Advanced Vehicle Technology Episode 3 Part 14 ppsx

Twin jaw coupling 25, 28
Twist axle beam 393, 394
Two speed axles 247
Two speed double reduction helical
gear axle (Rockewell-Standard)
248, 249
Two speed epicyclic gear train axle
(Eaton) 249, 250
Tyre profile and aspect ratio 288
Tyres considerations 270
Bald tyre 271
Braking characteristics on wet roads 273
Braking force 271
Coefficient of adhesive friction 270
Coefficient of friction 27
deformation slip 276
Grip 270
Grip control 27
Hysteresis 274
Scrub 369
Scruff 369
Slippage 271
Tyre construction
Beads 281
Bracing belt 281
Carcass 281
Side walls 281
Tread 281
Tyre marking identification 299
Aspect ratio 300
Car tyres 300

European tyre and rim technical organisation 300
Light, medium and heavy truck tyres 301
Load index 300
Manufacture's tread pattern 300, 301
Nominal wheel rim diameter 300
Radical construction 300
Speed symbols 300
Tyre materials 277
Anti-oxidant and ozonates 279
Carbon black 279
Electrostatic bonds 277
Initiators and accelerators 278
Oil extension 279
Material fatigue 279
Material hysteresis 279
Material plasticity 279
Material resilience 279
Mechanical properties 279
Natural rubber 277
Structure and properties of rubber 277
Synthetic rubber 277
Vulcanization 278
Tyre properties
Camber scrub 294
Camber steer 294
Camber thrust 293
Centre of pressure 291
Contact patch 289
Cornering force 289
Cornering stiffness (cornering power) 290

Lateral weight transfer 294
Pneumatic trail 291
Self-aligning torque 291
Slip angle 290
Static load and standard wheel height 288
Static steering torque 293
Tyre tread
Bite 282
Blocks 283
Considerations 281
Drainage grooves 282
Patterns 284
Ribs 282
Slits or sipes 283
Tyre grip
Road surface texture-macro texture and micro
texture 27
Locked wheel 271
Peak coefficient of friction 270
Road surface wetness 272
Rolling resistance 274
Skid 276
Sliding coefficient of friction 270
Vehicle speed 272
Tractive and braking effort 275
Tractive force 271
Tractive and braking properties of tyres 271
Tread pattern 271
Tyre reaction due to concurrent longitudinal and
lateral forces 276

Tyre wear 272
Tyre grip verses slip ratio 264
`U' channel section axle 394
Unbalanced wheel and axle 301
Uncompensated twin axle suspension 422
Uncoupled mounting geometry 14
Under body dams 606, 608
Under body rear end upward taper 602, 606
Under body roughness 603, 608
Under floor to ground clearance 598
Under floor venturi 598
Under gearing and overgearing 85, 86
Underslung springs 379
Understeer and oversteer characteristics 254
Unidirectional clutch 90
Unloaded valve (pneumatic suspension) 448, 449
Unlocked tyre grip 271
Upshift clutch overlap control
characteristics 163, 165
Unsprung weight 385
Vacuum throttle valve 128±133
Valance front and rear 4±6
Valve plunger; flow control 333, 334
Van Doorn transmissie 150
Vane; impellor and turbine 98
652
Vane vacuum type pump 499
Variable load sensing valve 538
Variable rate leaf suspension springs 417±419
Vertical pillar strut suspension 378

Virtual instantaneous centre 377
Voltage signal 492
Vee mounting 14, 23
Vee-rubber block mounting 13
Vee slot wedge action 202
Vehicle body aerodynamics
Aerodynamics 584
Aerodynamic drag 584, 590
Aerofoil 596, 601
After flow wake 593
Adjustable deflector 623, 626, 627
Aerodynamic lift 598, 606
Aerofoil lift drag 599
Aerofoil profile 599
After body drag 611
Air density 592
Air resistance 592
Air resistance opposing motion 562, 593
Air streamlines 586, 587
Air swirl 595, 596
Angle of attack 599, 602
Angle pf inclination 599
`A' post 597
Attached transverse vortices 597
Commercial vehicle aerodynamics 617
Backsloping front body 618, 618
Base area 594
Base drag 594, 595
Bobtailed 594, 595
Boot (truck) 589

Boot height air drag 615±617
Bonnet (hood) 589, 590
Bonnet slope 601, 604
Boundary layer 584, 585
Cabriolet car 616, 617
Cab to trailer body gap 623, 624, 628
Cab to trailer body gap seals 629, 630
Cab to trailer body roof height step 619,
620, 622
Cab extended side panels 629, 630
Centre line gap seal 630
Coeffiient of proportionality 593
Converging section air flow 585
Corner vanes 628
Critical slope angle 613, 614
Cross wind 624, 625, 629
Deflector plate angle 624, 626
Diverging section air flow 586
Drag coefficient 593
Drag due to trailer load position 634
Drag reducing devices 629±632
Eddies (vortices) 588, 589
Extended quadrant moulding 631, 632
Effective inclination angle 615, 616
Fastback drag 612, 614
Flow reattachment 590, 594
Fineness ratio 591, 592
Flow separation 589
Folded roof air drag 616, 617
Forebody coach streamlining 618, 619

