ASTM A370-24 Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products

4aThị international standard was developed in accordance vi
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendat
fl
Designation: A370 - 24
INTERNATIONAL

Standard Test Methods and Definitions for
Mechanical Testing of Steel Products’

‘his standard is issued under the fixed designation A370; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of lst revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last eapproval, A
superscript epsilon (e) indiates an editorial change since the lst revision or reapproval

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

Testing Mut:Wire Strand Annex A7
test methods cover procedures and definitions RMouenditnghforoofTdeTseststingDatSateel Reinforcing Bars Annaneex AA8
for the mechanical testing of steels, stainless steels, and related Procedure for Use and Control of Heal-cyele Simulation Annex A10
alloys. The various mechanical tests herein described are used 1.4. The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
to determine properties required in the product specifications. as standard, The values given in parentheses are mathematical
Variations in testing methods are to be avoided, and standard conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
methods of testing are to be followed to obtain reproducible and are not considered standard.
and comparable results. In those cases in which the testing
requirements for certain products are unique or at variance with 1.5 When these test methods are referenced in a metric
these general procedures, the product specification testing product specification, the yield and tensile values may be
requirements shall control. determined in inch-pound (ksi) units then converted into SI
1.2 The following mechanical tests are described: (MPa) units. The elongation determined in inch-pound gauge
Sections lengths of 2in. or 8in. may be reported in SI unit gauge
Tension 7114 lengths of 50mm or 200 mm, respectively, as applicable.
Bend 15 Conversely, when these test methods are referenced in an
Hardness 16 inch-pound product specification, the yield and tensile values

Brine 7 may be determined in SI units then converted into inch-pound
Rockwell 18
Portable 19 units, The elongation determined in SI unit gauge lengths of
Impact 201030 50mm or 200 mm may be reported in inch-pound gauge
Keywords + lengths of 2 in. or 8 in., respectively, as applicable.
13 Annexes covering details peculiar to certain products
are appended to these test methods as follows: 1.5.1 The specimen used to determine the original units
Annex must conform to the applicable tolerances of the original unit
Bar Products Annex At system given in the dimension table not that of the converted
Tubular Products Annex A2 tolerance dimensions.
Fasleners Annex AS
Round Wire Products Annex A4. Nore I—This is due to the specimen SI dimensions and tolerances
Slgnl[canoe of Nolched-Đat Inpact Tesing Annex AS being hard conversions when this is not a dual standard. The user is
Converting Percentage Elongation of Round Specimens to AnnexA® directed to Test Methods A1058 if the tests are required in SI units,
Equivalents for Flat Specimens
1.6 Attention is directed to ISO/MEC 17025 when there may
"These test methods and definitions are under the jurisdiction of ASTM
Committee AOI on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and are the ditect be a need for information on criteria for evaluation of testing
responsibility of Subcommittee AOI.13 on Mechanical and Chemical Testing and laboratoi
Processing Methods of Steel Products and Processes.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Current edition approved March 1, 2024. Published April 2024. Originally safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
approved in 1953. Last previous edition approved in 2023 as A370~23. DOI: responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
10.1520/A0370-24 priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code spplications see
cation SA-370 in Section I of that Code. 1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-

mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
CCop© yASTtM iIntgernhatitonal, 100 Barr Harbor Orve, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19426-2959, United States

4Ñ] A37o - 24

2. Referenced Documents Terminology
2.1 ASTM Standards:*
3.1 Definitions:
A623 Specification for Tin Mill Products, General Require-
ments 3.1.1 For definitions of terms pertaining to mechanical
testing of steel products not otherwise listed in this section,
A623M Specification for Tin Mill Products, General Re- reference shall be made to Terminology E6 and Terminology
A941
quirements [Metric]
3.2. Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
A833 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Metallic 3.2.1 fixed-location hardness testing machine, n—a hard-
Materials by Comparison Hardness Testers ness testing machine that is designed for routine operation in a
fixed-location by the users and is not designed to be
A941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related
Alloys, and Ferroalloys transported, or carried, or moved.

A956/A956M Test Method for Lecb Hardness Testing of 3.2.1.1 Discussion—Typically due to its heavy weight and
Steel Products large size, a fixed-location hardness testing machine is placed
in one location and not routinely moved.
A1038 Test Method for Portable Hardness Testing by the
Ultrasonic Contact Impedance Method 3.2.2 longitudinal test, n—unless specifically defined
otherwise, signifies that the lengthwise axis of the specimen is

A1058 Test Methods for Mechanical Testing of Steel parallel to the direction of the greatest extension of the steel
Products—Metric during rolling or forging.

A1061/A1061M Test Methods for Testing Multi-Wire Stee! 3.2.2.1 Discussion—The stress applied to a longitudinal
Prestressing Strand tension test specimen is in the direction of the greatest
extension, and the axis of the fold of a longitudinal bend test
E4 Practices for Force Calibration and Verification of Test- specimen is at right angles to the direction of greatest extension
ing Machines (see Fig. 1, Fig. 2a, and Fig. 2b),

E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing 3.2.3 portable hardness testing machine, n—a hardness
E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma- testing machine that is designed to be transported, carried, set
up, and that measures hardness in accordance with the test
terials methods in Section 19.
E10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma- 3.2.4 radial test, n—unless specifically defined otherwise,
signifies that the lengthwise axis of the specimen is perpen-
terials dicular to the axis of the product and coincident with one of the
radii of a circle drawn with a point on the axis of the product
E23 Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Me- as a center (see Fig. 2a).
tallic Materials
3.2.5 tangential test, n—unless specifically defined
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to otherwise, signifies that the lengthwise axis of the specimen
Determine Conformance with Specifications perpendicular to a plane containing the axis of the product and

E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten- ——c=n
someter Systems
= tworcares RoULNG oiRecTION oa
E110 Test Method for Rockwell and Brinell Hardness of (OR EXTENSION. Impact Test
Metallic Materials by Portable Hardness Testers

E140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship
Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell
Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, Sclero-
scope Hardness, and Leeb Hardness

£190 Test Method for Guided Bend Test for Ductility of
Welds

E290 Test Methods for Bend Testing of Material for Ductil-

ity

2.2. ASME Document:
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII,

Division I, Part UG-8

2.3 ISO Standard:*

ISOMEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competence
of Testing and Calibration Laboratories

* For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, wwwastm.org, oF roner Test
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astmorg. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on FIG. 1 Relation of Test Coupons and Test Specimens to Rolling
the ASTM website Direction or Extension (Applicable to General Wrought Products)

* Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
Intemational Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, hntp:/!
‘ww wasme org.

Available from Intemational Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
Central Secretariat, BIBC I, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
Geneva, Switzerland, huip:/iwwwiso.org

A370 - 24

= LisestProlongation Prolongation

7 4 FT]
i

Radial Test (a) Shafts and Rotors Longitudinal Test

Prolongation

fre] Tangential

-g_ Test

Prolongation Longitudinal Test
(b) Hollow Forgings

Prolongation

SE © Tangential Test (c) Disk Forgings
Prolongation

Tangential Test(a) RingForgings Tangential Test

FIG. 2 Location of Longitudinal Tension Test Specimens in Rings Cut From Tubular Products

tangent to a circle drawn with a point on the axis of the product corresponding to the energy value 50 % of the difference
as a center (see Fig. 2a, Fig. 2b, Fig. 2c, and Fig. 2d). between values obtained at 100 % and 0 % fibrous fracture, and
(4) the temperature corresponding to a specific energy value.
3.2.6 transition temperature, n—for specification purposes,
the transition temperature is the temperature at which the 3.2.7 transverse test, n—unless specifically defined
designated material test value equals or exceeds a specified otherwise, signifies that the lengthwise axis of the specimen is
minimum test value. right angles to the direction of the greatest extension of the
steel during rolling or forging.
3.2.6.1 Discussion—Some of the many definitions of tran-
on temperature currently being used are: (/) the lowest 3.2.1.1 Discussion—The stress applied to a transverse ten-
temperature at which the specimen exhibits 100 % fibrous sion test specimen is at right angles to the greatest extension,
fracture, (2) the temperature where the fracture shows a 50 % and the axis of the fold of a transverse bend test specimen is
crystalline and a 50 % fibrous appearance, (3) the temperature parallel to the greatest extension (see Fig. 1).

fly 370 - 24

3.3 Definition of Terms Specific to the Procedure for Use inhomogeneity, anisotropic structure, natural aging of select
and Control of Heat-cycle Simulation (See Annex A9): alloys, further processing not included in the specification,
sampling limitations, and measuring equipment calibration
3.3.1 master chart, n—a record of the heat treatment re- uncertainty. There is statistical variation in all aspects of
ceived from a forging essentially identical to the production ‘mechanical testing and variations in test results from prior tests
forgings that it will represent. are expected. An understanding of possible reasons for dev
tion from specified or expected test values should be applied in
3.3.1.1 Discussion—It is a chart of time and temperature interpretation of test results
showing the output from thermocouples imbedded in the
forging at the designated test immersion and test location or 5. General Precautions
locations.
5.1 Certain methods of fabrication, such as bending,

3.3.2 program chart, n—the metallized sheet used to pro- forming, and welding, or operations involving heating, may
gram the simulator unit, affect the properties of the material under test. Therefore, the
product specifications cover the stage of manufacture at which
3.3.2.1 Discussion—Time-temperature data from the master mechanical testing is to be performed. The properties shown by
chart are manually transferred to the program chart. testing prior to fabrication may not necessarily be representa-

3.3.3. simulator chart, n—a record of the heat treatment that of the product after it has been completely fabricated,
a test specimen had received in the simulator unit. 5.2 Improperly machined specimens should be dis ded
and other specimens substituted.
3.3.3.1 Discussion—It is a chart of time and temperature 5.3 Flaws in the specimen may also affect results. If any test
and can be compared directly to the master chart for accuracy specimen develops flaws, the retest provision of the applicable
of duplication. product specification shall govern.
5.4 If any test specimen fails because of mechanical reasons
3.3.4. simulator cycle, n—one continuous heat treatment of a such as failure of testing equipment or improper specimen
set of specimens in the simulator unit preparation, it may be discarded and another specimen taken.
6. Orientation of Test Specimens
3.3.4.1 Discussion—The cycle includes heating from 6.1 The terms “longitudinal test” and “transverse test” are
ambient, holding at temperature, and cooling. For example, a used only in material specifications for wrought products and
simulated austenitize and quench of a set of specimens would are not applicable to castings. When such reference is made to
be one cycle; a simulated temper of the same specimens would a test coupon or test specimen, see Section 3 for terms and
be another cycle. definitions.
4, Significance and Use
TENSION TEST
4.1 The primary use of these test methods is testing to
determine the specified mechanical properties of steel, stainless 7. Description
steel, and related alloy products for the evaluation of confor-
mance of such products to a material specification under the 7.1 The tension test related to the mechanical testing of steel
jurisdiction of ASTM Committee AOI and its subcommittees as products subjects a machined or full-section specimen of the
designated by a purchaser in a purchase order or contract. material under examination to a measured load sufficient to
cause rupture. The resulting properties sought are defined in

