Master gmat 2010 part 4 pdf

The CUT Button
If you wish to delete text but want to save it to a temporary clipboard for pasting elsewhere,
select that text and then click on the CUT button. Cutting text is not the same as deleting it.
When you delete text (using the DELETE key), you cannot paste it elsewhere in your
document (but see UNDO below). The drag-and-drop cut-and-paste function of most
computers is not available on the GMAT computer. To copy, you must first cut the text and
then paste it in the desired spot.
The PASTE button
If you wish to move text from one position to another, select and cut the text, then reposition
your cursor where you want the text to go and click on the PASTE button.
The UNDO button
Click on this button to undo the most recent delete, cut, or paste that you performed. There is
no multiple undo function on the GMAT computer. The CAT word processor stores only your
most recent delete, cut or paste, or keyboard entry.
The Vertical Scroll Bar
Once you key in ten lines or so, you’ll have to scroll to view your entire response. A vertical
scroll bar also appears to the right of the AWA prompt. Be sure to scroll all the way down to
make sure you’ve read the entire prompt.
Spell-Checking, Grammar-Checking, Fonts, Attributes, Hyphenation
The CAT word processor does not include a spell-checker or grammar-checker, nor does it
allow you to choose typeface or point size. Neither manual nor automatic hyphenation is
available. Attributes such as bold, italics, and underlining are not available.
THE GMAT CAT TEST-TAKING EXPERIENCE
When you take a test as important as the GMAT, it’s a good idea to minimize test anxiety by
knowing exactly what to expect on exam day—aside from the timed test itself. Let’s walk you
through the various pre-test and post-test procedures and describe the physical testing
environment.
When You Arrive at the Test Center
Here’s what you can expect when you arrive at the test center:
• The test administrator will request that you present valid photo identification and will
ask you to agree to the GMAT Examination Testing Rules & Agreement.

NOTE
It’s okay to leave
as is any words
that you might
otherwise italicize
or underline (such
as titles or non-
English words).
The exam readers
understand the
limitations of the
CAT word
processor.
Chapter 1: All About the GMAT 13
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• The administrator will digitally take your fingerprint, signature, and/or palm vein
pattern and will photograph you. Audio and video are recorded in the testing room at all
centers during the exam. If you refuse to participate in any part of the check-in process or
if you do not agree to allow audio/video recording, you will not be permitted to take the
GMAT and you will forfeit your entire test fee.
• Before you begin taking the exam at a test center workstation, you’ll be asked to agree
electronically to the 9GMAT Nondisclosure Agreement and General Terms of Use9
statement. This is required for you to be permitted to take the exam. If you don’t agree to
the statement, you cannot take the GMAT and you will forfeit your test fee.
• Testing aids are not allowed during the test session or during breaks between sessions.
These include beepers, pagers, calculators, books, pamphlets, notes, blank paper, rulers,
stereos or radios, telephones or cell phones, stopwatches, watch alarms, dictionaries,
translators, thesauri, and PDAs.

• Testing begins promptly once you’re seated at your workstation. Expect to be there for
about four hours.
• Two optional 10-minute breaks are scheduled during the test administration. If you
exceed the time allowed for these breaks, that amount of time will automatically be
deducted from the time you have to complete the next section of the test.
• During breaks, you must remain in the test center building or its immediate vicinity. This
policy varies depending on the test center location, so be sure to ask the test
administrator where you are permitted to go—for example, to the nearest restroom or
smoking area. If you violate this policy, the administrator may refuse to allow you to
reenter the testing room to continue your exam.
Testing Procedures and Rules
• If you want to exit the testing room for any reason, you must raise your hand and
wait for the administrator to come in and escort you from the room. (You won’t be
able to pause the testing clock for any reason.)
• No guests are allowed in the waiting room during your test.
• No food, drink, or tobacco is allowed in the testing room, although you may be able
to store such items in a locker and take them outside during breaks.
• No hats are allowed.
• You must provide a digital fingerprint and/or palm vein pattern whenever you exit
or return to the testing room.
• You’ll receive a booklet of five “noteboards” before the exam. If you need more during
the exam, raise your hand and request it from the administrator. You cannot remove
any noteboards from the testing room during or after the exam.
• The administrator will replace your dull pencils with fresh, sharp ones upon your
request anytime during the exam (just raise your hand).
14 PART I: GMAT Basics