Forebody pressure distribution 619, 621
Form (pressure) drag 590, 591
Hatchback drag 612, 615
High and low cab 626, 627
Interlayer air friction 587
Lamina boundary layer 587
Lift coefficient 598
Negative lift 598
Negative lift aerofoil wings 613
Negative pressure 594
Negative vortex 594
Negative wake area 613
Newton's second law 592
Nose profile 599
Notchback drag 615, 616
Off-set twin flexible gap seals 630
Pressure coefficient 587
Pressure drag apparatus 592
Pressure (form) drag 590, 591
Pressure distribution 588
Positive lift 598
Roadster air drag 616, 617
Rolled edge extended quadrant corner
(Windcheater) 632
Rolling resistance 584
Rear end tail extension 602
Rear side panel taper 602, 605
Relative flow air velocity 624
Roof cambering 602, 605
Roof deflectors 621, 622, 626

Rounding leading cab body edges 617, 618
Separation bubble 590, 597
Sharp and rounded upper windscreen leading
edge cab aerodynamics 619, 620
Side panel cambering 602, 605
Sleeper compartment 606
Skin friction (surface friction drag) 585
Skirting 632
Spoilers -aerofoil and lip type 610, 612
Sports car air drag 616, 617
Squareback drag 611, 614
Stagnant high pressure region 619, 621
sublayers 587
Surface finish 585
Surface roughness 585
Tear drop shape 594
Tractor and trailer skirting 632
Tractor skirt 632, 633
Trailer body flow pressure distribution 621, 622
Trailer forebody edging fairings 631
Trailer skirt 632, 633
Trailing vortex 596
Trailing vortex cone 615
Trailing vortex drag 595, 596, 597
653
Vehicle body aerodynamics (continued)
Transition point for lamina/turbulent
boundary layer 589
Transverse vortices 590, 597
Turbulent air flow 587, 587

Turbulent boundary layer 587±589
Underbody dams 606, 608
Underbody rear end upward taper
602, 606
Underbody roughness 603, 608
Underfloor ventui effect 598
Underfloor to ground clearance 598
Venturi 585, 586
Viscous air 593
Viscous air flow 584
Viscous drag 585
Viscous shear 595
Vortices 595, 596
Vortex swirl 594
Vortex wake 593, 564
Wake 595, 613
Wheel aerodynamic lift and drag 610
Wheel air flow drag 606, 607, 609
Wheel arch air flow pattern 610
Windscreen rake (tilt) 589, 601, 604
Wind-tunnel tests 587
Yaw angle 624±626
Vehicle lift 598
Vehicle retarders 547 see retarders
Vehicle steady state directional stability
Ackermann instantaneous centre 299
Directional stability on a curved
track 298
Directional stability along a straight
track 296

Oversteer 296, 298
Under steer 298, 299
Vehicle speed sensor 441, 447
Venturi 585, 586
Vortex flow path motion 103, 104
Vortex swirl 594
Vortex wake 593, 594
Vortices (eddies) 588, 595, 596
Vibration 12, 13, 16
Viscous air 593
Viscous air flow 584
Viscous coupling differential
Comparison of limited slip and viscous
coupling differential 241
Speed differential action 242
Viscous coupling differential 241
Viscous coupling action 242
Viscous drag 585
Viscous shear 595
Wake 595, 613
Water pump double row bearing 208
Watt-linkage 389
Wedge or vee-shaped belt and pulley wheel 150
Weiss costant velocity joint 220
Weissuch rear suspension 400
Wheatstone bridge strain gauge 440, 441
Wheel aerodynamic drag coefficient 610
Wheel aerodynamic lift coefficient 610
Wheel air flow drag 606, 607, 609
Wheel air flow pattern 606

Wheel alignment equipment calibration 339
Wheel arch air flow pattern 610
Wheel arches 6
Wheel balancing 301
Balancing machine which dynamically balance
in two planes 307
Balancing machine which balances statically and
dynamically in two separate planes 305
Critical period of oscillation 304
Cyclic movement of a heavy spot on a wheel
relative to the ground 302
Dynamic balance 304
Lateral run-out 309
Methods of balancing wheels 304
Radial run-out 309
Static balance 302
Twitch 304
Wobble 304
Wheel and tyre run-out 309
Wheel bearing arrangements 404
Windage effect of ball or roller cage 193
Window 2
Wind resistance 61
Windscreen rake 601, 604
Windscreen 2
Windscreen rail 2
Windscreen tilt (rake) 589
Wind-tunnel test 587
Wiping action of tyre tread 283
Winter car tyre 284, 285

Worm and wormwheel inter-axle with third
differential 253
Woven asbestos 41
Yaw 14, 16
Yaw rotation 14, 16
Yaw angle 624, 625, 626
Yoke 213, 215, 225
Zig-zag tyre tread pattern 282, 284
ZF AS Tronic 187
ZF Man Tip Matic 187
ZF Servotronic power assisted steering 354
654