4.1.1 These test methods may be and are used by other Terminology E6.
ASTM Committees and other standards writing bodies for the
purpose of conformance testing. 7.2 In general, the testing equipment and methods are given
in Test Methods E8/E8M. However, there are certain excep-
4.1.2 The material condition at the time of testing, sampling
frequency, specimen location and orientation, reporting ins to Test Methods E8/E8M practices in the testing of steel,
requirements, and other test parameters are contained in the and these are covered in these test methods.
pertinent material specification or in a general requirement 8. Testing Apparatus and Operations
specification for the particular product form.
8.1 Loading Systems—There are two general types of load-
4.1.3 Some material specifications require the use of addi- ing systems, mechanical (screw power) and hydraulic. These
tional test methods not described herein; in such cases, the differ chiefly in the variability of the rate of load application,
required test method is described in that material specification The older screw power machines are limited to a small number
or by reference to another appropriate test method standard. of fixed free running crosshead speeds. Some modern screw
power machines, and all hydraulic machines permit stepless
4.2 These test methods are also suitable to be used for variation throughout the range of speeds.
testing of steel, stainless steel and related alloy materials for
other purposes, such as incoming material acceptance testing 8.2 The tension testing machine shall be maintained in good
by the purchaser or evaluation of components after service operating condition, used only in the proper loading range, and
exposure. calibrated periodically in accordance with the latest revision of
Practices E4.
4.2.1 As with any mechanical testing, deviations from either
specification limits or expected as-manufactured properties can
occur for valid reasons besides deficiency of the original
as-fabricated product. These reasons include, but are not
limited to: subsequent service degradation from environmental
exposure (for example, temperature, corrosion); static or cyclic
service stress effects, mechanically-induced damage, material

fly 370 - 24

Note 2—Many machines are equipped with stress-strain recorders for 9. Test Specimen Parameters
autographic plotting of stress-strain curves. It should be noted that some
recorders have a load measuring component entirely separate from the 9.1 Selection—Test coupons shall be selected in accordance
load indicator of the testing machine, Such recorders are calibrated with the applicable product specifications
separately,
9.1.1 Wrought Steels—Wrought steel products are usually
8.3 Loading—It is the function of the gripping or holding tested in the longitudinal direction, but in some cases, where
device of the testing machine to transmit the load from the size permits and the service justifies it, testing is in the
heads of the machine to the specimen under test. The essential transverse, radial, or tangential directions (see Figs. 1 and 2).
requirement is that the load shall be transmitted axially. This
implies that the centers of the action of the grips shall be in 9.1.2 Forged Steels—For open die forgings, the metal for
alignment, insofar as practicable, with the axis of the specimen tension testing is usually provided by allowing extensions or
at the beginning and during the test and that bending or prolongations on one or both ends of the forgings, either on all
twisting be held to a minimum. For specimens with a reduced or a representative number as provided by the applicable
section, gripping of the specimen shall be restricted to the grip product specifications. Test specimens are normally taken at
section. In the case of certain sections tested in full size, mid-radius, Certain product specifications permit the use of a
nonaxial loading is unavoidable and in such cases shall be representative bar or the destruction of a production part for
test purposes. For ring or disk-like forgings test metal is
8.4 Speed of Testing—The speed of testing shall not be provided by increasing the diameter, thickness, or length of the
greater than that at which load and strain readings can be made forging. Upset disk or ring forgings, which are worked or
accurately. In production testing, speed of testing is commonly extended by forging in a direction perpendicular to the axis of
expressed: (/) in terms of free running crosshead speed (rate of the forging, usually have their principal extension along
movement of the crosshead of the testing machine when not concentric circles and for such forgings tangential tension
under load), (2) in terms of rate of separation of the two head: specimens are obtained from extra metal on the periphery or
of the testing machine under load, (3) in terms of rate of end of the forging. For some forgings, such as rotors, radial
stressing the specimen, or (4) in terms of rate of straining the tension tests are required. In such cases the specimens are cut
specimen. The following limitations on the speed of testing are or trepanned from specified locations,
recommended as adequate for most steel products:
9.2 Size and Tolerances—Test specimens shall be (1) the

Note 3—Tension tests using closed-loop machines (with feedback full cross section of material, or (2) machined to the form and
control of rate) should not be performed using load control, as this mode
of testing will result in acceleration of the crosshead upon yielding and . 3-6. The selection of size and type
elevation of the measured yield strength. of specimen is prescribed by the applicable product specifica-
tion. Full cross section specimens shall be tested in 8-in,
8.4.1 Any convenient speed of testing may be used up to (200 mm) gauge length unless otherwise specified in the
one half the specified yield point or yield strength. When this product specification.
point is reached, the free-running rate of separation of the
crossheads shall be adjusted so as not to exceed Yio in. per min 9.3 Procurement of Test Specimens—Specimens shall be
per inch of reduced section, or the distance between the grips extracted by any convenient method taking care to remove all
for test specimens not having reduced sections. This speed distorted, cold-worked, or heat-affected areas from the edges of
shall be maintained through the yield point or yield strength. In the section used in evaluating the material. Specimens usually
determining the tensile strength, the free-running rate of have a reduced cross section at mid-length to ensure uniform
separation of the heads shall not exceed 1⁄2 in. per min per inch distribution of the stress over the cross section and localize the
of reduced section, or the distance between the grips for test zone of fracture.
specimens not having reduced sections, In any event, the
minimum speed of testing shall not be less than Yio the 9.4 Aging of Test Specimens—Unless otherwise specified, it
specified maximum rates for determining yield point or yield shall be permissible to age tension test specimens. The time-
strength and tensile strength, temperature cycle employed must be such that the effects of
previous processing will not be materially changed. It may be
8.4.2 It shall be permissible to set the speed of the testing accomplished by aging at room temperature 24 h to 48 h, or in
machine by adjusting the free running crosshead speed to the shorter time at moderately elevated temperatures by boiling in
above specified values, inasmuch as the rate of separation of water, heating in oil or in an oven.
heads under load at these machine settings is less than the
specified values of free running crosshead speed, 9.5 Measurement of Dimensions of Test Specimens:
9.5.1 Standard Rectangular Tension Test Specimens—These
8.4.3 As an alternative, if the machine is equipped with a forms of specimens are shown in Fig. 3. To determine the
device to indicate the rate of loading, the speed of the machine cross-sectional area, the center width dimension shall be
from half the specified yield point or yield strength through the measured to the nearest 0,005 in, (0.13 mm) for the 8-in,
yield point or yield strength may be adjusted so that the rate of (200 mm) gauge length specimen and 0.001 in, (0.025 mm) for

stressing does not exceed 100000 psi (690 MPa)/min., the 2-in, (50 mm) gauge length specimen in Fig. 3. The center
However, the minimum rate of stressing shall not be less than thickness dimension shall be measured to the nearest 0.001 in.
10000 psi (70 MPa)/m for both specimens.
9.5.2 Standard Round Tension Test Specimens—These
forms of specimens are shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5. To
determine the cross-sectional area, the diameter shall be

4Ñ] A37o - 24

°—iF—————IF-'¬ Fo 6 R
là” ae +aah

DIMENSIONS Subsize Specimen
‘Standard Specimens vein, (6 mm) Wide
Plate-type, vente mn) i
8n. (200 mm),4 Yin, (40 mm) Wide2in. (50 mm) Shoettype, 12in. (125 mm)
‘Wide
Gauge Length Gauge Length

G—Gauge length 8.002001 2000.25 2.000 0.005 500+010 2000+0005 500+010 1000+0003 250+ 008,
(Notes 1 and 2) Tht 4048 124 4038 080020010 1252025 025020002 625+005
-% -6 ¬ -6
VW- Widhh 13 % Thickness of Material 19 % 6
(Notes 9, 5, and 6) % 480 8 13 % 200 4 100
TN—ThTickness 18 225 2w 200 8 60 1% 32
Rais of filet, min 9 76 2 60 2% 50 1% 3a
(Note 4) 3 50 2 50 2 20 * 10
{Overall length, min 2 50 %
(Notes 2 and 8)
A-Length of

reduced section, min
‘B—Lengt of grip section, min
(Note 9)
C—Wiath of grip section, approx
mate

(Note 4, Note 10, and Note 11)

Note I—For the 1 1⁄2in. (40 mm) wide specimens, punch marks for measuring elongation after fracture shall be made on the flat or on the edge of
the specimen and within the reduced section. For the 8-in. (200 mm) gauge length specimen, a set of nine or more punch marks 1 in, (25 mm) apart,
or one or more pairs of punch marks 8 in. (200 mm) apart may be used. For the 2-in, (50 mm) gauge length specimen, a set of three or more punch marks
1 in. (25 mm) apart, or one or more pairs of punch marks 2 in. (50 mm) apart may be used.

Nore 2—For the Ys-in, (12.5 mm) wide specimen, punch marks for measuring the elongation after fracture shall be made on the flat or on the edge
of the specimen and within the reduced section, Either a set of three or more punch marks I in, (25 mm) apart or one or more pairs of punch marks 2 in,
(50 mm) apart may be used.

Nore 3—For the four sizes of specimens, the ends of the reduced section shall not differ in width by more than 0.004 in., 0.004 in., 0.002 in., or
0.001 in. (0.10 mm, 0.10 mm, 0.05 mm, or 0.025 mm), respectively. Also, there may be a gradual decrease in width from the ends to the center, but the
‘width at either end shall not be more than 0.015 in., 0.015 in., 0.005 in., or 0.003 in, (0.40 mm, 0.40 mm, 0.10 mm, or 0.08 mm), respectively, larger
than the width at the center.

Note 4—For each specimen type, the radii of all fillets shall be equal to each other with a tolerance of 0.05 in. (1.25 mm), and the centers of curvature
of the two fillets at a particular end shall be located across from each other (on a line perpendicular to the centerline) within a tolerance of 0.10 in.
(2.5 mm),

Note 5—For each of the four sizes of specimens, narrower widths (W and C) may be used when necessary. In such cases, the width of the reduced
section should be as large as the width of the material being tested permits; however, unless stated specifically, the requirements for elongation in a product
specification shall not apply when these narrower specimens are used. If the width of the material is less than W, the sides may be parallel throughout
the length of the specimen,

Nore 6—The specimen may be modified by making the sides parallel throughout the length of the specimen, the width and tolerances being the same
as those specified above. When necessary, a narrower specimen may be used, in which case the width should be as great as the width of the material being
sted permits. If the width is 1 in, (38 mm) or less, the sides may be parallel throughout the length of the specimen.

