CCNA 1 and 2 Companion Guide, Revised (Cisco Networking Academy Program) part 110 ppt

1059
FCS errors, 284
FCS field (Ethernet frames), 261
features
of IGRP, 747
of RIP, 729–730
FEXT (far-end crosstalk), 197–198
FHSS (frequency-hopping spread spectrum), 159–161
fiber-optic networks
100BASE-FX, 332–334
cabling, 133
absorption, 150
as backbone medium, 894
bending, 151
cladding, 142
core, 143
dispersion, 150
duplex fiber, 141
GBIC connectors, 211
interducting, 152
multimode, 144
noise, 149
scattering, 150
safe handling, 912
signaling, 192–194
single-mode, 143–145
splicing, 153
components of, 147
connectors, 148
patch panels, 149
receivers, 147

repeaters, 148
transmitters, 147
fields
of Ethernet frames, 264–265
of ICMP messages
destination unreachable messags, 771–772
echo requests, 770
of TCP segment header, 819–820
file sharing
on data networks, 45
sneakernet, 44
file systems, verifying, 667–668
files, Cisco IOS Software naming conventions, 654–655
filtering, 356
final configuration procedures for Cisco routers, 603
finish phase of cable installation, 942–944
TDRs, 945–946
fire extinguishers, 912
firestops, 935–936
firewalls, 89, 867
with ACLs, 868
fish tape, 919
flash memory, booting from, 647
flow, 67
flow control, 479, 821, 823
messages, 780
windowing, 484–824
FLP bursts, 287
format of MAC addresses, 258–259
forwarding delay, 515

fragment-free switching, 362
Frame Relay, 517
frames, 73, 259–261
alignment errors, 284–285
collisions
late, 281
local, 280–281
remote, 281
data flow, 300–302
Ethernet, fields, 264–265
Ethernet II, 263–264
FCS errors, 284
ghosts, 285
IEEE 802.3, 262
interframe spacing, 275
long, 283
retransmissions, calculating, 276
runts, 284
short, 283
structure, 262
frequency, 184
frequency
1102.book Page 1059 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM
1060
frequency-domain analysis, 188
FTP (File Transfer Protocol), 495–496
FTP (foil twisted pair), 193
full duplex transmission, 289, 360
timing, 272–273
full-mesh topologies, 98

functionality of routers in WANs, 536–538
future of Ethernet, 354–355
G
G.703, 517
gateway of last resort, 722–723
gateways, 86, 538
GB (gigabyte), 20
GBIC connectors, 210
Gbps (gigabits per second), 21, 61
ghosts, 285
GHz (gigahertz), 21
Gigabit Ethernet, 337–339
1000BASE-LX, 342–344
1000BASE-SX, 342–345
1000BASE-T, 339–342
architecture, 345–347
global configuration mode (CLI), 592–593
global parameter configuration, Cisco IOS Software,
556–559
goals of IEEE, 255
graded index glass, 144
H
half duplex transmission, 271, 289
timing, 273
handshaking, 481
hard disk drives, 7
hardware components of LANs
bridges, 218–219
hubs, 217
repeaters, 216

switches, 221–222
HC (horizontal cross-connect), 892
HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control), 517
help functions on Cisco IOS routers, 569–571
hexadecimal number system, 23–24
converting to binary, 28–30
hierarchical addresses, 392–394
hierarchical topologies, 98
high-speed Internet connectivity, 15
high-speed wireless, 162
highway analogy of bandwidth, 59
history of computer networking, 47–48
hold-down timers, 719
routing loop prevention, 733
holddowns (IGRP), 747
home networking applications, 52
hop count, 442, 534
horizontal cable, installing, 924–928, 935
host addresses, 386
reserved, 398–399
subnetting, 402–404
host names
applying to routers, 595–596
resolving to IP address, 606–607
host wildcard, 851
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), 17, 493
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), 496–497
hubs, 79–81, 217
hybrid routing protocols, 701
hyperlinks, 17

