Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary - Part 107 potx

Fiber
Optics
Illustrated
Dictionary
Appendix
B
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Information
asynchronous transfer mode
ATM.
ATM
is
a
highly
significant
protocol
due
to
its
flexibility
and
wide-
spread
use
for
Internet
connectivity.
It
is
a
high-speed,
cell-based,

connection-oriented,
packet
transmission
protocol
for
handling
data
with
varying
burst
and
bit
rates.
ATM
evolved
from
standardization
efforts
by
the
CCIIT
(now
the
ITU-
T)
for
broadband
ISDN
(B-
ISON)

in
the
mid-1980s.
It
was
originally related
to
Synchronous
Digital
Hierarchy
(SOH)
standards.
ATM
allows
integration
of
local
area
network
(LAN)
and
wide
area
network
(WAN)
environments
under
a
single
protocol,

with
reduced
encapsulation.
It
does
not
require
a
specific
physical
transport,
and
thus
can
be
integrated
with
current
physical
networks.
It
pro-
vides
virtual
connection
(VC)
switching
and
multi-
plexing

for
broadband
ISDN,
to
enable
the
uniform
transmission
of
voice,
data,
video
and
other
multi-
media
communications.
Two
methods
for
carrying
multiprotocol
connection-
less
traffic
over
ATM
are
routed
and

bridged
Proto-
col
Data
Units
(PDUs).
Routed
PDUs
allow
the
mul-
tiplexing
of multiple protocols
over
a
single
ATM
virtual
circuit
through
LLC
Encapsulation.
Bridged
PDUs
carry
out
implicit
higher-layer protocol
multi-
plexing

through
virtual
circuits
(VCs).
ATM
employs
fixed-length
cells
consisting
of
an
in-
formation
field
and
a
header.
The
information
field
is
transparent
through
the
transmission.
The
U.S.
and
Japan
proposed

the
use
of
64-byte
cells,
and
Europe
proposed
32-byte
cells.
As
a
consequence
of
the
dis-
crepancy,
48-byte
cells
are
favored
by
many
as
a
com-
promise.
Charts
and
simplified diagrams

on
the
following
pages
show
an
ATM
system
through
user
input
and
reception of a variety of media, including voice,
video,
and
data.
The
data
are
inserted
and
extracted
by
the
ATM
adaptation
layer
(AAL)
into
a

logical
package
called apayload
which
makes
up
part
of
the
ATM
cell.
The
ATM
layer,
in
turn,
adds
or
removes
a
five-byte header
to
this
payload,
and
the
physical
layer
converts
the

information
into
the
appropriate
format
for
transmission,
which
may
extend
over
large
areas
and
pass
through
other
networks
switches
and
routers.
The
physical
layer
is
comprised of
two
sub-
layers,
the

physical
medium
(PM)
sub
layer
and
the
transmission convergence
(TC)
sub
layer.
See
dic-
tionary
entries
for
Ethernet,
frame
relay,
mPPI,
TCP
lIP.
ATM
cell
The
ATM
cell
is
the
basic

unit
ofinforma-
tion
transmitted
through
an
ATM
network.
An
ATM
cell
has
a
fIXed
length
of
53
bytes,
consisting
ofa
48-
byte
payload
(the
information
being
transmitted)
and
a
5-byte

header
(addressing
information).
Interpre-
tation
of
the
signals
from
different
types
of
media
into
a
fixed
length
unit of
data
makes
it
possible
to
ac-
commodate
different
types
of
transmissions
over

one
type
of
network.
There
are
anumber of
important
traffic
flow
control,
congestion
management,
and
error-related concepts
related
to
ATM,
including
those
listed
in
the
ATM
Cell
Rate
Concepts
chart
shown
on

page
1038.
ATM
adaptation layer
AAL.
In
ATM,
a set
of
lTV-
T-recommended,
service-dependent
layer
types
interface
the
user
to
the
ATM
layer.
The
AAL
is
the
top
of three layers
in
the
ATM

protocol reference
model.
Higher layer
services
are
translated
through
one
or
more
ATM
cells.
AALO
to
AAL5
perform
a
variety
of
connection,
synchronization,
segmentation,
and
assembly
functions
for
adapting
different
classes
ofapplications

to
ATM.
Within
the
AAL,
informa-
tion
is
mapped
between
the
PDUs
and
ATM
cells.
Upon
creation
of
a
virtual
connection
(VC),
a
spe-
cific
AAL
is
associated
with
that

connection.
See
the
following diagrams for the relationships
of
the
adaptation
layers
to
the
ATM
format.
ATM
CeO
Header and Payload
Format
1<
Header
>I<Payload>1
+ + + + + / +
I
vcr
Label
1
control
I
header
checksum I
option.
adaptation

1
payload
I
3
bytes
1 1
byte
I 1
byte
I
layer
4
bytes
I 44
or
481
+ + + + + / +
ATM Cell
at
the User Network Interface (UNI)
Item Abbreviation Bits Notes
cell loss priority CLP
generic flow control GFC
1052
4
Cell loss priority
of
'1'
is subject to discard, without
violating agreed upon quality

of
service (QoS).
If
CLP is
'0,'
resources are allocated.
Point-to-point and point-to-multipoint. The field
appears at the user network interface.
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Adaptation
Layer
AALO
AALI
AAL2
AAL3/4
AAL5
AAL6
Appendix
B
Description
A layer implementation intended
to
provide a direct connection between
the
user
and
the
ATM.
It
is

limited
in
that
it
provides
no
service guarantee mechanisms.
It
is
recent
and
rarely
used,
except
in
proprietary, standalone systems. Nevertheless,
some
standard
commercial drivers
supportAALO.
A constant
rate
service level.
It
is
useful
for
time-sensitive applications
such
as

voice,
video, and circuit emulation.
Avariable
rate
service.
It
is
rarely
used.
A variable
rate
service. It
is
the
most
comprehensive of
the
adaptation layers,
and
was
originally specified
as
separate
AAL3
and
AAL4
for
connectionless
and
connection

com-
munications.
Avariable
rate
service similar
to
AAL3/4.
It
is
sometimes called
SEAL
for
Simple
and
EfficientAdaptation
Layer.
It
is
widely
used,
especially
in
TCP/IP
implementations.
This
is
a nonassured service,
and
retransmission must
be

accomplished
by
higher-level
pro-
tocols. It specifies a packet with a
maximum
size of64K
minus
1octets.
A recent addition, designed
to
accommodate demand
for
some
of
the
recent
multime-
dia,
high-bandwidth applications.
•
For further information related
to
ATM
adaptation
layers,
see
RFC
1483,
RFC

1577,
RFC
1626.
ATMmodels
Because
of
the
great variety
of
needs
in
the
networking
community,
many
types
and
implementations of
ATM
networks
have
been
developed. Information
on
some
of
the
more
common
and

emerging models
is
shown
in
the ATM Models chart. For further details on specific models, see dictionary entries under ATM Transition
Model,
Classical
IP
Model, Conventional Model, Integrated Model, Peer
Model.
ATM
Cell Rate Concepts
At
its
heart,
ATM
is
concerned
with
moving
and
directing traffic; cells must
be
directed (and sometimes even
discarded)
such
that
signals, priority levels,
and
data

are
effectively transmitted
and
balanced with respect
to
the
needs
at
hand.
There
is
no
single best way
to
'tune' a
network.
The
settings will
vary,
depending
upon
the
system,
the
time
of
day,
the
quantity
and

priority levels
of
users,
and
many
more
subtle
factors
that
are
not
necessarily
known
in
advance.
Thus,
there
have
been a number
of
basic
cell
rate concepts defined
for
system installers
and
administrators
to
assess
and