Note 7—The dimension 7is the thickness of the test specimen as provided for in the applicable product specification. Minimum nominal thickness
of L-in. to 1 in, (40 mm) wide specimens shall be Yio in, (5 mm), except as permitted by the product specification, Maximum nominal thickness of
Ye-in, (12.5 mm) and Ys-in, (6 mm) wide specimens shall be | in. (25 mm) and “ in, (6 mm), respectively.

Note 8To aid in obtaining axial loading during testing of Y4-in. (6 mm) wide specimens, the overall length should be as large as the material will
permit

Nore 9—Itis desirable, if possible, to make the length of the grip section large enough to allow the specimen to extend into the grips a distance equal
to two thirds or more ofthe lengthof the grips. Ifthe thickness of '4-in. (13 mm) wide specimens is ove¥rin, (10 mm), longer grips and correspondingly
longer grip sections of the specimen may be necessary to prevent failure in the grip section.

Note 10—For standard sheet-type specimens and subsize specimens, the ends of the specimen shall be symmetrical with the center line of the reduced
section within 0.01 in, and 0,005 in, (0.25 mm and 0.13 mm), respectively, except that for steel if the ends of the /2-in, (12.5 mm) wide specimen are
symmetrical within 0.05 in, (1.0 mm), a specimen may be considered satisfactory for all but referee testing.

Note 11—For standard plate-type specimens, the ends of the specimen shall be symmetrical with the center line of the reduced section within 0.25 in.
(6.35 mm), except for referee testing in which case the ends of the specimen shall be symmetrical with the center line of the reduced section within 0.10 in.
(2.5 mm).

FIG. 3 Rectangular Tension Test Specimens
6

—tr

Nominal Diameter Siandard Specimeni DIMENSIONS ‘Smrall-size Specimens Proporional to Standard

mm, in, mm in, mm in, mm in, mm
0800 — 128 — 8380 875 6250 825 — 0186 400 One 250
Gauge length 200= 500+ 1400+ 350 1.000 250+ 0640= 1602 04502 100+
0.005 010 0005 010 0005 010 0005 0.10 0005 0.10
DDiameter (Note 1) 0500+ 1252 03502 875+ 0.2502 625 01602 400% O18 2502
0.010 © 0.25 0007 0.18 0.008 012 0003 008 0002 '005
Radius of filet, min % 10 YA 6 3e 5 Se 4 3. 2
.A—Length of redueed seclion, min. 21⁄ 60 1% 45 1% 2 % 20 % 16
(Note 2)

Nore: I—The reduced section may have a gradual taper from the ends toward the center, with the ends not more than | % larger in diameter than the
center (controlling dimension).

Nore 2—If desired, the length of the reduced section may be increased to accommodate an extensometer of any convenient gauge length. Reference
‘marks for the measurement of elongation should, nevertheless, be spaced at the indicated gauge length.

Note 3—The gauge length and fillets shall be as shown, but the ends may be of any form to fit the holders of the testing machine in such a way that
the load shall be axial (see Fig. 9). If the ends are to be held in wedge grips it is desirable, if possible, to make the length of the grip section great enough
to allow the specimen to extend into the grips a distance equal to two thirds or more of the length of the grips.

Nore 4—On the round specimens in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, the gauge lengths are equal to four times the nominal diameter. In some product specifications
‘ther specimens may be provided for, but unless the 4-to-| ratio is maintained within dimensional tolerances, the elongation values may not be comparable
with those obtained from the standard test specimen,

Nore 5— The use of specimens smaller than 0.250-in, (6.25 mm) diameter shall be restricted to cases when the material to be tested is of insufficient
size to obtain larger specimens or when all parties agree to their use for acceptance testing. Smaller specimens require suitable equipment and greater
skill in both machining and testing.

Nore 6—Five sizes of specimens often used have diameters of approximately 0.505 in., 0.357 in. 0.252 in., 0.160 in. and 0.113 in. the reason being
to permit easy calculations of stress from loads, since the corresponding cross sectional areas are equal or close t0 0.200 in.*, 0.100 in, 0.0500i

0.0200 in., and 0.0100 in., respectively. Thus, when the actual diameters agree with these values, the stresses (or strengths) may be computed using the
simple multiplying factors 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100, respectively. (The metric equivalents of these fixed diameters do not result in correspondingly
convenient cross sectional area and multiplying factors.)
FIG. 4 Standard 0.500-in. (12.5 mm) Round Tension Test Specimen With 2-in. (50 mm) Gauge Length and Examples of Small-size Speci-

‘mens Proportional to Standard Specimens

measured at the center of the gauge length to the nearest (200 mm) gauge length specimen ofFig. 3 may be used for sheet and strip
0.001 in, (0.025 mm) (see Table 1). material,
11. Sheet-type Specimen
9.6 General—Test specimens shall be either substantially
full size or machined, as prescribed in the product specifica- 11.1 The standard sheet-type test specimen is shown in Fig.
tions for the material being tested. 3. This specimen is used for testing metallic materials in the
form of sheet, plate, flat wire, strip, band, and hoop ranging in
9.6.1 It is desirable to have the cross-sectional area of the nominal thickness from 0,005 in. to 1 in. (0.13 mm to 25 mm).
specimen smallest at the center of the gauge length to ensure When product specifications so permit, other types of speci-
fracture within the gauge length, This is provided for by the mens may be used, as provided in Section 10 (see Note 4)
taper in the gauge length permitted for each of the specimens 12. Round Specimens
described in the following sections
12.1 The standard 0.500-in. (12.5 mm) diameter round test
9.6.2 For brittle materials it is desirable to have fillets of specimen shown in Fig. 4 is frequently used for testing metallic
large radius at the ends of the gauge length. materials.

10. Plate-type Specimens 12.2 Fig. 4 also shows small size specimens proportional to
the standard specimen. These may be used when it is necessary
10.1 The standard plate-type test specimens are shown in to test material from which the standard specimen or specimens
Fig. 3. Such specimens are used for testing metallic material shown in Fig. 3 cannot be prepared. Other sizes of small round
in the form of plate, structural and bar-size shapes, and flat specimens may be used. In any such small size specimen it is
material having a nominal thickness of Yis in. (5 mm) or over, important that the gauge length for measurement of elongation
When product specifications so permit, other types of speci- be four times the diameter of the specimen (see Note 5, Fig. 4).

mens may be used.

Nore 4—When called for in the product specification, the

4Ñ] A37o - 24

Aro” EE==—!—=rzl EE—:—-=f

ME —O- «ESS —O-

olf, 3/4-10 THO (620 x 2.5) 6 R

Es-E=——al E———:

ho HESS ee

2S6 =kR -O-

Specimen 4 DIMENSIONS
‘Specimen 2 ‘Specimen 3 Specimen 4 ‘Specimen 5

(Gauge length 200s 5002 20002 6002 20002 600: 20002 5002 2.002 50.02
0005 010 0005 010 0005 040 0005 010 0005 040
D—Diameter (Note 1) 05002 125 0500s 1252 0500 1252 0500+ 125 05002 1252
Radius of filet, min 0010 025 0010 025 0010 025 0.010 0.25 0010 025
Á—Length ơi reduced. 3% 10 3% 10 ve 2 3% 10 % 10
seclon 2⁄4min 60,min 2%mn 60min 44p 100,ap ØW4min 60.mn 2⁄min 60, min
prox- proX-
1— Oweral lenglh, approximate mately mately
B—Grip section 1%, ap- 95, ap- lap5125 5% 25, ap», ap»1405% 14020, ap», aps4% 13, ap- 3, min. 75, min1209% 240

(Note 2) prox; proxk prox pOME pHOXE prox proxi- pro
(Diameter of end section mately mately mai may may maGly — mately mately
E-Length of shoulder and % 20 % 20 2e 18 1% 22 * 20
% 16 % 20 % 16
filet section, approximate % 16 % 16 te 16
Diameter of shoulder

Nore 1 The reduced section may have a gradual taper from the ends toward the center with the ends not more than 0.005 in, (0.10 mm) larger in
diameter than the center.

Note 2—On Specimen 5it is desirable, if possible, to make the length of the grip section great enough to allow the specimen to extend into the grips
4 distance equal to two thirds or more of the length of the grips.

Note 3—The types of ends shown are applicable for the standard 0.500-in, round tension test specimen; similar types can be used for subsize
specimens. The use of UNF series of threads (3⁄4 by 16, 1⁄2 by 20, 1% by 24, and “4 by 28) is suggested for high-strength brittle materials to avoid fracture
in the thread portion

FIG. 5 Suggested Types of Ends for Standard Round Tension Test Specimens

¬+-— +
tS
c

R

DIMENSIONS Specimen 2 Specimen 3
Specimen 1

(Length of parallel Shall be equal to or greater than diameter D0750+0015 200+040 12520025 3002060

D—Diameter 0800 + 0010 1254025 1 25 2 50
Radius of filet, min 1 25 1% 38 2% 60
‘A-Length of reduced section, min 1% 32 4 100 636 160
L—Over-all length, rin 334 95 1 25 1% 45
B—Grip section, approximate 1 25 1% 30 1% 48
(Diameter of end section, approximate % 20 % he 8
E—Length of shoulder, min % 6 6
F_Diameter of shoulder hs Vos 160 = 0.40 Wes Yer 2402040 ther Yu 3652040

Nore I—The reduced section and shoulders (dimensions A, D, E, F, G, and R) shall be shown, but the ends may be of any form to fit the holders of
the testing machine in such a way that the load shall be axial. Commonly the ends are threaded and have the dimensions B and C given above.

