Fundamentals of english grammar third edition part 36 ppsx

I
8-4
USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER
BUT
AND
AND
@)
I
like
tea,
but my husband
doesn't.
(c)
I
won't be
here tomom,
but Sue
will.
(d)
I've seen
that movie,
but Joe
hasn't.
(e) He
isn't
here,
but she
is.*
(a)
I
don't like

coffee,
but
my
husband
does.
In
(a):
does
=
likes coffee.
After
but
and
and,
often
only
an
auxiliary verb is used. It has the same tense
(f)
I
don't like
coffee,
and
Ed
doesn't
either.
(g)
I
like
tea,

and
Kate
does
too.
(h)
I
won't be
here,
and
he
won't
either.
(i)
I've seen
that mm'e,
and
Pat
has
too.
(j)
He
isn't
here,
and
Anna
isn't
either.
or modal as the-main verb.
Notice in the examples:
negative

+
but
+
affirmative
affirmative
+
but
+
negative
negative
+
and
+
negative
affirmative
+
and
+
affirmative
L
*A
verb
a
nor contracted
with
a
pronoun at
the
end
of

a
sentence
after
bur
and
and:
comc~:
.
.
.
but
she
IS.
INcoRPSCr:
.
.
.
but
she?.
EXERCISE
10.
Using auxlllary verbs after
BUT.
(Chart
8-4)
Diwctions:
Complete the sentences with auxiliary verbs.
1.
Debra
reads

a lot of books, but her brothers
dorz't
2.
Sam
isn't
in the school play this year, but Adam
IS
3.
I
will
be
at home this evening, but my roommate
4.
Ducks
like
to swim, but chickens
5.
That phone
doesn't work,
but this one
6.
Joe
isn't
at home, but his parents
.
7.
Carl
can touch
his nose with his tongue, but most people
.

8.
Jack
has visited
my home, but Linda
9.
I'm
not
going
to graduate this year, but my best friend
10.
My dog
crawls
under the bed when it thunders, but my cat
Connecting
Ideas
233
17
EXERCISE
1
1.
Uslng auxlllary verbs after
BUT.
(Chart
8-4)
Diwctioc
Complete the sentences by using the names of your classmates and appropriate
''
auxiliary verbs.
has long hair, but
krrrtfihfi

Aoes*
t
I
1.
Mavia
2.
k~1o
doesn't live in an apartment, but
Bmis Aoes
3.
isn't in class today, but
4.
is here today, but
5.
can speak
(a
language),
but
6.
doesn't have brown eyes, but
7.
didn't come to class yesterday, but
8.
will be at home tonight, but
9.
has a mustache, but
10.
has lived here for a long time, but
EXERCISE
12.

Using auxlllary verbs after
AND
and
BUT.
(Chart
8-4)
Directions:
Complete the sentences by adding appropriate auxiliary verbs. Add
too
and
either
as appropriate.
1.
Alex
goes to college, and his sisters
Ao too
2. Anna goes to college, but her cousin
does*
t
I
3.
Hugo doesn't go to college, and his brother
Abesh't
e'
tthev
4.
Horses are domesticated animals, and camels
5.
Lions aren't domesticated animals, and tigers
6.

Horses are domesticated animals, but lions
7.
Paula didn't go to the picnic, and Jack
8.
I
work at an airplane factory, and my brother
9.
Gray is a dull color, but orange
10. Rita won't be at the party, and Jean
11. Olga was
in
class yesterday, but Antonio
12. Fatima is in class today, and Pedro
13.
I
can't sing very well, but my wife
S
+
aux
+
TOO
(a) Sue works,
and
Tom does too.
so
+
aux
+
s
(b)

Sue works,
and
so does Tom.
S
+
am
+
EITHER
(c)
Ann
doesn't work,
and
Joe doesn't either.
NETTHER
+
aux
+
S
(d)
Ann
doesn't work,
and
neither does Joe.
(e)
A:
I'm
hungry. (f)
A:
I'm hungry.
B:

I
am
too.
B:
So
am
I.
(g)
A:
I
don't eat meat.
(h)
A:
I
don't eat meat.
B:
I
don't either.
B:
Neither do
I.
(i)
A:
I'm hungry.
(j)
A:
I
don't eat meat.
B:
Me too.

(informal)
B:
Me neither.
(informal)
(a) and
@)
have the same meaning.
Word order:
subject
+
auxiliary
+
too
so
+
auxiliary
+
subject
(c)
and (d) have the same meaning.
Word order:
subject
+
auxiliary
+
either
neither
+
auxiliary
+

subject
Note:
An
affirmative auxiliary is used with
neither.
And
is usually not used when there are
two speakers.
(e) and (f) have the same meaning.
(g)
and (h) have the same meaning.
Me too
and
me
neither
are often used
in
informal spoken English.
EXERCISE
13.
AND
+
TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER. (Chart
8-5)
Directions:
Complete the sentences using the given words. Pay special attention to word
order.
A
Ill,
I(

Omar James Marco Ivan
1.
a.
too
b.
so
2.
a.
either
b.
neithr
3.
a.
too
b.
so
4.
a.
either
b.
neither
Marco has a mustache, and
.Imwes Aoes
too
Marco has a mustache, and
Omar doesn't have a mustache, and
Omar doesn't have a mustache, and
Marco
is
wearing a hat, and

Marco is wearing a hat, and
Ivan isn't wearing a hat, and
Ivan isn't wearing a hat, and
Connecting Ideas
235
EXERCISE
14.
AND
+
TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER. (Chart 8-5)
Directions:
Complete the sentences by using
too,
so,
either,
or
neithor.
Use the names of
your classmates and appropriate auxiliaries.
1.
Mavia
is in class today, and
so
is
Po
/
PO is too
2.
lives
in

an apartment, and
3.
can't speak
Chinese,
and
4.
wasn't
in
class yesterday, and
5.
stayed home and studied last night, and
6.
doesn't have a mustache, and
7.
will be
in
class tomorrow, and
8.
isn't married, and
9.
has dimples, and
10.
has been in class all week, and
EXERCISE
15.
AND
+
TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER. (Chart 8-5)
Ditections:
Complete by using

too,
so,
either,
or
ne'ther
and the given words.
1.
clouds
Snow is white, and
dokds
av~
too
/
SO
are
dokd~
2.
salt
Sugar isn't expensive, and
3.
cars
Monkeys have long tails, and
4.
gorillas
Human beings don't have tails, and
5.
the teacher
I
forgot to bring my book to class, and
6.

the teacher
I
was late for class today, and
7.
I
You've never* been in Nepal, and
8.
penguins
Ostriches can't fly, and
'New
makes
a
sentence neganve:
The
teacher
u
mr
late,
and
neither
am
I.
OR
I'm
not
either.
236
CHAPTER
8
EXERCISE

16.
AND
+
TOO,
SO,
EITHER, NEITHER. (Chart
8-5)
Directions:
Complete the dialogues by agreeing &th Speake; A's idea. Use
so
or
neither.
Use
I.
1.
A:
I'm tired.
6.
A: I've never been in Peru.
2.
A:
I didn't enjoy the movie last night.
7.
A:
I
studied last night.
.,:
.
. ~
,

B:
Nritkrv
Xi
I
B
:
~:L
3.
A:
I always have coffee in the morning.
8.
A:
I should study tonight.
B:
B:
A:
I don't feel like going to class today.
9.
A.
I can't speak Hungarian.
.
'
.
I'
~
q
;,
<
B

:
:L$,

5.
A:
I didn't eat brealdast this morning.
B:
10.
A:
But I can speak English.
EXERCISE
17.
SO
and NEITHER. (Chart
8-5)
Directions:
Work in pairs.
Speaker
A:
Say the given sentence. Complete the sentence with your own words
if
necessary. Your book is open.
Speaker B: Respond to Speaker A's statement by using
so
or
neithm.
Your book is closed.
Example:
I'm
confused.

SPEAKER
A
(book open):
I'm confused.
SPEAKER
B
(book closed):
So
am
I.*
Example:
Fro5 don't have tails.
SPEAKERA
(book open):
Frogs don't have tails.
.,'
!
'1
SPEAKER
B
(book closed):
Neither do human beings.
Example: (name of a restaurant)
is a good place to eat in
(this
city).
SPEAKER A
(book open):
Ivar's Seafood Restaurant is a good place to eat in Seattle.
SPEAKER

B
(book closed):
So is Hong Kong Gardens.
*?his
exercise is desipcd to prscnce the use
of
ao
and
-thw
in
conversational responses.
If,
however,
Spesker
B
doesn't
want
to agm, echo, or support Speaker A's statanat, there are alternative responses. For example:
.
,
,
I<,
.:
emu
A:
I'm
confused.
J.,
,

!
.
.
.
emu
8:
You
ue?
What's
the
matter?
a
s~mu
A:
Fmgs don't
have
tails.
,I
I.
, ,
.,,
mu
8:
RcaUy?
Is
that
no?
Hmmm.
I
didn't

how
that.
Are
you
nm?
.
i
speh~a~
A:
Ivar's Seafood Restaurant is a good place to eat
in
Seattle.
.
,
,::

s~ehw~
B:
Oh?
I've
nmr
eaten
there.
.*,
.:,,I
::!a,
~1
,
:,4
Connecting

Ideas
237
(c:
.
'
I;&:
1. I studied last niht.
'
2. I study grammar every day.
3.
I'm thirsty.
4. I'd like
(a kind of drink).
Switch roles.
11.
San Francisco is a seaport.
12. Chickens lay eggs.
13.
I
(likeldon't like)
the weather today.
14. Swimming is an Olympic sport.
5.
I'M never been in
(name of a country).
15.
Coffee contains caffeine.
6.
1
don't like

