Fundamentals of english grammar third edition part 39 docx

EXERCISE
9.
Comparative and superlative forms. (Charts
9-2
and
9-3)
Directim:
Give the comparative and superlative forms of the following adjectives and
adverbs.
1.
high
8.
dangerous
2.
good
9.
slowly
3.
lazy
10.
common
4.
hot*
1 1.
friendly
5.
neat*
12.
careful
6.
late*

13.
bad
14.
far
EXERCISE
10.
COI
,
.

,
~rts
9
-
-nd
9-3)
Direccionc
Complete the sentences with the correct comparative form
(-el-or)
of the
given adjectives.
1
'
1.
Oranges
are
S\UP&PV
than lemons.
I
,

.

.
2.
I
heard a little polite laughter when
I
told my jokes, but everyone laughed loudly when
Janet told hers. Her jokes are always much
than mine.
3.
Many more people die in car accidents than
in
plane accidents. Statistics show that
driving your own car is thanflying
in
an
,
t
I
airplane.
're.
clean
dangernus
funny
Jsweet
confusing
dark
PreV
wer

4.
Professor Sato speaks clearly, but
I
have trouble understanding Professor Larson's
lectures. Her lectures are much than Professor
Sato's.
-*,,>A
-
5.
Bobby! How did you get all covered with mud? Hurry and take a bath. Even the
floor is than you are.
*Spelling notes:
When a one-syllable sdiecdve ends
in
one
vowel
+
a
conso-t,
double the consonant and add
-erl-est.
Example:
sod,
aaddw,
add-t.
When an adjective ends
in
rwo
vow&
+

a
consonant,
do
NOT
double the consonant:
cool,
cooler,
coolest.
+
When an adjective ends
in
-e,
do
NM
double the cansonant:
wide,
widor,
widest.
6.
A:
Why does wet sand look
than dry sand?
B: Because wet sand reflects less light.
7.
A:
The moon is full tonight. There's not a cloud in the sky. Look at the
moonlight on the lake. It makes the water sparkle. Have you ever seen a
sight than this?
B:
No. It's beautiful.

8.
If
a cat and a duck are out in the rain, the cat will get much
than the duck. The water will simply roll off the duck's feathers but
will
soak into the
cat's hair.
EXERCISE
11.
FARTHER
and
FURTHER. (Chart
9-3)
Directions:
Complete the sentences with farther andlorfirthor. Use both if possible.
1.
Ron and his friend went jogging. Ron ran two miles, but his friend got tired after one
mile. Ron ran
f
avth~v/fhvth~v
than his friend did.
2.
If you have any
fhvtk~v
questions, don't hesitate to ask.
3.
Paris is
north than Tokyo.
4.
I

gave my old computer to my younger sister because I had no
use for it.
5.
I
like my new apartment, but it is
away from school
than my old apartment was.
6.
Thank you for your help, but I'll be fine now. I don't want to cause you any
trouble.
Comparisons
255
0
EXERCISE
12.
Comparatives. (Charts
9-2
and
9-3)
Directions:
Choose any appropriate adjective from the list (or any adjective of your own
choosing) to make comparisons between the given items. Use the comparative form
(morel-or)
.
btight flexible short
eV heavy
thick
enjuyable relaxing
thin
fast

shallow wide and deep
1.
traveling by air
\
traveling by bus
+
Tmveling by air is faster rhan traveling by bus.
Traveling by air is easier rhan tmveling
by
bus.
Etc.
2.
a pool
\
a lake
i
3.
an elephant's neck
\
a
giraffe's neck
.
.t
."
.,
"
.
4
?
4.

sunlight
\
moonlight
.
.
-r
i,u
,
L
&
,~-
5.
iron
\
wood
\.
.
.
.
.
b.z
i
:
,~
,
.,
7@<
.:
*
8

5,
,

-7
6.
walking
\
running
,
,*?>

.
7.
a river
\
a stream

.
<.:
.
'<+.
8.
rubber
\
wood
*.
.
~
9.
nothing

\
sitting
in
a garden on a quiet summer day
10.
a butterfly's wing
\
a blade of grass
0
EXERCISE 13. Comparatives. (Charts
9-2
and 9-3)
Directions:
Work in pairs.
Speaker
A:
Ask the given question. Your book is open.
Speaker
B:
Answer the question. Begin your response with "Not
really,
but
at
least
. . .
!'
Your book is closed.
Example:
SPEAKER
A

(book open):
Is the mayor of this city famous?
SPEAKER
B
(bwk closed):
Not really, but at least helshe is more famous than I am.
13,
Switch roles.
1. Is a mouse big?
7.
Is the floor clean?
2.
Is this room large?
8.
Is a pen expensive?
3.
Is your desk comfortable?
9:
Is this book heavy?
4.
Is an elephant intelligent?
10.
Is blue a bright color?
5.
Was the last exercise easy?
11.
Is
(name of a city)
close to
(name of this city)?

