water below 68 degrees Fahrenheit, a manatee's large body cannot convert food into energy fast enough to keep the animal warm, and it will most likely die. Sometimes, entire groups of manatees perish when they are caught too far north at the time of a sudden cold spell. Two other potentially lethal

hazards are blooms of poisonous marine algae arid catastrophic weather events such as hurricanes.

3 Despite their sensitivity to these natural conditions, the biggest threats to the survival of the

manatee come from human activities. One major concern is the loss of habitat due to increases in

land development and the introduction of pollutants to the environment. Manatees' access to

seagrass, their main food source, and warm water during the winter is limited in this way, forcing them into more northern areas where they are less likely to find the resources they need to survive. They can also be severely harmed by discarded fishing lines and nets, and, more significantly, frequently die after being hit by watercraft. In addition, general harassment by individual humans has led to many manatee deaths. The state of Florida has been passing laws to safeguard manatees from such threats since 1893. The animal's listing as an endangered species in 1967 led to the creation of several protected wildlife areas in Florida, and conservationists are hoping to both expand the existing areas and establish new protection zones.

4 The primary activity which such zones seek to control is boating. Collisions with are the leading

cause of death for the Florida manatee, accounting for 25 percent of all recorded mortalities, and some research has found that as many as 90 percent of observed Florida manatees bear scars from run-ins with boat propellers. More disturbingly, these incidents are responsible for the most deaths

of adult manatees of reproductive age. This is detrimental to the overall population, because it

affects the manatees best able to multiply the species. Current and proposed protected areas either place speed limits on boat travel or ban the use of marine motor vehicles altogether.

5 These conservationist measures have angered the region’s boating and fishing communities,

who see no need for such restrictions. Members of these groups argue that existing regulations are more than adequate, and that manatee populations are on the rise and are no longer in danger.

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Indeed, successive surveys from the 1980s to the present have tallied larger and larger numbers of manatees living around Florida. However, this increase may be due as much to advances in

surveying techniques, which simply enable counters to find more manatees, as it is to an actual rise

in the population. Other allegations that have become points of contention, such as the suggestions that expanded refuge zones will devalue property, raise taxes, or hurt the regional economy, have so far proved to be unfounded.

6 As awareness about the plight of the Florida manatee spreads, the majority of the public chooses

to support efforts to protect the creatures. The manatee is now a recognized symbol of Florida’s wildlife and has become well known throughout the world. Companies offering tourists the

opportunity to view manatees in the wild are growing in popularity. Though no one denies that the endangered Florida manatee still faces many challenges; with the help of conservationists and other concerned members of the public, it can hopefully continue to overcome them.

1. The word “ensued” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _____.

2. According to paragraph 2, what factor is responsible for the manatee’s inability to survive in cold

water?

3. From the information in paragraph 3, what can be inferred about species recognized as

endangered?

A. They are eligible for special treatment. B. They have been the subject of laws for over

100 years.

C. They mostly inhabit the state of Florida. D. They succeed in stabilizing their populations. 4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted

sentence in paragraph 4?

A. More Florida manatees die as a result of boat collisions than die from any other single cause. B. Researchers report that 90 percent of all known Florida manatee deaths have been the result of

boat collisions.

C. Watercraft collisions have led to more manatee deaths than any other cause, and most manatees

possess injuries from sure encounters.

D. While 90 percent of the Florida manatee population has been injured by watercraft, only 25

percent of these incidents resulted in the death of the animal.

5. The word “detrimental” in paragraph 4 is closet in meaning to _____.

6. The word “it” in paragraph 5 refers to _____.

7. According to the passage, which of the following statements most accurately reflects the author’s

opinion about the Florida manatee?

A. It has become a burden on the taxpayers of southern Florida. B. It has recovered remarkably when compared to the 1980s. C. It should be more fully protected from dangerous algae blooms. D. It should receive further guardianship from humans in the future.

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8. According to paragraph 6, which of the following is true about manatees? A. They can be found in many regions of the world.

B. They are expected to migrate farther south. C. They receive limited support from the public, D. They benefit from tourism industry in Florida.

9. All of these are mentioned in the passage as threats to the Florida manatee EXCEPT _____.

Question 10. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passages. Only a THREE-CORRECT answer is marked 1 point.

“The manatee has always faced certain natural dangers in the waters around Florida, but in modern times humans pose the greatest threat to the survival of the species. …”

A. Boating collisions are responsible for a

quarter of all Florida manatee deaths and inhibit the species’ ability to multiply.

D. Manatees were once able to travel to other

regions of the United States, but now are confined to the areas around southern Florida.

B. Coastal development projects and population

runoff destroy marine environments that provide manatees with the resources that are essential to their survival.

E. Money generated from tourism related to

manatees has helped pay for some of the

conservation programs that benefit the animals.

C. Florida has a long history of promoting

legal protections for the manatee, beginning in 1893.

F. Though some organizations have taken a

leading role in protecting the manatee, others strongly oppose the expansion of conservation measures.

V. Read the text below and decide to choose A, B, C or D to complete the passage.

DR SEUSS

Theodor Seuss Geisel, better known as ‘Dr Seuss’, began writing for children (1) _____ by chance. During a long sea voyage in 1936, Seuss amused himself by (2) _____ together a nonsense poem to

the rhythm of the ship's engine. Later he illustrated the rhyme and published it as And to think that I

saw it on Mulberry Street. Many critics (3) _____ it as Seuss' best work.