HyperTerminal
capturing configuration file text, 658
editing configuration file text, 659–660
Hyperterminal session establishment on Cisco IOS
routers, 562–563
Hz (hertz), 21, 66
I
IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), 400
IC (intermediate cross-connect), 892
frequency-domain analysis
1102.book Page 1060 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM
1061
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), 762
address masks requests, 777–778
destination unreachable messages
fields, 771–772
echo requests, 765–769
fields, 770
error reporting, 763, 773
extended ACL configuration, 861
information requests, 776
message delivery, 762–763
redirect/change messages, 773–775
router-solicitation messages, 778–780
source quench messages, 780–781
time exceeded messages, 769
timestamp messages, 775–776
unreachable network messages, 764–765
identifying IP address classes, 394–397
IE (Internet Explorer), 17

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers),
130, 252
goals of, 255
IEEE 802.11b standard, 162
IEEE 802.3 standard. See also Ethernet
Ethernet naming conventions, 254
frames, 262
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), development of
IPv6, 376
IFS (Cisco IOS File System), 651, 653
IGPs (Interior Gateway Protocols), 443–444, 703
IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), 446, 744
configuring, 748
features of, 747
metrics, 745
route advertisement, 747
timers, 747
troubleshooting, 751–753
verifying configuration, 749–751
images, 651
Cisco IOS Software, 575–577
loading, 561
corrupt, troubleshooting, 580
IFS, 653
restoring to router with TFTP, 665–666
impedence discontinuity, 196
impedence, 121
implementing
Ethernet in campus networks, 206–208
UTP, 212

incident rays, 135
indirectly connected networks, collision domains, 291
information requests, 776
infrared light, 135
insertion loss, 196
installation support tools, 919
installing
cable
certification process, 947–951
cutover, 951
finish phase, 942–946
firestops, 935–936
horizontal cable, 924–928, 935
rough-in phase, 923
safety, 907–910
support tools, 919
terminating copper media, 936–938
trimout phase, 939–942
vertical cable, 932
Cisco IOS images, 576–577
Cisco uBR905 cable access router to cable system,
239–240
Ethernet, connector requirements, 208
modems, 13–14
insulators, 117
intelligent hubs, 218
interducting, 152
interface counters, clearing, 801
interframe spacing, 275
interior routers, 539

Internet
architecture, 383–385
OSI model, 384
scalability, 385
Internet
1102.book Page 1061 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM
1062
high-speed connectivity, 6, 15
TCP/IP configuration, 15
web browsers, 17–18
Internet layer (TCP/IPmodel), 380–381, 833–834
ARP, 834
internetworking, 384, 538
InterNIC, 400
intialization process, Cisco IOS routers, 554
intranet VPNs, 57
intranets, 55
IP (Internet Protocol), 448. See also IP addresses
error control, 761–762
packets, 453–454
ip access-group command, 855
IP addresses, 32–33, 386
ARP, 408
default gateways, 411
operation within subnets, 410
assignment of, 407
BOOTP assignment, 414–415
DHCP assignment, 415–417
RARP assignment, 412–414
static assignment, 408

comparing IPv4 and IPv6, 405
converting decimal to binary, 389–391
dotted decimal notation, 388
host addresses, 386
host name resolution, 606–607
IPv4, 392, 394
address classes, 394–397
private, 400–402
public, 400–402
reserved IP addresses, 398–399
RFC 1918, 401
resolution issues, 417–419
subnetting, 402–404, 455–457
ANDing, 463–465
calculating hosts per subnet, 463
creating subnets, 460, 463
subnet mask address, 458–460
versus port numbers, 833
ip classless command, 731–732
ip route command, 682
IPv4, 392–394, 406
address classes, 394–397
versus IPv6, 404–406
IPv6, requirements, 376
IR (index of refraction), 136
ISDN BRI (Integrated Services Digital Network Basic
Rate Interface), 236–237
IS-IS (Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System), 447
ISO (International Organization for Standardization),
901

OSI reference model, 69
ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union
Telecommunications Standard Sector), 515
J–K
jabber, 282
jitter, 196
Kb (kilobit), 20
KB (kilobyte), 20
kbps (kilobits per second), 20, 61
kBps (kilobytes per second), 20
Kellem grips, 922
L
labor issues
contractor licensing, 956
OSHA, 904
unions, 956
LANs, 45, 49–50, 69
bandwidth, 58
characteristics of, 58
data tranfer calculations, 64–66
digital verus analog, 66
highway analogy, 59
limitations of, 61–63
measurements of, 61
pipe analogy, 59
throughpust, 64
Internet
1102.book Page 1062 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM
1063
bridges, 82