ALERT!
By 2009, the

digital finger-
printing used at
GMAT testing
centers will be
replaced with a
sensor that
records the
unique pattern
formed by a
person’s palm
veins. The new
technology
ensures that each
test taker has a
single GMAT
record, prevent-
ing people from
taking the test
for others.
ALERT!
First-time GMAT
test takers will
have both palms
digitally scanned.
If you are retaking
the test and have
a fingerprint on
file, you will be
asked to provide
a matching print

as well as palm
scans. You will
also be required
to sign a digital
signature pad.
www.petersons.com
What You Should Know About the CAT Testing Environment
• Individual testing stations are like library carrels; they’re separated by half-walls.
• The height of your chair’s seat will be adjustable and the chair will swivel. Chairs at
most testing centers have arms.
• Computer monitors generally measure 15 inches. You can adjust contrast. If you
notice any flickering, ask the administrator to move you to another station. (You
won’t be able to tell if your monitor has color capability, though; the GMAT is strictly
black and white.)
• If your mouse has two buttons, you can use either button to click your way through
the exam (both buttons serve the same function). Don’t expect a mouse with a
scrolling wheel. Trackballs are available, but only if you request one before you
begin the test.
• Testing rooms are not soundproof. During your test, you might hear talking and
other noise from outside the room.
• Expect the administrator to escort other test takers in and out of the room during
your test. Do your best to ignore this potential distraction.
• If the testing room is full, expect to hear lots of mouse-clicking during your test.
• Earplugs are available upon request.
• Room temperatures may vary, so it’s a good idea to dress in layers.
• You’ll be under continual audio and video surveillance. To guard against cheating,
and to record any irregularities or problems in the testing room as they occur, the
room is continually audiotaped and videotaped.
Before You Begin the Test—The Computer Tutorial
The administrator has just escorted you into the exam room and to your workstation and has

wished you luck. Before you begin the exam, the CAT System will lead you through a tutorial
that includes five sections (each section “steps” you through a series of screens):
How to use the mouse (6 screens)
How to select and change an answer (6 screens)
How to scroll the screen display up and down (6 screens)
How to use the toolbars (21 screens). Here you’ll learn how to:
• Quit the test.
• Exit the current section.
• Access the directions.
• Confirm your response and move to the next question.
How to use the AWA word processor features (14 screens)


ALERT!
You can’t
change the size
of the font on the
GMAT computer
screen unless you
specifically
request before
the exam begins
that a special
ZOOMTEXT
function be
made available
to you.
Chapter 1: All About the GMAT 15
www.petersons.com
Here’s what you need to know about the tutorial:

• You won’t be able to skip any section or any screen during the tutorial.
• As you progress, the system requires that you demonstrate competency in using the
mouse, selecting and confirming answer choices, and accessing the directions. You
can’t begin taking the actual test unless you’ve shown that you know how to use
the system.
• At the end of each tutorial section (series of screens), you can repeat that section if
you’d like—but you will have to step through the entire sequence of screens in that
section again. You can’t return to a section once you’ve left it.
• The AWA section of the tutorial allows you to practice using the word processor.
• If you carefully read all the information presented to you, expect to spend about 20
minutes on the tutorial.
Post-Test GMAT CAT Procedures
It’s been about 4 hours since you first entered the testing center, and you’ve just completed
the second of two multiple-choice GMAT sections. You may think you’ve finished the CAT, but
you haven’t—not quite, anyway. You need to do four more things before you’re done.
Respond to a brief questionnaire. The CAT will expect you to complete a brief
questionnaire about your demographics, background, plans for graduate school,
and whether you’d like to participate in surveys or receive information from GMAC,
graduate business schools, organizations that grant scholarships, and/or strategic
partners of GMAC. The answers may be prepopulated with responses you previ-
ously provided if you’re retaking the GMAT.
Cancel your test, at your option. The most important question you’ll answer while
seated at your testing station is this one. The CAT will ask you to choose whether to
cancel your scores (no scores are recorded; partial cancellation is not provided for)
or see your scores immediately.
Once you elect to see your scores, you can no longer cancel them—ever! So be sure
to take a few minutes and think it over. The CAT gives you 5 minutes to decide; if
you haven’t decided within 5 minutes, the CAT will automatically show you your
scores and you forfeit your option to cancel.
View and record your scores. If you elect to see your scores, write them down on