A later book, McElligot's Pool, (4) _____ the first appearance of Seuss’ famous fantasy characters, and Horton Hatches the Egg introduces an (5) _____ of morality. Seuss' reputation as a major

children's writer was sealed with the publication of The Cat in the Hat. This book uses easy-to-read

words to tell the story of two children alone at home on a rainy day. A cat wearing a tall hat arrives

to entertain them, wrecking their house in the (6) _____. The enthusiastic (7) _____ of this book

delighted Seuss and led him to found Beginner Books, a publishing company specialising in

easy-to-read books for children. Some of his books have been made into cartoons and one of them, How the

Grinch stole Christmas, was also made into an ingenious and (8) _____ successful feature film

starring Jim Carrey.

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At one point in his career, Seuss (9) _____ gave up writing for children and (10) _____ his talents

to making documentary films. One of these attracted a great deal of attention and won an Academy Award.

3. A. look beyond B. look upon C. look through D. look towards

VI. Read the passages below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only ONE word in each space.

In (1) __________ of the efforts of the media in recent years to disillusion us, the general picture

which the ordinary public has of the ‘author’ is of somebody sitting hunched at a typewriter in

solitude in a garret or some other place away from (2) __________ eyes. And not just that, but ‘royalties’, that name given historically to the financial rewards of the writing profession, (3) __________ seem to be more than just ‘wages’ or ‘a salary’. And (4) __________ that’s just (5)

__________ royalties are: they are certainly not the ‘bonus’ that my children always imagined them to be when they arrived from a publisher. My fault for not educating them properly, I suppose, but

the receipt of a royal cheque would always bring with it appeals from the children (6) __________ extras, which they brought of as something akin (7) __________ Christmas or birthday presents: it

certainly wasn’t money that needed to be apportioned in the same way as others apportion their

wages or salary. Indeed, (8) __________ I not learned very early on in my writing career to see royalties as my ‘salary’ and apportion (9) __________ carefully – much more carefully than any other people, since they are an irregular form of income – I would long ago have been in (10)

__________ financial straits!

VII. Rewrite the following sentences as directed.

1. Fancy you and I taking after my mother! TO

What a ...

2. I had been planning to see the latest blockbuster. Not long after that my friends told me that it

was terrible. LED

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leadership than under female leadership. So, for peace to prevail, female leadership can be considered as a better option than male leadership.

To what extent do you agree or disagree? You should write at least 250 words.

SELF PRACTICE 6

I. Choose the correct answer A, B, C or D for each question.

1. My granddaughter has the sweater I knitted for her only five months ago _______. A. gone in for B. got away with C. got through to D. grown out of 2. I don’t know what our guests will be wanting to do this weekend. We’ll have to _______.

A. be out on our ear B. bend our ears about it C. play it by ear D. turn a deaf ear to it 3. Tom’s controversial new research has brought him back into the public _______.

A. floodlights B. footlights C. limelight D. lowlight 4. ________everyone from the office was at the wedding reception.

A. Entirely B. Practically C. Principally D. Utterly 5. The primary form of language is speech, the importance of the written language_______. A. all the same B. mind you C. notwithstanding D. though

6. Can you________this financial problem?

A. be light on B. light upon C. make light of D. shed light on 7. The border in this region is and many refugees have simply walked across _______. A. impermeable B. irresistible C. leaky D. porous 8. The rooms had been just cleaned and looked _______.

A. safe and sound B. short and sweet C. spick and span D. spit and polish 9. The police a reconstruction at the scene of the crime _______.

A. endeavoured B. envisaged C. pitched D. staged 10. He has collected dozens of signed CDs depicting My Tam in her _______.

A. heyday B. peak C. pinnacle D.summit

II. Supply the correct form of the CAPITALIZED word to complete the passage.

Colton Millay has been given 16 years and dishonourable

(1) ……… after selling secrets to an undercover FBI agent CHARGE

posing as a Russian spy. A panel heard (2) ……… on Monday TESTIFY

and recommended a 19-year sentence for Millay, which was

dropped to 16 years because of a pretrial (3) ………. Millay, 24, AGREE

pleaded guilty to attempted espionage. Military (4) ……… said PROSECUTE

Millay was fed up with the army and the US, and was willing to

sell secrets to an enemy agent even if that would (5) ……… his DANGER

fellow soldiers.

At Monday’s (6) ………, defence attorneys said Millay was an PROCEED

(7) ……… stunted attention-seeker and was a candidate for EMOTION

rehabilitation. Defence witness Dr Veronica Harris, a psychiatrist,

testified Millay had the emotional (8) ……… of a five-year-old CAPABLE

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and suffers from low self-esteem, mild depression, alcoholism and narcissism.

Millay came to FBI attention in 2011 after he sent an email to a

Russian (9) ……… seeking information about the military and PUBLISH

called the Russian embassy. The agent who conducted the FBI

investigation reported that Millay “expressed his (10) ……… with DISGUSTING

the US military” and was willing to sell information on the Warlock Duke jamming system the US military uses to sweep roadside bombs.

In court Millay said, “I know I’ve made a terrible mistake. My worst enemy is myself.”

III. There are five mistakes in the passage. Find and correct them.

Our little boy Sam goes to play at the next-door farm, and sometimes we collect him at the end of the meal. Whichever the weather, and however far from the farmhouse they are working, our neighbours come home in midday to their dinner and sit down at the family table. The meal is hot, exhibited the staple diet of the English – roast meat, root vegetables, potatoes in gravy, and afterwards a fruit pie. If the children are home, they too participate, as do grandparents, siblings, nieces and nephews.

These meals are remarkable for their silence, which is a peculiar contented, sociable silence, quite distinct from the silence of the lone commuter eating pizza on the tram. It is lain like a cloth across the table, and provides a soft, clean background to the gentle sound of eating. Above this silence, the members of the family communicate in wordless ways - helping the children for food, passing the ketchup, grunting and nodding when the pudding appears. This speechless

conversation includes the newborn and the senile, and binds the whole family in a web of mutual dependence. Isolation is overcome, and anxiety stifled in the small, including gestures of the table.

IV. Read the text and decide to choose A, B, C or D to complete the passage.

STUDYING BLACK BEARS

After years studying in North America’s black bear in the conventional way, wildlife biologist like Luke Robertson felt no closer to understanding the creature. He realized that he had to 1._______ their trust. Abandoning scientific detachment, he took a daring step of forming relationships with the animals, bringing them food to gain their acceptance.

The 2.______ this has given him into their behavior has allowed him to dispel certain myths about bears. 3.__________ to popular belief, he contends that bears do not 4.______ as much fruit as previously supposed. He also 5.______ claims that they are ferocious. He says that people should not be 6._____ by behavior such as swatting paws on the ground, as this is defensive, rather than aggressive, act.

However, Robertson is no sentimentalist. After devoting years of his life to the bears, he is under no 7.____about their feelings for him. It is clear that their interest in him does not 8.________ beyond the food he brings.

1. A. catch B. win C. achieve D. receive 2. A. perception B. awareness C. insight D. vision

3. A. Opposite B. Opposed C. Contrary D. Contradictory 4. A. care B. bother C. desire D. hope

5. A. concludes B. disputes C. reasons D. argues

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6. A. misguided B. misled C.misdirected D. misinformed 7. A. error B. doubt C. illusion D. impression 8. A. expand B. spread C. widen D. extend

V. Read the following text and decide to choose A, B, C or D for each question.

Continents and ocean basins represent the largest identifiable bodies on Earth.On the solid portion of the planet,the second most prominent features are flat plains,elevated plateaus,and large

mountain ranges.In geography,the term "continent" refers to the surface of continuous landmasses that together comprise about 29.2% of the planet's surface.On the other hand,another definition is prevalent in the general use of the term that deals with extensive mainlands,such as Europe or

Asia,that actually represent one very large landmass.Although all continents are bounded by the

water bodies or high mountain ranges,isolated mainlands,such as Greenland and India-Pakistan areas are called subcontinents.In some circles,the distinction between continents and large islands lies almost exclusively in the size of a particular landmass.

The analysis of compression and tension in the earth's crust has determined that continental structures are composed of layers that underlie continental shelves.A great deal of disagreement among geologists surrounds the issue of exactly how many layers underlie each landmass because of their distincive mineral and chemical composition.It's also quite possible that the ocean floor rests on top of unknown continents that have not yet been explored.The continental crust is believed to have been forrmed by means of a chemical reaction when lighter materials separated from heavier ones,thus settling at various levels within the crust.Assisted by the measurements of

the specifics within crust formations by means of monitoring earthquakes,geologists can speculate that a chemical split occured to form the atmosphere,sea water and the crust before it solidified

many centuries ago.

Although each continent has its special features,all consist of various combinations of components that include shields,moutain belts,intracratonic basins,margins,volcanic plateaus,and blockvaulted belts.The basic differences among continents lie in the proportion and the composition of these features relative to the continent size.Climatic zones have a crucial effect on the weathering and formation of the surface features,soil erosion,soil deposition,land formation,vegetation,and human activities.

Moutian belts are elongated narrow zones that have a characteristic folded sedimentary

organization of layers.They are typically produced during substabtial crustal movements,which generate faulting and moutain building.When continental margins collide,the rise of a marginal

edge leads to the formation of large moutain ranges,as explained by the plate tectonic theory.This

process also accounts for the occurrence of mountain belts in ocean basins and produces evidence

for the ongoing continental plate evolution. 1. What does this passage mainly discuss?

A.Continental drift and division. B.Various definitions of the term "continent". C.Continental structure and crust. D.Scientific analyses of continental crusts. 2. According to tha passage,how do scientists define continents?

A.As masses of land without divisions. B.As extensive bodies of land.

C.As the largest identifiable features. D.As surficial compositions and ranges. 3. The word "bounded" is closest in meaning to ________

A.Covered. B.Convened. C.Delimited. D.Dominated.

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4. The author in the passage implies that the disagreement among scientists is based on the fact that ________

A.Each continent has several planes and shelves. B.Continents have various underlying layers of crust. C.Continents undergo compression and experience tension. D.Continents have different chemical makeup.

5. The word "specifics" is closest in meaning to ________

A.specialties. B.speculations. C.exact details. D.precise movements 6. The word "it" refers to ________

A.a chemical split. B.the crust. C.the atmosphere. D.sea water. 7. The author of the passage implies that ________.

A.It is not known exactly how the continental crust was formed. B.Geologists have neglected the exploration of the ocean floor. C.Scientists have concentrated on monitoring earthquakes. D.The earth's atmosphere split into water and solids.

8. According to the passage,what are the differences in the structure of continents? A.The proportional size of continents to one another.

B.Ratios of major components and their comparative size. C.The distinctive features of their elements.

D.Climatic zones and their effect on the surface features. 9. The phrase "This process" refers to ________.

A.Continental collicion. B.Mountain ranges. C.the rise of margins. D.Plate tectonic theory. 10. The author of the passage implies that ________.

A.The process of mountain formation has not been accounted for.

B.Mountain ranges on the ocean floor lead to surface mountain building. C.Faulting and continental margins are parrts of plate edges.

D.The process of the continent forrmation has not been completed.