cabling, 205–206
comparing with WANs, 511
connection devices
bridges, 218–219
hubs, 217
repeater, 216
switches, 221–222
connectivity, NICs, 225–226
data centers, 54–55
Ethernet
10-Gbps, 347–353
10-Mbps, 317, 320
10BASE2, 321–322
10BASE5, 320–321
10BASE-T, 322–323, 325–326, 328
100-Mbps, 328–329
100BASE-FX, 332–334
100BASE-T, 329–332
1000-Mbps, 337–339
1000BASE-LX, 342–344
1000BASE-SX, 342–345
1000BASE-T, 339–342
alignment errors, 284–285
architecture, 334, 336–337
autonegotiation, 285–287
broadcast domains, 300
collision domains, 290–299
collisions, 279–281
connector requirements, 208
data flow, 300, 302

error handling, 277–279
FCS errors, 284
frames, 259–265
framing, 262
full-duplex, 360
future of, 354–355
ghosts, 285
Gigabit Ethernet, 345–347
interframe spacing, 275
jabber, 282
Layer 2 bridging, 356
Layer 2 switching, 357–358
link establishment, 288–290
long frames, 283
MAC, 258–259, 266–268, 271
microsegmentation, 359
propagation delay, 360
roles of OSI layers, 256–257
runts, 284
segments, 302–303
short frames, 283
timing, 272–274
extranets, 55
hubs, 79, 81
intranets, 55
NICs, 81
routers, 84
SANs, 53
switches, 83–84
versus MANs, 52

LAPB (Link Access Procedure Balanced), 518
LAPB (X.25/Link Access Procedure Balanced), 518
LAPD (Link Access Procedure on the D channel), 518
LAPF (Link Access Procedure Frame), 518
laptops versus desktops, 11
last route update, determining, 726–727, 729
late collisions, 281
Law of Reflection, 137–138
Layer 1 troubleshooting, 790–791
Layer 2
bridging, 356
broadcasts, 297–299
frames, 259, 261
Ethernet II, 263–264
IEEE 802.3, 262
structure, 262
switching, 83–84, 357–358
versus routing, 432–434
troubleshooting, 790–792
Layer 2
1102.book Page 1063 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM
1064
Layer 3
addresses, 723–724
troubleshooting, 790, 793–796
Layer 7, troubleshooting, 797–798
layers of OSI model
application layer, 71, 491
connection establishment/termination, 493–494
direct network applications, 492

DNS, 494–495
FTP, 495–496
HTTP, 496–497
indirect network support, 492–493
SMTP, 497–498
SNMP, 498
Telnet, 499–500
data link layer, 72
de-encapsulation, 77
encapsulation, 75–76
network layer, 72
peer-to-peer communication, 72–73
physical layer, 72
presentation layer, 71
roles in Ethernet LANs, 256–257
session layer, 71
transport layer, 71, 477
flow control, 479
handshaking, 481
multiplexing, 480
QoS, 478–479
three-way handshake, 482
windowing, 483–484
layers of TCP/IP model, 74–75, 376
application layer, 377–378, 816–818
corresponding OSI layers, 382–383, 816
Internet layer, 380–381, 833–834
ARP, 834
network access layer, 381–382
transport layer, 378–379, 818–819

ports, 828
reliable transport, 821
reserved port numbers, 829, 831
LEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol),
171, 225
LED indicators on Cisco IOS routers, 559
legacy Ethernet, 317
architecture, 319
transmission process, 318
legislation, ADA, 901
Length field (Ethernet frames), 261
length limitations of networking media, 62
level-driven encoding schemes, NRZ, 343
light
electromagnetic spectrum, 134
fiber-optic cables, 141
cladding, 142
core, 143
duplex fiber, 141
multimode, 144
single-mode, 143, 145
IR, 136
Law of Reflection, 137–138
optical density, 136
ray model, 135–136
total internal reflection, 139
limitations
of bandwidth, 61–63
of networking media, 62
line encoding, 318

link lights, 791
link-state routing protocols, 444, 697
network discovery process, 698
OSPF, 692
processing requirements, 700
routing information exchange, 698–700
LLC sublayer, 255
load balancing, 713–714
RIP, 740–741
load metric, 442
load sharing, 691
loading images in Cisco IOS Software, 561
local collisions, 280–281
locating Cisco IOS Software, 646
Layer 3
1102.book Page 1064 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM
1065
logical connections, 6
logical functions of routers, 531–533
logical topologies, 94, 99
login banners
creating, 605
MOTD, 606
login passwords, creating, 596
login process for Cisco IOS routers, 565–566
long frames, 283
loop prevention, STP, 362–364
operating modes, 365–366
loose-tube cabling, 146
LSAs (link-state advertisements), 444, 697