your scratch paper. Although you can’t take your scratch paper outside the exam
room, the supervisor will allow you to transcribe your scores onto another sheet of
paper that you can take home with you.
Direct your scores to the schools of your choice. Once you’ve elected to see your
scores, the CAT will ask you to select the schools you wish to receive your score
report (the CAT provides a complete list of schools).
16 PART I: GMAT Basics


NOTE
GMAC provides a
variety of samples
of the GMAT
tutorial screens in
its official GMAT
Bulletin.
TIP
Read the review
of the CAT tutorial
on this page, and
you can step
more quickly
through it on test
day. The less time
you spend on the
tutorial, the less
fatigued you’ll be
during the actual
exam.
ALERT!

If you click on the
CANCEL SCORES
button, the CAT
will then give you
another 5 minutes
to think over your
decision. So you
really have
10 minutes
altogether to
make up
your mind.
www.petersons.com
Before You Leave the Testing Center
When you exit the testing room for the final time, the following three things will happen:
The administrator will collect your pencils and scratch paper and will count the
number of sheets of paper to make sure you aren’t taking any with you.
The administrator will remind you to collect your belongings from your locker (if
you used one) and turn in your locker key.
The administrator will provide you with a pamphlet that explains how to interpret
your test scores. (You can take this home with you.)
YOUR GMAT SCORES
You’ll receive four scores for the GMAT:
A scaled Quantitative score on a 0–60 scale
A scaled Verbal score on a 0–60 scale
A total score, on a 200–800 scale, based on both your Quantitative and Verbal scores
An AWA score on a 0–6 scale, which averages (to the nearest one-half point) the
final scores for each of your two GMAT essays
For each of these four scores, you’ll also receive a percentile rank (0–99%). A percentile rank
of 60%, for example, indicates that you scored higher than 59% (and lower than 40%) of all

other test takers. Percentile ranks reflect your performance relative to the entire GMAT
test-taking population during the most recent three-year period.
How the Quantitative and Verbal Sections Are Scored
The scoring system for the Quantitative and Verbal sections is a bit tricky. Your score for each
of these two sections is based on three factors:
The number of questions you answer correctly
The difficulty level of the questions you answer correctly
The range of question types and topics among the questions you answer correctly
So even if you don’t respond to all 37 Quantitative or all 41 Verbal questions, you can still
attain a good score for that section if a high percentage of your responses are
correct—especially if you respond correctly to a wide variety of question types. The CAT
system’s scoring algorithms are well-guarded secrets; however, knowing exactly how the
system works wouldn’t affect your exam preparation or test-taking strategy anyway.
How the GMAT Essays Are Scored
The evaluation and scoring system for GMAT essays is also a bit tricky. Initially, one person
will read and evaluate your Issue Analysis essay and a different person will read and evaluate
your Argument Analysis essay. Each reader will award a single score on a scale of 0–6 in
whole-point intervals (6 is highest).