FIG. 6 Standard Tension Test Specimens for Cast Iron

fly 370 - 24

TABLE 1 Multiplying Factors to Be Used for Various Diameters of Round Test Specimens
Standard Specimen ‘Small Size Specimens Proportional to Standard
9500 n. Round (0350 in. Roura 0250 in, Round
pee Area, MARYPG nguy Area, Muphing actual Area, Mulipying
n n Factor n in Factor in n
9496 91886 530 0348 00924 to 0246 0 Factor
04010498 0.1899 528 034 00929 1076 0246 008 2i
01801 525 0346 00985 1070 02g 0079 2108
0498 0496 01909 524 0346 00940 1068 0248 00488 2087
0495 01917 522 0347 00946 1057 0246 00487 2070
0496 01926 520 0348 00951 1051 0250 00491 2054
0.1982 518 0346 00957 1048 025 00498 2037
0497 0.1940 515 0350 00962 1039 ose (0.08)^ 2021
00408

0498 0196 513 0351 00988 1039 0255 (0.08)^ (20.0)^
00803
0499 0.1956 sử 0352 00975 1028 0254 00507(0.05)* 2005
0500 0.1963 503 0353 008 1022 0255 00511
0010508 019701979 507 505 0354 00984 016 (20.0)^
0355 0030 1010
1939

(20.0)*

1974
1958

0508 01867 503 0356 00995 1005
804 0.1995 501 0387 (042 (10.0)
01001 999,
0505 (0.2)0.2003 40(6.0) (01) (10.0)

0506 02011 (0.2)^ 497(.0)^

0807 (0.2) (6.0)^
0508 02019 195
0508 02027 493
0510 02035 soi
0203 490
The values in parentheses may be used for ease in calculation of stresses, in pounds per square inch, as permitted in Note 5 of Fig. 4

12.3 The type of specimen ends outside of the gauge length set must be approximately centered in the reduced section,
shall accommodate the shape of the product tested, and shall These same precautions shall be observed when the test
properly fit the holders or grips of the testing machine so that specimen is full section.

axial loads are applied with a minimum of load eccentricity and
slippage. Fig. 5 shows specimens with various types of ends 14. Determination of Tensile Properties
that have given satisfactory results.
13. Gauge Marks 14.1 Yield Point—Yield point is the first stress in a material,
less than the maximum obtainable stress, at which an increase
13.1 The specimens shown in Figs. 3-6 shall be gauge in strain occurs without an increase in stress. Yield point is
marked with a center punch, scribe marks, multiple device, or intended for application only for materials that may exhibit the
drawn with ink. The purpose of these gauge marks is to unique characteristic of showing an increase in strain without
determine the percent elongation, Punch marks shall be light, an increase in stress. The stress-strain diagram is characterized
sharp, and accurately spaced. The localization of stress at the by a sharp knee or discontinuity. Determine yield point by one
marks makes a hard specimen susceptible to starting fracture at of the following methods:
the punch marks. The gauge marks for measuring elongation
after fracture shall be made on the flat or on the edge of the flat 14.1.1 Drop of Beam or Halt of Pointer Method—In this
tension test specimen and within the parallel section; for the method, apply an increasing load to the specimen at a uniform
8-in, gauge length specimen, Fig. 3, one or more sets of 8-in, rate. When a lever and poise machine is used, keep the beam in
gauge marks may be used, intermediate marks within the gauge balance by running out the poise at approximately a steady
length being optional. Rectangular 2-in, gauge length rate. When the yield point of the material is reached, the
specimens, Fig. 3, and round specimens, Fig. 4, are gauge increase of the load will stop, but run the poise a trifle beyond
marked with a double-pointed center punch or scribe marks. the balance position, and the beam of the machine will drop for
One or more sets of gauge marks may be used; however, one a brief but appreciable interval of time. When a machine
equipped with a load-indicating dial is used there is a halt or
hesitation of the load-indicating pointer corresponding to the

fly 370 - 24

drop of the beam, Note the load at the “drop of the beam” or Yield strength (0.2% offset) = 52000 psi (360MPa) (1)
the “halt of the pointer” and record the corresponding stress as
the yield point. When the offset is 0.2 % or larger, the extensometer used
shall qualify as a Class B2 device over a strain range of 0.05 %
1,2. Autographic Diagram Method—When a sharp-kneed to 1.0 %. If a smaller offset is specified, it may be necessary to

-strain diagram is obtained by an autographic recording specify a more accurate device (that is, a Class BI device) or
device, take the stress corresponding to the top of the knee reduce the lower limit of the strain range (for example, to
(Fig. 7), or the stress at which the curve drops as the yield 0.01 %) or both. See also Note 10 for automatic devices,
point.
14.1.3 Total Extension Under Load Method—When testing Nore 9—For stress-strain diagrams not containing a distinet modulus,
material for yield point and the test specimens may not exhibit
a well-defined disproportionate deformation that characterizes such as for some cold-worked materials, it is recommended that the
a yield point as measured by the drop of the beam, halt of the
pointer, or autographic diagram methods described in 14.1.1 extension under load method be utilized. If the offset method is used for
and 14.1.2, a value equivalent to the yield point in its practi
significance may be determined by the following method and materials without a distinct modulus, a modulus value appropriate for the
may be recorded as yield point: Attach a Class C or better
extensometer (Notes 5 and 6) to the specimen, When the load material being tested should be used: 30 000 000 psi (207 000 MPa) for
producing a specified extension (Note 7) is reached record the
stress corresponding to the load as the yield point (Fig. 8). carbon steel; 29 000 000 psi (200 000 MPa) for ferrtic stainless steel;

Note 5—Automatic devices are available that determine the load at the 28 000 000 psi (193 000 MPa) for austenitic stainless steel. For special
specified total extension without plotting a stress-strain curve. Such
devices may be used if their accuracy has been demonstrated, Multiplying alloys, the producer should be contacted to discuss appropriate modulus
calipers and other such devices are acceptable for use provided their
accuracy has been demonstrated as equivalent to a Class C extensometer, values
14.2.2 Extension Under Load Method—For tests to deter-
Note 6—Reference should be made to Practice E83,
Note 7—For steel with a yield point specified not over 80.000 psi mine the acceptance or rejection of material whose stress-strain
(550 MPa), an appropriate value is 0.005 in/in. of gauge length. characteristics are well known from previous tests of similar
values above 80 000 psi, this method is not valid unless the limiting total material in which stress-strain diagrams were plotted, the total
extension is increased. strain corresponding to the stress at which the specified offset
Note &—The shape of the initial portion of an autographically (see Notes 10 and 11) occurs will be known within satisfactory
determined stress-strain (or a load-elongaticournv)e may be influenced by imits. The stress on the specimen, when this total strain is
numerous factors such as the seating of the specimen in the grips, the reached, is the value of the yield strength. In recording values

straightening of a specimen bent due to residual stresses, and the rapid of yield strength obtained by this method, the value of
loading permitted in 8.4.1. Generally, the aberrations in this portion of the “extension” specified or used, or both, shall be stated in
curve should be ignored when fitting a modulus line, such as that used to parentheses after the term yield strength, for example:
determine the extension-under-load yield, to the curve. In practice, for a
number of reasons, the straight-line portion of the stress-strain curve may Yield strength (0.5 % EUL) = $2000 psi (360 MPa) Q)
not go through the origin of the stress-strain diagram. In these cases it is The total strain can be obtained satisfactorily by use of a
not the origin of the stress-strain diagram, but rather where the straight- Class BI extensometer (Note 5, Note 6, and Note 8).
line portion of the stress-strain curve, intersects the strain axis that is
pertinent, All offsets and extensions should be calculated from the Nore 10—Automatic devices are available that determine offset yield
intersection of the straight-line portion of the stress-strain curve with the strength without plotting a stress-strain curve, Such devices may be used
strain axis, and not necessarily from the origin of the stress-strain diagram, if their accuracy has been demonstrated.
See also Test Methods ES/ESM, Note 32.
Note I1—The appropriate magnitude of the extension under load will
14.2 Yield Strength—Yield strength is the stress at which a obviously vary with the strength range of the particular steel under test. In
material exhibits a specified limiting deviation from the pro- general, the value of extension under load applicable to steel at any
portionality of stress to strain, The deviation is expressed in strength level may be determined from the sum of the proportional strain
terms of strain, percent offset, total extension under load, and and the plastic strain expected at the specified yield strength. The
so forth. Determine yield strength by one of the following following equation is used:
methods:
Exteunndesr lioado, innJin, of gauge length = (YSIE)+r (3)
14.2.1 Offset Method—To determine the yield strength by
the “offset method,” it is necessary to secure data (autographic where: specified yield strength, psi or MPa,
or numerical) from which a stress-strain diagram with a distinct modulus of elasticity, psi or MPa, and
modulus characteristic of the material being tested may be
drawn. Then on the stress-strain diagram (Fig. 9) lay off Om r= limiting plastic strain, infin.
equal to the specified value of the offset, draw mn parallel to
OA, and thus locate r, the intersection of mn with the 14.3 Tensile Strength—Calculate the tensile strength by
stress-strain curve corresponding to load R, which is the dividing the maximum load the specimen sustains during a
yield-strength load. In recording values of yield strength tension test by the original cross-sectional area of the speci-
obtained by this method, the value of offset specified or used, men. If the upper yield strength is the maximum stress

or both, shall be stated in parentheses after the term yield recorded and if the stress-strain curve resembles that of Test
strength, for example: Methods E8/E8M-15a Fig. 25, the maximum stress after
discontinuous yielding shall be reported as the tensile strength
unless otherwise stated by the purchaser.

14.4. Elongation.
14.4.1 Fit the ends of the fractured specimen together
carefully and measure the distance between the gauge marks to
the nearest 0.01 in. (0.25 mm) for gauge lengths of 2 in. and
under, and to the nearest 0.5 % of the gauge length for gauge

10

fly aso - 24

lengths over 2 in, A percentage scale reading to 0.5 % of the as a percentage of the original area is the reduction of area.
gauge length may be used. The elongation is the increase in
length of the gauge length, expressed as a percentage of the Yield Point ”””””
original gauge length. In recording elongation values, give both
the percentage increase and the original gauge length. °FIG. 7 Stress-strain Diagram Showing Yield Point Correspondingm

14.4.2 If any part of the fracture takes place outside of the With Top of Knee
middle half of the gauge length or in a punched or scribed mark
within the reduced section, the elongation value obtained may om = Specified Extension Under Load
not be representative of the material. If the elongation so FIG. 8 Stress-strain Diagram Showing Yield Point or Yield
measured meets the minimum requirements specified, no
further testing is indicated, but if the elongation is less than the Strength by Extension Under Load Method
minimum requirements, discard the test and retest.

14.4.3. Automated tensile testing methods using extensom-

eters allow for the measurement of elongation in a method
described below. Elongation may be measured and reported
either this way, or as in the method described above, fitting the
broken ends together. Either result is valid

14.4.4 Elongation at fracture is defined as the elongation
measured just prior to the sudden decrease in force associated
with fracture, For many ductile materials not exhibiting a
sudden decrease in force, the elongation at fracture can be
taken as the strain measured just prior to when the force falls
below 10 % of the maximum force encountered during the test.

14.4.4.1 Elongation at fracture shall include elastic and
plastic elongation and may be determined with autographic or
automated methods using extensometers verified over the
strain range of interest, Use a class B2 or better extensometer
for materials having less than 5% elongation; a class C or
better extensometer for materials having elongation greater
than or equal to 5 % but less than 50 %; and a class D or better
extensometer for materials having 50 % or greater elongation.
In alll cases, the extensometer gauge length shall be the nominal
gauge length required for the specimen being tested. Due to the
lack of precision in fitting fractured ends together, the elonga-
tion after fracture using the manual methods of the preceding
paragraphs may differ from the elongation at fracture deter-
mined with extensometers.

