Fundamentals of english grammar third edition part 37 doc

EXERCISE
20.
Adverb clauses wlth
BECAUSE.
(Chart 8-6)
D&ectiom:
Add periods, commas, and capital letters as necessary.
1.
Jimmy is very young because he is afraid of the dark he likes to have a light on in his
bedroom at night.
+
Jimmy is very young. Because he is afraid of the dark, he likes to have a light on in his
bedroom
at
night.
. .
2.
Mr. El-Sayed had a bad cold because he was not feeling well he stayed home from the
office.
3.
Judy went to bed early because she was tired she likes to get at least eight hours of
sleep a night.
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4.
Frank put his head in his hands he was angry and upset because he had lost a lot of
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work on his computer.
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EXERCISE 21.
BECAUSE
and SO. (Charts 8-3 and 8-6)
Directions:
Create sentences with the same meaning. Use commas as appropriate.

PART
I.
Restate the sentence, using
so.
-
1.
Jack lost his job because he never showed up for work on time.

+
Jack never showed up for
wo*
on time, so he lost his job.
2.
I
opened the window because the room was hot.
3.
Because it was raining,
I
stayed indoors.
I
st1
1
,.,
5
PART
II.
Restate the sentence, using
because.
,
,
4.
Jason was hungry, so he ate.
+
Because Jason was hungry, he ate.
OR
Jason ate because he was hungry.
5.
The water in the river is polluted, so we can't go swimming.

'
"
II

.
:;
6.
My watch is broken, so
I
was late for my job interview.
0
EXERCISE
22.
Review: conjunctions and adverb clauses. (Charts 8-1
+
8-6)
Directiom:
Add commas, periods, and capital letters as appropriate. Don't change any of
the words or the order of the words.
,
,
,i
1.
Jim was hot he sat in the shade.
,
81,'
'
+
Jim
was

hot. He sat in the shade.
5,
Jim was hot and
tired
so he sat in the shade.
,
*re
240
CHAPTER
8
3.
Jim was hot tired and thirsty.
4.
Because he was hot
Jim
sat
in
the shade.
5.
Because they were hot and thirsty Jim and Susan sat in the shade and drank tea.
6.
Jim and Susan sat in the shade and drank tea because they were hot and thirsty.
7.
Jim sat
in
the shade
drank
tea and fanned himself because he was hot tired and thirsty.
8.
Because Jim was hot he stayed under the shade of the tree but Susan went back to work.

9.
Mules are domestic animals they are the offspring of a horse and a donkey mules are
,
,,)
called "beasts of burden" because they can work hard and carry heavy loads.
10.
Because mules are strong they can work under harsh conditions but they need proper
care.
11.
Ann
had been looking for an apartment for two weeks yesterday she went to look at a11
apartment on
Fi
Avenue she rented it because it was in good condition and had a
nice view of the city she was glad to find a new apartment.
12.
The word "matter" is a chemical term matter is anything that has weight this book
your finger water a rock air and the moon are all examples of matter radio waves and
heat are not matter because they do not have weight happiness daydreams and fear
have no weight and are not matter.
COMPARE
(c)
Because
I
was hungry,
I
ate.
(d)
Even though
I

was hungry,
I
did
not eat.
(a)
Ewen
though
I
was
hungry,
I
did not eat.
I
did not eat
even
though
I
was
hungry.
(b)
Although
I
was
hungry,
I
did not eat.
I
did not eat although
I
was

hungry.
Because
expresses an expected result.
Ewen thoughlalrhough
expresses an unexpected or
opposite result.
Ewen
though and although introduce an adverb
clause.
(a) and
@)
have the same meaning. They mean:
I
was
hungry, but
I
did
not ear.
Conneeling
Ideas
241
EXERCISE
23.
EVEN THOUGH
vs.
BECAUSE. (Chart
8-7)
Directions:
Complete the sentences by using
ovon

though
or
because.
1.
fve~
+~OIA$I
the weather is cold, Rick isn't wearing a coat.
2.
Becawe
the weather is cold, Ben is wearing a coat.
3.
Jane was sad, she smiled.
4.
Jane was sad, she cried.
5.
it was cold outside, we went swimming in the lake.
6.
I
like to swim,
I
joined my friends in the lake.
7.
People askTony to sing at weddings
he has a good voice.
8.
George sings loudly
he can't carry a tune.
9.
our friends live on an island, it is easy to get there by car
there is a bridge hm the mainland.

EXERCISE
24.
EVEN THOUGHJALTHOUGH and BECAUSE. (Charts
8-6
and
8-7)
Directions:
Choose the best completion.
1.
Even though ostriches have wings,
1.
A.
their feathers are large
B.
they are big birds
C.
they can't fly
2.
My brother came to my graduation ceremony although

A.
he was sick
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I-
.
B.
he was eager to see everyone
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bm.
C.
he was happy for me
3.
Even though
I
looked in every pocket and every drawer,

A.
my keys were under the bed
B.
my roommate helped me look for my keys
C.
I
never found
my
keys
.
Jack hadn't heard or read about the murder wen though
-yi
1.
,.
:,
A.
he was the murderer
,;
,%
,.
, ,
,

B.
it was on the hnt page of every newspaper
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.
,
,
C. he was out of town when it occurred
.,
.
.
~
,
~.
.
.,
5.
We can see the light from an airplane
high
in the sky at night before we hear the plane
lo
I,

,
because

A.
light travels faster than sound
B.
airplanes travel at

high
speeds
C. our eyes work better than our ears at night
6.
Although
,
he finished the race in first place.
A.
John was
full
of energy and strength
B.
John was leading all the way
C. John was far behind in the beginning
7.
My partner and I worked late into the evening. Even though
-
,we stopped at
our favorite restaurant before we went home.
A,
we were very hungry
B.
we had finished our report
C, we were very tired
8.
Snakes don't have ears, but they are very sensitive to vibrations that result from noise.
Snakes can sense the presence of
a
moving object even though

A,
they have ears
B.
they feel vibrations
C, they can't hear
9.
In
mountainous areas, melting snow in the spring runs downhill into streams and
rivers. The water carries with
it
sediment, that is, small particles of soil and rock. In
the spring, mountain rivers become cloudy rather than clear because

A.
mountain tops are covered with snow
B.
the water from melting snow brings sediment to the river
C. ice is frozen water
10.
Even though it was a hot summer night, we went inside and shut the windows because
-
A.
the rain stopped
,
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B.
we were enjoying the cool breeze

C, a storm was coming
EXERCISE
25.
EVEN THOUGH
vs.
BECAUSE. (Charts
8-6
and
8-7)
Directions:
Answer "yes" or "no," as you wish. Answer in a complete sentence using either
because
or
own
though.
Change the wording as you wish. Only the teacher's book is
Example:
Last night you were tired. Did you go to bed early?
+
Es,
I
went
w
bed early because
I
was tired.
OR
Es, because
I
was tired,

I
went
w
bed before nine.
OR
No,
I
didn't go
w
bed early
men
though
I
was really sleepy.
OR
No, even though
I
was really tired,
I
didn't go
to
bed until after midnight.
1.
Last night you were tired. Did you stay up late?
2.
You are
thiity.
Do you want (a glass of water)?
3.
You're hungry. Do you want (a candy bar)?

4.
Vegetables are good for you. Do you eat a lot of them?
5.
Space exploration is exciting. Would you like to be an astronaut?
Connectlng
Ideas
243
6.
Guns are dangerous. Do you want to own one?
7.
(A local restaumnt)
is expensivelinexpensive. Do you eat there?
8.
(A local delicacy)
islare expensive. Do you buy ithem?
9.
The
(name ofa local)
river islisn't polluted. Do you want to swim in it?
10. Who
(in
this room) can't swim? Do you want to go to (the beacidthe swimming pool)
with
(
.
.
.
)
and me this afternoon?
1 1.