TIP
After the exam,
you can select as
many as five
programs or
schools to receive
your GMAT scores
without an
additional fee.
Take full

advantage of it
and compile your
list before exam
day. Once you
select them, you
cannot change
or delete your
choices.
NOTE
Some questions
on each of your
two multiple-
choice sections
won’t be scored.
The test makers
include unscored,
“pretest” ques-
tions on the
GMAT t o assess
their integrity,
fairness, and
difficulty. Pretest
questions are
mixed in with
scored questions,
and you won’t be
able to tell
them apart.
Chapter 1: All About the GMAT 17
www.petersons.com

Readers apply a holistic scoring approach, meaning that a reader will base his or her
evaluation on the overall quality of your writing. In other words, instead of awarding separate
sub-scores for content, organization, writing style, and mechanics, the reader will consider
how effective your essay is as a whole—accounting for all of these factors.
SCORING CRITERIA FOR THE GMAT ESSAYS
All readers are trained to apply the same scoring criteria. Here are the essential requirements
for a top-scoring (“6”) Issue Analysis essay. Note that you can attain a top score of 6 even if
your essay contains minor errors in grammar, word usage, spelling, and punctuation:
• You develop a position on the issue through the use of incisive reasons and
persuasive examples.
• Your ideas are conveyed clearly and articulately.
• You maintain proper focus on the issue, and you are well organized.
• You demonstrate proficiency, fluency, and maturity in the use of sentence structure,
vocabulary, and idiom.
• You demonstrate an excellent command of the elements of Standard Written
English, including grammar, word usage, spelling, and punctuation—even if the
essay contains minor flaws in these areas.
Here are the essential requirements for a top-scoring (“6”) Argument Analysis essay. Notice
that the last two requirements are the same as those for a top-scoring Issue Analysis essay:
• You identify the key features of the argument and analyze each one in a thoughtful
manner.
• You support each point of critique with insightful reasons and examples.
• You develop ideas in a clear, organized manner, with appropriate transitions to help
connect ideas.
• You demonstrate proficiency, fluency, and maturity in the use of sentence structure,
vocabulary, and idiom.
• You demonstrate an excellent command of the elements of Standard Written
English, including grammar, word usage, spelling, and punctuation—even if the
essay contains minor flaws in these areas.
The criteria for lower scores are the same as those listed above; the only difference is that the

standard for quality decreases for successively lower scores.
COMPUTERIZED RATING OF YOUR TWO ESSAYS
Although two human readers evaluate your GMAT essays (one reader per essay), a computer
program called E-Rater® will also evaluate your essays in terms of grammar, syntax
(sentence structure), repetitiveness (overuse of the same phrases), sentence length, and
spelling. Like human readers, E-Rater awards a score of 0–6 for each essay.
18 PART I: GMAT Basics


NOTE
All GMAT readers
are college or
university faculty;
most teach in the
field of English or
communications.
Each reader
evaluates
your writing
independently of
other readers,
and no reader is
informed of other
readers’ scores.
NOTE
The scoring
criteria for all six
score levels are
published in the
official GMAT

Bulletin and on
the official GMAT
Web site.
www.petersons.com
In many respects, E-Rater is similar to the grammar- and spell-checkers built into popular
word processing programs such as Word and WordPerfect. However, E-Rater is custom-
designed for ACT to weigh certain criteria more heavily than others. For instance, very little
weight is given to minor mechanical errors (e.g., in punctuation and spelling). Also, E-Rater
overlooks so-called gray areas of grammar (for example, use of the passive voice), and flags
certain problems (such as repetitiveness) that off-the-shelf checkers might not. Of course,
E-Rater is only useful to a point. It cannot evaluate your ideas or how persuasively you have
presented and supported those ideas. That’s what the human readers are for.
COMPUTING YOUR AWA SCORE
Here are the five specific steps involved in calculating your AWA score:
As mentioned above, one reader will read and score your Issue Analysis essay, and
a different reader will read and score your Argument Analysis essay. Each reader
will award a single score on a scale of 0–6 in whole-point intervals (6 is highest).
E-Rater will also evaluate and award a score of 0–6 for each essay.
For either essay, if the human reader’s score differs from E-Rater’s score by more
than one point, a second human reader will read and score the essay (and E-Rater’s
score will be disregarded).
For each essay, your final score is the average of the scores awarded by the human
reader and E-Rater (or by the second human reader).
Your final AWA score is the average of your final scores for each essay; AWA scores
are rounded up to the nearest half-point.
Here’s an example showing how the AWA scoring system works:
4 Reader A’s evaluation of the Issue Analysis essay
2 E-Rater’s evaluation of the Issue Analysis essay
3 Reader B’s evaluation of the Issue Analysis essay
3.5 Final score for the Issue Analysis essay