'tweak' their systems
for
optimum information
flow
without
loss.
Some
of
the
more
important
concepts
are
summarized
in
the
ATM
Cell
Rates
chart.
1053
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Fiber
Optics
Illustrated
Dictionary
ATM Models
and
Test Systems
of

Interest
Model
over
ATM
Description
Appendix
B
Classical
IP
A
model
for
enabling compatible, interoperable implementations
for
transmitting
IP
datagrams
and
ATM
address
Resolution
Protocol
(ATMARP)
requests
and
replies over
ATM
adaptation layer 5
(AAL5).
LLC/SNAP

encapsulation of
IP
packets.
IP
address
resolution
to
ATM
addresses
via
an
ATMARP
service
within
the
LIS.
One
IP
subnet
is
used
for
many
hosts
and
routers.
Each
virtual
connection
(VC)

directly
connects
two
IP
members
within
the
same
LIST.
TCPIIP
applications.
See
RFC
1577.
IP
Broadcast
An
IP
multicast service
in
development
by
the
IP
over
ATM
Working
Group
for
supporting

Internet
Protocol
(IP)
broadcast
transmissions
as
a special
case
ofmulticast.
See
RFC
2022,
RFC
2226.
IP
Multicast
Internet
Protocol
(IP)
multicasting
over
Multicast Logical
IP
Subnetwork
(MLIS)
using
ATM
multicast routers. A
model
developed

to
work
over
the
Mbone,
an
emerging
multicasting internetwork.
It
is
designed
for
compatibility
with
multicast
routing
protocols
such
as
RFC
1112
and
RFC
1075.
LANE
Local
Area
Network
(LAN)
Emulation.

Protocol-independent applications
aid
in
the
transition
from
legacy
internetworks
to
ATM.
Native
ATM
API
ATM
-specific applications
which
take
advantage
of its
quality
of service
(QoS)
capabilities.
ATM
over
DS3
An
experimental testbed
network
called

XUNET
II
running
at
45
Mbps
to
connect
FODI
networks
at
eight
sites
across
the
continental
U.S.
from
coast
to
coast.
Internet
Protocol
routers
at
each
site
forward
packets
between

connected
local
area
networks
(LAN
s)
and
long-distance
DS3
links.
The
production
version transmits
IP
datagrams
over
a
PVC
mesh
fabric,
with
a single
virtual
circuit
(VC)
between
each
pair of routers.
Multicube
An

experimental
approach
to
the
implementation of
IP
Multicast
over
ATM
proposed
by
Schulzrinne
et
ale
Multicube
is
a project
to
develop,
test,
and
validate
an
ATM-based
multipoint infrastructure
for
supporting
CSCW
applications.
The

majority of
the
multicast
applications of endusers involved
in
the
project
are
Internet Protocol
(IP)
based.
ATM Cell Rate Concepts
Cell
Factor
allowed
cell
rate
current
cell
rate
cutoff
decrease
factor
cell
interarrival
variation
generic
cell
rate
algorithm

initial
cell
rate
minimum
cell
rate
peak
cell
rate
rate
decrease
factor
sustainable
cell
rate
unspecified
bit
rate
variable
bit
rate
1054
Description
ACR.
A
traffic
management
parameter
dynamically
managed

by
congestion
control
mechanisms.
ACR
varies
between
the
minimum
cell
rate
(MCR)
and
the
peak
cell
rate
(PCR).
CCR.
Aids
in
the
calculation
of
ER
and
may
not
be
changed

by
the
network
elements
(NEs).
CCR
is
set
by
the
source
to
the
available
cell
rate
(ACR)
when
generating
a
forward
RM-cell.
CDF.
Controls
the
decrease
in
the
allowed
cell

rate
(ACR)
associated
with
the
cell
rate
margin
(CRM).
CIV.
Changes
in
arrival
times
of
cells
nearing
the
receiver.
If
the
cells
are
carrying
information
that
must
be
synchronized,
as

in
constant
bit
rate
(CBR)
traffic,
then
latency
and
other
delays
that
cause
interarrival
variation
can
interfere
with
the
output.
GCRA.
A
conformance
enforcing
algorithm
that
evaluates
arriving
cells.
See

leaky
bucket.
ICR.
A
traffic
flow
available
bit
rate
(ABR)
service
parameter.
The
ICR
is
the
rate
at
which
the
source
should
be
sending
the
data.
MeR.
Available
bit
rate

(ABR)
service
traffic
descriptor.
The
MeR
is
the
transmission
rate
in
cells
per
second
at
which
the
source
may
always
send.
PCR.
The
PCR
is
the
transmission
rate
in
cells

per
second
which
may
never
be
exceeded.
It
characterizes
the
constant
bit
rate
(CBR).
ROE
An
available
bit
rate
(ABR)
flow
control
service
parameter
that
controls
the
decrease
in
the

transmission
rate
of
cells
when
it
is
needed.
See
cell
rate.
SCR.
The
upper
measure
of
a
computed
average
rate
of
cell
transmission
over
time.
UBR.
An
unguaranteed
service
type

in
which
the
network
makes
a
best
efforts
attempt
to
meet
bandwidth
requirements.
VBR.
The
type
of
irregular
traffic
generated
by
most
non-voice
media.
Guaranteed
sufficient
bandwidth
and
QoS.
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC

Appendix
C
International Telegraph Union (ITU-T)
Telecommunications Recommendations
Over
the
decades
since
its
inception,
the
ITU
has
been
developing
international guidelines
to
promote
com-
patibility
and
interoperability of
communications
systems,
from
the
original telegraph
to
modem
mobile

com-
munications
systems.
These
guidelines
are
available
as
publications
from
the
ITU-
T
for
purchase
over
the
Internet
and
many
in
the
A
Series
are
downloadable
without charge
from
the
Web.

Since
ITU-T
specifications
and
recommendations
are
widely
followed
by
vendors
in
the
telecommunications
industry,
those
wanting
to
maximize
interoper-
ability
with
other
systems
need
to
be
aware
of
the
information disseminated

by
the
ITU-
T.
The
list
below
describes
the
general overall categories
and
specific
series
topics
are
listed under individual
entries
in
this
dictionary,
e.g.,
B
Series
Recommendations.
Note
that
some
series
topics
include

only
a
few
documents,
while
others,
such
as
the
GSeries
Recommendations,
include
many
hundreds
of
documents
and
thus
some
sections
may
be
summarized,
or
described
with
examples.
Note
also
that

the
author
has
taken
time
to
categorize
many
of
the
documents,
which
can
sometimes
be
difficult
to
locate
in
a numerical-only list,
to
aid
the
reader
in
finding
the
appropriate document
and
understanding

the
depth
and
breadth of
the
publications.
lTV-T Recommendations
Categories
Description
Series A Organization
of
the work
of
the
lTD
-T
Series B
Means
of
expression: definitions, symbols, classification
Series C
General telecommunications statistics
Series D
General tariff priniciples
Series E
Overall network operation, telephone service, service operation, and human factors
Series F
Telecommunication services other than telephone
Series G
Transmission systems and media, digital systems and networks

Series H
Audiovisual and multimedia systems
Series I
Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN)
Series
J
Transmission
of
sound program and other multimedia signals
Series K Protection against interference
Series L
Construction, installation, and protection
of
cables and other elements
of
outside plant
Series M TMN and network maintenance: international transmission systems, telephone circuits,
telegraphy, facsimile, and leased circuits
Series N Maintenance: international sound program and television transmission circuits
Series 0
Specifications
of
measuring equipment
Series P Telephone transmission quality, telephone installations, local line networks
Series
Q
Switching and signaling
Series R Telgraph transmission
Series S
Telegraph services terminal equipment

