Master gmat 2010 part 51 pptx

10. Babies who are breast fed instead of
bottle fed until at least their first
birthday are 70 percent less likely to
become obese children than babies
who are bottle fed but not breast fed.
A child is obese if the ratio of the
child’s weight to height is among the
highest 3 percent of all children. But
breast feeding instead of bottle
feeding during the first three months
of a baby’s life also reduces the
likelihood that the baby will become
an obese child.
Which of the following can be most
properly inferred from the informa-
tion in the passage?
(A) Genetic propensity for obesity is
not significant in determining
whether a baby will become an
obese child.
(B) Bottle feeding is more likely
than breast feeding to result in
obesity in children.
(C) Unless a baby is breast fed in-
stead of bottle fed until at least
its first birthday, the baby is
likely to become an obese child.
(D) If a child is obese, there is a 70
percent likelihood that, as a
baby, the child was bottle fed
but not breast fed.

(E) Breast feeding is ineffective to
prevent obesity unless it is
continued until at least the
baby’s first birthday.
11. When people are worried about
general economic conditions, they
tend to spend less on consumer
goods. Official government figures
show that retail inventory levels
throughout the economy have been
increasing in recent months. How-
ever, consumer-confidence levels are
currently the highest they’ve been in
several years.
Any of the following, if true, would
help to explain the apparent discrep-
ancy described above EXCEPT:
(A) High interest rates tend to
discourage consumers from
buying products on credit that
they otherwise could not afford.
(B) Businesses often increase
production of consumer goods in
anticipation of improving
economic conditions.
(C) Consumer-spending levels tend
to follow seasonal patterns.
(D) When the domestic currency’s
value increases compared to that
of foreign currencies, foreign

products become less expensive
for domestic consumers.
(E) Increased business spending
generally precedes a decline in
consumer-confidence levels.
12. Ignorance of the law does not
preclude one being arrested for
violating it.
(A) one being arrested for violating it
(B) arrest for one’s violation of it
(C) one’s violation and arrest for it
(D) one from being arrested for
violating that law
(E) one from an arrest for having
violated the law
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13. Rationalizing the protracted and
bloody war with the Philippines,
President McKinley described the
process of subjugating the Filipinos
as “benign assimilation.”
(A) Rationalizing the protracted
and bloody war
(B) To rationalize the protracted
war and bloody war
(C) The protracted and bloody war

was rationalized
(D) Rationalizing the war, which
was protracted as well as bloody
(E) To rationalize the war, a
protracted and bloody one
14. Cambodia remains being a largely
underdeveloped country because
virtually all educated citizens were
slaughtered during the regime of
Pol Pot.
(A) remains being
(B) is still remaining
(C) is being
(D) remains
(E) remains still
QUESTIONS 15–17 ARE BASED ON THE
FOLLOWING PASSAGE:
Line For absolute dating of archeological
artifacts, the radiocarbon method
emerged during the latter half of the
twentieth century as the most reliable
and precise method. The results of
obsidian (volcanic glass) dating, a
method based on the belief that newly
exposed obsidian surfaces absorb
moisture from the surrounding atmo-
sphere at a constant rate, proved
uneven. It was initially thought that
the thickness of the hydration layer
would provide a means of calculating

the time elapsed since the fresh
surface was made. But this method
failed to account for the chemical
variability in the physical and chemical
mechanism of obsidian hydration.
Moreover, each geographic source
presented unique chemical characteris-
tics, necessitating a trace element
analysis for each such source. Yet,
despite its limitations, obsidian dating
helped archeologists identify the
sources of many obsidian artifacts and
to identify in turn ancient exchange
networks for the flow of goods. Nor
were ceramic studies and fluoride
analysis supplanted entirely by the
radiocarbon method, which in use
allows for field labeling and laboratory
errors, as well as sample contamina-
tion. In addition, in the 1970s dendro-
chronological (tree-ring) studies on the
bristlecone pine showed that deviation
from radiocarbon values increases as
one moves back in time. Eventually
calibration curves were developed to
account for this phenomenon; but in
the archeological literature we still find
dual references to radiocarbon and
sidereal, or calendar, time.
15. Based on the information in the