3 Reader C’s evaluation of the Argument Analysis essay
3 E-Rater’s evaluation of the Argument Analysis essay
3 Final score for the Argument Analysis essay
3.5 AWA score
Notice in this example that a second human reader evaluated the Issue Analysis essay, and
that the average of the two final scores (3.25) has been rounded up (to 3.5).
SCORE REPORTING
Once the GMAT readers have read and scored your two essays, Pearson VUE will mail you an
official score report for all four sections. (Expect your score report within 10 days after you
take the exam.) At the same time, Pearson VUE will transmit a score report to each business
school you’ve designated to receive your score report. (You can direct reports to as many as
five schools without charge.)


NOTE
According to the
testing service,
the human
readers’ and
E-Rater’s
combined
evaluation takes
into account
more than fifty
structural and
linguistic criteria.
Chapter 1: All About the GMAT 19
www.petersons.com
Currently, score reports don’t include the GMAT essays themselves. Eventually, the CAT
system will provide disclosure of each test taker’s complete exam (including the questions).

HOW BUSINESS SCHOOLS EVALUATE GMAT SCORES
Each business school develops and implements its own policies for evaluating GMAT scores.
Some place equal weight on GMAT scores and grade-point averages (GPAs), others weigh
GMAT scores more heavily, and still others weigh GPA more heavily. Pearson VUE reports
your three most recent GMAT scores to each business school receiving your scores and
transcripts. Most schools simply average reported scores. (Quantitative, Verbal, Total, and
AWA scores are each averaged separately for this purpose.)
A minority of schools have refined this approach by disregarding a score that is sufficiently
lower than another score for the same ability—on the basis that the low score unfairly distorts
the test taker’s ability in this area. Other schools disregard all but your highest score of each
type in any event. (This approach is increasingly uncommon, since it discriminates in favor of
test takers who can afford to take the GMAT repeatedly.)
TOP 10 TIPS FOR GMAT PREP
Regardless of what books, software, or other GMAT prep resources you’re using, certain
time-tested strategies for GMAT preparation never go out of style. To attain your best possible
GMAT score, and to maximize your chances of getting into your first-choice business school,
follow these 10 tips:
Don’t Neglect Your Weaknesses
In preparing for the GMAT, many test takers mistakenly focus on their areas of
strength and neglect areas where they have weaknesses. They may tell themselves:
“I can’t handle this tough material right now; I’ll either review it later or skip it and
hope to make some lucky guesses on the exam.”
The fact is, you can’t hide any of your individual GMAT scores from business school
admissions officers, so don’t waste time by spending energy on an area of the GMAT
that you already know. You’ll use your time more efficiently by devoting it to
improving on your weaknesses.
Don’t Neglect the GMAT Essay Sections
GMAT “prep neglect” is especially common with the two GMAT essay sections—and
ironically, business schools are focusing more and more on the GMAT essays to help
them make tough decisions among applicants, many of whom appear equally

qualified otherwise. So your AWA score might very well make the difference be-
tween being accepted or rejected, especially for a business school that considers you
a borderline candidate.
20 PART I: GMAT Basics


NOTE
GMAT absences
and cancellations
also appear on
your official
report, but they
will not adversely
affect your
chances of
admission.
www.petersons.com
Practice Under Exam Conditions
When it comes to GMAT prep, there’s simply no substitute for “putting yourself to
the test” by taking practice questions under simulated testing conditions. Here are
some suggestions:
• Adhere to the time limits imposed by each exam section.
• If possible, use a word processor for composing your practice essays; try to
use only the features available on the CAT word processor.
• If possible, take at least one computer-based practice test.
• Don’t underestimate the role that endurance plays in taking the GMAT.
Half the battle is just making it through the 4-hour ordeal with your wits
intact. Condition yourself by taking at least one full-length practice test
straight through, with only a few short breaks.
Take the Real GMAT Once—Just for Practice