Series T Terminals for telematic services
Series U Telegraph switching
Series V
Data communication over the telephone network
Series X
Data networks and open system communication
Series Y Global information infrastructure and Internet protocol aspects
Series Z Programming languages
1055
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Fiber
Optics
Illustrated
Dictionary
World Wide Web
Major Search Engines
Appendix
D
Name
URL
(Web
Address)
Notes
AltaVista l Extensive searching, advanced search parameters,
priority ranking. First introduced by Digital
Equipment in 1995.
Ask Jeeves
l Enables input
of
query sentences

or
phrases and
provides intelligent natural language parsing
of
the
query to provide a targeted list
of
hits and
suggestions for related topics.
clnet Search
l
Perhaps best known for its large repository of
software updates, shareware, and public domain
software, clnet also provides a Web search engine
that displays a short list and enables users to look
at further selections,
if
desired.
DejaNews !
A huge archive
of
the posts to various USENET
newsgroups. A remarkable record
of
public
conversations online, searchable by keywords or
author. This has now been acquired
by
Google.
DogPile l

Looking for a short, targeted list
of
hits? Try this
search engine. It also includes category searches
and stores.
Excite
/>General search, weather, stocks.
Google l
Fast, extensive, with a lovely simple, uncluttered
interface. Also includes Google News and lists
USENET group postings as Google Groups
(acquired from DejaNews).
i-Explorer !
Search in popular, general interest categories.
InfoSeek
!
Web pages, newsgroups, and individuals.
InfoSpace />Personal and business listings, maps, etc.
Inktomi
/>Fast distributed searchable database from the
University
of
California at Berkeley.
LinkS
tar
l
Business directory search.
Lycos l
General searching, maps, and personal names from
Carnegie Mellon University.

Magellan
/>Sites reviewed and rated by the McKinley Group,
Inc.
Sleuth
/>The Internet Sleuth searches over 3,000 Internet
databases. Selections can be found through general
categories. (This may now be defunct.)
Starting Point
l
Searches the Web and other Internet resources
(selectable), includes advanced search capabilities.
Switchboard
l Personal and business listings
of
names, addresses,
and email addresses.
Webcrawler l Quick, to-the-point listings.
Yahoo !
An extensive service that includes a search engine
and hundreds
of
topics organized under categories
of
interest.
For further information from the publisher: l
For further information from the author:
l
1056
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Appendix

E
Internet Domain Name Extensions
North
America
and
Generic International
.us
United
States
U.S.,
not
commonly
used
.um
United
States
Outlying islands
.gov
U.S.
government
Local, state,
and
federal
government agencies
.mil
U.S.
military
Military agencies,
bases
.arpa

ARPANET
Advanced Projects Research
Agency
.ca
Canada
.tnX
United
Mexican States
.int international
.com
commercial
General business, services, suppliers
.biz
business
Retail business,
malls,
electronic storefronts
.
pro
professional
Doctors, lawyers, consultants,
home
care nurses, realtors, vets, carpenters
.info information
Noninstitutional educational, informational
.net
network
Net
related.
.org

organization
Nonprofit, not-for-profit, charitable
.edu
education
Schools, colleges, universities, other educational facilities
.museum
museums
Public
and
private repositories
in
many
disciplines
.
aero
aeronautics
Airlines, aeronautical suppliers, contractors
Central
and
South
America
.
gs
So.
Georgia,
So
.
.is
Iceland
.ag

Antigua,
Barbuda
Sandwich Islands
.it Italian Republic
.ar
Argentine
Republic
.pm
St.
Pierre, Miquelon
.je
Jersey
.aw
Aruba
.sr
Suriname
.Iv
Latvia
.bb
Barbados
.uy
Uruguay
.li
Liechtenstein,
.bz
Belize
.ve
Venezuela
Principality of
.bm

Bermuda
United
Kingdom,
Europe
.It
Lithuania
.bo
Bolivia
.Iu
Luxembourg,
Grand
.br
Brazil
.gb
Great Britain
Duchy
of
.cl
Chile
.ie
Ireland
.mk
Macedonia
.co
Colombia
.im
Isle of
Man
.mt
Malta

.cr
Costa
Rica
.uk
United
Kingdom
.md
Moldova
.cu
Cuba
.mc
Monaco
.dm
Dominica
.al
Albania
.nl
Netherlands
.do
Dominican
Republic
.ad
Andorra
.no
Norway
.ec
Ecuador
.at Austria
.pt Portuguese Republic
.sw

EI
Salvador
.by
Belarus
.ro
Romania
.fk Falkland Islands
.sm
San
Marino (Italy)
(Malvinas)
.be
Belgium
.sk
Slovakia
.tf
French
Southern
.ba
Bosnia, Herzegovina
.si
Slovenia
Territories
.bg
Bulgaria
.es
Spain
.gd
Grenada
.hr

Croatia
.se
Sweden
.gp
Guadeloupe
.cy
Cyprus
.ch
Switzerland
.gt
Guatemala
.cz
Czech
Republic
.ua Ukraine
.gy
Guyana
.dk
Denmark
.va
Vatican
City
State
.gf
Guyana
(French)
.ee
Estonia
.yu
Yugoslavia

.ht
Haiti
.fo
Faroe Islands
Middle
East
.hn
Honduras
.fi
Finland
.jm
Jamaica
.de
Federal
Republic
of
.bh
Bahrain
.mq
Martinique
Germany
.ir
Iran
.ms
Montserrat
.fr France
.iq
Iraq
.ni
Nicaragua

.fx
France
.il
Israel
.pa
Panama
.de
Germany
.jo
Hashemite Kingdom
.py
Paraguay
of Jordon
.pe
Peru
.gi
Gibraltar
.kw
Kuwait
.pr
Puerto
Rico
.gr
Greece
.lb
Lebanon
.Im
St.
Kitts,
Nevas

.gl
Greenland
(Denmark)
.sa
Saudi
Arabia
.Ie
St.
Lucia
.gg
Guernsey
.tr
Turkey
.vc
St.
Vincent,
Grenadines
.hu
Hungary
.ae
United
Arab
Emirates
1057
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Fiber
Optics
Illustrated
Dictionary
Appendix

E
Internet Domain Name Extensions, cont.
Eastern
Europe,
Middle
Asia
.ci
Ivory
Coast
.to
Tonga
.ke
Kenya
.vn
Vietnam
.af
Afghanistan
.Is
Lesotho
.al
Albania
.lr
Liberia
.am
American Samoa
.am
Armenia
.Iy
Libya
.au

Australia
.az
Azerbaijan
.mg
Madagascar
.bn
Brunei
.bg
Bulgaria
.mr
Mauritania
.ck
Cook Islands
.by
Bielorussia
.mw
Malawi
.fj
Fiji
.hr
Croatia
.ml
Mali
.gu
Guam
.ee
Estonia
.mu
Mauritius
.id

Indonesia
.kz
Kazakhstan
.yt
Mayotte
.my
Malaysia
.kg
Kirgistan
.ma
Morocco
.mh
Marshall Islands
.Iv
Latvia
.mz
Mozambique
.fm
Micronesia
.It
Lithuania
.na Namibia
.nz
New
Zealand
.md
Moldavia
.ne
Niger
.nf