passage, which of the following is
LEAST likely to have been a means
of dating archeological artifacts?
(A) Ceramics studies
(B) Radiocarbon dating
(C) Dendrochronological studies
(D) Fluoride analysis
(E) Obsidian hydration-layer
analysis
16. In the passage, the author mentions
all of the following as problems with
radiocarbon dating EXCEPT:
(A) disparities with the calendar
dating system.
(B) deterioration of samples.
(C) identification errors by archeo-
logical field workers.
(D) contamination of artifacts.
(E) mistakes by laboratory workers.
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17. With which of the following state-
ments would the passage’s author
most likely agree?
(A) The greater the time that has
elapsed since exposure of
obsidian surface to moisture the
less reliable the results of
obsidian dating.
(B) The hydration layer accumulat-
ing through obsidian moisture
absorption varies in thickness
depending on the amount of sur-
face area exposed to moisture.
(C) The unpredictability of the ob-
sidian hydration process renders
the obsidian dating method
problematic as a means of deter-
mining historical trade routes.
(D) The results of obsidian dating
are as reliable and precise as
those of fluoride analysis only if
trace element analysis is
performed for the geographic
source of the obsidian.
(E) An obsidian artifact can be
reliably dated using the obsid-
ian method only if certain
environmental conditions where
the artifact was found are

considered.
18. When inhaled, asbestos fibers are
known to significantly increase the
likelihood of lung cancer and other
respiratory ailments. Thousands of
buildings in this state, especially
apartment houses, are insulated with
asbestos. Some local governments in
the state have initiated massive and
costly efforts to remove this asbestos.
Which of the following, if true, taken
together with the information above,
best supports the conclusion that the
health of those who occupy the
buildings would be better preserved
by leaving the asbestos in place than
by removing it?
(A) In removing the asbestos,
millions of fibers are likely to be
dislodged and sent into circula-
tionintheair.
(B) Asbestos removal is a hazard-
ous procedure, posing signifi-
cant health dangers to those
who perform it.
(C) Fewer than one person in a
hundred who breathes asbestos-
contaminated air is likely to
contract a respiratory ailment
as a result.

(D) Apartment dwellers typically
move from one residence to
another more frequently than
people who live in single family
homes.
(E) Most people who live in apart-
ment buildings insulated with
asbestos are aware of that fact.
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19. Over the last year, the price that toy
manufacturer FunTime charges for
each toy it produces and sells directly
to consumers has, on average, nearly
doubled, prompting complaints to the
company by many consumers. To
combat this problem, FunTime’s
management must make every effort
to improve relations with its union
workers in order to help prevent
them from striking, as these workers
did for several weeks during the
past year.
Which of the following, if true, would
cast the most doubt on the effective-
ness of the proposal suggested above?
(A) Despite the complaints from

consumers, sales of FunTime
toys directly to consumers have
increased steadily over the
last year.
(B) FunTime’s union workers are
likely to be skeptical of any
attempt by management to
improve its relations with them.
(C) Some consumers who buy
FunTime toys don’t mind
paying more for them because
they are the highest quality
toys available.
(D) FunTime’s union workers are
likely to strike again in the
near future, regardless of
management’s efforts to im-
prove relations with them.
(E) Most of the increase in the
prices of FunTime toys is
attributable to an increase in
the cost of the raw materials
the company uses to manufac-
ture its toys.
20. The emission of fluorocarbons into the
earth’s atmosphere has been shown to
deplete the ozone layer in the atmo-
sphere. Therefore, if we were to elimi-
nate all sources of fluorocarbon emis-
sion, we could successfully halt ozone

layer depletion.
Which of the following demonstrates
a pattern of reasoning that is most
similar to the flawed reasoning in the
argument above?
(A) When challenged to prove their
psychic abilities, several of the
world’s most celebrated so-
called psychics were unable to
do so, clearly proving that the
psychic phenomenon is fiction
rather than fact.
(B) The theory that the earth’s
temperature would be shown to
be cyclical if measured over
millions of years is convincing,
in light of the fact that the
extinction of the dinosaurs
occurred due to changes in the
earth’s temperature.
(C) Flag burning is ultimately in
the state’s interest as well as
the individual’s interest,
because the First Amendment
right to free expression was
created for the purpose of
preserving our democratic
way of life.
(D) Any person suffering from
phlebitis must take the drug