If you have time and can afford it, register for and take the real GMAT once as a
“dress rehearsal,” just to get comfortable with the testing environment. You’ll rid
yourself of a lot of anxiety and nervousness and, if you’re like most test takers,
you’ll be far more relaxed and focused the second time around. In fact, GMAT
statistics show that among repeaters, more than 90 percent improve their score the
second time around.
Keep Practice Scores in Perspective
If you’re like most GMAT test takers, you’ve set your sights on two or three
particular colleges or universities as your top choices, and you have a good idea
what GMAT scores you’ll need for getting into those schools. If that’s the case,
you’ve probably also set a goal for yourself with GMAT scores. That’s understand-
able, but don’t psyche yourself out by obsessing over your practice-test scores—
you’ll be sabotaging yourself. The bottom line: Try to concern yourself not with test
scores themselves, but with what you can constructively do between now and exam
day to improve these scores.
Maintain a Positive Attitude
It’s important to maintain a positive attitude about the GMAT—but it’s also impor-
tant to keep your self-confidence from turning into complacency and overconfi-
dence. Think you can just “wing it” on the GMAT and still crush the competition?
Think again. Even if you were a curve-raiser in college, thousands of other test
takers like you are taking the GMAT very seriously, and they can easily bump you
down on the GMAT-scoring curve.
Have Realistic Expectations
You’d love perfect GMAT scores, wouldn’t you? In theory, of course, you can attain
them. But in reality, you probably won’t score as high as you’d like to. Accept your
limitations. With regular study and practice, you’ll perform as well as you can
reasonably expect to. Also be realistic about the benefits you expect from this or any


Chapter 1: All About the GMAT 21

www.petersons.com
other GMAT preparation book. There’s only so much that you can do in a few weeks
or months to boost your GMAT score.
Take Steps to Minimize GMAT Anxiety
Test anxiety, whether before or during a test, can hinder your performance. Al-
though it’s a good idea to try and minimize it, don’t expect to eliminate it entirely.
If you’re starting to feel the heat, try the following anxiety-busting techniques.
• Practice testing under exam conditions is the best method of reducing test
anxiety. As you become more comfortable in a simulated testing
environment, your nerves will begin to settle down, and the real test will
seem more like “just another day at the office.”
• Join (or form) a GMAT study group. Openly discuss your insecurities
about the GMAT and you’ll notice that they begin to dissipate.
• Before taking practice tests, try simple relaxation techniques such as
stretching, quieting your thoughts, deep breathing, or whatever else
works for you. Some people find a quick burst of vigorous exercise to be
highly effective.
• You’ll be anxious about the GMAT only if you’re actually thinking about it.
So during the weeks that you’re gearing up for the test, keep yourself
preoccupied with your everyday activities. Try not to discuss the GMAT
with others except during planned study sessions or classes.
Know When You’ve Peaked
Preparing for the GMAT is a bit like training for an athletic event. You need to
familiarize yourself with the event, learn to be comfortable with it, and build up your
skill and endurance. At some point—hopefully around exam day—your motivation,
interest, and performance will peak. Sure, it takes some time and effort to get
comfortable with the exam, to correct poor test-taking habits, to bone up on what-
ever math and grammar you might have forgotten, to develop an instinct for recog-
nizing wrong-answer choices, and to find your optimal pace. But there’s a point
beyond which additional study and practice confer little or no additional benefit.

Don’t drag out the process by starting several months in advance or by postponing
the GMAT to give yourself more time than you really need for preparation.
Take the GMAT Early to Allow Yourself the Option of Retaking It
Most graduate business schools admit new students for the fall term only. Although
application deadlines vary widely among schools, if you take the GMAT no later
than the November prior to matriculation, you’ll meet almost any application
deadline. Ideally, you should take the GMAT early enough so that you can take the
exam a second time if necessary and still meet application deadlines. In any event,
schedule the GMAT so that you’re sure you will have adequate time to prepare.
22 PART I: GMAT Basics


ALERT!
Fast, accurate
typists have a
clear advantage
in the GMAT
essay sections. If
you’re a poor
typist, work on
improving your
speed and skill
before exam day.
www.petersons.com