Norfolk Island
.pl
Poland
.ng
Nigeria
.pw
Palau
.ro
Romania
.re
Reunion
.pg
Papua
(New
Guinea)
.ru
Russian
Federation
.sn
Senegal
.ph
Philippines
.rw
Rwanda
.sc
Seychelles
.pn
Pitcairn Islands
.sk
Slovakia

.sl
Sierra
Leone
.pf Polynesia (French)
.si
Slovenia
.so
Somalia
.ws
Samoa
.tj
Tadzhikistan
.za South Africa
.sb
Solomon Islands
.tm
Turkmenistan
.sh
S1.
Helena
.lk
Tokelau
.ua
Ukraine
.sd Sudan
.lv
Tuvalu
.uz
Uzbekistan
.sz

Swaziland
.wf
Wallace,
Futuna Islands
Mediterranean,
Caribbean
.tz
Tanzania
Antarctica
.tg
Togo
.pg
.an
Antilles (Netherlands)
.tn
Tunisia
.aw
Aruba
.ug
Uganda
West
Indies,
Antilles
.cy
Cypress
.eh
Western
Sahara
.mt
Malta

.zr
Zaire
.ai
Anguilla
.Ic
Saint Lucia
.zm
Zambia
.ag
Antigua
and
Barbuda
Africa
.zw
Zimbabwe
.bb
Barbados
Asia,
South
Pacific,
.bm
Bermuda
.dz
Algeria
Antarctic
.bs
Bahamas
.ao
Angola
.ky

Cayman Islands
.bj
Benin
.bd
Bangladesh
.cu
Cuba
.bw
Botswana
.io
British Indian
Ocean
.dm
Dominica
.bv
Bouvet Island
Territories
.do
Dominican Republic
.bf
Burkina Faso
.in
India
.gd
Grenada
.bi
'Burundi
.bt Bhutan
.cm
Cameroon

.kh
Cambodia
.gp
Guadeloupe (French)
.cw
Cape
Verde
.hk
Hong
Kong
.ht
Haiti
.cf Central African
(Xianggang)
.jm
Jamaica
Republic
.jp
Japan
.mq
Martinique (French)
.td
Chad
.kp
Korea
(North)
.pr
Puerto Rico (U.S.)
.Ian
Comoros

.kr
Korea
(South)
.Ic
Saint Lucia
.cd
Congo
.la
Laos
tc.
Turks, Caicos Islands
.cg
Congo
Republic
.rno
Macau
.ci
Cote
d'Ivoire
.my
Malaysia
.tt
Trinidad
and
Tobago
.dj
Djibouti
.mn
Mongolia
.vg

Virgin
Islands (British)
.eg
Egypt,
Arab
Republic of
.np
Nepal
.vi
Virgin
Islands (U.S.)
.gq
Equatorial Guinea
.pk
Pakistan
.er Eritrea
.cn
People's Republic of
Miscellaneous
.et
Ethiopia
China
.ga
Gabon
.sg
Singapore
.aq
Antarctica
.gm
Gambia

.kr
South
Korea
.nt
Neutral
Zone
.gh
Ghana
.Ik
Sri
Lanka
.gn
Guinea
.tw
Taiwan
.gw
Guinea
Bissau
.th
Thailand
I
1058
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Appendix
F
Request for Comments (RFC) Documents
Request for Comments (RFC) documents are an essential resource for understanding the implementation,
structure, fonnat, and evolution
of
the Internet. There are over 3,000

of
these documents and, unfortunately,
not sufficient space here to list abstracts or even the titles
of
all the RFCs. Nevertheless, the following quick
lookup summarizes some
of
the most important general concepts and some
of
the RFCs with greater rel-
evance to fiber optic technologies.
The reader
is
encouraged to consult the many excellent RFC repositories on the Internet archived in various
formats including ASCll, editable PostScript, Adobe PDF, and HTML. The RFCs themselves include refer-
ences to related documents
of
interest.
In addition
to
www.w3c.org, (for Web info) and www.rfc.net, some good
Net
archives
of
interest include
RFC Searchable, nicely formatted, forward and
backward references
Searchable and shows authors, dates, and
references in search results
Searchable from a selection

of
archives, includes
Perl 5 expressions and Title/Author/Keyword
searching
Categorizations and lists and links to RFCs
of
particular interest
General
RFC 1358
RFC 1594
RFC 1709
RFC 1796
RFC 1920
RFC 1925
RFC 1935
RFC
1941
RFC 1958
RFC
1983
RFC 1999
RFC 2000
RFC 2014
RFC 2026
RFC 2028
RFC
2031
RFC 2125
RFC 2223
RFC 2360

RFC 2799
RFC 2900
RFC 3000
RFC 3160
RFC 3272
IP General
Charter
of
the Internet Architecture Board (lAB), August 1992.
Answers to Commonly Asked "New Internet User" Questions, March 1994
K-12
Internetworking Guidelines, November 1994.
Not all RFCs are Standards, April 1995.
INTERNET OFFICIAL PROTOCOL STANDARDS, March 1996.
The Twelve Networking Truths, 1 April 1996.
What
is
the Internet, Anyway?, April 1996.
Frequently Asked Questions for Schools, May 1996.
Architectural Principles
of
the Internet, June 1996.
Internet User's Glossary, August 1996.
Request for Comments Summary RFC Numbers 1900-1999,
INTERNET OFFICIAL PROTOCOL STANDARDS, January 1997.
IRTF Research Group Guidelines and Procedures, October 1996.
The Internet Standards Process - Revision 3, October 1996.
The Organizations Involved in the IETF Standards Process, October 1996.
IETF-ISOC Relationship, October 1996.
A Primer on Internet and TCP/IP Tools and Utilities, March 1997.

Instructions to RFC Authors, October 1997.
Guide for Internet Standards Writers, June 1998.
Request for Comments Summary RFC Numbers 2700-2799, September 2000.
Internet Official Protocol Standards, August 2001. Obsoletes 2800.
INTERNET OFFICIAL PROTOCOL STANDARDS, November 2001.
The Tao
of
IETF - A Novice's Guide to the Internet Engineering Task Force, August 2001.
Overview and Principles
of
Internet Traffic Engineering, May 2002.
RFC 1919 Classical versus Transparent IP Proxies
RFC 1932 IP over
ATM:
A Framework Document
RFC 1954 Transmission
of
Flow Labeled IPv4 on
ATM
Data Links Ipsilon Version 1.0
RFC 2002 IP Mobility Support
RFC 2764 A Framework for IP-Based Virtual Private Networks
RFC 3168 The Addition
of
Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP
1059
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Fiber
Optics
Illustrated

Dictionary
IPv6
(IPNG)
Appendix
F
RFC 1902 Structure
of
Management Information for Version 2
of
the Simple Network Management
Protocol
RFC
1903
Textual Conventions for Version 2
of
the Simple Network Management Protocol
RFC 1904 Conformance Statements for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol
RFC
1905
Protocol Operations for Version 2 ofthe Simple Network Management Protocol
RFC 1906 Transport Mappings for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol
RFC 1907 Management Information Base for Version 2
of
the Simple Network Management Protocol
RFC 1924 A Compact Representation
of
IPv6 Addresses
RFC
1933
Transition Mechanisms for IPv6 Hosts and Routers

RFC
1955
New Scheme for Internet Routing and Addressing (ENCAPS) for IPNG
RFC 1970 Neighbor Discovery for IP Version 6 (IPv6)
RFC
1971
IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
RFC 1972 A Method for the Transmission ofIPv6 Packets over Ethernet Networks
RFC
1981
Path MTU Discovery for IP version 6SNMPv2
ppp
RFC
1172
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) initial configuration options
RFC
1332
The PPP Internet Protocol Control Protocol (IPCP)
RFC 1334 PPPAuthentication Protocols
RFC
1661
The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
RFC
1841
PPP Network Control Protocol for LAN Extension
RFC
1877
PPP Internet Protocol Control Protocol Extensions for Name Server Addresses
RFC
1915

Variance for The PPP Connection Control Protocol and The PPP Encryption Control Protocol
RFC 1962 The PPP Compression Control Protocol (CCP)
RFC
1963
PPP Serial Data Transport Protocol (SDTP)
RFC
1967
PPP LZS-DCP Compression Protocol (LZS-DCP)
RFC
1968
The PPP Encryption Control Protocol (ECP)
RFC
1969
The PPP DES Encryption Protocol (DESE)
RFC
1973
PPP in Frame Relay
RFC
1975
PPP Magnalink Variable Resource Compression
RFC 1976 PPP for Data Compression in Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment (DCE)
RFC 1979 PPP Deflate Protocol
RFC
1989
PPP Link Quality Monitoring
RFC 1990 The PPP Multilink Protocol [Obsoletes RFC 1717]
RFC
1993
PPP GandalfFZA Compression Protocol
RFC 1994 PPP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)

RFC
2363
PPP over FUNI
RFC 2364 PPP over AAL5
RFC 2716 PPPEAPTLS Authentication Protocol
RFC 2823 PPP over Simple Data Link (SDL) Using SONET/SDH with ATM-Like Framing
RFC 2878 PPP Bridging Control Protocol (BCP)
ATM
RFC
1483
Multiprotocol Encapsulation over
ATM
Adaptation Layer 5
RFC 1680 IPng Support for
ATM
Services
RFC
1755
ATM
Signaling Support for IP over
ATM
RFC 1932 IP over
ATM:
A Framework Document
RFC 1946 Native
ATM
Support for ST2+
RFC 2022 Support for Multicast over UNI 3.0/3. I-based
ATM
Networks

RFC 2098 Toshiba's Router Architecture Extensions for
ATM:
Overview
RFC 2225 Classical IP and ARP over
ATM
RFC 2226 IP Broadcast over
ATM
Networks
RFC
2331
ATM
Signaling Support for IP over
ATM
- UNI Signaling 4.0 Update
1060
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Appendix
F
ATM,
cant.
RFC 2364 PPP over AAL5
RFC 2379 RSVP over
ATM
Implementation Guidelines
RFC 2380 RSVP over
ATM
Implementation Requirements
RFC 2492
1Pv6
over

ATM
Networks
RFC 2512 Accounting Infonnation for
ATM
Networks
RFC 2514 Definitions
of
Textual Conventions and OBJECT-IDENTITIES for
ATM
Management
RFC 2515 Definitions
of
Managed Objects for
ATM
Management
RFC 2684 Multiprotocol Encapsulation over
ATM
Adaptation Layer 5
RFC
2761
Terminology for
ATM
Benchmarking
RFC 2844 OSPF overATM and Proxy-PAR
RFCs
Related
to
Optical Networking
RFC 1044 Internet Protocol
on

Network Systems HYPERchannel Protocol Specification, February
1988.
RFC 1077 Critical Issues in High Bandwidth Networking, November 1988.
RFC 1152 Workshop Report Internet Research Steering Group Workshop on Very-High-Speed
Networks, April 1990.
RFC 1259 Building the Open Road: The NREN
as
Test-Bed for the National Public Network, September
1991.
RFC 1323 A set
of
TCP extensions that help extend TCP into speeds that are characteristic
of
fiber optic
networks, May 1992. Obsoletes RFC 1072 and RFC 1185.
RFC 1368 Definitions
of
Managed Objects for IEEE 802.3 Repeater Devices, October 1992.
RFC 1374 IP and ARP on HIPPI, October 1992.
RFC 1455 Physical Link Security Type
of
Service, May 1993.
RFC 1595 Definitions
of
Managed Objects for the SONET/SDH Interface Type, March 1994.
RFC 1619 PPP over
SONET/SDH, May 1994.
RFC 1686 IPng Requirements: A Cable Television Industry Viewpoint, August 1994.
RFC 2067 IF over HIPPI, January 1997.
RFC

2171
MAPOS - Multiple Access Protocol over SONET/SDH Version
1,
June 1997.
RFC 2558 Definitions
of
Managed Objects for the SONET/SDH Interface Type, March 1999.
RFC 2615 PPP over
SONET/SDH, June 1999.
RFC 2625 IP and ARP over Fibre Channel, June 1999.
RFC 2816 A Framework for Integrated Services Over Shared and Switched IEEE 802 LAN
Technologies, May 2000.
RFC 2823 PPP over Simple Data LInk (SDL) Using
SONET/SDH with ATM-Like Framing, May 2000.
RFC 2834 ARP and IF Broadcast over HIPPI-800, May 2000.
RFC 2837 Definitions
of
Managed Objects for the Fabric Element in Fibre Channel Standard, May
2000.
RFC 2892 The Cisco SRP MAC Layer Protocol, August 2000.
RFC 3186 MAPOSIPPP Tunneling Mode, December 2001.
RFC 3255 Extending Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) over Synchronous Optical NETwork/Synchronous
Digital Hierarchy
(SONET/SDH) with Virtual Concatenation, High Order and Low Order
Payloads, April 2002.
RFC 3347 Small Computer Systems Interface Protocol over the Internet (iSCSI) Requirements and
Design Considerations, July 2002.
Frame
Relay
RFC 1586 Guidelines for Running OSPF over Frame Relay Networks

RFC 1973 PPP in Frame Relay
RFC 2115 Management Information Base for Frame Relay DTEs Using SMIv2
RFC 2427 Multiprotocol Interconnect over Frame Relay
RFC 2590 Transmission
of
IPv6 Packets over Frame Relay Networks Specification
RFC 2954 Definitions
of
Managed Objects for Frame Relay Service
RFC 3034 Use
of
Label Switching on Frame Relay Networks Specification
1061
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Fiber
Optics
Illustrated
Dictionary
National Associations
AppendixG
National Association ofBroadcasters
NAB.
Awell-known American broadcast industry association
providing support
and
education
to
its
members
through literature, standards activities,

programming, conventions,
and
seminars.
http:www.nab.org/
National Association ofRadio and Telecommunications Engineers
NARTE.
An
international
professional association
which
provides support
to
members
along
with
certification programs.
National Association ofRegulatory Utility Commissioners
NARUC.
A
Washington
D.C based
organization serving the needs
of
the
various United States government utility commissioners.
l
National Association of State Telecommunications Directors
(NASTD).
An association
of

telecommunications professionals
in
state government engaged in
the
promotion and advancement
ofeffective telecommunications policies
and
technology implementation
to
improve government
operations.
NASTD
was
founded
in
1978
and
is
affiliated with the Council
of
State Governments
(CSG).
It
includes representatives
from
the
American states, territories, and the District of
Columbia.
/>National Association ofTelecommunications Officers and Advisors NATDA. Aprofessional
association

which
supports
and
services
the
telecommunications needs
of
local governments.
NATDA provides education, information,
and
advocacy
for
their
members.
/>National
Bell
Telephone Company A merger
of
the
Bell
Telephone
Company
and
the
New
England
Telephone
Company,
in
a bid

to
achieve widespread national coverage
of
services. A court decree
dissolved
the
company
only
4 years
later.
National Broadcasting Company
NBC.
Amajor broadcast company
for
many
decades,
formed
in
1926
by
David
Sarnoff.
NBC
provides general television programming, entertainment, sports,
news,
local/interactive, programming transcripts, contests, games,
and
arts.
See
Sarnoff:

David.
National Bureau OfStandards
NBS.
Abureau
of
the
u.S. government
which
provides testing
and
standardization services.
The
NBS
had
an
important role in
the
development
of
early computing
devices
in
the
1940s
when
it
undertook
the
construction
of

two
large-scale computing machines
for
its
internal needs,
one
to
be
installed
on
each
coast.
This
resulted
in
the
building
of
the
Standards
Eastern
Automatic Computer
(SEAC)
and
the
Standards
Western
Automatic Computer
(SWAC).
National Cable & Telecommunications Association

NCTA.
Formerly
the
National
Cable
Television
Association,
the
NCTA
is
the
primary trade association
of
the
cable television industry in
the
U.S.,
founded
in
1952.
It
provides
members
with
industry information
and
a unified voice
for
advancing
the

technology
and
industry
of
cable telecommunications, serving
more
than
150
cable program
networks.
NCTA
hosts
an
annual industry
trade
show.
/>National Cable
Television
Association
NCTA.
A
trade
association representing
the
cable broadcast
industry
founded
in
1952.
NCTA

represents
the
interests
of
its
members
to
public policy
makers
in
the
U.S.
Congress,
the
judicial system,
and
the
public.
NCTA
hosts a large annual trade
show.
NCTA
is
now
the
National Cable &Telecommunications Association.
National Committee for Information
Technology
Standardization
NCITS.

A
U.S.
organization
for
developing national information technology
(IT)
standards in cooperation with national
and
international standards
bodies.
/>National Communications System
NCS.
A
branch
of
the
U.S.
government
formed
in
1962
during
the
Cuban
Missile Crisis.
The
recommendation
of
an
interdepartmental committee reporting

to
President
John
F.
Kennedy
was
to
form
a
single
communications system
to
serve
the
President, the
Department ofDefense
(DoD),
diplomatic
and
intelligence activities,
and
civilian leaders.
The
NCS
was
officially established
in
1963
to
link,

improve,
and
extend
the
communication facilities
and
components
of
various
federal
agencies. It cooperates with various standards bodies,
and
develops
emergency
procedures
for
the
American communications infrastructure. It
also
provides
documents
and
CD-ROMs,
including a Glossary
of
Telecommunications Tenns (FS-I037C).
The
NCS
is
administered

by
the
General Services Administration
(GSA).
See
Glossary
of
Telecommunications
Terms.
/>National Continental Telephone, Telegraph & Cable Company ofAmerica Founded
in
1899,
this
ambitious
undertaking
was
an
attempt
to
gain
control
of
all
the independent telephone companies,
that
is,
all
those
not controlled
by

Bell.
Despite backing
by
some
of
America's richest high-profile
financiers,
this
project
was
unsuccessful.
National Coordinating Center
NCC.
Ajoint
U.S.
government-industry organization established
by
the
National
Communications
System
(NCS)
to
provide
for
the
U.S.
government's
telecommunications
service

requirements.
The
NCC
initiates, coordinates,
and
restores
NS/EP
telecommunications
1062
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Appendix
G
services.
It
is
one
of
several
divisions
of
the
Office
of
the
Manager of
the
National
Communications
System
(OMNCS).

National Coordination Office for Computing, Information, and Communications
NCO.
A
U.S.
infonnation
and
communications
coordinating
agency.
/>National Counterintelligence Information CenterA
U.S.
government
center within
the
National
Security
Council
(NSC)
for
coordinating
the
identification
and
countering
of
foreign
intelligence
threats
to
the

U.S.
national/economic
security.
National Digital Cartographic Data Base
NDCDB.
A
U.S.
database of
digital
cartographic/
geographic
data
files
compiled
by
the
U.S.
Geological
Survey
(USGS).
The
database
includes
elevation,
planimetric,
landcover,
and
landuse
data
at

various
scales.
National Emergency NumberAssociation
NENA.
Anot-for-profit standard-setting
organization
that
supports
and
promotes
the
development
and
availability ofa
universal
emergency
telephone
number
system
(currently
911).
NENA
was
founded
in
1982
as
a result of
meetings
of

the
National
Telecommunications
InfonnationAdministration
(NTIA).
NENA
further
supports
research
and
education
in
the
advancement
and
use
of
emergency
number
services.
/>National Exchange
Carrier
Association
NECA.
Anonprofit organization established
by
the
Federal
Communications
Commission

(FCC)
in
1983
to
administer
issues
related
to
service
and
access
charges.
The
NECA
serves
the
interests of
incumbent
local
exchange
carriers
(LECs),
and
administers
the
universal
service
fund
(USF),
which

subsidizes
certain
loop
services.
http://
www.neca.org/
National Federation
of
Community Broadcasters
NFCB.
A
national
U.S.
alliance
of
noncommercial
community-oriented
radio
wave
broadcast
stations
and
producers.
The
NFCB
was
founded
in
the
1970s

as
a result of
discussions
at
a
meeting
called
the
National Alternative
Radio
Konvention
(NARK).
It
subsequently provided assistance
and
education
to
community
broadcasters
including
the
publishing
of
Audiocraft
and
The
Public
Radio
Legal
Handbook

as
standard references. In
1995,
the
head
office
was
moved
from
Washington,
D.C.
to
San
Francisco.
NFCB
member
stations
are
committed
to
community
support
and
participation.
They
are
funded
by
listeners,
grants,

and
the
Corporation
for
Public
Broadcasting
(CPB).
Almost halfof
them
service
rural
communities,
and
a
third
are
dedicated
to
minority
radio
broadcasting.
The
NFCB
has
become
a
lobbying
voice
at
Congressional

hearings
and
liaises
with
other national
organizations.
Lynn
Chadwick
has
been
credited
with
long-term
leadership of
the
organization
through
some
of
its
most
important
growth
and
development
phases.
See
Community
Broadcasters
Association,

Communications
Policy
Project.
/>National HighAltitude Photography
NHAP.
Originally
established
in
1980
with
satellites
at
40,000
feet,
the
height
was
lowered
to
20,000
feet,
and
the
program
renamed
to
National
Aerial
Photography
Program

in
1987.
See
National
Aerial
Photography
Program.
National Communications System
NCS.
A
governmental
organization established
in
1963
as
a
result
of
the
Cuban
missile
crisis
during
which
the
U.S.,
NATO,
and
the
U.S.S.R.

experienced
communications
problems
that
could
have
had
deadly
repercussions. Following
the
crisis,
President
Kennedy
ordered
the
investigation of
national
security
communications
and
a
committee
recommended
a
single,
unified
system
to
serve
the

President,
the
Department of
Defense
(DoD),
and
other
relevant
bodies.
The
NCS
focused
on
interconnectivity
and
survivability of
an
extended,
interlinked
governmental
communication
system.
In
1984,
the
NCS's
mandate
was
broadened
to

include
national security
and
emergency
preparedness.
Support
for
the
NCS
within
the
Operations
Division
is
provided
by
Training,
Planning
&
Operational
Support
(TPOS).
See
National
Coordinating
Center
for
Telecommunications.
/>National Coordinating Centerfor Telecommunications
NCC.