Anatol in order to prevent the
condition from worsening, as
evidenced by the fact that
doctors have used Anatol
successfully for many years to
treat and control phlebitis.
(E) Autopsies of the residents of
Huiki Island killed by a recent
volcanic eruption have shown
excessive bone deterioration,
which leads to my conclusion
that the Huikan culture
encourages a diet that promotes
bone marrow disease.
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21. Advertising executive: Those who
oppose the use of humor in advertis-
ing, whether print or television,
either lack a sense of humor or fail to
understand the advantage of using
humor to advertise a product or
service. After all, numerous surveys
show that ordinary consumers are
almost twice as likely to recall a
humorous commercial as they are to
recall a serious commercial.
Which of the following, if true, would

cast the most serious doubt on the
accuracy of the advertising execu-
tive’s contention?
(A) Although most consumers
surveyed were able to recall
viewing humorous commercials,
many said they enjoyed the
serious commercials more.
(B) For certain types of products,
humorous advertising would be
inappropriate and potentially
offensive.
(C) Although most consumers
surveyed were able to recall
viewing humorous commercials,
most failed to recall the name of
the product advertised.
(D) The consumers surveyed about
humorous commercials included
people considered unlikely to
buy the particular product
advertised.
(E) The use of humorous television
commercials by advertisers has
been declining over the last
few years.
22. Upon man-made toxins’ invading the
human body, special enzymes are
deployed, rebuilding any damaged
DNA strands that result.

(A) Upon man-made toxins’ invad-
ing the human body, special
enzymes are deployed, rebuild-
ing any damaged DNA strands
that result.
(B) Upon man-made toxins, inva-
sion of the human body, special
enzymes are deployed that
rebuild any damaged DNA
strands resulting from the
invasion.
(C) When man-made toxins invade
the human body, special
enzymes are deployed to rebuild
any DNA strands damaged as
a result.
(D) Special enzymes are deployed
whenever man-made toxins
invade the human body; they
rebuild any damage that results
to DNA strands.
(E) Damage to DNA strands that
results when man-made toxins
invade the human body are
repaired by deployed special
enzymes.
23. The fact that the tie between the
Manchus and the Chinese was
cultural rather than racial helps to
account for the homogeneity of the

Chinese people.
(A) cultural rather than racial
helps to account for
(B) not racial but cultural in nature
helps explain
(C) a cultural tie but not racial
helps explain
(D) cultural rather than a racial
one helps to explain
(E) cultural rather than a racial tie
helps to account for
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24. The atmospheric study reported last
month in the “Journal of the Envi-
ronment” would not have been taken
seriously by the scientific community
if they were cognizant of the ques-
tionable methodology employed.
(A) have been taken seriously by
the scientific community if
they were
(B) be taken seriously by the
scientific community in the
event that it had become
(C) have been taken seriously by
the scientific community

were they
(D) have been taken seriously by
the scientific community when
the scientific community
became
(E) have been taken seriously by
the scientific community had
scientists been
25. Although the use of fertilizers tends
to diminish the flavor of fruits, the
use of pesticides makes virtually no
difference in flavor, assuming the
fruit is washed thoroughly. Moreover,
the use of pesticides repels insects
that would otherwise leave unsightly
blemishes on the fruit. Therefore, in
the interest of appealing to consumer
tastes, fruit growers would be well
advised to use pesticides but not
artificial fertilizers.
Which of the following, if true, could
proponents of the argument most
appropriately cite as evidence for the
soundness of the advice to fruit
growers given in the last sentence?
(A) The use of natural fertilizer
results in larger, more colorful
fruit than the use of artificial
fertilizer.
(B) The use of pesticides and

fertilizers increases fruit
growers’ costs, which the
growers generally pass on to
consumers in the form of higher
fruit prices.
(C) Consumers generally consider a
fruit’s flavor to be important
but consider a fruit’s appear-
ance to be less important.
(D) Chemicals in artificial fertiliz-
ers pose a health threat to
consumers who eat fruits
produced using artificial
fertilizers.
(E) The use of artificial fertilizers
in growing fruit has no effect on
the appearance of the fruit.
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26. A recent research study of a particu-
lar state’s prison systems indicates
that prisoners participating in the
weekend furlough program are less
likely to become repeat offenders
after they are released than prison-
ers who do not participate in the
program. The study confirms the
researchers’ hypothesis that weekend

furlough programs at the state’s
prisons are an effective means of
reducing crime.
Which of the following, if true, would
cast the most serious doubt on the
hypothesis to which the last sentence
above refers?
(A) The furlough program was
available only to prisoners who
had demonstrated good behav-
ior while in prison.
(B) The crime rate in other states
with similar furlough programs
is lower overall than the crime
rate in states without furlough
programs.
(C) Whether the weekend furlough
program is effective depends on
how greatly one values the
reform of any one prisoner.
(D) Less than half of the prisoners
not involved in the furlough
program become repeat offend-
ers after they are released.
(E) Less than half of all the
prisoners studied participated
in the furlough program.
27. Too many naive consumers hasty and
happily provide credit information to
unscrupulous merchants, who