VI. Insert ONE word in the numbered blanks to complete the passage.

BUSY, BUSY, BUSY

With obesity having shot up across the globe to dangerously high levels in recent years, it is litle wonded that people have started to ask why. True, (1)______ have changed; we all know that we live in a McWorld, hunting and gathering our food from fast-food outlets and supermarket aisles, but it can’t all be down to diet, can it?

Technology has changed modern life to such an extent that few aspects of life today bear any (2)______ to lives only a couple of generations ago. Just taking fobs as an example, how many of us today spend twelve hours a day on our feet physically slogging ourselves (3)______ the ground? Or how many families could you imagine living without a car? Kids walking to school, parents going to half a (4)______ local shops, on foot, to buy the week’s food, family holidays by bus to the nearest

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seaside town. Take Tina Jameson, a mother of two (5)______ has to juggle home and a part-time job. She says ‘I have’t got time to walk annywhere. But I’d have even (6)______ time without a washing machine or dishwasher’. We now have so many (7)______ in our lives that allow us such drastically better lifestyle choices that at times it can be difficult to picture these in a negative way.

Without doubt there are (8)______ to these changes. The number of people who suffer debilitaing injuries at work is miniscule in comparison to the past. Fewer hours working and more efficient transport are all (9)______ our benefit in allowing us a greater amount of leisure time. At what cost though? We may save a few hours day travelling and enjoy less physically demanding working conditons, but is this really (10)_____ it when the cost to our health and life expectancy is so high? Modern lifestyles have become shockingly sedentary and incombinaton with the deterioration in diet this is surely creating a ticking time bomb for modern humanity.

VII. Rewrite the following sentences as directed.

1. The desk was too crowded for him to put his book down. ROOM

2. There is no hot water because the centre heating has broken down. ORDER

3. the young man was very embarrassed because his proposal was turned down. REJECTION 4. Find out more about working conditions before you contact the manager. UNTIL

5. She stressed the importance of keeping the family together. EMPHASIS

SELF PRACTICE 7

I. Choose the correct answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentence.

1.Brave though Alex was, he screamed out in terror when the nurse brought out a ____. A.whisk B.chisel C.parasol D.syringe

2.Whoever can catch the fugitive ,who has been ____ for 2 weeks, will receive a reward. A.off his base B.off the hook C.on the lam D.at the helm

3.____ knowledge is of great importance as well as theoretical one.

A.Speculative B.Highfalutin C.Abstract D.Empirical

4.Had I known I would fight with a heavyweight boxer wouldn't have taken up the ____ at all. A.glove B.gauntlet C.mitt D.muff

5.Apart from English, nothing can _____ his curiosity.

A.ascend B.irk C.pique D.rise 6. The ______ are against her winning a fourth consecutive gold medal. A. chances B. bets C. prospects D. odds 7. References can have a considerable ______ on employment prospects. A. cause B. decision C. weight D. bearing 8. The prospects of picking up any survivors are now ______.

A. thin B. narrow C. slim D. restricted 9. From time to time he ______ himself to a weekend in a five-star hotel. A. craves B. indulges C. treats D. benefits 10. Men still expect their jobs to take ______.

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A. superiority B. imposition C. priority D. seniority

II. Supply the correct form of the word in bracket.

1. I've never heard such ___________nonsense in my life! (ADULT)

2. The common _______ was that we had all worked for the same company. (NOMINATE)

3. Dependent children are not usually covered by __________, although you should notify your

employer if you are the sole __________.(ANNUAL/WIN)

4. Her heart did a complete ____________ when she saw him.(ASSAULT) 5. I looked down on ___________ politics.(PUMP)

6. Britain's nuclear power programme began with a lie: it was a _________ for the nuclear weapons

programme. (SCREEN)

7. Fortunately, the newly constructed __________ held up under the stress of several hundred fans.

(STAND)

8. Food that is traditionally grown and free from the intrusion of technology will become

increasingly desirable among the ____________. (COGNITIVE)

9. This masculinity was emphasised by her uncompromising __________, her grey hair drawn

tightly back and screwed into a straggling bun.(FUR)

10. Sometimes charming, he could also be egocentric to the point of ___________.(MANIA)

III. There are 10 mistakes in the passage. Find and correct them. There is ONE example.

Most children with (0) health appetites are ready to eat almost anything that is offering them and a child rare dislikes food unless it is badly cooked. The way the meal is cooked and served is most important and an attractive served meal will often improve a child’s appetite. Never ask a child whether he likes and dislikes a food and never discuss them in front of him or allow nobody else to do so. If the father says he hates fat meat or the mother refuses vegetables under the child’s hearing he is likely to copy this procedure. Take it for grant that he likes everything and he probably will. Nothing healthful should be omitted out the meal because of a supposing dislike. At meal time, it is a good idea to give a child a small portion and let him come back for a second helping other than give him as much as he is likely to at all once. Do not talk too much to the child during the meal times. But let him get on with his food, and do not allow him to leave the table immediately after a meal or he will soon learn to swallow his food so that he can hurry back to his toys. Under no circumstance must a child be coaxed and forced to eat.

IV. Read the text and decide to choose A, B, C or D to complete the passage.

ANTI-PUTIN ACTIVIST ALEXEI NAVALNY ON TRIAL

The trial of Russia’s leading anti-Kremlin activist has started in the city of Kirov, in a case that has (1) …….. President Vladimir Putin’s refusal to tolerate (2) …….. .

The 36-year-old lawyer and corruption crusader has been charged with embezzling timber from a state-run firm in 2009. But the case is widely seen as a means of silencing the man who has

become Putin’s loudest critic. “We say this simple truth – that Putin is a thief – that’s why this trial is happening,” Navalny told supporters (3) …….. for a protest.

With less than 1% of Russian court cases ending in not-guilty verdicts, Navalny will almost certainly be (4) …….. . He faces 10 years in prison – or a suspended (5) …….. , which would (6) …….. him from running for office and kill any hope of a legitimate political (7) …….. in spite of his declared presidential (8) …….. .

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His public support has recently receded amid a Kremlin (9) …….. that has sown (10) …….. fear among those opposed to Putin. Many protesters have been arrested in the past year and a new legal framework has increased sanctions for those who (11) …….. to speak out.

“This trial has the same meaning as the one against Khodorkovsky,” said an opposition leader, referring to the jailed oligarch Mikhail Khodorkovsky. “Khodorkovsky was tried in order to frighten business. Navalny is being tried in an (12) …….. to scare and stop civil society, protest and activism.”

Adapted from:

1. A) displayed B) spotlighted C) discovered D) pointed 2. A) critics B) evaluators C) analysts D) examiners 3. A) collected B) gathered C) located D) reunited 4. A) accused B) indicted C) absolved D) convicted 5. A) sentence B) penalty C) verdict D) judgment 6. A) deny B) make C) forbid D) force 7. A) career B) development C) vocation D) profession 8. A) desires B) hopes C) interests D) aspirations 9. A) breakthrough B) holdup C) crackdown D) walkout 10. A) numerous B) widespread C) popular D) extended 11. A) defy B) risk C) dare D) challenge 12. A) endeavour B) attempt C) intention D) exertion

V. Choose the correct answer A, B, C or D for each question.

AN UNLIKELY MUSE

A new wave of music and arts projects has emerged, focusing on someone who may seem for some a dubious source of inspiration. Imelda Marcos, former first lady of the Philippines, is currently becoming the subject of musicals, song cycles and shows on a worldwide arena.

When the Marcos regime collapsed in 1986, and Imelda and her husband Ferdinand were exiled in Hawaii, they carried with them allegations of embezzlement, corruption and human rights abuses. Imelda had spent the last twenty years living off a seemingly endless supply of funds, living an exotic and glamorous lifestyle and rubbing shoulders with powerful figures worldwide. In 1972, when the superstar couple’s popularity was fading and they were at risk of losing their power, Ferdinand Marcos instated martial, leading to an era of chaos and plunder, and what is described by some as the second most corrupt regime of the twentieth century. Ferdinand and Imelda fled in 1986 to escape the People’s Power Revolution, Imelda leaving behind some 2000 pairs of shoes. After her husband died in Hawaii due to ill health, Imelda stood trial in the United States on behalf of her husband. Following that, she returned to the Philippines to face seventy more counts of corruption and tax evasion. She has now returned to congress in the Philippines, her make-up and gowns as flawless as ever.

So what makes Imelda Marcos such an appealing muse? Undoubtedly, Imelda Marcos’s resolute character which has withstood exile, legal battles and the wrath of her enemies makes her an appealing heroine, but film-maker Fenton Bailey attributes her iconicity to her sense of glamour and style, and her role as a cultural trend-setter. And like so many women who let nothing come between them and their goals, she has gained a certain iconic status, particularly among

homosexuals, not unlike that of Judy Garland and Lady Gaga.

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And now the story of Imelda Marcos can be seen in the format of a musical, an artistic genre which is quite befitting for this flamboyant, entertaining figure of beauty and glamour. ‘Imelda – A new musical’ has played in Los Angeles and New York. The artistic director of the musical, Tim Dang, realises that the musical glosses over the darker aspects of the Marcos regime, but wanted to

portray Imelda as a person with all her faults on display, leaving the audience to come to a verdict. However, despite the glitz of the show, reviews were mixed, stating the ‘the serio-comic spoof... had a vacuum at its centre’.

The story of Imelda Marcos has also been immortalised as a song cycle, ‘Here Lies Love’ written by David Byrne and Norman Cook, in which Imelda comes across as both a hero and villain. Their reasoning was to try to understand the story of how people can attain positions of such power and greed. They were also inspired by Imelda’s love of dancing and clubbing, and how her own style of music could be incorporated into their own. Byrne adds that their story is not black and white – the couple were very popular at first, and Imelda headed a lot of public works in the Philippines and added much to the nation’s sense of culture and identity.

At the Cultural Centre of the Philippines, a tour named ‘La Vida Imelda’ led by Carlos Sedran describes the life of Imelda Marcos, the cold war and martial law, while also portraying the

glamour of the Imelda lifestyle. He describes it as an eternal story, in which her extravagance can be seen as either distasteful or in some ways estimable.

There is a danger that these new art forms airbrush out the atrocities which accompanied the ostentation and glamour. It was a time when democracy was suppressed, political enemies disappeared, and billions of dollars which could have helped the poverty-stricken country were spent on the Marcos’s extravagant lifestyle. However, the artists involved are keen to make clear that the regime also resulted in great leaps forward in the country’s culture, architecture and infrastructure. The Marcos legacy remains in the form of hospitals, Heart and Lung Centres, Folk Art theatres and homes for children and the elderly, notwithstanding that the Marcos couple set their war-ravaged, poverty-stricken land onto the world stage.

1 Why are Imelda’s shoes mentioned in the second paragraph? To illustrate how little she cared for her personal possessions To illustrate her love of fashion and beauty

To indicate how quickly she had to flee the country To illustrate the extravagance of her lifestyle

2 What aspect of Imelda’s character is emphasised in paragraph 3? her flamboyance

her kindness her resolution her beauty

3 Why is Imelda compared with Judy Garland and Lady Gaga? Due to her status as a gay icon

Due to her ambition and drive

Because she has created new fashions

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Because she has triumphed over legal battles 4 Why was the musical of Imelda’s life criticised?

Because it did not portray Imelda’s faults Because the show was too shallow

Because it was too glamorous and showy Because it was both serious and comedic

5 What was it about Imelda’s story that interested David Byrne and Norman Cooke? The ongoing themes of power, greed and music

The fact that the story had both a clear hero and villain

The reasoning why people such as Imelda become who they are The fact that her musical taste was similar to theirs

6 According to Carlos Sedran, how do people respond to Imelda’s expensive lifestyle? Most people are shocked by it.

It evokes both positive and negative feelings People want to be like her

People realise why she did it

7 Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text as something Imelda Marcos did for the Philippines?

She made health services available to the people. She gave the country a cultural identity.

She reduced the levels of poverty for Filipino people. She drew the world’s attention to the country.

VI. For questions 1 – 15, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.

AFFLELOU’S JET USED FOR COCAINE TRAFFICKING

A French tycoon has discovered to (1) …….. horror that his private jet was involved in an effort to smuggle £40 million-worth of cocaine from the Caribbean. Alain Afflelou, (2) …….. owns Europe’s largest chain of optician franchises, was not (3) …….. the plane at the time and (4) …….. said to be “stunned” by the discovery.”This plane and another smaller one managed by this company were used by Alain Afflelou and his colleagues (5) …….. their line of work. When it’s not (6) …….. used we rent it out, and so we have (7) …….. idea who these people are who hired our plane. Our

lawyers are trying to find (8) ………” said Isabelle Amaraggi, his communications director.

The 12-seater aircraft was detained a week (9) …….. when 26 suitcases containing 700kg of cocaine were discovered. Police said the seizure was the result of seven months of investigations. Officials in the Caribbean country arrested 35 people in the raid, including soldiers, police and Dominican customs agents, (10) …….. were suspected of being part of a drug trafficking ring. Four of (11) …….. arrested were French.

Mr Afflelou sparked controversy in December (12) …….. he announced that he was leaving France and moving to London – amid plans (13) …….. massive tax hikes on high earners. The 64-year-old

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businessman said that he was moving to the UK for business opportunities, (14) …….. than to avoid tax. But his departure came in the midst of a flood of French millionaires leaving (15) …….. homeland, including film star Gerard Depardieu and musician Jean-Michel Jarre.

Adapted from:

VII. You are going to read an extract from an article. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A-G the one which fits each gap. There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.

THE DO-GOODERS

The people who changed the morals of English society.

In the last decades of the 18th century, the losers seriously outnumbered the winners. Those who were fortunate enough to occupy the upper levels of society, celebrated their good fortune by living a hedonistic life of gambling, parties and alcohol. It was their moral right, they felt, to exploit the weak and the poor. Few of them thought their lives should change, even fewer believed it could.

But the decisive turning point for moral reform was the French revolution. John Bowlder, a popular moralist of the time, blamed the destruction of French society on a moral crisis. Edmund Burke, a Whig statesman agreed. 'When your fountain is choked up and polluted,' he wrote, 'the stream will not run long or clear.' If the English society did not reform, ruin would surely follow.

Englishmen were deeply afraid that the immorality of France would invade England. Taking advantage of this, Burke was able to gain considerable support by insisting that the French did not have the moral qualifications to be a civilised nation. He pronounced 'Better this island should be sunk to the bottom of the sea that than... it should not be a country of religion and morals.'

Sobering though these messages were, the aristocracy of the time was open to such reforms, not least due to fear. France's attempt to destroy their nobility did much to encourage the upper classes to examine and re-evaluate their own behaviour. Added to this was the arrival of French noble émigrés to British shores. As these people were dependant on the charity of the British aristocracy, it became paramount to amend morals and suppress all vices in order to uphold the state.

Whether the vices of the rich and titled stopped or were merely cloaked is open to question. But it is clear that by the turn of the century, a more circumspect society had emerged. Styles of dress became more moderate, and the former adornments of swords, buckles and powdered hair were no longer seen. There was a profusion of moral didactic literature available. Public hangings ceased and riots became much rarer.

One such person was Thomas Wackley who in 1823 founded a medical journal called 'the Lancet'. At this time, Medicine was still a profession reserved for the rich, and access to knowledge was impossible for the common man. The Lancet shone a bright light on the questionable practices undertaken in medicine and particularly in surgery, and finally led to improved standards of care.

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How though did changes at the top affect the people at the bottom of the societal hierarchy? Not all reformers concerned themselves which changes at the authoritative and governmental levels. Others concentrated on improving the lives and morals of the poor. In the midst of the industrial revolution, the poorest in society were in dire straits. Many lived in slums and sanitation was poor. No-one wanted the responsibility of improvement.

Could local authorities impose such measures today? Probably not. Even so, the legacy of the moral reform of the late 1800s and 1900s lives on today. Because of it, the British have come to expect a system which is competent, fair to all and free from corruption. Nowadays everyone has a right to a home, access to education, and protection at work and in hospital. This is all down to the men and women who did not just observe society's ills from a distance, but who dared to take steps to change it.

PARAGRAPHS

A. But a moral makeover was on the horizon, and one of the first people to promote it was William Wilberforce, better known for his efforts in abolishing the slave trade. Writing to a friend, Lord Muncaster, he stated that 'the universal corruption and profligacy of the times...taking its rise amongst the rich and luxurious has now ... spread its destructive poison through the whole body of the people.'

B. But one woman, Octavia Hill, was willing to step up to the mark. Hill, despite serious opposition by the men who still dominated English society, succeeded in opening a number of housing

facilities for the poor. But, recognising the weaknesses of a charity-dependent culture, Hill enforced high moral standards, strict measures in hygiene and cleanliness upon her tenants, and, in order to promote a culture of industry, made them work for any financial handouts.