14.4.4.2 Percent elongation at fracture may be calculated
rectly from elongation at fracture data and be reported
instead of percent elongation as calculated in 14.4.1. However,

these two parameters are not interchangeable. Use of the
elongation at fracture method generally provides more repeat-
able results.
14.5 Reduction of Area—Fit the ends of the fractured
specimen together and measure the mean diameter or the width
and thickness at the smallest cross section to the same accuracy
as the original dimensions. The difference between the area
thus found and the area of the original cross section expressed

u

fly 370 - 24

— om =Specified Offset another or to approximate tensile strength. All converted
hardness numbers must be considered approximate. The values
FIG. 9 Stress-strain \gram for Determination of Yield Strength stated in this table have historically proven to be accurate when
by Offset Method used appropriately. However, supporting data and methodol-

ogy have been lost.° Consequently, the conversion should be

applied with great care. All converted Rockwell and Vickers
hardness numbers shall be rounded to the nearest: whole
number.

16.2 Converted Hardness Numbers and Scales:
16.2.1. If the product specification permits alternative hard-
ness testing to determine conformance to a specified hardness
requirement, the conversions listed in Tables 2-5 shall be used.
16.2.2 When reporting converted hardness numbers and
scales from fixed-location hardness testing machine

measurements, the measured hardness and test scale shall be
indicated in parentheses, for example: 353 HBW (38 HRC).
This means that a hardness number of 38 was obtained using
the Rockwell C scale and converted to a Brinell hardness of
353.
16.2.3 When reporting converted hardness numbers from
portable hardness testing machine measurements, the measured
hardness and test scale shall be indicated in parentheses, as
shown in the examples in Table 6.

BEND TEST 17. Brinell Hardness Fixed-Location Testing

15. Description 17.1 Description:
17.1.1 A specified load is applied to a flat surface of the
15.1 The bend test is one method for evaluating ductility, specimen to be tested, through a tungsten carbide ball of
but it cannot be considered as a quantitative means of predict- specified diameter. The average diameter of the indentation is
ing service performance in all bending operations. The severity used as a basis for calculation of the Brinell hardness number.
of the bend testis primarily a function of the angle of bend of The quotient of the applied load divided by the area of the
the inside diameter to which the specimen is bent, and of the surface of the indentation, which is assumed to be spherical, is
cross section of the specimen, These conditions are varied termed the Brinell hardness number (HBW) in accordance with
according to location and orientation of the test specimen and the following equation:
the chemical composition, tensile properties, hardness, type,
and quality of the steel specified. Test Methods E190 and E290 where: HBW= P[(xD/2)(D — 4)
may be consulted for methods of performing the test.
HBW = Brinell hardness number,
15.2 Unless otherwise specified, it shall be permissible to P= applied load, kgf,
age bend test specimens. The time-temperature cycle employed D diameter of the tungsten carbide ball, mm, and
must be such that the effects of previous processing will not be d average diameter of the indentation, mm.
materially changed. It may be accomplished by aging at room Nore 12—The Brinell hardness number from a fixed-location testing
temperature 24h to 48 h, or in shorter time at moderately ‘machine is more conveniently secured from standard tables such as Table

elevated temperatures by boiling in water or by heating in oil 7, which show numbers corresponding to the various indentation
or in an oven, diameters, usually in increments of 0.05 mm.
Nore 13—In Test Method E10 the values are statedi SI units, whereas
5.3 Bend the test specimen at room temperature to an in this section kg/m units are used.
ide diameter, as designated by the applicable product 17.1.2 The standard Brinell hardness fixed-location testing
specifications, to the extent specified. The speed of bending is machine using a 10 mm tungsten carbide ball employs a
ordinarily not an important factor.
©The book Hardness Testing Handbook by Vincent E. Lysaght and Anthony
HARDNESS TEST METHODS Debellis, pages 107-108 provides a very brief history of these conversion tables. In
1930, the National Bureau of Standards (now NIST) published Research Paper No.
16. General 185 entitled, “The Relationship Between Rockwell and Brinell Numbers” by S. N.
16.1 A hardness test is a means of determining resistance to Petrenko. A follow up study was done in 1932 by the Wilson Mechanical Instrument
o,, and they subsequently published Chart No, 38, At the time of publicatoif othne
penetration and is occasionally employed to obtain a quick Hardness Testing Handbook (1969) that chart was still in wide use and was being
approximation of tensile strength. Tables 2-5 are for the kept current by the Wilson Co, Other charts were developed and published by ASM,
conversion of hardness measurements from one scale to ASTM, and SAE, but by 1969, ASTM had taken the responsibilty for maintaining
the chart that was jointly published by all three societies. By 1969, ASTM was.
already capturing this information in Tables F140.

fly 370 - 24

TABLE 2 Approximate Hardness Conversion Numbers for Nonaustenitic Steels (Rockwell C to Other Hardness Numbers)
ial ke Rockwell Superficial Hardness
Rockall G Vickers Binal Knoop Rockwell A —15N' Scala, 80N Scale 45N Scale, _Approximala
Scale, 150 kgt 3000 kgf Load, 500 gf Load scale, 60 kgt_ 18 kgf Load, 30 kgf Load, 45 kgf Load,
Hardness 9900 kaf Load, §00 ot Loa Diamond Diamond Diamond Tensile
Load, 50 Load, Pønetab Penstaly — Peneralsr932 B44 Tân
Number 885 929 806 742 Strength, ksi
Diamond 30 730 870 846 Diamond 925922 228819 733Tao MPa)
Ponetraor 300 722 s22 Penetador 918 ett T10

sẽ 985 708688 739 776 on ora s01783 sansạn 351 (2420)
832 670 754 556 s7 784 977 338 (2330)
67 800 654634 732710 850 902s98 75796 S55 S66 325 (2240)
$6 Te 615 600 845 993 787 643 318 (2160)
65 746 57 595 650 670 839 889983 739 Ta 620 632 301 (2070)
64 720 560 630 s84 879 730 609 292 (2010)
6 697 525 sa 612594 228 34s69 720 712 546 598 288 (1950)
sẽ 674 512 576 223 864 702 574 273 (1880)
61 653 482 496 542558 Bia 859 855 685 s94 550 561 264 (1820)
60 633 468 526 s12 850 676 538 255 (1760)
59 613 455442 495 510 s07 845239 667658 525Bia 246 (1700)
58 595 492 480 s01 235 648 503 238 (1640)
57 87 421409 468 462 T86 830925 640 sat 490 48 229 (1580)
56 560 400 48 730 820 622 467 224 (1820)
55 544 390 at 428 a4 735 209 815 s04 613 455 215 (1480)
54 528 3m 402 780 s04 595 443 481 208 (1430)
53 518 382 391 774 739 586 a9 201 (1390)
52 498 358 380 768 734 877 408 194 (1340),
51 484 344 370 763 738 56.8 296 188 (130)
50 an 336 327 360 759 T83 55.9 384 182 (1250)
49 458 319 351342 752 Tra 77 542 sao 372381 177 (1220)
48 446 an 334 47 766 533 349 171 (1180)
+ 434 301 294 326 318 744 T56 761 513 sai 337325 168 (1140)
46 423 736 461 (1110)
48 412 279 286. 311 304 7â1 75.0 50.4 313 188 (1080)
44 402 2m 297 725 145 739 495 486 301289 182 (1050)
43 392 264 290 720 733 7 278 149 (1030)
+ 382 258 258 278 284 715 Tag722 468 459 287255 146 (1010)
41 372 247 272 708 T18 450 243 4141 (970)
40 388 243 266 704 710 440 231

29 384 237 231 261 256 a9 70.5 43.2 220 138 (950)
38 348 s84 009 423 207
37 396 226 251 689 oa4 415 196 145 (830)
26 327 S64 11 (900)
35 318 679 128 (880)
„ 310 o74 125 (860)
33 s68 123 (850)
2 302. 663 119 (820)
31 658 117 (010)
294
30 286 65.3 115 (790)
270
29 272 646 112 (770)
28 266 643 +0 (760)
27 260 san
2 254 633
25 sa
24 248 24
23 620
248
22 238 615

2 610
20 605

2 This table gives the approximate interrelationships of hardness numbers and approximate tensile strength of steels, Itis possible that steels of various compositions and
processing histories will deviate in hardness-tensile strength relationship from the data presented in this table. The data in this table should not be used for austenitic
stainless steels, but have been shown to be applicable for ferric and martensitic stainless steols. The data in this table should not be used to establish a relationship
‘between hardness numbers and tensile strength of hard drawn wire. The data in this table was developed using fixed-location hardness testing machines. Where more
precise conversions are required, they should be developed specially for each steel composition, heat treatment, and part. Caution should be exercised if conversions trom

this table are used for the acceptance or rejection of product. The approximate interrelationships may affect acceptance or rejection.

3000 kgf load for hard materials and a 1500 kgf or 500 kgf load 17.1.3 A range of hardness can properly be specified only
for thin sections or soft materials (see Annex A2 on Steel for quenched and tempered or normalized and tempered
material, For annealed material a maximum figure only should
‘Tubular Products). Other loads and different size indenters may be specified. For normalized material a minimum or a maxi-
mum hardness may be specified by agreement. In general, no
be used when specified. In recording hardness values, the hardness requirements should be applied to untreated material.
diameter of the ball and the load must be stated except when a
10 mm ball and 3000 kgf load are used.

13

fly 370 - 24

TABLE 3 Approximate Hardness Conversion Numbers for Nonaustenitic Steels (Rockwell B to Other Hardness Numbers)
Rockwell Superficial Hardness,
kel 8 Veter BH Knoop_——RockwellA.—_—RoolE Br cao, GOT Seale, . 57 Scale Approximate
Seale, 1004s} Nang, Hause, Seat Oil Sone covgt TOP SDE” - AE Han
‘Number 300kglLoad, 00 gfLoad & Load, Diamond Load Msin Load, Load, Load, Strength kt
(1586 nm) 10 mm Ball Over Penetrator (1.588 mm) Ball (1.58.0) (1—.38) (1.88lienn (MPa)
240. oa TIẾN
Bal 234 240 251 615 941 831 729 116 (800).
228 234 246 60.9 92.8 825 ng 114 (785)
100. 222 228 241 60.2 925 818 709 108 (760)
99 222 236 59.5 921 811 69.9 104 (715)
98
97

s4% 205 205 221 576 912 791 689. 98 (675).

93 200ioe 200‘os 216a see 570 Em:908 T84. 65.9 ‘94 (650)

9= 190 190 206 55.8 902 771 63.8 90 (620)
90. tạo185 186te 201 Tạp KH 55.2 B05 79Đ 01A 80600)89.976.4628 89 (615)

86 „ 169Me 169 ie 184 tes se 886 738 re 588 83 (570).
52.8
85 165 165 180 52.3 88.2 73.4 578 ‘82 (565)
84 162 182 176 517 879 T24 568 81 (560)
83 ° 159tes 159 tes 173trọ 511ae 87.6TT 718 55.8: 80 (550)
a ts lạ wr 200 soos SOB 1300)
2* tạo ie tôie sa tại ies‘so ses B7 Ses 720M)
rs tr tr ta sa 563 boy 53 oe)
5 ts to tee as seo S82 S08 OLS)
. Š¬n::
75 137 137 180 468 99.6 85.0 66.4 478 66 (455)
74 135 135 147 46.3 99.1 847 65.7 468 65 (450)
73 ? 192180 132 180 145. ts 488 83 98.5 843ake)66.1 468 64 (440)
n tr mm mì na gay 193 S200)
oo
oer

67 °= 119tựtte T19it HH 133 mite 428mã 9Ð HƠI wos ar 570B95.182.461.039.8 58 (400).
ae %s BH BỨ H7 BONS
& ne te ter it wee Bar

bị= 2 = ttoose ttôeis ttooss tteớs i HHet se9e0tttếs sat7 a mos sO F
wets e 8a 8s a

20.® & ttoosr 35s0ãttoos s smàe s8a e2o T8083 Ấn

eHsHe. OSaaarr

ra»e a : °°8bị% m2 gx2i3 HO . o. P 6
Hmì H. HH...Oa ote

3 %2 F°o° teas = ae Bmr es?hk S8380 6®
meno eas

14

4Ñ] A37o - 24

TABLE 3 Continued Rockwell Superficial Hardness

Rockwell B Brine Knoop Rockwell A Rockwall F 1ST Seale, 307 Seale, 45T Scale, Approximate
Seale Oka! Motes hương HưnN Gea Colgl SH HƯU - DỤỢC Ong abigh ROU
toad Yc” Hachess appt Lond, fant & Load Diamond toad Vein LOR Lowber
Ball 10 mm Ball Over Poneentertartaortor (1.588 mm) ) BaBalll 4.588ie,mm) (1.5V8a8in,mm) (1.5Y8a8i,mm) (MMPP9
Ball Ball Ball
a30 sa E2286 746T40 T0 — 80 sẽ
TUA — 883 28
This table gives the approximate interrelationships of hardness numbers and approximate tensile strength of steels, Itis possible that steels of various compositions and
processing histories will deviate in hardness-tensile strength relationship from the data presented in this table. The data in this table should not be used for austenitic
stainless steels, but have been shown to be applicable for ferric and martensitic stainless steols. The data in this table should not be used to establish a relationship
between hardness numbers and tensile strength of hard drawn wire. The data in this table was developed using fixed-location hardness testing machines. Where more
precise conversions are required, they should be developed specially for each steel composition, heat treatment, and part.

TABLE 4 Approximate Hardness Conversion Numbers for Auste ic Steels (Rockwell C to other Hardness Numbers)
8N Scale, 15 kg! Load, Rockwell Superficial Hardness:
Rockwell C Scale, 150 kgf Rockwoll A Scale, 60 kgf Diamond Penetrator 30N Scale, 30 kgf Load, ‘5N Scale, 45 kgf Load,

Load, Diamond Penetrator Load, Diamond Penetrator 841 Diamond Penetrator Diamond Penetrator
886
48 + 744 881 s82 521
739 s26 ¬ 50.9
46 734 s45 498
45 72.9 636 487
44 7A 27 475
4“ 719 618 46.4
T4 610 452
41 709 601 441
40 704 s82 430
39 699 584 418
38 693 575 407
37 688 566 39.6
36 683 557 384
35 678 549 373
34 673 54.0 381
33 s 688 53.1 35.0
at 683 523 339
658 514 327
30 653 505 316
29 648 496 304
28 643 488 293
2 638 479 282
26 633 470 270
25 628 482 259
24 623 453 248
2 618 444 236
2 613 485 225
21 608 427 213

20 60.3 418 20.2

17.1.4 Brinell hardness may be required when tensile prop- 17.2.3 Standard Ball—The standard tungsten carbide ball
erties are not specified. for Brinell hardness fixed-location testing machine is 10 mm
(0.3937 in.) in diameter with a deviation from this value of not
17.2 Apparatus—Equipment shall meet the following re- more than 0.005 mm (0.0002 in.) in any diameter. A tungsten
quirements: carbide ball suitable for use must not show a permanent change
in diameter greater than 0,01 mm (0.0004 in.) when pressed
17.2.1 Testing Machine—A Brinell hardness fixed-location with a force of 3000 kgf against the test specimen. Steel ball
testing machine is acceptable for use over a loading range indenters are no longer permitted for use in Brinell hardne
within which its load measuring deviceis accurate to +1 %. fixed-location testing machines in accordance with these test
methods.
17.2.2 Measuring Microscope—The divisions of the mi-
crometer scale of the microscope or other measuring devices 17.3 Test Specimen—Brinell hardness indentations are made
used for the measurement of the diameter of the indentations on prepared areas and sufficient metal must be removed from
shall be such as to permit the direct measurement of the the surface to eliminate decarburized metal and other surface
diameter to 0.1 mm and the estimation of the diameter to irregularities. The thickness of the piece tested must be such
0.05 mm. that no bulge or other marking showing the effect of the load
appears on the side of the piece opposite the indentation.
Nore 14—This requirement applies to the construction of the micro-
ope only and is not a requirement for measurement of the indentation,
see 17.4.4.

15

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— TABLE 5 Approximate Hardness Conversion Numbers for Austenitic St is (Rockwell B to other Hardness Numbers)
{Feat nal ndenabon Bil Harness, RockwalA Sal Rockwell Superficial Hardness
sang Ey

Seale 10 Fat Lond, pel nertaten “Soot anes eohgttaes| SST Sle Sigitcal, AB gto,
mm si
(1.588 mm) Ball TH BAN Diamond Penetrator es mum) Bet (1.588 mm) ein. (1888 mm) Bal
E3 a8 a8 oa 702
ss 7 32,Sarse a3023 s05 mã 7 a2mãmã mo7e 7 sốsa,oe
% oa es mm mã mở si
oe s tosose 2023 mse sửmã mòmes es bet
s s 126c+6a6 toro‘teer seeea mã owseeso memmỳa sisain
s m tteás o tteạ s3e0 aarres tereee ssốọt
a„ astS+ tsm tes as5so sea màsử TếtTamí spa0sp
8s 196 tô si so mô sọ
ea s & teshộ0i tetteạ as8. 1 ase ssaọ soreee os spsseo8
m fe iss mã ae ore 28
s ta ts 5 gà es ise

TABLE 6 Reporting Converted Hardness Numbers and Scales from Portable Hardness Tests
Nore 1—Since the data in the hardness conversion tables in this tandard were developed using fixed-location hardness testing machines, the use of
these tables to convert portable hardness te: ing numbers may have a larger approximation range than for converting fixed-location hardne testing
numbers.
Portable Hardness Test Method Portable Hardness Test Number and Converted Hardness Number and Reported Converted Hardness Num-
Scale Scale ber and Scale
A833 353 HBC/340 38 HRC 38 HRC (359 HBO/940)
.A988/A958M. 353 HB (HLD) 38 HRC 38 HRC (353 HB (HLD))
A1038 372 HV (UCI) 38 HRC 88 HRC (372 HV (UCI)
E110, 353 HEW/P 38 HRC .38 HRC (353 HBW/P)

174 Test Procedure: (7.5.1 Brinell hardness numbers shall not be reported by a
17.4.1 Detailed Test Procedure—For detailed requirements number alone because it is necessary to indicate which indenter
of the test procedure, reference shall be made to the latest and force has been employed in making the test. Reported
revision of Test Method E10 for fixed-location hardness testing Brinell hardness numbers shall always be followed by the scale

machines. symbol HBW, and be supplemented by an index indicating the
17.4.2 It is essential that the applicable product specifica- test conditions in the following order:
tions state clearly the position at which Brinell hardness
indentations are to be made and the number of such indenta- 17.5.1.1 Diameter of the ball, mm,
tions required. The distance of the center of the indentation 17.5.1.2. A value representing the applied load, kgf, and,
from the edge of the specimen or edge of another indentation 17.5.1.3 The applied force dwell time, s, if other than 10 s to
must be at least two and one-half times the diameter of the 15s,
indentation. 17.5.1.4 The only exception to the above requirement is for
17.4.3 Apply the load for 10s to 15 the HBW 10/3000 scale when a 10 s to 15 s dwell time is used.
17.4.4 Measure diameters of the indentation in 'ordance. Only in the case of this one Brinell hardness scale may the
with Test Method E10. designation be reported simply as HBW.
17.4.5 The Brinell hardness fixed-location testing machine 17.5.1.5 Examples: 220 HBW = Brinell hardness of 220
is not recommended for materials above 650 HBW. determined with a ball of 10 mm diameter and with a test force
17.4.5.1 Ifa ball is used in a test of a specimen which shows of 3000 kgf applied for 10 s to 15 s; 350 HBW 5/1500 = Brinell
a Brinell hardness number greater than the limit for the ball as hardness of 350 determined with a ball of 5 mm diameter and
detailed in 17.4.5, the ball shall be either discarded and with a test force of 1500 kgf applied for 10s to 15 s.
replaced with a new ball or remeasured to ensure conformance
with the requirements of Test Method E10. 18. Rockwell Fixed-Location Hardness Testing
17.5 Reporting Brinell Hardness Numbei
18.1 Description:

16

fly 370 - 24

TABLE 7Brinell Hardness Numbers*
(Ball 10 mm in Diameter, Applied Loads of 500, 1500, and 3000 kgf)
Brinell Hardness Number Diameter Brinell Hardness Number Brinell Hardness Number ‘Diameter Brinell Hardness Number
Demeter sop. TH 3000 600-1500 anon. DAM — soo, 1500-5000 S00. 800. 300
mm kot — kgt kgf Indonta- “kgf kof kot “tion, mm = Kat kot kat kot kgf kat