provide nothing in exchange but a
credit fraud nightmare.
(A) hasty and happily provide
(B) hastily and happily provide
(C) hasty and happy providing
(D) hastily and happily providing
(E) providing hastily and happily
QUESTIONS 28–30 ARE BASED ON THE
FOLLOWING PASSAGE:
Line The 35-millimeter (mm) format for
movie production became a de facto
standard around 1913. The mid-1920s
through the mid-1930s, however, saw a
resurgence of wide-film formats.
During this time period, formats used
by studios ranged in gauge from 55mm
to 70mm. Research and development
then slackened until the 1950s, when
wide-screen film-making came back in
direct response to the erosion of
box-office receipts because of the rising
popularity of television. This Cinerama
(1952) is generally considered to mark
the beginning of the modern era of
wide-screen film-making, which saw
another flurry of specialized formats,
such as CinemaScope. In 1956, Panavi-
sion developed Camera 65 for MGM
Studios; it was first used during the
filming of Raintree County. Panavision

soon contributed another key technical
advance by developing spherical 65mm
lenses, which eliminated the “fat faces”
syndrome that had plagued earlier
CinemaScope films.
Some forty “roadshow” films were
filmed in wide-screen formats during
this period. But wide-screen formats
foundered due to expense, unwieldy
cameras, and slow film stocks and
lenses. After the invention of a set of
35mm anamorphic lenses, which could
be used in conjunction with much more
mobile cameras to squeeze a wide-
screen image onto theatrical screens,
film technology improved to the point
where quality 70mm prints could be
blown up from 35mm negatives.
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28. It can be inferred from the informa-
tion in the passage that wide-film
formats were
(A) in use before 1913.
(B) not used during the 1940s.
(C) more widely used during the
1920s than during the 1930s.
(D) not used after 1956.
(E) more widely used for some
types of movies than for others.
29. The passage mentions all the follow-
ing as factors contributing to the
increased use of wide-film formats for
moviemaking EXCEPT:
(A) spherical camera lenses.
(B) Panavision’s Camera 65.
(C) television.
(D) anamorphic camera lenses.
(E) movie theater revenues.
30. Which of the following statements is
most strongly supported by the
passage’s information?
(A) If a movie does not suffer from
the “fat faces” syndrome, then it
was not produced in a wide-film
format.
(B) Prior to the invention of the
35mm anamorphic lens, quality
larger prints could not be made
from smaller negatives.

(C) The same factors that contrib-
uted to the resurgence of
wide-film formats in the 1950s
also led to the subsequent
decline in their use.
(D) The most significant develop-
ments in 35mm technology
occurred after the release of
Raintree County.
(E) Movie-theater revenues are not
significantly affected by
whether the movies shown are
in wide-screen format.
31. Many individuals take antihistamine
medications to alleviate the symp-
toms of allergies. Although all
antihistamines are essentially
similar, there is sufficient variation
among the available formulas to
make some more effective than
others for any particular individual.
Therefore, by trying different antihis-
tamine formulations, any allergy
sufferer can eventually find one that
is effective.
Which of the following, if true, would
most strengthen the conclusion
drawn in the argument above?
(A) Antihistamines are the only
types of medications proven

effective in treating allergy
symptoms.
(B) At least one antihistamine will
relieve any individual’s allergy
symptoms.
(C) The effectiveness of an antihista-
mine is partially determined by
the drug’s specific formulation.
(D) The specific formulation used
most often by allergy sufferers
is not the one that would be
most effective for the greatest
number of allergy sufferers.
(E) Most allergy sufferers experi-
ence allergy symptoms that are
typical of many different types
of allergies.
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32. All college students read either
literary classics or current best-
selling books as a habit, but some
avid readers of current best-selling
books do not read literary classics as
a habit because they do not appreci-
ate these books. People who enjoy
classical music do not find current
best-selling books interesting, and

therefore do not read them as a
habit. Since Javier is a college
student who enjoys classical music,
he must appreciate literary classics.
Which of the following must be true
for the conclusion drawn above to be
logically correct?
(A) Literary classics are more
interesting than current
best-selling books.
(B) All college students who
appreciate literary classics read
them as a habit.
(C) Literary classics are more
interesting than classical music.
(D) All avid readers of literary
classics appreciate this type
of book.
(E) All college students who find
classical music enjoyable also
read current best-selling books
as a habit.
33. Due to racial discrimination, some of
the most gifted and influential jazz
musicians were prohibited from
dining at the venues they have
performed in.
(A) at the venues they have
performed in
(B) at the very same venues they