(a)
I'm
older
than
my
brother
(r).
In
formal
English,
a subject pronoun (e.g.,
he)
follows
@)
I'm
older
than
he
is.
than,
as
in
@).
In
everyday, informal spoken English,
an
(c)
I'm
older
than

him.
(informal)
object pronoun (e.g.,
him)
often follows
than,
as
in
(c)
(d) He works harder
than
I
do.
Frequently
an
auxiliary verb follows the
subject
after
(el
I
arrived earlier
than
zhar
did.
than.
In
(d):
than
I
do

=
than
I
wk.
(f)
Ann's
hair
is
longer
than
Kate's.
A
possessive noun (e.g.,
Kate's)
or pronoun
(e.g.,
mine)
(g)
Jack's
apartment is smaller
than
mine.
r
may
follow
than.
EXERCISE
14.
Completing
a

comparative.
(Chart
9-4)
Direcrirms:
Complete the sentences. Use pronouns
in
the completions.
1.
My sister
is
only six. She's much younger than
I
AW
OR
imfmmallv)
IM~
.
2.
Peggy is thirteen, and she feels sad.
She
thinks
most of the other girls
in
school are far
more popular than
3.
The children can't
lift
that heavy box, but
Mr.

Ford can. He's stronger than
4.
Jim
isn't a very good speller. I
can
spell much better than
5.
I was on time. Jack was late. I got there earlier than
6.
Ted is out of shape.
I
can run a lot faster and farther than
7.
Isabel's classes are diEcult, but my classes are easy. Isabel's classes are more ditficult
than
.
My classes are easier than
8.
Our
neighbor's house is
very
large.
Our
house is much smaller than
.
Their house is larger
than
EXERCISE
15.
Comparative and

superlative
forms. (Charts
9-3
and
9-4)
Diiections:
As a class or in smaller groups, divide into two teams. Each team will
try
to
score points.
SCORING:
(1)
One point for the correct
meaning
of the given adjective.
(2)
One point for the correct
compamtive
and
superlative forms
of that adjective.
(3)
One point for a clear
sentence
with the comparative or superlative form.
The teams should prepare for the contest by discussing the words in the list, looldng them
up in the dictionary if necessary, and making up possible sentences.
Example:
dependable
LEADER:

What does "dependable" mean?
TEAM:
"Dependable" means "responsible, reliable, trustworthy." For example, it
describes people who do their jobs well every day.
LEADER:
Yes. That's one point. Now, comparative and superlative forms?
TEAM:
more dependable than, the most dependable of all
LEADER:
Correct. That's another point. And a sentence with one of those forms?
TEAM:
Vegetables are more dependable than fit.
LEADER:
What? That doesn't make any sense. No point.
TEAM:
Adults are more dependable than children.
LEADER:
Good. One point. Your total points as a team: three.
List of adjectives for
the
leader to hose jbm:
1.
absent-minded
8.
confusing
15.
fresh
2.
active
9.

cute
16.
friendly
3.
attractive
10.
dangerous
17.
heavy
4.
bright
11.
delightful
18.
hectic
5.
calm
12.
dim
19.
high
6.
clever
13.
easy
20.
humid
7.
common
14.

flexible
21.
intelligent
22.
pleasant
23.
polite
24.
soft
25.
sour
26.
straight
27.
wild
28.
wonderful
1
9-5
MODIFYING COMPARATIVES
(a) Tom is
very
old.
@)
Ann
drives
uw
carefully.
Rry
often modifies adjectives,

as
in
I
in
m).
and adverbs, as
(c)
INCORRECT:
Tom
is
very older than
I
am.
Rry
is
NOT
used to modify comparative adjectives and
INCORMCT: Ann
drives
very more carefuuy
adverbs.
than she
used
to.
(d) Tom is
muchla lotlfar
older
than
I
am.

Instead,
much, a lot,
or
far
are
used to modii
(e) Ann drives
much/a
lotlfclr
more
carewy
comparative adjectives and adverbs, as in (d) and (e).
than she used to.
(f)
Ben is
a
little
(&it)
older
than
I
am
I
OR
Another common modifier is
a tittlela little bit,
as
in
(f).
(informauy)

me.
EXERCISE
16.
Modifying comparatives. (Chart
9-5)
Directions:
Add
very,
-h, a lot,
or
far
to these sentences.
1.
It's hot today.
+
It's
very
hot today.
2.
It's hotter today than yesterday.
+
It's
muchla lotlfar
hotter
today
than
yesterday.
3.
An
airplane is fast.