M
MAC (Media Access Control), 266
addresses, 28
on Ethernet LANs, 258–259
OUIs, 258
versus port numbers, 833
CSMA/CD, 268, 271
deterministic protocols, 267
NICs, 81
nondeterministic protocols, 267
MAC sublayer, 255
macrobending, 151
mainframes, 48
maintaining CDP information, 625–626
management frames, 165
management ports, 535–536
managing Cisco IOS Software
with ROMmon, 662–667
with TFTP, 660–661
Manchester encoding, 318
MANs (metropolitan-area networks) versus LANs and
WANs, 52
mapping networks with CDP, 627
Mb (megabit), 20
MB (megabyte), 20
Mbps (megabits per second), 21, 61
MBps (megabytes per second), 21
MC (main cross connect), 892
measuring
availability, 514

bandwidth, 61
electricity
current, 120
impedence, 121
resistance, 120
voltage, 119
wattage, 120
media connections, 439–440
membrane penetration, 936
memory
compability with Cisco IOS images, 576
RAM, 8
ROM, 9
memory chips, 10
messages
control messages
address mask requests, 777–778
ICMP information requests, 776
ICMP redirect/change messages, 773–775
ICMP timestamp messages, 775–776
router solicitation, 778–780
flow control, 780
ICMP, 762–763
echo requests, 765–769
error reporting, 763
fields, 770–772
source quench, 780–781
time exceeded, 769
unreachable networks, 764–765
Metcalfe, Robert, 252

metrics, 431, 442, 693–695, 725–726
calculating, 726
IGRP, 745
MHz (megahertz), 21
microbending, 151
microprocessors, 8
speeds, 21
microprocessors
1102.book Page 1065 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM
1066
microsegmentation, 84, 357–359
microwave spectrum, 168
minicomputers, 48
modal dispersion, 144
modems, installing, 13–14
modes of Cisco IOS Software operation, 574–575
CLI command modes, 578
modifying Cisco router configurations, 602
modulation, 156–157
MOTD (message-of-the-day), configuring, 606
motherboards, 8
mouse ports, 10
MSDS (material safety data sheet), 905
MTBF (mean time between failure) ratings, 513
multimode fiber, 144
multiple sessions between hosts, 832–833
multiple-network environments, subnetting, 455
multiplexing, 480
multiport repeaters, 80
multiprotocol routing, 680

MUTOAs (multiuser telecommunications outlet
assemblies), 895
N
named ACLs, defaults, 863–867
naming conventions
Cisco IOS Software, 654–655
Ethernet, 253
naming routers, 595–596
narrowband, 169
narrowband interference, 159, 190
NEC (National Electrical Code), 905
type codes, 906
neighbors, displaying, 623–624
Netscape, 17
network access layer, TCP/IP model, 381–382
network addresses, 398, 677
network layer (OSI model), 72
addressing, 438–439
dynamic routing, 693
IP addressing, 386
converting binary to decimal, 391
converting decimal to binary, 389–391
dotted decimal notation, 388
host addresses, 386
multiprotocol routing, 680
path determination, 675
routing, 430–431, 676
dynamic routing, 690–691
routing functionality, 679
switching, 678

network maps, creating with CDP, 627
network masks, 429
network servers, booting from, 648
network testing, 787–788, 790–792
Layer 3, 793–796
Layer 7, 797–798
networking devices
AAA servers, 90
bridges, 82
CMTS, 87
DSLAMs, 86
firewalls, 89
hubs, 81
optical, 88
repeaters, 79
routers, 84
switches, 83–84
voice gateways, 86
VPN concentrators, 91
wireless APs, 92
wireless bridges, 93
wireless NICs, 91
networking models, 67
de-encapsulation, 77
encapsulation, 75–76
OSI reference model, 69–70
application layer, 71
data link layer, 72
network layer, 72
microsegmentation