(a kind of food).
16. Elephants can swim.
7.
. . .
is a
(biglsmall)
country.
17.
(Name of a country)
is'in Africa.
8. Paper burns.
18. I've never had caviar* for breakfast.
9.
Snakes don't have legs.
10. I've never seen an iceberg.
19. Denmark has no volcanoes.
20. I'd rather go to
(name of a place)
than
(name of a
place).
.&I!:!.
~.
,.::.;
1
I,!:!
I
'.,
i
EXERCISE

18.
TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER. (Chart
8-5)
Directions:
Create dialogues (either
with
a parmer or in writing).
Speaker
A:
Use the given verb to make a statement (not
a
question). Your book is open.
Speaker
B:
React to Speaker
A's
idea by using
too,
so,
either,
or
neither
in a response.
Your book is closed.
.
1,
Example:
would like
SPEAKER
A

(book open):
I'd like to sail around the world someday.
SPEAKER
B
(book closed):
So would I.
OR
I would too.**
Example:
didn't want
SPEAKER
A
(book open):
Toshi didn't want to give a speech in front of the class.
SPEAKER
B
(book closed):
Neither did Ingrid.
OR
Ingrid didn't either.**
I
,I?

Switch roles.
I.
,.
7. can fly
,:
r,
.

-
1.
don't have
2. can't speak
8. would like
3.
enjoy
9.
didn't go
4.
isn't going to be

10. are
5.
haven't ever seen
11.
is sitting
6. will be 12. wasn't
*Caviar
=
fish
eggs
(an
expensive
delicacy
in
some cultuns).
*This exercise
asks
you

to
use
too,
m,
eithpr,
or
neih
in
conversational responses.
Other
responses
are,
of
course,
possible. For example:
s-
A:
I'd
like
ro sail around the world
someday.
SPEAKER
B:
I&&'?
Why)
SpBllKan
A:
Toshi didn't want
to
give

a speech
in
hnt
of
the
class.
,
.:',
,
s-
B:
Oh?
Why
not?
,,,
.
;
.,
(a)
He drank water
because
he was thirsty.
(b)
MAIN
cwsa:
He dmnk
water.
(c)
ADVHRB
CLAUSE:

because he
was
thirsy
I.
.'
MAIN
CLAUSE
ADVJ3RB CLAUSE
(d) 'He
dmk
water1
'bscause he
was
rhirsy.'
(no
comma)
ADVERB
CUUSE
MAIN
CLAUSE
(e)
'~ecawe
he
was
thirsty:
'he drank water.'
(comma)
(f)
INCORRRCT
UV

WRITING:
He dm& water.
Becauee
he
war
thirsty.
(p)
CORRBCT
IN
SPBAKING:
A:
Why
did
he drink some water?
B:
Because he
WP.
thirnty.
Because
expresses a cause;
it
gives a reason. Why did he
drii
water? Reason: he was thirsty.
A
main
clause is a complete sentence:
He drank ware*
=
a

complete sentence.
An
adverb clause is
~ar
a complete sentence:
because he
was
thirsty
=
NOT
a complete sentence.
Because
inwduces
an
adverb clause:
because
+
subject
+
verb
=
an
adverb clause.
An
adverb clause
is
connected to a main dause, as in (d)
and (e).*
In
(d):

main
clause
+
no
comma
+
adverb clause
In
(e): adverb clause
+
comma
+
main
dause
(d) and (e) have exactly the same meaning.
(f) is incorrect in written English:
because
he
was
thirszy
cannot stand alone as a sentence that starts with a capital
letter and ends
with
a period. It has to be connected to a
main clause, as in (d) and (e).
In spoken English, an adverb clause can be used as the
short answer to a question,
as
in
(g).

L
'See
Chan
2-10,
p.
48,
for
a discussion of
other
adverb
clauses.
"Time
&uses"
are
adverb &uses
that
are
introduced
by
wh,
4ha;
brfom,
tnhila,
until,
and
ol
soon
ol.
EXERCISE
19.

Adverb clauses
with
BECAUSE. (Chart
8-6)
Directions:
Combine each pair of sentences in two different orders. Use
because.
Punctuate carefully.
1.
We didn't have class.
The teacher was absent.
+
We didn't have class because
the
teacher
was
absent.
+
Because
the
teacher
was
absent,
we
didn't have class.
2.
The children were hungry.
There was no food
in
the house.

3.
The bridge is closed.
We can't drive to the other side of the river.
4.
My car didn't start.
The battery was dead.
5.
Larry and Patti laughed hard.
The joke was very funny.
Connecting
Ideas
239