4.
Taking an airplane is faster than hitchhiking.
5.
Learning
a second language is difficult for many people.
6.
Learning a second language is more difficult than learning chemistry formulas.
7.
You can live more inexpensively in student housing than in a rented apartment.
8.
You can live inexpensively in student housing.
adverbs
of
more
than
one
syllable.
MORB
THAN
ONE
SYLLABLE
(a) A pen is
loss
expensive
than
a book.
(b)
A pen is
not
as

expensiwe
as
a book.
ONE
SYLLABLB
Only
not
as.
.
.
as
(NOT
loss)
is used with one-syllable
(c)
A
pen is
not
as
large
as
u
book.
adjectives or adverbs, as in (c).
The opposite of
-er/more
is expressed by
loss
or
not

as
.
.
.
as.
(a) and
@)
have
the same meaning.
Loss
and
not
as
. . .
as
are used with adjectives
and
1
(d)
INCORRECT:
A
pen
is
less
large
than
a
book.
I I
EXERCISE

17.
LESS
. .
.THAN and
NOT
AS
.
.
.
AS.
(Chart
9-6)
Direcrions:
Circle the correct answer or answers.
1.
My nephew is
-
ambitious
-
my niece.
@less
.
.
.
than
@
not as
. . .
as
2.

My nephew is
-
old
-
my niece.
A.
less
. .
.
than
@)
not as
.
. .
as
3.
A bee is
-
big
-
a bird.
A. less
. .
.
than
B.
not as
. . .
as
.,-,.

:-~
-,c.
-
4.
My brother is
-
'
;
. .
,,
.
interested in planning for the future
-
I am.
~,,':j,.:.#~
!;
A. less
. .
.than
B.
not as
.
.
.
as
.
fi.''.
. .
5.
Iam- good at repairing things

-
Diane is.
A.
less
. . .
than
B.
not as
.
. .
as
6.
Some students
are
-
serious about their schoolwork
-
others.
A.
less
. . .
than
B.
not as
. . .
as
Comparisons
259
0
EXERCISE 18. MORE/-ER,

LESS,
and NOT
AS
. . .
AS.
(Charts 9-1
-+
9-6)
Directions:
Use the words in the given order to make comparisons using one of the
following:
morel-er
. . .
than
less.
. .
than
not as
.
.
.
as
1.
France
\
large
\
Brazil
+
Fmnce isn't as large as Brazil.

2.
a river
\
big
\
a stream
+
A
river
is
bigger than a stream.
3.
metal
\
flexible
\
rubber
+
Metal
is
lessjlexible than rubber.
OR
Metal isn't as jlexible as rubber.
4.
sidewalk
\
wide
\
road
5.

arithmetic
\
difficult
\
advanced algebra
6.
a hill
\
high
\
a mountain
7.
bottled water
\
clear and clean
\
river water
.
,,;
,;.,?+


,
.,
~
'
,.
".
,
*!,

!
.
:
::
8.
cold, wet weather
\
pleasant
\
warm weather
.I
,
. .
l'i.
9.
sitting in an easy chair
\
comfortable
\
sitting on a park bench
'
10.
hiking along a path
\
dangerous
\
climbing a mountain peak
1 1.
toes
\

long
\
fingers
12.
toes
\
useful
\
fingers
13.
toes
\
long or useful
\
fingers
14.
fingers
\
long and useful \toes
0
EXERCISE 19. MORE/-ER,
LESS,
and
AS
. .
.AS.
(Charts 9-1
+
9-6)
Directions:

Compare the following. Use
(not)
crp
. .
.
crs,
less,
and
more/
How many
points of comparison can you
thii
of? Work in pairs, on teams, or as a class.
Example:
trees and flowers
(big, colo&i, useful, etc.)
+
Trees are bigger thanjlowers.
Trees are mrely as colo@l asflowers.
Flowers are less useful than trees.
Flowers aren't as sturdy as trees.
Trees are more important to clean air qmlig than Powers.
1.
the sun and the moon
3.
two restaurants in this city
2.
children and adults
4.
two famous people in the world

1
9-7
UNCLEAR COMPARISONS
UNCLEAR
(a)
Ann
likes her dog better than her husband.
CLEAR
(b)
Ann likes her dog better than her husband does.
(c)
Ann
lies her dog better than she does her husband.
Sometimes it is necessary to complete the idea
following
than
in order to make a comparison
clear.
In
@):
dues
means "lies the dog."
In (c):
does
means "likes."