Ajoint
government
and
industry
organization
for
coordinating
the
initiation, restoration,
and
reconstitution of
U.S.
government
national
security
and
emergency
preparedness
telecommunications
services
in
the
U.S.
and
abroad.
The
National
Communications
System
Operations

Division (N3)
provides
guidance
to
NCC.
See
National
Communications
System.
/>National Information
and
Communications Infrastructure - Africa
NICl.
A
framework
for
developing
policy,
guidelines, regulations,
and
laws
for
directing
and
shaping
Africa's
communications
infrastructure. In
2001,
the

number
ofInternet
users
in
Africa
was
approaching
3
million,
the
majority
being
in
the
Sub-Saharan
region,
primarily
South
Africa.
National Institute
of
Optics
NlO.
The
Canadian
national
organization
located
in
Quebec

city.
This
is
now
known
as
ONI.
National Institute ofStandards and Technology
NIST.
This
national
standards
organization
is
affiliated
with
the
U.S.
Department of
Commerce.
/>1063
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Fiber
Optics
Illustrated
Dictionary
Appendix
G
National Associations, cont.
National Internet Services Provider

NISP
or
NSP.
An
Internet
Services
Provider of
national
scope,
usually
with
broader
regional
access
and
a
variety
of
connection
points.
The
Internet
services
provided
by
local
ISPs
and
NSPs
are

usually
similar.
The
main
difference
is
that
national
providers
often
have
dialups
in
major
cities
that
the
user
can
access
with
a
local
call
when
traveling,
thus
avoiding
long-distance
connect

charges.
National
ISDN
Council
See
ISDN
associations.
National Laboratory for Applied Network Research
NLANR.
An
organization
that
researches
leading-edge
networks
and
supports
the
evolution
ofa
U.S.
national
network
infrastructure.
Its
main
function
is
to
provide

technical,
engineering,
and
traffic
analysis
support
to
National
Science
Foundation
High
Performance
Connection
sites.
NLANR
is
divided
into
three
main
areas
serving
applications
and
users,
engineers,
and
measurement
and
analysis

professionals.
It
began
as
a
collaborative
project
among
NSF-supported
supercomputer
sites
and
was
established
in
1995.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NOAA.
A
U.S.
government
agency
that
sets
strategic
goals
for
environmental
assessment,
prediction,

and
stewardship
and
describes
and
predicts
changes
in
the
Earth's
environment,
to
manage
coastal
and
marine
resources.
http:/
/
/www.noaa.gov/
National Public Safety Telecommunications Councll
NPSTC.
A
federation
of
associations
representing
and
advocating
telecommunications

for
public
safety,
founded
in
1997.
Recommendations
from
the
Public
Safety
Wireless
Advisory
Committee
(PSWAC)
are
followed
up
by
NPSTC.
The
associations
affiliated
with
NPSTC
include
the
National
Association
of

State
Telecommunications
Directors,
the
Association
ofPublic-Safety
Communications
Officials
-
International
(APCD),
the
National
Association
of
State
Emergency
Medical
Services
Directors
(NASEMSD),
and
others.
/>National Research and Education Network
NREN.
A
government-funded,
gigabit-per-second,
national
research

backbone
proposed
in
the
early
1990s
after
an
initial
proposal
was
presented
in
1987
to
the
Congress
by
the
Federal
Coordinating
Committee
for
Science
Engineering
and
Technology
(FCC
SET).
It

was
intended
to
support
voice
and
video,
and
to
become
a
significant
means
of
finding
and
disseminating
information.
See
National
Science
Foundation.
National Research Councll
NRC.
A
U.S.
organization
established
in
1916

by
the
National
Academy
of
Sciences
to
serve
the
needs
of
the
science
and
technology
community
in
advising
the
federal
government.
It
is
now
the
principal
operating
agency
of
the

National
Academy
of
Sciences
and
the
National
Academy
of
Engineering.
The
NRC
provides
services
to
the
government,
scientific
and
engineering
communities,
and
the
public.
It
is
administered
jointly
by
the

Academies
and
the
Institute
of
Medicine.
In
1989,
the
NRC
expressed
concern
in
a
report
about
the
vulnerability ofa
fully
interconnected
public
switched
network
(PSN)
and
its
implications
for
national
security.

See
Network
Reliability
and
Interoperability
Council.
/>National Rural Telecommunications Cooperative
NRTC.
A
trade
organization
supporting
over
1000
rural
utilities
organizations
in
46
states
in
delivering
telecommunications
and
information
technology
services.
NRTC
was
founded

in
1986
by
the
National
Rural
Electric
Cooperative
Association
(NRECA)
and
the
National
Rural
Utilities
Cooperative
Finance
Corporation
(eFC).
In
the
early
1990s,
in
partnership
with
DIRECTV,
Inc.,
NRTC
made

a significant
investment
toward
launching
the
first
U.S.
high-power
direct
broadcast
satellite
(DBS)
system,
acquiring
exclusive
sales
rights
to
8%
ofDIRECTV
subscribers.
It
is
now
the
leading
distributor ofsatellite
broadcasting
services
and

hardware
to
rural
consumers.
To
promote
legislative
and
distribution
support
for
rural
satellite
technologies,
NRTC
also
collaborated
in
the
development
of
the
Satellite
Home
Viewer
Improvement
Act
in
1999.
See

LOCAL
TV
Act
of2000, Satellite
Home
Viewer
Improvement
Act.
!
National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee
NSTAC.
A
committee
of
corporate
leaders
representing
major
telecommunications
industries
providing
advice
to
the
U.S.
President
on
issues
and
vulnerabilities

in
national
security
and
emergency
preparedness
telecommunications
policies.
See
National
Communications
System.
/>National Science Foundation
NSF
An
independent
U.S.
government
agency,
established
in
1950
to
promote
public
welfare
through
science
and
engineering

research
and
education
projects
through
various
types
of
educational
and
financial
support.
The
NSF
was
established
by
the
National
Science
Foundation
Act
of
1950,
and
provided
with
additional
authority
through

the
Science
and
Engineering
Equal
Opportunities
Act.
It
is
administered
by
the
National
Science
Board
appointed
by
the
President
with
the
advice
and
consent
of
the
U.S.
Senate.
See
NSFNET.

/>1064
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Appendix G
National
Space
Development
Agency
NASDA.
A
Japanese
national
agency
established
to
promote
the
development
and
peaceful
use
of
space
through
the
Japanese
Space
Development
Program,
NASDA
was

founded
in
October,
1969.
The
headquarters
are
located
at
the
Tanegashima
Space
Center,
where
satellites
are
launched
into
orbit.
In
1972,
a
further
Tsukuba
Space
Center
was
established,
followed
six

years
later
by
an
Earth
Observation
Center
and,
in
1980,
by
the
Kakuda
Propulsion
Center.
By
the
early
1990s,
NASDA
was
involved
in
a
number
of
national
and
collaborative
space

experiments.
NASDA
jointly
supports
the
Geostationary
Meteorological
Satellite
(GMS)
system
in
conjunction
with
the
Japan
Meteorological
Association.
See
Geostationary
Meteorological
Satellite.
/>National Standards
System
NSS.
A
Canadian
standards
association
which
is

managed
by
and
works
in
conjunction
with
the
Standards
Council
of
Canada
and
a
committee
of
volunteers
to
write
standards,
and
to
test
and
certify
products
and
systems.
See
Canadian

Standards
Association,
Standards
Council
of
Canada.
National Storage Industry Consortium
NSIC.
A
nonprofit
consortium
of
more
than
50
universities,
research
laboratories,
and
corporations
dedicated
to
research
and
development
in
digital
informa-
tion
storage

systems.
NSIC
is
headquartered
in
San
Diego,
California,
and
was
incorporated
in
April
1991.
Among
other
things,
NSIC
defines,
organizes,
and
manages
longer-range
research
projects
such
as
the
Extremely
High

Density
Recording
(EHDR)
Project
and
the
Network-Attached
Storage
Devices
(NASD)
Project.
See
NASD
Project.
/>National
Technical
Information Service
NTIS.
An
agency
of
the
U.S.
Department
of
Commerce,
through
the
Technology
Administration.