‘ Load Load Load tion,mm Load Load Load . Load Load Load tồn mm Load Load Load
200168 73 9158 328 688 178 050 450 208 003 170 578 175 985 105
p2omr HtƯsƠe 4489g8 000058 332367 55883 1TH8: 0CAÓU dss8 B GaBgS tra 8Số03.101508
2D 1A 488 077 328 58 1A AM 496 233 B8 le 578 173 S19 T0
pot HƠI aes C808 329 52 SHS dat] BBs 578 172 SI7 1
"mẽ nnn..nhwwô%wwnnđ nh
zoe H 48 8U 3H 85 16 90 490 280 055 1M Số l1 S19 108
bow? aut 882 338 SỐI 1Ó SƠ 4Ụ 206 B8 1A 588 Otte
pẢoDe CHHƯỦU C44092 0ĐM38 339343 SS8948 118Ờ 83gƠ% 448988 228875 BB08 PTH586S84 1l8790 Os07deTOT
20 as 425 H9 338 SB1 1G SA 420 284 B82 TỦ 588 l83 DS Tạ
ẤN ta 224 B8 330 SH3 1U 529 4Ó 283 B13 TỦ 588 l83 s03 Tạ
22 HO 420 000 337 SẠA 1G S28 400 281 BU4 CI8Ð SE l87 802100
ais ta) HỂ HH2 338 SẠI 1ÊỜ S29 406 280 B0 C183 588 l87 S00 SẠ9
ẨM sr GHẾ BƠẢ C338 S88 1 99 đÐU ae lơ 566 feo 398 995
zbiise HHƠHƠỤ 4Ó0U5 0BU7U 3CẢ4I0 3B0I4 11Ó8Ờ SGIỬÓ 448088 227766 888233 l18ơ6 5S8Ố0 tteess 449064 999828
ẤN tas, 4U CAU C342 S28 185 SỬ HƠP 279 E23 188 502 tea 482 964
""“Šốẽẽnhẽẽaẽẽnwẽwẽănẻ«ẽ.«ẽt.
ẢN targa? Sak S28 18Ờ 8Ù 408 273 BI l8 S04 l83 488 TT
220 ta) 300 780 348 SIA 185 3N 470 271 BIÓ C183 588 l82 487 973
2P 1Ð 208 772 348 Si TRE. SOs 270 BIỦ 588 lò2 485 S88
223 ie 899 7B CÀ H2 TM SƠ 47D 288 BÚ7 lô SS li 423 966
2B2AAN a1A0 sseỤƠss?THẾ CC334488 SS0099 T18HỜỜ 9SĨA 44773 228066 870839 l18 550080 llR0O đ4ô7i0 69826
bos 1A 32 7m C380 303 TẾ 3 479 286 788 18Ơ 600 T89 477 985
228 143 390 748 391 S00 1EU CAN 478 294 783 ts SỤ 89 476 at
227 122 388 72 392 4A7 AMH 2B 47 93 7H31) 0UA 188 474 OND
22B tages 725 333 4B4 CC ÁMH 2B 47A 282 TRO IỤ 006 187 472 one
229 120 388 710 384 488. THƠ 2E 47A 291 TRO tH BOE 187 470 9ù
220 HƠ C46 7g 398 48 IỮ 890 480 280 T13 188 008 l2 468 47
T“ẠI .ẽMỜ.ẽ39ẽ9 ẻh7HH ắ336 wxd8ÐẽwWMƠ ẽwA2WN&dĐ ẽ=28e6 w7ẽ789 fẽ188 vk005 ẽ.l86ẻẽ467s84
obosts sHỏOousHƠ 0BBMB 338388 4A8107 11AA 2A9Ð8 44889 228866 TTR8O3 l1MHOỜ 660058 llóỡ24 446632 006673

AB HO ƠI C082 380 405 HO 2B 488 701 ts 010 183 480 980
288 H3 308 006 381 A8 dể 2 486 233 T98 I9 BN 83 488 S7
oar H2 508 070 388 468 1Á 2Ð 487 231 TSa tsi SI2 82 457 TS
285 THÔ 302 088 383 4R7 4028) 488 250 TRỊ I0 SIẢ 82 ass tO
2ẠU MÔ 890 05 39 464 1ÊU 278 499 218 708 1EŨ GIÁ lôi 483 906
pao.ẽm1U .ẻ3ẽ7 aẽ0ẽ5 aẽ388nẽed61 wWẽ18k&w20ẽKm48h0 ẽt23w8 WứẽẻhẻẽOHsS snTốiss48h2 -908
2a 1Ó 522 ayudar 246 781M8. SỬ H0 449 886
"ma ốaẽẽẽẽẽNwWt&RBeẻw&w%aẻwẽe “th OS
"mẽ ẽẽnẽ.eứẽk&twt-ẻẽẻẽsẻẽ..
"¬“¬aẽẽẽwẽwẽw&wẽwẽẻẽẻwẽnr.
"¬“ẽ.ẽnẽ ẽwWkwWk&MkwẽewWẻẽaẻwẽxvss.
ẨM HA H98 0IÐ 312 ĐA 18A 280 49 HA T2 ÍA 628 1 440 880
224A80 fÚoCr CM936 060H6 33074 A4616 1l8ƠÊ 220989 3449909 224490 T71A8 10M6 662A6 114Á6G 446987 H7ỨA
250 10 AM 6 375 496 là 298 500 236 713 H6 625 tas 495 HƠI
bet god 298 BƠ 376 464 1U 2h SỦU 237710 1C 626 HE 434 887
250 80 298 HH2 377 T 1Ơ 2H9 SUA 236 H7 HH 627 H432 884
"xa ẽẽẽẽẻẽ na nẽựwẽwẽnẽẻẽth aT
"mm"... vẽ ẽẽẽwWẽwWww&MwMkw&k&ẽẻẽnẻẽstnsn:
28g 063 299 08 380 J4 Tư 288 SÚA 239 683 HÔ 640 H2 427 885
2b5a6r H89S5 229947 0S888 9392 446680 l1Ơ6 225823 S50U8 223312 668852 119998 600i6 HHC24426 8B8A2
2"85 ¬"0HỦ ..2D ằ.SƠhẽ396ẽn3217ẽẽ1wN ẽ 290 S03 2ẽ30 äw003 %wI33 «6a06 ẽTÀẻI ẽ423h M6
20D 26 208 S8 388 413 1A AB SỊỦ 228 E83 lỤ 608 H0 420 010
ber B18 26 BS. 388 41 19 28 SH 227 E80 lH@ 686 189 218 S87
peo oi ẽnẽnhnwẽẽwmtw%&k8ứắew&ẻwewẽẻw%vt®:
26G HUA 2 Số 338 400 1 AM SiÓ 226 0A 18g 008 lóÐ aT
pboets HHBUỪU 22498 SGỬ0A0 333990 440042 Áln 2 AM SSHi 222246 Ơ08I9 llMMUO 668Á6U aHHa7 a4v1a2 w8e8e8
bes HBẢO 205 090 3301 400 10 240 Si 222 088 1Ó 0Á HH7 ar ge
bbeers EH770 229M 4S203 338324 339098 HH8 2982 SSiỬê 222i0 E68803 11HgỤ 604426 l8H6@ 440089 rBree
280 884 239 S2 394 S04 IHẾ 245 SIỦ 219 E88 1H SÁU T88 408 813
270 BE7 23 SH C3983 SBI TƯ 289 320 219 ass lả 948 85 đ08 EỢ

7

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TABLE7 Continued
Brinell Hardness Number Diameter Brinell Hardness Number Brinell Hardness Number Diameter Brinell Hardness Number
Grinder, 500-1500: 3000- pgổy 500 1800 3000. Grinders 500 1500. 3000. kg, 500 1800. 8000-
kgf kợc kgf Indenle-- kợị gf kote kgf kf kợ Indemta- hkợt - kợi - kợt
NON oad Load Load _ttonmm Land load Long "Load Long load tion, mm Load Load Load
271 B1 255 50 398 S80 I7 2A S2 217 852 1Ô 646 T84 404 807
272 Bhd 289 507 397 387 Hô 298 522 216649 140 647 134 402 804
273 898 251 503 308 985 H0 231 522 216 647 29 648 134 401 đối
274 892 280 4998 399 983 H6 220 524 215 04 129 6049 133 399 708
275 626 248 495 400 381 HA 229 525 214 041 129 650 193 398 796
276 19 246 402 A01 379 I4 228 528 213 639 128 651 132 396 793
277 BIA 2M AB A02 377 MA 208 S27 212 6A6 E7 682 132 386 790
278 B08 242 485 403 35 H3 228 528 211 698 I2 688 lãi 394 7B7
279 802 240 46D Ẻ04 373 M2 2 520 210 GBI I8 68 T31 392 784
28D 786 238 A7 405 31 ỊH 223 530 209 628 128 695 130 381 782
281 790 237 4â 406 370 ẢH 222 531 209 626 125 658 140 389 780
282 BA 235 47 407 368 HU 221 542 208623 125 657 129 388 776
283779284 467 408 386 H0 219 533 207 GI 14 658 129 387 773
284 773 22 484 409 384 109 24B 524 206 619 124 659 128 485 77T
285 78B 230 461 4.10 892 108 2 585 205 6158 123 660 128 384 788
288 782 229 457 4l 300 108 2l 588 204 614 123 66! 128 383 785
287 «757 ĐT A84 A12 358 108 2B 537 203 610 122 668 127 381 782
28B 71 225 481 419 357 1Ú 2M 588 203 608 122 663 127 380 780
289 746 224 248 414 365 108 213 549 202 606 lãi 684 126 379 757
200 7ÁI 222 dS 383 106 212 540 201 609 lễ 668 126 377 754

201 746 221 Add 416 361 1065 2U 541 200 60 120 666 126 376 752
292730 219 488 417 349 105210 542 199 588 120 667 125 378 749
293 725 2Í8 485 418 848 10 208 543 I89 S06 I9 668 124 379 747
294 720 2i6 A42 419 246 10 208 544 198 593 H9 668 124 372 744
295 715 218 429 420 344 1083 207 545 197 S91 H8 670 124 371 741
296 710 28 42 421 342 103 205 546 196 589 H8 G71 123 369 739
297708 212 423 422 34I 1U 2M 547 198 586 IỮ 672 123 388 736
298 701 20 420 423 349 102 203 548 195 584 HH 673 122 467 734
299 606 209 47 424 397 10 202 549 104 582 H6 674 122 466 73.1
300 691 207 415 425 946 1Ô 201 550 193 579 H6 675 IẠI 384 728
301 886 208 412 428 884 100 200 551 182 57 H5 676 Ilổi 383 726
302882 205 409 427 392 997 108 552 182 575 HS G77 lôi 382 723
303877 203 406 428 331 992 198 55 lÐ1 572 HẠ 678 20 380 721
30s 673 202 404 429 329 988 108 58 180 5Ự0 THẢ 679 120 359 718
305608 200 401 430 928 983 10 555 189 508 THẢ 680 T19 356 7r6
309 004 199 398 431 926 978 106 558 189 506 HỆ 6BI T19 357 713
307 059 189 395 432 924 973 195 59 188 583 H3 682 718 485 71T
3080655 196 393 433 923 968 19 558 187 561 H2 683 118 354 708
308 650 195 390 484 321 964 103 558 l86 S59 HH2 684 I8 353 706
340 646 194 388 485 320 9598 199 560 186 S57 IH 685 J7 482 704
am 842 183 38486 318 955 lờ SBI 188 555 IH 688 77 361 70T
312 638 l1 38 437 317 950 100 562 l84 552 HÔ 687 I6 348 609
313 633 180 380 438 315 945 I8 563 183 550 HÔ 688 I6 3⁄42 696
314 029 I9 378 439 914 041 188 SỐ 183 S40 CHỦ 689 716 447 694
345 025 88 375 440 912 998 18 565 182 546 109 690 116 346 602
346 621 186 373 A4 9l 992 188 560 l8 544 109 691 115 345 689
3417 617 1868 370 442 309 927 188 56 81 542 108 602 TỰ 343 687
aie BIA 84 388 443 308 923 185 588 180 S40 108 683 714 342 684
348 609 83 386 444 306 9Ủ 18 S68 179 587 lŨ7 694 I4 341 682
320 605 82 389 445 305 94 18 570 178 595 lÚ7 695 Trở 340 680

321 801 80 36Ồ 448 403 910 182 571 178 533 l7 696 T3 389 677
322 588 179 388 447 902 905 l8 572 177 531 108 697 I3 338 675
323 594 178 356 448 900 91 IÓ 573 1760 529 1089 698 712 336 673
324 590 I7 384 449 209 897 179 574 1760 527 105 699 I2 335 670
* Prepared by tho Enginooting Mechanics Section, Insitute for Standards Technology.