have performed in
(C) where they have performed
(D) at the same venues at which
they performed
(E) in venues, which were where
they performed
34. In asserting that a thing is honor-
able, a favorable distinction is
bestowed upon it.
(A) a favorable distinction is
bestowed upon it
(B) we bestow a distinction upon it
favorably
(C) we bestow upon it a favorable
distinction
(D) a favorable distinction upon it
is bestowed
(E) bestowing a favorable distinc-
tion upon it
35. A proposed law would prohibit any
individual who has been employed as
a lobbyist on behalf of a particular
industry from serving as the director
of a government agency charged with
regulating that same industry. The
purpose of the proposed law is to
prevent conflicts of interest. How-
ever, if passed, the law would prove
counterproductive because it would
prevent individuals who are knowl-

edgeable about industries from
serving as government regulators.
The argument above depends most
directly on which of the following
assumptions?
(A) The individuals in government
that hold the power to enact the
proposed law are susceptible to
influence on the part of indus-
try lobbyists.
(B) Government has a legitimate
role to play in the regulation of
most industries.
(C) Only individuals who have
served as lobbyists on behalf of
an industry are knowledgeable
about that industry.
(D) Those who have served as
lobbyists on behalf of an
industry are capable of objec-
tive, unbiased decisions as
regulators.
(E) The primary objective of govern-
ment regulation of industry
should be to strengthen and sup-
port that industry.
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QUESTIONS 36–39 ARE BASED ON THE
FOLLOWING PASSAGE:
Line In 1930, a century after the birth of
Victorian poetess Christina Rossetti,
writer and scholar Virginia Woolf
identified her as “one of Shakespeare’s
more recent sisters” whose life had
been reclusively Victorian but whose
artistic achievement was enduring.
Woolf remembered Rossetti for the
explosive originality, vivid imagery, and
emotional energy of her poems. “A
Birthday,” for instance, is no typical
Victorian poem and is certainly unlike
predictable works of the era’s best-
known women poets. Rossetti’s most
famous poem, “Goblin Market,” is at
once Christian, psychological, and
pro-feminist. Like many of Rossetti’s
works, it is extraordinarily original,
risky in subject matter, and unorthodox
in form. Its Christian allusions are
obvious but grounded in opulent
images whose lushness borders on
the erotic.
From Rossetti’s work emerge not
only emotional force, frequently-ironic
playfulness, and intellectual vigor, but
also an intriguing, enigmatic quality.

“Winter: My Secret,” for example,
combines these traits along with a very
high (and un-Victorian) level of poetic
self-consciousness. “How does one
reconcile the aesthetic sensuality of
Rossetti’s poetry with her repressed,
ascetic lifestyle?” Woolf wondered. That
Rossetti did indeed withhold a “secret”
both from those intimate with her and
from posterity is Lorna Packer’s thesis
in her 1963 biography of Rossetti.
Packer’s claim that Rossetti’s was a
secret of the heart has since been
disproved through the discovery of
hundreds of letters by Rossetti, which
reinforce the conventional image of her
as pious, scrupulously abstinent, and
semi-reclusive.
Yet the passions expressed in
Rossetti’s love poems do expose the
“secret” at the heart of both her life
and art: a willingness to forego worldly
pleasures in favor of an aestheticized
Christian version of transcendent
fulfillment in heaven. The world, for
Rossetti, is a fallen place, and her work
is pervasively designed to convey this
inescapable truth. The beauty of her
poetry must be seen, therefore, as an
artistic strategy, a means toward a

moral end.
36. All of the following are mentioned in
the passage as qualities that emerge
from Rossetti’s work EXCEPT:
(A) lush imagery
(B) ironic playfulness
(C) stark realism
(D) unorthodox form
(E) intellectual vigor
37. Which of the following statements is
most reasonably inferable from the
passage?
(A) “Winter: My Secret” is Rossetti’s
best-known poem.
(B) Rossetti was not among the best-
known poets during her era.
(C) The accounts of Rossetti’s life
contained in Packer’s biography
of Rossetti differ from those
included in Woolf’s biography of
Rossetti.
(D) Rossetti’s display of poetic
self-consciousness drew criti-
cism from her contemporaries.
(E) “Goblin Market” was published
later than “A Birthday.”
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