Fundamentals of english grammar third edition part 1 docx

FUNDAMENTALS
OF
'
GRAMMAR
Third
Edition
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Betty
Schrampfer
Azar
FUNDAMENTALS
OF
GRamR
Third
Edition
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FUNDAMENTALS OF
NGL
GRAMMAR
Third
Edition
with
Answer
Key
Betty
Schrampfer
Azar
Fundament&
of
English
Grammsr,Third
Edition
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.
WithAnawerKey
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Copyright
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2003,1992,1985 by Betty Schrampfer Azar

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All rights reserved.
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No part of this publication may be reproduced,
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Plantin
Library
of
Congx-ess
has
cataloged
the
student
book
as
follows:
Azar, Betty Schrampfer, 1941-
Fundamentals of English grammar
/

Betty Schrampfer Azar 3rd ed.

p.
cm.

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ign
speakers. 2. English
languagmar-Problems, exercises,
etc.
I.
Title.
PE1128 .A965 2002
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ISBN:
0-13-049447-X
(with

Answer Key)
Printed
in
the United States of America
567891O-CRK-060504

Preface to the Third Edition
xiil
Acknowledgments

Chapter
1
PRESENT TlME
1-1
The simple present and the present progressive

4
1-2
Forms of the simple present and the present progressive

4
1-3
Frequencyadverbs

9
1-4
Final-8

12
1-5

Spelling of final -81-es

13
1-6
Non-action verbs

17
1-7
Present verbs: short answers to yestno questions

19
Chapter
2
PAST
TlME
Expressing past time: the simple past


25
Forms of the simple past: regular verbs

26
Forms of the simple past: be

26
Regular verbs: pronunciation of -ed endings

28
Spelling of -ing and -ed forms

29
The principal parts of a verb

32
Irregular verbs: a reference list

33
The simple past and the past progressive

39
Forms of the past progressive

39
Expressing past time: using time clauses

48
Expressing past habit: used to

52
Chapter
3
FUTURE
TlME
Expressing future time: be going to and
will

56
Formswithbsgoingto

56

FormswithwiU

59
Sureness about the future

60
Bsgoingtovs.wil1

63
Expressing the future in time clauses and $-clauses

65
Using the present progressive to express future time

70
Using the simple present to express future time

73
Immediate future: using be about to

74
Parallelverbs

76
Chapter
4
THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THE
PAST
PERFECT
.:

.
.+
i;
. .
I


4-1
Past participle
84
4-2
Forms of the present perfect

85

4-3
Meanings of the present perfect
86
.

4-4
Simple past
vs
present perfect
87


4-5
U~ing~meandfor
;

95

4-6
Present perfect progressive
98
.

4-7
kesent perfect progressive
vs
present perfect
100
4-8
Using
already,
yet, still, and anymore

102
~
.
49
Pastperfect

112
ASKING QUESTIONS chapter
5
Chapter
6
il:~
c.

?


Yedno questions and short answers

121
Yedno questions and information questions

123
Whore. why. when. and what
time

124
Questions with who. who(m). and what

125
Spoken and written contractions
with
question words

128
Usingwhat
+
aformofdo

130
Using what kind of

132
Usingwhich

133
Usingwhose

135
Usinghow

138
Usinghowofin

139
Usinghowjkr

140
Length of time: it
+
ta&e and how long

141
More questions
with
how

143
Using how about and what about

149
Tagquestions

152

NOUNS AND PRONOUNS
6-1
Pronunciation of final -s/-es

157
6-2
Plural forms of nouns

158
6-3
Subjects. verbs. and objects

159
6-4
Objects of prepositions

161
6-5
Prepositions of time

163
6-6
Word order: place
and
time

164
6-7
Subject-verb agreement

165
6-8
Using adjectives to describe nouns

166
6-9
Using nouns as adjectives

168
6-10
Personal pronouns: subjects and objects

171
6-1 1
Possessive nouns

173
6- 12
Possessive pronouns and adjectives

176
6-13
Reflexivepmnouns

178
6-14
Singular forms of other: another
vs
.
the other

181
6-15
Plural forms of other: other(s) vs
.
the
other(s)

183
6-16
Summary of forms of other

.
.
186
Vlll
CONTENTS
Chapter
7
MODAL AUXILIARIES
7-1
The form of modal auxiliaries


190
7-2
Expressing ability:
can
and
could

191
7-3
Expressing possibility:
may
and
might
Expressing permission:
may
and
can

193
7-4
Using
could
to express possibility

195
7-5
Polite questions:
may
I.
could
I.
can
I

197

7-6
Polite questions:
wouldyou. couldyou. willyou. can
you
199
7-7
Expressing advice:
should
and
ought to

202
7-8
Expressing advice:
had better

203
7-9
Expressing necessity:
have to. haw got
to.
must

206
7-10
Expressing lack of necessity:
do not haw to
Expressing prohibition:
must not

207

. .
7-11
Making logical conclusions:
must
210
7-12
Giving instructions: imperative sentences

213
. .

.
~
7-1 3
Making suggestions:
let's
and
why don't
215
,I.'


.
.
7-14
Stating preferences:
prefer. lliko better. would rather
218

Chapter
8
CONNECTING IDEAS

8-1
Connecting ideas with
and
226
8-2
Connecting ideas with
but
and
or

228
??

8-3
Connecting ideas with
so
230
8-4
Using auxiliary verbs after
but
and
and

233
.
.

8-5
Using
and
+
too. so.
either.
noifher

235
XI*

8-6
Connecting ideas with
because

239
7:
. .
.
.
.
8-7
Connecting ideas with
men
thoughlalthough

241
Chapter
9
COMPARISONS

9-1
Making comparisons with
as

as

248
9-2
Comparative and superlative

252
i:

9-3
Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs
253


9-4
Completing a comparative
257

9-5
Modifying comparatives
258
.
.
9-6
Comparisons with
less

than
and
not as

as

259
18.
.
9-7
Unclear comparisons

260

.
9-8
Using
more
with nouns

261
.
,

9-9
Repeating a comparative

262
kit

9-10
Using double comparatives

263
[PC.
.
9-1
1
Using superlatives

265

.<
9-1
2
Using
the same. similar. d#-t. like. alike

271
Chapter
10
THE
PASSIVE
.
.
.
,
.
!
!I

I
-
.
.
,
.
.
10-1
Active sentences and passive sentences

276
10-2
Form of the passive

277
10-3
Transitive and intransitive verbs

280
10-4
Using the by-phrase

282

10-5
The passive forms of the present and past progressive
287