18.1.1 In this test a hardness number is obtained by deter- tungsten carbide ball into the specimen using a fixed-location
mining the depth of penetration of a diamond point or a
hardness testing machine. A minor load of 10 kgf first

18

fly as70 - 24

applied which causes an initial penetration, sets the penetrator A1038, and E110 shall be used with strict compliance for
on the material and holds it in position. A major load which reporting the test results in accordance the selected
depends on the scale being used is applied increasing the depth standard (see examples below).
of indentation, The major load is removed and, with the minor
load still acting, the Rockwell number, which is proportional to 19.1.1 Reporting Portable Hardness Numbers:
the difference in penetration between the major and minor 19.1.2 Test Method A833—The measured hardness number
loads is determined; this is usually done by the machine and shall be reported in accordance with the standard methods and
shows on a dial, digital display, printer, or other device. This is given the HBC designation followed by the comparative test
an arbitrary number which increases with increasing hardness. bar hardness to indicate that it was determined by a portable
The scales most frequently used are as follows: comparative hardness tester, as in the following example:
nung: Major Minor 19.1.2.1 232 HBC/240, where 232 is the hardness test result
paneer Load, Kat Load, kgf using the portable comparative test method (HBC) and 240 is
the Brinell hardness of the comparative test bar.
cB ‘Yorn, tungsten carbide ball 100, 10 19.1.3 Test Method A956/A956M:
Diamond brale 150 10 19.1.3.1 The measured hardness number shall be reported in
18.1.2 Rockwell superficial fixed-location hardness testing accordance with the standard methods and appended with a

ines are used for the testing of very thin steel or thin Leeb impact device in parenthesis to indicate that it was
surface layers. Loads of 15 kgf, 30 kef, or 45 kgf are applied determined by a portable hardness tester, as in the following
on a tungsten carbide (or a hardened steel) ball or diamond example:
penetrator, to cover the same range of hardness values as for (1) 350 HLD where 350 is the hardness test result using the
the heavier loads. Use of a hardened steel ball is permitted only portable Leeb hardness test method with the HLD impact
for testing thin sheet tin mill products as found in Specifica- device.
tions A623 and A623M using HRIST and HR30T scales with 19.1.3.2 When hardness values converted from the Leeb
a diamond spot anvil. (Testing of this product using a tungsten number are reported, the portable instrument used shall be
carbide indenter may give significantly different results as reported in parentheses, for example:
compared to historical test data obtained using a hardened stee! (1) 350 HB (HLD) where the original hardness test was
ball.) The superficial hardness scales are as follows: performed using the portable Leeb hardness test method with
Scale Major Minor the HLD impact device and converted to the Brinell hardness
Symbol Penetrator Load, Kot Load, kat value (HB)
19.1.4 Test Method A1038—The measured hardness number
1st Yiern. tungsten carbide or stee! ball 15 3 shall be reported in accordance with the standard methods and
30T ie-in. tungsten carbide or steel bai 80 3 appended with UCI in parenthesis to indicate that it was
45T Yherin. tungsten carbide ball 45 3 determined by a portable hardness tester, as in the following
30N15N Diamond brale 15 3 example:
45N Diamond brale 30 3 19.1.4.1 446 HV (UCI) 10 where 446 is the hardness test
Diamond brale 45 3 result using the portable UCI test method under a force of
18.2 Reporting Rockwell Hardness Numbers: 10 kgf.
18.2.1 Rockwell hardness numbers shall not be reported by 19.1.5 Test Method E/10—The measured hardness number
a number alone because it is necessary to indicate which shall be reported in accordance with the standard methods and
indenter and force has been employed in making the test. appended with a /P to indicate that it was determined by a
Reported Rockwell hardness numbers shall alwbeafoyllsowed portable hardness testing machine and shall reference Test
by the scale symbol, for example: 96 HRBW, 40 HRC, Method E110, as follows:
75 HRI5N, 56 HR30TS, or 77 HR30TW. The suffix W 19.1.5.1 Rockwell Hardness Example:
indicates use of a tungsten carbide ball, The suffix S indicates (1) 40 HRC/P where 40 is the hardness test result using the
use of a hardened steel ball as permitted in 18.1.2 Rockwell C portable test method.
18.3 Test Blocks—Machines should be checked to make (2) 72 HRBW/P where 72 is the hardness test result using

certain they are in good order by means of standardized the Rockwell B portable test method using a tungsten carbide
Rockwell test blocks. ball indenter.
18.4 Detailed Test Procedure—For detailed requirements of 19.1.5.2 Brinell Hardness Examples:
the test procedure, reference shall be made to the latest revi (1) 220 HBW/P 10/3000 where 220 is the hardness test
of Test Methods E18 for fixed-location hardness result using the Brinell portable test method with a ball of
chines 10 mm diameter and with a test force of 3000 kgf (29.42 KN)
applied for 10s to 15s.
19. Portable Hardness Testing, (2) 350 HBW/P 5/750 where 350 is the hardness test result
using the Brinell portable test method with a ball of 5 mm
19.1 Although this standard generally prefers the use of diameter and with a test force of 750 kgf (7.355 KN) applied for
Brinell or Rockwell fixed-location hardness testing machines,
itis not always possible to perform the hardness test using such 10s to 15s.
equipment due to the part size, location, or other logistical
reasons. In this event, hardness testing using portable equip-
ment as described in Test Methods A833, A956/A956M,

19

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CHARPY IMPACT TESTIN STRIKING EDGE 8mm rad (0.315")
30932"
20, Summary $0.25-mm rad (0.010")
-Fmm (0.157")
20.1 A Charpy V-notch impact test is a dynamic test in
which a notched specimen is struck and broken by asingle (0089)
blow in a specially designed testing machine. The measured
test values may be the energy absorbed, the percentage shear T»zNon
fracture, the lateral expansion opposite the notch, or a combi- cee‘Strike (W/2)
nation thereof. anv: |“

20.2 Testing temperatures other than room (ambient) tem- Al dimensional tolerances shall be +005 mm (0.002 in.) unless otherwise
perature often are specified in product or general requirement specifed.
specifications (hereinafter referred to as the specification),
Although the testing temperature is sometimes related to the Nore: I—A shall be parallel to B within 2:1000 and coplanar with B
expected service temperature, the two temperatures need not be within 0.05 mm (0.002 in.)
identical
Nort 2—C shall be parallel to D within 20:1000 and coplanar with D
21. Significance and Use within 0.125 mm (0.005 in.)

21.1 Ductile Versus Brittle Behavior—Body-centered-cubic Note 3—Finish on unmarked parts shall be 4 ym (125 qin.)
or ferritic alloys exhibit a significant transition in. behavior Nore 4—Tolerance for the striker corner radius shall be ~0.05 mm
when impact tested over a range of temperatures. At tempera- (0.002 in.) / 40.50 mm (0.020 in.)
tures above transition, impact specimens fracture by a ductile
(usually microvoid coalescence) mechanism, absorbing rela- FIG. 10 Charpy (Simple-beam) Impact Test
tively large amounts of energy. At lower temperatures, they
fracture in a brittle (usually cleavage) manner absorbing notched face of the specimen is vertical. The pendulum strikes
appreciably less energy. Within the transition range, the frac- the other vertical face directly opposite the notch. The dimen-
ture will generally be a mixture of areas of ductile fracture and
brittle fracture. ns of the specimen supports and striking edge shall conform
to Fig. 10.
21.2 The temperature range of the transition from one type
of behavior to the other varies according to the material being 22.1.3 Charpy machines used for testing steel generally
tested. This transition behavior may be defined in various ways have capacities in the 220 ftlbf to 300 feb (300J to 400 J)
for specification purposes. energy range. Sometimes machines of lesser capacity are used;
however, the capacity of the machine should be substantially in
21.2.1 The specification may require a minimum test result excess of the absorbed energy of the specimens (see Test
for absorbed energy, fracture appearance, lateral expansion, or Methods £23). The linear velocity at the point of impact should
a combination thereof, at a specified test temperature, be in the range of 16 fi to 19 fs (4.9 mA to 5.8 m/s),

21.2.2 The specification may require the determination of Nore 15—An investigation of striker radius effect is available.
the transition temperature at which either the absorbed energy
or fracture appearance attains a specified level when testing is 22.2 Temperature Media:
performed over a range of temperatures. Alternatively the 22.2.1 For testing at other than room temperature, it is
specification may require the determination of the fracture necessary to condition the Charpy specimens in media at
appearance transition temperature (FATTn) as the temperature controlled temperatures.
at which the required minimum percentage of shear fracture (n)
is obtained. Low temperature media usually are chilled fluids
(such as water, ice plus water, dry ice plus organic solvents, or
2 3 Further information on the significance of impact liquid nitrogen) or chilled gases.

testing appears in Annex AS 22.2.3 Elevated temperature media are usually heated liq-
uids such as mineral or silicone oils. Circulating air ovens may
22. Apparatus be used.
22.1 Testing Machin
22.1.1 A Charpy impact machine is one in which a notched 22.3 Handling Equipment—Tongs, especially adapted to fit
the notch in the impact specimen, normally are used for
specimen is broken by a single blow of a freely swinging removing the specimens from the medium and placing them on
pendulum, The pendulum is released from a fixed height. Since
the height to which the pendulum is raised prior to its swing, 7 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
and the mass of the pendulum are known, the energy of the be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:A01-1001. Contact ASTM Customer
blow is predetermined. A means is provided to indicate the Service at
energy absorbed in breaking the specimen.

22.1.2 The other principal feature of the machine is a fixture
(see Fig. 10) designed to support a test specimen as a simple
beam at a precise location, The fixture is arranged so that the

20