NTIS
is
the
official
source
for
various
types
and
formats
of
U.S.
government-sponsored
global
scientific,
technical,
engineering,
and
business-related
information,
supplied
by
many
U.S.
government
agencies.
/>National Telecommunications and InformationAdministration
NTIA.
An
Executive

Branch
agency
of
the
U.S.
Department
of
Commerce
founded
in
1978.
NTIA
is
responsible
for
domestic
and
international
telecommunications
policy
issues,
and
is
a
principal
advisor
to
the
President.
NTIA

works
to
promote
efficient
and
effective
uses
of
telecommunications
information
and
resources
in
order
to
support
U.S.
competitiveness
and
job
opportunities.
NTIA
is
descended
from
a
reorganization
of
the
Office

of
Telecommunications
Policy
(OTP)
and
the
Office
of
Telecommunications
(OT).
It
cooperates
with
the
Federal
Communications
Commis-
sion
(FCC)
in
managing
broadcast
spectrum
administration
and
assignment.
Various
endowment
and
grant

programs
have
been
transferred
to
the
NTIA,
including
the
Public
Telecommunications
Facilities
Program
from
the
Department
of
Health,
Education,
and
Welfare.
The
NTIA
has
a
laboratory
for
conducting
applied
research

in
telecommunications,
located
in
Boulder,
Colorado.
See
Federal
Communications
Commission,
Institute
for
Telecommunication
Sciences.
/>National Telecommunications Commission - Philippines
NTC.
An
independent
government
agency
created
in
the
late
1970s,
superseding
the
Board
of
Communications

and
the
Telecommunications
Control
Bureau.
The
NTC
performs
regulatory
and
quasi-judicial
functions
for
enforcing
telecom-
munications
in
the
Philippines.
It
is
affiliated
with
the
Department
of
Transportation
and
Communi-
cations;

however,
decisions
are
accountable
directly
to
the
Supreme
Court.
The
NTC
traces
its
origins
to
a
regulatory
office
established
when
the
Ship
Radio
Station
Law
was
enacted
in
1927.
In

1995,
a
Special
Committee
for
Children
was
established
to
deal
with
the
problem
of
sexual
abuse
and
child
prostitution
using
children
as
performers
or
models.
Internet
entrepreneurs
were
exploiting
and

promoting
Filipino
children
as
easily
available
for
sexual
tourism.
Due
to
the
growing
prevalence
and
concern
over
cable
piracy,
the
NTC
formed
the
Cable
TV
Piracy
Task
Force
(CTP-TF)
to

cooperate
with
other
agencies
in
educating
the
public
about
cable
piracy
with
the
goal
of
reducing
cable
broadcast
signals
theft.
National Telecommunications Damage Prevention
CouncD
NTDPC.
Initially established
in
1989
as
the
California
Common

Carrier
Steering
Committee,
the
group
frrst
addressed
contractual
issues
related
to
railroad
coastal
cable
ducts.
Over
time,
the
mandate
of
the
group
grew
to
support
the
protection
of
all
below-surface

telecommunications
facilities.
In
the
mid-1990s,
the
name
was
changed
to
The
National
Common
Carriers
Cable
Hazard
Prevention
Committee
and
then
changed
to
NTDPC
to
reflect
the
broader
focus;
a
number

ofsignificant
telecommunications
carriers joined
the
organization.
The
NTDPC
is
a
noncompetitive
forum
dedicated
to
protecting
all
telecommuni-
cations
networks,
regardless
of
ownership,
with
a
focus
on
preventing
damage
to
buried
facilities

forming
part of
the
nation's
communications
infrastructure.
National
Telephone
CooperativeAssociation
NTCA.
A
national
trade
association
representing
over
500
small
and
rural
independent
local
exchange
carriers
(LECs),
based
in
Arlington,
Virginia.
Small

telephone
cooperatives
overseas
are
also
becoming
part of
the
organization,
in
addition
to
nonlocal
exchange
businesses
(wireless,
Internet,
cable
television,
DBS).
NTCA
promotes
the
regulatory
and
educational
needs
of
its
members,

and
supports
and
coordinates
a
number
of
employee
benefit
programs.
/>1065
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Fiber
Optics
Illustrated
Dictionary
Appendix
H
Dialing Letler-Nuniber
Equivalents
.
lJsefullJnits
Quantity Units Symbol
capacitance
farad
caR(i9ity
liter L
current
ampere
A

force
newton,
kilonewton
N,
kN
frequency
cycle,
ltertz Hz
magnetic
flux
maxwell
length
meter,
••
micron
m,
Jl
po~ptial
volt V
power flow
watt,
kilowatt
W,
kW
Pre$Sure
pascal,kilopascal Pa,
kPa
temperature
kelvin K
velocity

meters/second
mis,
mlsec
vol~mr.
cubic meters m
2
wor~energy
joule,:kilojoule
l,kI
See
also dictionary entries
for
illuminance,
radiance,
flux,
candela,
radian,
and
steradian.
ABC
DEF
OHI
.JKL
MN
PRS
TUV
WXY
OQ
ABC
DEF

Gm
IKE
MNO
PRS
TUV
WXY
Operator
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
There
is
no
Qin
U.S.
systems
and
no
Z
or
U.K.
telephone
syst~fDs.
These

letter-
number
equivalents
are.
also
found
on
ATMs.
MetricPrefixesIYaIues
International
Morse Code
Prefix
S
b.
Nume~1
Expression
Expon.
Let.
Code
Let.
Code
.e
__
._
_._
-_

_-
_

_.
-

-
-
-_

._ _.
?
••
- _
••
()
_.
__

e_._._
I
A •
__

A
._e_
E •• _••
N __
e
__
o _.
u
••

1
._
2
••
_
3
•••
- -
4
••••
-
5
•••••
6 -
••••
7 -
-e
••
8 - _
9 e
o

A

B -
•••
c
_.
D -

••
E •
F··
·
G

> .
H····
I
••
J


K
_
L
._
••
M
N
o
p •
__
•
Q -
_
R

S
•••

T
U
v···

w
._-
x -
.e_
y
_.'
z - _
••
1()24
1()21
10
18
10
15
10~
10-
3
10-
6
10""9
l()?~a
10-
15
'
10-
18

10"'21
10~
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
1
,OO(),OOO,OOO,OOO,OOO,OOO,OOO
1,OOO,00(),OOO,OOO,OOO,OOO
1,000,000,000,000,000
l'~~8BO,OOO,OOO
1,OOO~OOO,OOO
1,0000,OOO
1,000
100
10
0.01
0.001
0.000001
0.OOOOOOOO1
O.OOO()OOOOOOOI
0.OOOOOOOOOOOO00
1
0.OOOOOOOOO000000001
0.00000000OOOOOOOO0000
1
0.00OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO1
deci- d
centi-
c
milll- m
micro- m
nano-

n
pi~(r
femto-
f
atto- a
zepto- z
yocto- y
yotta-
Y
zettel-
Z
exa-
E
peta- P
tera-
T
giga /
G
mega-
M
kilo-
k
hecto-
h
deca-
da
1066
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Appendix
I

1067
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC