CCNA 1 and 2 Companion Guide, Revised (Cisco Networking Academy Program) part 60 pot

Router Boot Sequence and Setup Mode 559
Router LED Indicators
Cisco routers use light-emitting diode (LED) indicators to provide status information.
Depending on the Cisco router model, the LED indicators vary.
The upper LED on the daughter card indicates the activity on serial 1 port on the
daughter card. The lower LED on the daughter card indicates the activity of the WAN,
or BRI port. Figures 11-2 and 11-3 illustrate the router LED indicators.
Do you want to configure Serial1 interface? [yes]: n
The following configuration command script was created:
hostname Cisco
enable secret 5 $1$37Kq$vA6UckClKEBzOIWGIF54U/
enable password lumberjacks
line vty 0 4
password wildcats
no snmp-server
!
no bridge 1
ip routing
!
interface Ethernet0
ip address 10.10.10.1 255.0.0.0
!
output omitted
Lab Activity Router Configuration Using Setup
In this lab, you use the System Configuration Dialogue (setup) to establish
some of the basic router configuration parameters.
Example 11-5 Prompts for Global Parameters at the Console (Continued)
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560 Chapter 11: Router Fundamentals
Figure 11-2 2500 Series Router LED Indicators
Figure 11-3 1721 Series Router LED Indicators

The LEDs on the interface indicate the activity of the corresponding interface. If the
LED is not on when the interface is active, and the interface is correctly connected,
this might indicate a problem. If an interface is extremely busy, its LED is always on.
The green OK LED on the bottom of both WAN interface cards comes on after the
system initializes correctly.
Initial Router Boot-Up Output
Each time a router is powered on, it goes through the following boot sequence:
1. The router goes through POST diagnostics to verify basic operation of the CPU,
memory, and interfaces.
WIC 2 OK
ISDN BRI
WIC Interface
10/100 Ethernet
LAN Interface
MOD OK
ADSL WIC Interface
WIC 1 OK
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Router Boot Sequence and Setup Mode 561
2. To verify that the system bootstrap software is loaded correctly, the boot image
executes and searches for a valid Cisco IOS Software image (router operating
system software). The source of the Cisco IOS Software image, whether a Flash
memory or a Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) server, is determined by the
configuration register setting. The factory-default setting for the configuration
register is 0x2102. This indicates that the router should attempt to load a Cisco
IOS Software image from Flash memory.
3. If after five attempts a valid Cisco IOS Software image is not found in Flash
memory, the router reverts to boot ROM mode. This mode is used to install
or upgrade a Cisco IOS Software image.
4. If a valid Cisco IOS Software image is found, the router searches for a valid

configuration file.
5. If a valid configuration file is not found in NVRAM, the router searches for a TFTP
server over all interfaces. If a configuration file is not found, the router runs the
system configuration dialog so a configuration can be manually configured.
In Examples 11-6 and 11-7, the messages displayed vary, depending on the interfaces
in the router and the Cisco IOS release. The screen displays in this graphic are for ref-
erence only and might not exactly reflect the screen displays on the console.
Notice in Example 11-6 that the NVRAM is invalid; this is possibly because of write
erase. This tells the user that the router has not been configured for the first time or
that the NVRAM has been erased. A router cannot be used until it is configured.
Example 11-6 NVRAM Invalid
System Bootstrap, Version X.X(XXXX) [XXXXX XX], RELEASE SOFTWARE
Copyright (c) 1986-199X by Cisco Systems
1721 processor with 4096 Kbytes of main memory
Notice: NVRAM invalid, possibly due to write erase.
output omitted
Example 11-7 Bootstrap and Cisco IOS Software Version
output omitted
IOS (tm) 1721 Software (XXX-X-X), Version [XXXXX XXX]
Copyright (c) 1986-199X by Cisco Systems, Inc.
NVRAM invalid
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562 Chapter 11: Router Fundamentals
In Example 11-7, the user can determine the bootstrap version and the Cisco IOS Soft-
ware version that the router is using. The user also can determine the router model, the
processor, and the amount of memory that the router contains. Other information listed
in this output includes the following information and is shown in Example 11-8:
■ How many interfaces the router has
■ What types of interfaces the router has
■ The amount of NVRAM

■ The amount of Flash memory
Establishing a HyperTerminal Session
All Cisco routers include an EIA/TIA-232 asynchronous serial console port (RJ-45).
Cables and adapters are needed to connect a console terminal (an ASCII terminal or
PC running terminal emulation software) to the console port. To connect a PC running
terminal emulation software to the console port, use the RJ-45–to–RJ-45 rollover
cable with a female RJ-45–to–DB-9 or RJ-45–to–DB-25 adapter.
Example 11-8 Bootstrap and Cisco IOS Software Version
Processor board ID 10226279
R4700 CPU at 100Mhz, Implementation 33, Rev 1.0
MICA-6DM Firmware: CP ver 2730 - 5/23/2001, SP ver 2730 - 5/23/2001.
Bridging software.
X.25 software, Version 3.0.0.
SuperLAT software (copyright 1990 by Meridian Technology Corp).
TN3270 Emulation software.
Primary Rate ISDN software, Version 1.1.
2 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)
24 Serial network interface(s)
4 Low-speed serial(sync/async) network interface(s)
6 terminal line(s)
1 Channelized T1/PRI port(s)
DRAM configuration is 64 bits wide with parity disabled.
125K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.
32768K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write)
Configuration register is 0x2102
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Establishing a HyperTerminal Session 563
The default parameters for the console port are 9600 baud, 8 data bits, no parity,
1 stop bit, and no flow control. The console port does not support hardware flow
control.

Take the following steps to connect a terminal to the console port on the router:
Step 1 Connect the terminal or PC using the RJ-45–to–RJ-45 rollover cable
and an RJ-45–to–DB-9 or RJ-45–to–DB-25 adapter.
Step 2 Configure the terminal or PC terminal emulation software for 9600
baud, 8 data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, and no flow control.
Figure 11-4 shows an example of the console connection to a PC, to establish a Hyper-
Terminal connection with a PC.
Table 11-1 shows a list of operating systems and the terminal emulation software that
can be used with each operating system.
Table 11-1 Available Terminal Emulation Software
PC Operating System Software
Windows 9x, NT, 2000, and XP HyperTerminal (included with Windows
software), ProComm Plus
Windows 3.1 Terminal (included with Windows software)
Macintosh ProComm, VersaTerm, ZTerm (supplied
separately)
Lab Activity Establishing a Console Connection with HyperTerminal
In this lab, a workstation will be connected to the router using a console
cable and HyperTerminal will be configured to establish a console session
with router.
NOTE
If you are using a
crossover cable at
this end, the other
end must be straight-
through or something
similar.
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564 Chapter 11: Router Fundamentals
Figure 11-4 Terminal Console Cable

Console Port
Connection (RJ-45)
RJ-45 Roll-Over Cable
RJ-45-to-DB-25 Adapter
IO
Card
Router
PC
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Logging into the Router 565
Logging into the Router
To configure Cisco routers, the user interface must be accessed on the router with a ter-
minal or by remote access. When accessing a router, a user must log into the router
before any other commands are entered.
For security purposes, the router has two levels of access to commands, as demonstrated
by Example 11-9:
■ User EXEC mode—Typical tasks include those that check the router status.
In this mode, router configuration changes are not allowed.
■ Privileged EXEC mode—Typical tasks include those that change the router
configuration.
The user EXEC mode prompt is displayed upon login to a router. Commands available
at this user level are a subset of the commands available at the privileged EXEC level.
For the most part, these commands enable a user to display information without
changing router configuration settings.
To access the full set of commands, privileged EXEC mode must be entered. At the >
prompt, type enable. At the password prompt, enter the password that has been set
with the enable secret command. When the login steps have been completed, the prompt
changes to a #, to indicate that you are now in privileged EXEC mode. From privileged
EXEC mode, global configuration mode and other specific modes, including the fol-
lowing, can be accessed:

■ Interface (central_2(config-if)#)
■ Subinterface (central_2(config-subif)#
■ Line (central_2(config-line)#)
■ Router (central_2(config-router)#)
■ Route-map (central_2(config-map-class)#)
Example 11-9 Router Modes
Router> User Mode
Router>enable
Password:
Router# Privileged-Mode
Router>disable
Router>
User Mode
Privileged-Mode
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566 Chapter 11: Router Fundamentals
To return to user EXEC mode, type disable. To log out of the router, type exit. Screen
output varies with the specific Cisco IOS Software level and router configuration.
Keyboard Help
Typing a question mark (?) at the user EXEC mode prompt or the privileged EXEC
mode prompt displays a list of available commands, as demonstrated in Example 11-7.
Notice the More at the bottom of the sample display. The screen displays 22 lines at
one time. The More prompt at the bottom of the display indicates that multiple
screens are available as output. Whenever a More prompt appears, you can view
the next available screen by pressing the spacebar. To display just the next line, press
the Enter key. Press any other key to return to the prompt.
More Information: Basic Operation of Cisco IOS Software
The Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS) Software platform is implemented on the various
hardware used in this course. It is the embedded software architecture in all the Cisco routers.
Cisco IOS Software enables the following network services in these products:

■ Features to carry the chosen network protocols and functions
■ Connectivity for high-speed traffic between devices
■ Security to control access and discourage unauthorized network use
■ Scalability to add interfaces and capability as needed for network growth
■ Reliability to ensure dependable access to networked resources
The Cisco IOS Software command-line interface (CLI) can be accessed through a console con-
nection, a modem connection, or a Telnet session. Regardless of which connection method is
used, access to the IOS command-line interface generally is referred to as an EXEC session.
Example 11-10 Keyboard Help
?
Exec commands:
access-enable Create a temporary Access-List entry
access-profile Apply user-profile to interface
access-template Create a temporary Access-List entry
archive manage archive files
bfe For manual emergency modes setting
cd Change current directory
clear Reset functions
clock Manage the system clock
configure Enter configuration mode
connect Open a terminal connection
N
O
TE
At this point, the
list of commands
displayed is context
sensitive. You see a
different list when
you are in user mode

versus enable mode,
and when in global
configuration versus
configure interface
modes.
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Logging into the Router 567
copy Copy from one file to another
debug Debugging functions (see also 'undebug')
delete Delete a file
dir List files on a filesystem
disable Turn off privileged commands
disconnect Disconnect an existing network connection
elog Event-logging control commands
enable Turn on privileged commands
erase Erase a filesystem
exit Exit from the EXEC
help Description of the interactive help system
More—
isdn Make/disconnect an isdn data call on a BRI interface
lock Lock the terminal
login Log in as a particular user
logout Exit from the EXEC
more Display the contents of a file
mrinfo Request neighbor and version information from a multicast router
mrm IP Multicast Routing Monitor Test
mstat Show statistics after multiple multicast traceroutes
mtrace Trace reverse multicast path from destination to source
name-connection Name an existing network connection
no Disable debugging functions

pad Open a X.29 PAD connection
ping Send echo messages
ppp Start IETF Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
pwd Display current working directory
reload Halt and perform a cold restart
resume Resume an active network connection
rlogin Open an rlogin connection
rsh Execute a remote command
send Send a message to other tty lines
setup Run the SETUP command facility
show Show running system information
continues
Example 11-10 Keyboard Help (Continued)
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568 Chapter 11: Router Fundamentals
To access privileged EXEC mode, type enable or the abbreviation ena. Typing enable
causes the router to prompt the user for a password. Typing a question mark at the
privileged EXEC mode prompt (see Example 11-11) displays a longer list of commands
than would be displayed at the user EXEC mode prompt.
More—
slip Start Serial-line IP (SLIP)
start-chat Start a chat-script on a line
systat Display information about terminal lines
telnet Open a telnet connection
terminal Set terminal line parameters
test Test subsystems, memory, and interfaces
traceroute Trace route to destination
tunnel Open a tunnel connection
udptn Open an udptn connection
undebug Disable debugging functions (see also 'debug')

verify Verify a file
where List active connections
write Write running configuration to memory, network, or terminal
x28 Become an X.28 PAD
x3 Set X.3 parameters on PAD
Example 11-11 Privileged EXEC Mode Commands
Cisco# ?
Exec commands:
access-enable Create a temporary Access-List entry
access-profile Apply user-profile to interface
access-template Create a temporary Access-List entry
archive manage archive files
bfe For manual emergency modes setting
cd Change current directory
clear Reset functions
clock Manage the system clock
configure Enter configuration mode
connect Open a terminal connection
copy Copy from one file to another
Example 11-10 Keyboard Help (Continued)
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