C. At first, moralists did not look for some tangible end to moral behaviour. They concerned themselves with the spiritual salvation of the rich and titled members of society, believing that the moral tone set by the higher ranks would influence the lower orders. For example, Samuel Parr, preaching at London's St Paul's Cathedral, said 'If the rich man...abandons himself to sloth and all the vices which slot

h and all the vices which sloth generates, he corrupts by his example. He permits...his immediate attendants to be, like him, idle and profligate.'

D. In time, the fervour for improved morals strayed beyond personal behaviour and towards a new governance. People called for a tightening of existing laws which had formerly been enforced only laxly. Gambling, duelling, swearing, prostitution, pornography and adultery laws were more strictly upheld to the extent that several fashionable ladies were fined fifty pounds each for gambling in a private residence.

E. So far, however, circumspection in the upper classes had done little to improve the lives of those in the lower classes. But that was to change. Against a backdrop of the moral high ground, faults in the system started to stand out. One by one, people started to question the morality of those in authority.

F. The attitudes of the upper classes became increasingly critical during the latter part of the eighteenth century. In 1768, the Lord of the Treasury was perfectly at ease to introduce his

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mistress to the Queen, but a generation later, such behaviour would have been unacceptable. Such attitudes are also seen in the diaries of Samuel Pepys, who, in 1793 rambles without criticism about his peer's many mistresses. A few years later, his tone had become infinitely more critical.

G. Similar developments occurred in the Civil Service. Civil servants were generally employed as a result of nepotism or acquaintance, and more often than not took advantage of their power to provide for themselves at the expense of the public. Charles Trevelyan, an official at the London Treasury, realised the weaknesses in the system and proposed that all civil servants were employed as a result of entrance examinations, thus creating a system which was politically independent and consisted of people who were genuinely able to do the job.

H. These prophecies roused a little agitation when first published in 1790. But it was the events in 1792-93 which shocked England into action. Over in France, insurrection had led to war and massacre. The King and Queen had been tried and executed. France was now regarded as completely immoral and uncivilized, a country where vice and irreligion reigned.

VIII. Rewrite the following sentences as directed.

1. The impression most people have of him is that he is an honest person. COMES 2. The manager told his staff that he was pleased, but he could do better. ROOM

3. My father is going to be really angry when he finds out that I’ve lost the car keys. WALL 4. If you don’t like the idea then just say so. I believe you should always speak frankly. SPADE 5. We’d get the job finished much quicker if everyone worked as hard as everyone else. WEIGHT

SELF PRACTICE 8

I. Choose the correct answer A, B, C or D for each question.

1. The new teacher was taken advantage of by the students and often had to...her authority.

A. assert B. confirm C. inflict D.strike 2. He was given the France post even though his French is decidedly... A. fluent B. untidy C. rusty D. disheveled

3. "Look, I dont know the best solution." he said,...his shoulder and walking away from the table.

A. shaking B. shrouding C. shrugging D. bowing 4. Even though Ink Links is offering a larger account, the Clear Image's quality standards...our needs better.

A. suit B. fit C. match D. fix 5. After they vandalised the school, the teenagers...the scene.

A. flew B. flied C. fleed D. fled

6...by despair at her situation, she tried in vain to rob the local bank and ended up in prison for five years.

A. Compelled B. Forced C. Desperate D. Driven

7. Bill and Mary resolved their problems after her brother got them to sit down and have a ... talk with each other.

A. candid B. overt C. servile D. piteous

8. He looks very aggressive and threatening, and so his soft, gentle voice is rather _____. A. disembodied B. disconcerting C. dismissive D. discordant

9. Politicians often promise to solve all a country's problems ……….. .

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A. thick and fast B. on the whole C. of set purpose D. at a stroke

10. The police accused the bank employee of ..., after financial irregularities were uncovered in his department's accounts.

A. fraud B. hoodwink C. swindle D. cheating

II. Supply the correct form of the word in bracket.

1.Kids these days are much more _________ than we ever were at their age.(WISDOM) 2.The release, looking like your __________ application form, detailed the new appointee's biographical details.(STANDARD)

3.My vacation plans _____________ nicely with Joyce’s.(TAIL)

4.Then we went in to face this perfectly ________ and crepuscular little registrar. (OIL) 5.Despite a _________ of changes, the new models are just £295 more than the cars they

9.The predicted backlash from ________ supporters has never materialised (BLUE) 10.If you can not tell long jokes without getting lost, stick to _______.(LINE)

III. There are ONE error in each sentence. Identify and correct.

1. If you need to keep fit, then why not take on a sport such as badminton or tennnis.

2. Modern transportation can speed a doctor to the site of sick person, even if the patient lives on an isolating farm.

3. Tom is very good at science when his brother is absolutely hopeless. 4. In my opinion, I think this book is more interesting than the other one. 5. When abestos fibers are breathed in, they make damage to our lungs.

IV. Read the text and decide A, B, C or D that the most suitable for the passage.

FAMILY HISTORY

In an age when technology is developing faster than ever before, many people are being

(1)________ to the idea of looking back into the past. One way they can do this is by investigating their own family history. They can try to (2)________ out more about where their families came from and what they did. This is now a fast-growing hobby, especially in countries with a

(3)_________ short history, like Australia and the United states.

It is one thing to spend some time (4)_________ through a book on family history and to take the (5)__________ to investigate your own family’s past. It is quite another to carry out the research work successfully. It is easy to set about it in a disorganized way and (6)_________ yourself many problems which could have been avoided with a little forward planning.

If your own family stories tell you that you are (7)____________ with a famous character, whether hero or criminal, do not let this idea take over your research. Just treat it as an interesting

possibility. A simple system (8)_________ collecting and storing your information will be adequate to start with; a more complex one may only get in your (9)_________. The most important thing, though, is to (10)__________ started. Who knows what you might find?

1. A. pushed B. attracted C. fetched D. brought 2. A. lay B. make C. put D. find 3. A. fairly B. greatly C. mostly D. widely

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4. A. seeing B. moving C. going D. living 5. A. idea B. plan C. purpose D. decision 6. A. produce B. cause C. build D. creat 7. A. connected B. joined C. attached D. direct 8. A. with B. by C. for D. through 9. A. track B. path C. road D. way 10. A. get B. appear C. be D. feel

V. Choose the correct answer A, B, C or D for each question.

Before the mid-nineteenth century, people in the United States ate most foods only in season. Drying, smoking, and salting could preserve meat for a short time, but the availability of fresh meat, like that of fresh milk, was very limited; there was no way to prevent spoilage. But in 1810 a French inventor named Nicolas Appert developed the cooking-and-sealing process of canning. And in the 1850's an American named Gail Borden developed a means of condensing and preserving milk. Canned goods and condensed milk became more common during the 1860's, but supplies remained low because cans had to be made by hand. By 1880, however, inventors had fashioned stamping and soldering machines that mass-produced cans from tinplate. Suddenly all kinds of food could be preserved and bought at all times of the year.

Other trends and inventions had also helped make it possible for Americans to vary their daily diets. Growing urban populations created demand that encouraged fruit and vegetable farmers to raise more produce. Railroad refrigerator cars enabled growers and meat packers to ship perishables great distances and to preserve them for longer periods. Thus, by the 1890's, northern city dwellers could enjoy southern and western strawberries, grapes, and tomatoes, previously available for a month at most, for up to six months of the year. In addition, increased use of iceboxes enabled families to store perishables. An easy means of producing ice commercially had been invented in the 1870's, and by 1900 the nation had more than two thousand commercial ice plants, most of which made home deliveries. The icebox became a fixture in most homes and remained so until the mechanized refrigerator replaced it in the 1920's and 1930's.

Almost everyone now had a more diversified diet. Some people continued to eat mainly foods that were heavy in starches or carbohydrates, and not everyone could afford meat. Nevertheless, many families could take advantage of previously unavailable fruits, vegetables, and dairy products to achieve more varied fare.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss? A. Causes of food spoilage . B. Commercial production of ice.

C. Inventions that led to changes in the American diet. D. Population movements in the nineteenth century. 2. The phrase in season refers to______.

A. a kind of weather B. a particular time of year C. an official schedule D. a method of flavoring food 3. The word prevent is closest in meaning to_______.

A. estimate B. avoid C. correct D. confine 4. During the 1860's, canned food products were ______.

A. unavailable in rural areas B. shipped in refrigerator cars

C. available in limited quantities D. a staple part of the American diet 5. The word them refers to_______.

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A. refrigerator carsB. perishables C. growers D. distances 6. The word fixture is closest in meaning to______.

A. luxury item B. substance

C. commonplace object D. mechanical device

7. The author implies that in the 1920's and 1930's home deliveries of ice_______. A. decreased in number B. were on an irregular schedule C. increased in cost D. occurred only in the summer 8. The word Nevertheless is closest in meaning to_______.

A. Therefore B. Because C. Occasionally D. However

9. Which of the following types of food preservation was NOT mentioned in the passage? A. Drying. B. Canning. C. Cold storage. D. Chemical additives. 10. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?

A. Tin cans and iceboxes helped to make many foods more widely available. B. Commercial ice factories were developed by railroad owners.

C. Most farmers in the United States raised only fruits and vegetables. D. People who lived in cities demanded home delivery of foods.

VI. Insert ONE word to complete the passage.

It is a sad fact that adults laugh far less than children , sometimes by as much..(1)... a couple of hundred times a day. Just take a (2) ...at people's faces on the way to work or in the office : you'll be lucky (3) ...see a smile, let alone hear a laugh. This is a shame -

especially in view of the (4)...that scientists have proved that laughing is good for you . " when you laugh" says psychologist David Cohen, " it produces the feel -good hormones,

endorphine . It counters the effects of stress (5)...enhances the immune system " There are many(6)...why we might laugh less in adult life : perhaps we are too work- obsessed , or too embarrassed to (7) ...our emotions show. Some psychologist simple believe that children have more native responses and as adults we naturally grow (8),...of spontaneous reactions. Luckily, (9)...it is possible to relearn the art of laughter . In India, " laughter

clinics" have been growing (10) ...popularity over the last few years , thanks to the effort of Dr Madan Kataria , whose work has won him a devoted following .Dr Kataria believes that his laughing techniques can help to strengthen the immune system and lower stress levels , among other things. He teaches his patients differents laughs or giggles to relax specific parts of the body. In 1998, when Dr Kataria organized a World Laughter Day at Bombay racetrack , 10.000 people turned up.

VII. Rewrite the following sentence as directed.

1. Any correspondence from the Canberra office must be dealt with before other

matters.(PRIORITY).

2. I advise you not to believe what you read in the papers about me. (RELIANCE).

3. “I don’t mind where the money goes as long as the people are the real beneficiaries”.(MATTER)

4. Critics are hoping the new director can bring some postive changes into the French film

industry. (BREATH)

5. The terrorists attack on the Capital Trade Center was very much like the 11-9 attack on the

WTO building. (CARBON).