Who loves to go swimming? Do you want to go to (the beachithe swimming pool)
with
(
.
. .
)
and me this afternoon?
12. What
are
the winters like here? Do you lie living here in winter?
13.
(A recent movie)
has had good reviews. Do you want to see it?
14. Are you a good artist? Do you want to draw a picture of me on the board?
15. Where does your family live? Are you going to go there (over the next holiday)?
EXERCISE
26.
EVEN
THOUGH
and BECAUSE. (Chart 8-7)
Directions:
Complete the sentences
with
your own words. Pay attention to proper
punctuation.
1. I like our classroom even though
. . .
.
5.
Because we

. .
.
,
we
.
.
. .
2. I like my home because
.
.
. .
6.
Even though
.
.
.
,
we
. . . .
3.
. .
.
even though I don't
. . . . .
7.
Even though
. . .
,
. . .
because

.
. . .

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ri,,l~her;awrT.40n't
.
-
.
.,
.
.
,"
8.
Because
.
.
.
,
I.
.
.
,but
. . .
because.
.
.
.
EXERCISE
27.

Error analysis. (Charts 8-1
-
8-7)
Directions:
Correct the errors in these sentences. Pay special attention to punctuation.
1.
Even though I was sick, but I went to work.
+
Even though
I
was sick,
I
went to work.
+
I
was
sick, but
I
went
m
work.
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3
2.
Gold silver and copper. They are metals.
3. The students crowded around the bulletin board. Because their grades were posted there.
4. I had a cup of coffee, and so does my friend.
5.
My roommate didn't go. Neither I went either.
6.

Even I
am
very exhausted, I didn't stop working until after midnight last night.
7.
The teacher went too the meeting, and too of the students did to.
8.
Although I like chocolate, but I can't eat it because I'm allergic tq it.
,
,
9.
Many tourists visit my country. Warm weather all year. Many interesting landmarks.
10.
Because the weather
in
my country is warm and comfortable all year so many tourists
.
'r
,'
1
visit it
in
the winter.
'
I.
I,,
(8
.
-
11.
I

like to eat raw eggs for breakfast and everybody else in my family too.
I
12.
A
hardware store sells tools and nails and plumbing supplies and paint and etc.*
13.
Because the war broke out
in
late September we had to cancel our October trip even
though we already had out passports visas airplane tickets and hotel reservations.
,I.
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'
.
>
14.
Many of us experience stress on our jobs my job is stressful because my workplace is
.
.
;its:.
i,dmot pleasant or comfortable it is noisy hot and dirty even though
I
try to do my best
'my boss is unhappy with my work and always gives me bad performance reports
I
need to find another job.
15.
I
like animals
I

have a little dog at home her name is Linda she is brown and white.
EXERCISE
28.
Punctuating with commas and periods. (Chapter
8)
Directions:
Add commas, periods, and capital letters as necessary. (There are four adverb
clauses in the following passage. Can you find and underline them?)
(1)
What is the most common substance on earth?
I
fi
isn't wood, iron, or sand.
T
fie most common substance on earth is water it occupies more than seventy
percent of the earth's surface it is in lakes rivers and oceans it is in the ground and in
the air it is practically everywhere.
*Etc.
is an
abbrrviation
of
the
Ladn
et
cetem.
It
means
"and
other
things

of
a
similar
nature:' The
word
and
is
NOT
uaed
in
front
of
etc.
INCORRKCT:
The
farmer
misos
ms,
shpep,
goas,
chickens,
and
etc.
INCORRBCT: Thefmme~
miser
m,
sheep,
gom,
and
chickam, stc.

CORRECT:
Thefmr
miser coeus, sheep,
gom,
chirkmr,
stc.
Also,
mace
the
spelling:
rz.,
NOT
ccr.
Connecitng
Ideas
245
(2)
Water is vital because life on earth could not exist without it people animals and
plants all need water
in
order to exist every living thing is mostly water a person's body
is about sixty-seven percent water a bird is about seventy-five percent water most hit
is about ninety percent water.
(3)
Most of the water in the world is saltwater ninety-seven percent of the water on
earth is in the oceans because seawater is salty people cannot drink it or use it to grow
plants for food only three percent of the earth's water is fresh only one percent of the
water in the world is easily available for human use.
(4)
Even though water is essential to life human beings often poison it with chemicals

li,.
from industry and agriculture when people foul water with pollution the quality of all
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,;
life-plant life animal life and human life-diminishes life cannot exist without fresh
f
'
,,
,_,water so it is essential for people to take care of this important natural resource.
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246
CHAPTER
8