1102.book Page 1066 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM
1067
peer-to-peer communication, 72–73
physical layer, 72
presentation layer, 71
session layer, 71
transport layer, 71
TCP/IP, 74–75
neutrons, 116
NEXT (near-end crosstalk), 197–198
measuring, 202
next hop, 726
nibbles, 329
NIC (network interface card), 10
NICs, 12–13, 79, 81, 225–226
modem installation, 13–14
wireless, 91
NLP (Normal Link Pulse), 286
noise, 149, 157
narrowband interference, 190
sources of on copper media, 198–191, 196–197
FEXT, 198
NEXT, 197–198
white noise, 190
non-adjacent networks, routing between, 543–544
nondeterministic MAC protocols, 267
nonroutable protocols, 432
NOT operator, 31
NRZ (non-return to zero) encoding, 318, 343
NRZI (non-return to zero inverted) encoding, 330

NSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.2-1, 204
nucleus, 115
number systems, 186–187
numbering ACLs, 847
NVRAM (nonvolatile random-access memory), 553
startup configuration, saving configuration
variables, 602
O
obtaining IP addresses, 407
BOOTP assignment, 414–415
DHCP assignment, 415, 417
RARP assignment, 412, 414
static assignment, 408
operating modes of Cisco IOS Software, 574–575
operators (Boolean), 30
optical density, 136
optical fiber, 133
signaling, 194
testing, 203–204
optical link loss budget, 153, 204
Optical Loss Meters, 153
optical networking
absorption, 150
devices, 88
dispersion, 150
components of, 147
connectors, 148
patch panels, 149
receivers, 147
repeaters, 148

transmitters, 147
fiber-optic cabling
bending, 151
splicing, 153
noise, 149
scattering, 150
optimality of routing protocols, 534
OR operator, 31
organizations governing protocols, 49
oscilloscopes, viewing electrical signals, 188
OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health
Administration), 904
OSI reference model, 69–70
application layer, 71, 491
connection establishment/termination, 493–494
direct network applications, 492
DNS, 494–495
FTP, 495–496
HTTP, 496–497
indirect network support, 492–493
SMTP, 497–498
OSI reference model
1102.book Page 1067 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM
1068
SNMP, 498
Telnet, 499–500
associated TCP/IP model layers, 376, 382–383
data link layer, 72, 255–257
de-encapsulation, 77
encapsulation, 75–76

Internet architecture, 385
Layer 3
dynamic routing, 690–693
multiprotocol routing, 680
network addresses, 677
path determination, 675, 678
routing, 676
routing functionality, 679
switching, 678
network layer, 72
network troubleshooting methodology
Layer 1, 790–791
Layer 2, 790, 792
Layer 3, 790, 793–796
Layer 7, 797–798
peer-to-peer communication, 72–73
physical layer, 72, 206
presentation layer, 71
session layer, 71
transport layer, 71, 477
flow control, 479
handshaking, 481
multiplexing, 480
QoS, 478–479
three-way handshake, 482
windowing, 483–484
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), 447
stub networks, 681
OTDRs (Optical Time Domain Reflectometers), 153
OUIs (organizationally unique identifiers), 258

output, debug ip rip command, 806–807
P
packet filtering, ACLs, 841–842
bit buckets, 845
configuring, 847
extended ACLs, 855, 857–863
functions of, 843
named, 863–867
on firewall routers, 868
restricting vty access, 869–870
standard ACLs, 852–854
verifying, 870–871
packet starvation effect, 277
packets, 73, 428
broadcasts, 83
collisions, 81
CRC, 77
datagrams, 448
IP, 453–454
propagation within a router, 449, 451
RARP, 414
packet-switched networks, 451, 521–522, 291
PAR (positive acknowledgment and retransmission),
826–827
parallel ports, 10
partial-mesh topologies, 99
passive scanning, 165
passive-interface command, 720
passwords
configuring on Cisco routers, 596

enable password, 557
recovering, 609–613
patch panels, 132, 149
path determination, 437, 675, 678, 723
media connections, 439–440
metrics, 693–695
network layer addressing, 438–439
path selection, 678
PCBs (printed circuitboards), 7
PCs
components of, 7, 10
NICs, 12–13
modem installation, 13–14
desktops versus laptops, 11
PDUs (protocol data units), 72
OSI reference model
1102.book Page 1068 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM