Writing Skills For GRE-GMAT Episode 1 Part 6 docx

Nccessary- and
SufEcicnt-Condition
Assumptions
h the
Official
.drguments
(Paits
6 aDd
8)
ex:rnrplc, cncoungin! pltrcnrs
ro rc:rd
witb
rheir childrcn or
simpl)'
devorint
morc rinle durin8
school ro rc;lding.
Oihcrwisc, it seems hasry
il
besr ro
concludc th( rlrc
disrricr musr
adopr
(he
BTA
protll-inr,
or
tor
dMr maccr
ant
re,'dinA pro8rinr.

h
()rdcr
to achicvc ir5
objccrivc.
Thc supc.inrcnd€nl
also netlccrs
ro subsranixte hcr issumprion
ihar
adopdng
BTB
would
suffice bv
irself to improve srudents'
rexding
skills
to $e desir€d c).1enr.
Common
sense
rells
me that BTB
will
bc
hr8cl!
ineff€ctivc unless
othcr condirions arc
mcr as
wcll.
Mosr
notabl],.
srudcnrs musr

bc sufficiEndv xtrenrii'c
and motivated, ln
shot1, uotil lhc superinrendenr
shows
lhat rhc
p.ogmm
wil
be
cffcclivclv implemcnred
and r€ceived.
I simp\' cannor accepr lhc
As
you
snrdy rny
essays in Pan 6
("Lssxys
for 20 Ofi;ciit
cItE Aj.Sumcnts"),
iook
for my analysis
of Dcccssary- and suflicienr{ondidon
assumptlons ln
thc
fouowirg
paragrnphs:
Necessa.ry
Conditiors
r ll
GRE Ar8urnenr
No. 20

(s€cond
cssay
par-rgraph)
GRE Argumcnr
No.
59
(fifrh
css:ry
para8|aph)
. GRE,lrgumcn( No.
109
(sccond
essay
pangnph)
GFJ Aqumert No.
122
(fifth
essry
pffaSnph)
Suf1]cicnt
Conditions
I | |
GRE Argument
No. 20
(founh
essa-\'
pangr-aph)
GRI Ar8ument
No. 46
(thkd

?rd
ff$ essay
paragraphs)
Gru Argumcnt
No. 68
(third
essay
parrgraph)
GRI Argumem
No. 76
(s€cond
cssay
paragnph)
GRI A4lument
No.
96
(founn
essay
paragraph)
GRIE
A4$menr No.
122
(third
essay
panglaph)
As
you
study my essays in
Prrt 8
("Essays

lor 20 Official GIIAT Argu-
E)co!s"), look for my ana,lysis
of nccessry- and
suf{icienr.condirion
problems
in the
follovin8
paragmphs:
Neccssa-ry
Conditions
| |
I |
,GjU,{T
{rgument
No. 28
(third
essay
paragraph)
GMAT J\rsument
No.
53
(foulIh
cssay
paraSriph)

GMAT AiSumcnt
No.
59
(rhnd
cssay

paiagmph)
|
GI{AT ,{rgl]mcnt
No. 79
(fifrh
cssay
paragraph)
GMAT tu'g]lmenr
No. 89
(nfi-h
cssay
paragraph)
GMaT ArI|umcnt
No-
93
(founh
essay
paragaph)
'
GMAT
Arrllment
No. 117
(founh
€ssay
prngaph)
G]\4AT Argument
No. 12{
(ffrh
essa)'p
'agriph)

wuterno6.@/n
GRTr'GNUT N
l.
ia
,p)u)qttu)lrs
rq
uxtr
lurulnS^':qt
^1otl
s:laJlpr!
osn::suods
.:r
f,qI tU:tqord
s'qr ss)rppr
ot
prprau
stu;ru.l.
f,rrqt
rqt
lo
qJxtr
su.rul
-uo)
txqr srslFUE
qdllStlEd,euo
,trnbrpr
rnqJiuq r: s.pr^ord
:)suodsrr rqj
(
wrlqorcl r:qur)uldnor8

srllt uo St'lsnro-r LU,I
.r.Ll
rnq
.ll!^1sr
suralqord
Slnuosrir J'rlto
urol J.JJns
lqfruj turlun8ry aql)
.dnor:i
aqrJo
raqruruJ A)
-^r
or ilddlr dnorf
rJo sJr]su)rflrrqr
txqt
sauinssx
tururn8jy
tut^tonoj 'tLI
'dnorg
:r[]
Jo
r^urtursJ.Jdal $ JaquJeLU arft
q)!rl^\
ol
tut!\e
rq)
:rulu!)l)p
nol olsq
pJno^\
uonuulolrl

rruortlppl
]!qar
olEJrDq .
'rloq^\
x
sl:
dnojS
aqt
Jo
)soqt
or JxlJlrrls
irf, sJr)surlrdxqtr
lux^rlar
s,Jaqursur
trq1
llqr
^oqs or ,(lddns plnol
rornnr
s.lu.txnSry
rqt
aJurpr^a
EUoDrppE
Jo
uos rxqa ,rrf,rpul
.
:slu5utslr
lluoltdo
o^|l
)s*p
Jo

ruo
ppx
'uralqord
tqt smJsJp
ot ?tup
Erxa r,rxrl nol
I
'sisn
JrJr{r
lI!
p)qsldBorJr
a^,no,{ aJuO
.(d)rs
qJEl
loJ
f,lu'rurs
euo)
sdrrs.rql
lJl]
qsllduoJrr
01 saruetu>s 5!j$
rsErl
tr
paru,{lqDqord
ll,nol
'uorsnlJuotr
s,tu:umsJv aqt euruD.DLm
pp'to.rs
uondurni
-5[

lqt atrgrJ ot rass
qJJrI
r
'srf,ur.])jl:lp
,{rI trsorF
^\oq EIqdrT
,€
'dnor8
lrlrue8
rilr uro{ laglp
tq€lur
rrqtuelll
arp
q)lridr
t4
s,ftnr
rurrlJTrrSls
o^!r ro.uo
tsrrl tc
3r4pl^ord
lq orspflnrJ
.Z
lxlrru,
s,rs.um:I,
'It
lo
iuo sr
"3
a; ualqo:":tilH;T
,

:qs'] Sln,adolloJ
eq1
Jo
.arql
nr
qqldu.roJrx
or
pa?U
no,{
'r[a]qojd
Dqr$5urinor3
r
pucrsJJpun
no^
Japl:aj eqr ^!oqs
oJ
'rrsIJDuJ
or Jlqlr.uTn^
q
rurum8J\' eqr
.(r,uora
ll
.,{r^!
rqr iq)
)loqa !
sD
dnoJS
arp
Jo
9^IlElu:srrdal

$ Jrqurrul 5ql
trqt !Ju)pr^, tEolJ
s)Jlddns
lurEnfuy ogr ssaFm
'oFeueJs
Jaql,ra tJi
.dnoj8
:[Fua
lqr lnoqr
ruJBls
r
loddnr
ol JrqsreuJ dnorS rzlnrrtrd
I
tnoqx DrJ
sojos
1no rtnod
tq€lw rsaum8lv orp
'llasJf,AuoJ
:o dno:€
rrqt.Jo :aqrueru JelnJlurd ruo
tnoqr
u{rlJ x
loddns ot-srllr:) ro
's)alolduD
srurpms s!
qf,ns-dnor8
TEr)trt3
r
tnoqE :txJ

rEos
rno rurod nfSrut ruoun€ry
Irr'1,{5
ro
aU9 ]'
(vsu:1
rrrl r
)ilswll
f
dnolg H)vl or
Alddv dnoug v Jo s)tlsrxtDwvHJ
.tvHr
cNtwnss
(qduSuEd
.ftss5
pjnp)
zzl
oN lu.un€ry
$'1,{C
(rJdtr3!.rud
,trssr
qqu)
€6
oN luaumRw
$'l^19
(qder8fJrd,{xss,
rFIJ)
6i
oN
ru.urnSt

JVW9
(qdrdx-Ed
,(rssr
qunot)
t1
oN lu.umtrv
I]II^19
(sqd
Scrrd ,{Ess. rnJU
pr'[
p.41p)
Zt
oN
ru.llngrv
wI{t
||Dfl
suoplpuol
ltrsPgijxrs
iIal sroe,tad o'no'
s1s4IW1!'aE
aqt
tol slttrts Stttrl^t
I
q!os.rr*
J"qurrI4l drry
:o; arua ory
s1 dno:9
r: JoJ "rul s,1cr1Xg-aldrnur-g

VSSI

tNlWn9UV 9NTUOOS-H9|H
V
lllu^\ O.t A
OH
,\r'!iument
The followin8
appeared in a Iocxl
newsP,rP€r
€ditorial:
"ACcordinS
lo . rcccnl n:ltions
idc srlta(l. n
8.c.Ier Pctccnta8c
of
our n:r!'oo r
lccn:rgc.s comPlxilr
()f
dcprcss'(n)
rodnr
(lrxn
cvcr
bcforc.
ller( in lhc
town
of Scrsidc.
wc necd to do more
!o
ensure
th4 our leenxgc.s
fill their dxis

with
mcaninSturl.
productivc activides, so lhxt lhc)
gro\1'
trp
to
bc
happl,
B'cll'
adjustcd
aduks.'
Rcsponsc
lrhough tic edirodnl
rssumes ihat Seaside s
tecnaEcrs
are typical of
the nation's
tcenagers m
leneml,
it supplies no evidence
wh1ts0ever
to
sub5ontiate
dris
aJsumption. For 3-ll
wc
knorr'.
the incidence
ofdeprcs_
sion

among Scaside's
rcens is far lower
than the national
alerage-low
enough
thacteen deprcssion
does not
pose
a cofiununitl"widc
Problcm
for S€aride-
IJso, t.\e cditorial
cainot
jusrj4'ils
rcconmendation
to tlr€
cofimunjq,
atleast nor based on
tie
nationwide
su.vct.
To bolsrcr
tbe rccommendation,
instcad of relvjtS
on
a
nvecPing
genct"lizalion,
the
editorial's

aud)or
should
Providc
speciic
cvicleflcc
that
among
S€aside
lccnagers,
depression is
2 s'idesprc;td
probl€m
rhar is !.kely
to contjnuc
udcss the
communiq
Ld{es
sPccific
mea'
surcS
ro rcversc tnc lrcnct.
Ex.rmplc-what's
Truc
for
a
Mcmbcr
Is also Truc for
the
Group
The

fo owillg Argumcnt
ffsumcs that chxractcristics
of a
pxniculal
memb€r of
a
SfouP
aPplv to
the
SrouP
as a
vhole.
Cfhe
Argurnent
might
suffei from olher
reasoninS
problems
a5 vell,
but
herc I m
focusing
on
itr;s
groupmimber problem.) ResPonse A
Provides
a bnef
bu( rdaqu:rre
one-par"gmPh
an.lvsis

that cont?hs each of
the three elements
ncedco
to
ed&ess th€
problcm. ResPonsc B
provid€s x
more
deniled
mi\'sis
witb
riorc
exr,nplcs, a5
well
15listing additjonal infofiniiion
ne€cled
to
proF
crl-v
evaluatc the Atgument.
The
fo owing is
pan
of
in articlc appeffing in tre
entcftrtment
sccuon
of a IocJ n€!$p.Per.
"At
the local

viewcr
Choicc
video store, thc
number of
aLailablc
movi€s rn
YH$tapc format tcEr.aits
about
thc same as thrce
ycars
ago, cvcn thouSh Lhe number
of arailablc
movics on
drFilal
wideo
disk,
or D\rD, hx5 rrcrcrscd
tcnlold
oter u)e
pr5l
ulfcc
yelrs.
Pcople
who
predict
the
jspending
obsolescence
of
tbe

vHS format irc mistakcn. smce
dcm:rnd
for
vHs
movie
renttls
roday clexrl),
remarns
jrx!
ar sFonS
2s
ev€r."
I'etcrso;s
|
\vitin! S0UK-[or
tbe
GRE/Gnuf
Tctt\
ltu4rjretersot.com
uo1 suoeted,natal
'o3[
sJr',(
rrilr
sr lltpot
srdr)
SIL{,{uzur
sE
saLrlEJ
]A

qr$
ulrJl
ol
lrgdlsq
rq
pFor,d
rJ
.rrortrur:oJu
snn
3ur:{rrl
.sJEUer
pu?
s.ll1s
o,{Cl
u!
spuel
$^-Hr^
slEtl''r
pur
srps
slIA
rn
spuerl
rpl,t
pFo,r
rnoqD uolrtur
-rojrn
trou
p5lu
plno,rl.

l
.uoqrsod
s.llJDrr
rqt
arrnp^a
jilfv
ot rrpro
sl
'Sll/t
Jo
rsJur)p
pJlrlprrd
.rF Sulfl)dslp
ur
papaar)ns
lor, srg
?lJlu!
eql
'o3[
sjs9,{
trrl]
sr s)du
S}l{
r(ucur
sE
x)ots
ol
srnrntuoJ
lA
lq,rl

suosarJ
Jlqrssod
Jarno
pLrc
,sarn
Jr[t4j4l: puE
JrprsuoJ
ol
sllq .lJFrr
.rIl
cJrIS
.sO{O
Jo
uollJrlrs
stl
pucdx,
J.qlrv
or l]pro q
srdEl
SIL\
Jo
€^lrqs
nr
rrayc
or fur,LD
q
3n
esnrrcq
:ucr
JoJ

tou
rnq
rps
roJ
sJ lJolu.Ar4
SII{
!sun,
s.)A
Jo
qrnu
sdrqDd
:lrDEu,
)rqr roJ
.uosu:r
Jr^crEq.6
JoJ
.cscl)^c
lxuoo[u
,q)
t'|:q]
rr^loJ
sr sral[ld
CIrtC
r^rrj
rrr.p
pooqroqqSQu
s.:)

ut
sploqrsnoq

Jo.SnusrDd
5tF
sdsqDd
rO
.CAC
uo
elqrlclr
-tr,{
lou
ajt lEqr
ser^olu
Japlo
rI
SqrrlT[pads
,{q
rJusu,
!q)n,
r :^lrs
o] BultdrsJut
sr
lA
sdrqDd
.lJfrDuo8
lnmpq
')fEs
pw
JBls
oaph
aqr
Jo TrJrd

s!
OA)
crroq]
DArrA
rErI f)tr'nssE
llnI].un
uonrsod
s.olrrus_cqf
g
assods€lJ
'
.aloqa
!
se lnmpul
3r]r roJ
uortrpnd
.ql
lJprlJslp or
pcllE:l
srq
luJurnSJrr
aqr
uarfr
.os
sI
.rrors
rSEr.lD
aql
urqt
'&otnr^ul

Jstol
9r
Jo
3Scrur
ad
r sa
'sadu:
5114
croru
ru3 fuct
rg3lur
),1
:ssD
arn lflJlssa3ru
l,us!
qqt
lE^eaoH
.dnor3
c sa
,s.Jols
o)pr^
lJt
Jo JErtd&
sl
OA)
eJroqf
orpt^
tcrF
srrunse:
tueuntrr_slrll

v
asuo{lsau
s,tnJ
Jr,^t)rtxt
.1.

1t)t
sltDts
tuutral
I
s,uot/atT
(rtdllSrjrd
irsso pubJrs)
6g
r)N
tu)!un&y
JVl^l.|
(qdLr8Errd
&ss?
qlnoj)
8i_
.oN
ru:urn8ry
J\.,y{C I t t I
iur^rolroJ
rqr
q
surrqord
r.qlu'u<tnora
Jo

srsrJxux
;u
ror
1Ji:,ff#
.n8ry
JVr{5
fxrrUJO
OZ
roJ
s,&!sJ")
8
ucd ln
s/irssj
tur
lprus
nol
ry
(qdclgsrd
{Essc
qug)
60t
.oN
tueurntuv gI9
(qdz,€r-Jrd
l!ss,
qu.g)
0Z
.oN
tu.rljn8ry
aI5

(qdErgllrd
tess. q!T),I
.oN
rururnsrv
fl,
(qdEr8Erd
,{rssa
qunoJ)
6
.oN
ruerunirv gL
lf l
-End
Sur,donoJ
ar{t ur
s'ra1qo:d
:egruorodnor8
go
.,.,ty"u"
,t*
,ffi
("s)u)umgrv
gI9
TrrJgJO
OZ
roJ
sdEsrJ-)
9
rjld ur
sdxs!,

,{rll
.{pn:s
nod
sl/
(8 prrv
9
si.rcd)
sluaunSr\r
1eIJgJO
ar1r
rr1
fiseJqord
raqrua;4-dno:9
AVSSI
IN3t\lnguv
9NtdOaS-H9tH
V
lIdM
01MOH
Assumrxc
rHAT
ALr THrruos
Rrm,qrn UNcH.lr.rcro
ovER TIME
srrecB
pil
be
sdcr
rl)an cvcr."
/\

GRE or GI1AT
Ar8umcnt
mjehr re\,
or cvidcrcc
colccrcd n rl\e
rast
irt
order to formulirc:;omr
conclusioo
or rcconrmcnd;rrion
conccming thc
preseilt
ot
rlJc
JLtto-!.
Similarl),, :ln
Argumcnt
miSht rclf
on cvjdencc abour
present
condtrio s ro
mak€ a
prcdicrion
or rccornmcndarion
Ior
tbe
,ttttc.
D\tr unlcss
lhc rguDrcnr provides
ctc:rr cvictcncr !t.r,lr

kcy circum.
st nces bave
rcmaincd,
or will
rcmain,
unchnngcd
ovcr tbe relcvanr
timc
pcriod
(b)'
the
wa),
i!
wonl),
rhe Ar8umenr
is \,l)lnerabte
to
crjricism.
To address
a mc.shifi
problem,
you
should
:rccomplish
€ach of rl)e
following
rhrce usks:
1. Identify
lhe
problem (i.e.,

rhe poor
assumprion
rha!
aI kc),
circumstanccs
rcmrin txed
over tiIne).
2.
Elucidate
by
providing
cxamplcs
of condirions
t}}at migir
chmge
from one Ume
Famc
to tl)c orher.
3.
Evduare r}lc
arAumenr
in li8hr
of rhc
probl€m.
You'U probably
fieed rhrcc
scnrenccJ
to accomplish
a[ rlu€e r$k5.
If

you
havc
more t!ne,
you
can
perforrn
eithcr
of
thc
following
optional task5
a5
.
lodicatc rhar ro
srcn$hcn
tl)c argurncn!,
rhe autlor
musr conrtncc
rhar
oihcr rclevanr
condirions
remain urch4nS€d
from
onc timc
foelne to rhc
next.
.
Lisr addiional
iJrformation
about pasr

afld
present (or
prcscni
alrd
funrrc)
ci.cumsunccs
tlat
you
nccd in
order to evaluarc thc
rccommcndarion,
predicrion,
o.
orhff conclusion.
EfiaEple-Past
CoDditiors
Remain
Unchanged
i':r the
present
4zd Future
Hcrc's an
AJgumcnr rhat prcvidcs
€vidcncc
abour thc
past
to dl"w a
.
coDclusion
abour rhc prcsenr

,s wcll
aj
1tlc futufe.
CIhe
Al.gumcot migha
suffcr
from oticr
rcasoning
problcms
as wcll,
but
hcre I,m focusinb
on
this tj$e-shifr
problcm.)
The rcsponse
accomptishcs
all duec rcquircd
u.ski,
as
well
as
suggesdng how
to suengt}lcn-the
argumcnr, all
in a single,
concrsc
p-e_fa8nph.
The folowing zpp€arcd
in a polirical

cimpaign adveniscmcnr:
'Rcsidcots
of tJris
st?te should votc
to clect l{.r-avitz
a5 stetc
govcmor
i.n
thc upconling
elcction. During lctvitz's
_filr-al rcrfn
a-s x
srat€
scnator,
shc
a/as
a mcmbcr of a
special
leAislativc
commincc
t}laa cxplored w"ys
rhc statc can
reducc
ir5 cscatadrS
ratc of violcnr
crime.
Elcct Kravic for
aovemor,
and
our citics'

ntutut.pct6oB on
Pctcrson
s
,
rrrititig
SkILr
lor
tha
GR-E/GIUT
T6tt
CRD
,sal IYIll,m
a(ti .1o.[
sll]15
lr!,!'a\ n
s,uosran
,uo:'
sroe'tcd
onto'
4dord
s,lu)(rtntur:
)qr
'sntLL
^\trr:lil
ul ss:ursnq
lo
rno
slilru:ss:l
'
"in1

,-
,.1fto,
:lrols
:lurl:dtuor
rt^\ru
r: r'llrrur lxtp
ro:l
uost'r
,r,rrr,r.L^r
rn,
)nlnl
.tll
ur
Pro]]l:
ol
tlqr
)q rrtuol
ou
II!^t
srliaplstr
".,;;.;;':;',;'
-"-"1
r'
:o
pr'r :iursstd
r
:c1
or
rn{'
urnr rqslur

xso'(
'^.t,\
", .ra^l^\o!l
'Jors
eql lroddns
or lJsnour
Suojls
ulf,ulal
ol
n-run.
,,,^t
.,".ntt)r
a:r^':lrI
6uotux
(srrnPord
p]rxFr'rso^
ptr!)
'"roi
ut
taajrru'
ru.rtcldr
etp
lErp
uo|dunssr:
'rlr uo s'Ilfl
pxtrrns
n;;;;
;'*.',"t
.'
,rors

sprru'ssa
r:5oa
r rrqr
rurrp s ru''unsrt-?ql
g
asuodsag
'>1qr::1to:d
:rq
ppo',,\ asrqruE{
ael^':trl
r 1Pq!
pef,q^oolun
.u"
r
'r.lui'."
q.ttt
ttlllltqtssod
roJ
*morrr
ol slul
luf,run8rt
'ql
i)tns
uost:r
J:^an:rl^t
JOJ
'Slstplsf,l
sll
JO
'(trctu

)sol
IL{1
arl,l'Irtl
,"aF
ro
r*^
t,tit*
1s3rt1tI|
sIIl
llql
r'plsuoc
ol
sJlxJ ll
'le^'Aloll
'liuo.rla
ut"ruaj
ln^!
srutplsu
aal^a{r.l
Suouir
(gJnpold
per?lJl-t3o'{
'-*'n-*l
"ioi
u,,."trlrr
ru::vddt
arn:rq:
**nt*
tt::;J:".:X
"-)ueulst^ul

atqgluord
E
aq
,{ltns
pFo^\
aal
aTE.l
u!
:sfqJr4{
sfuluass3
'
r3o1
"
's.,r6
r :or.^ol{
r!
uc$
sqnl'
qrrtttl
Due
solpn$
r3o,{
arour
::c
aDril
'nd'r^elvl
Jo
ij,|IAor
'{qJLu
Jtll

ul
-sDarr
-rrqro
,rt
.rntu.uroado
esr{f,rtary
3u-utJo
sl slxnuassJ
rSol'
idoN
l::d"ds,nneu
p:rol s.rsaitlunot{
rr
ptsp:)
pt
l) tu
slq
tlulto
s.tjors
eq1
q8noql
qr,\a f,ptJ'p
r lnoqx
loj sstulsnq
r4
ut'q
stq
lstl)lunoy,:
rI
plltJoi aJols

ltlal
nxrus
t
'sl!l1u'ssJ
lSol'
:rulzxSrur
sserlsnq
1[uo6'r
l.]l
ptrEaddt
3q^\oloJ
tq]
'lutwn8lx
aq1
3qulql6oers
JoJ
nrolls)a
.sn(
r!
n:^r
st
s:ldurtxe
f,iour
rpr'^ord
or'JsquIrJ
saoB
g
esuodstl
uralqoro
r*.

n
.urr".t.r'".t:)EnbtP!
)nqJf,uq
lj srpr^ord
Y
'suodse)]
(
lurlqord
rrqs.srun
srul
uo
bulsn)oj
lrr.l
Jl:q
lnq
flta
s!
stuJlqold
SqruosEf,J
JJt{)o
.orl
rrll"*
rqgr,,
-t*nBrY
:qL)
slr'r'udoi!^:D
:rn)nJ
rlqrssod
SuuouS'
=oop,puoa

trjtra,a
t''o
pJscq uollJlpatd
I s3)irur'lxgr
lu'urnt'rg
u! s':r'H
arunc
arrl
ollq
pa8uErlf,u;
t4t*tt'
t'o'
tttoF{puol
luastrd-"-eldul
'dnlslequrtut
ttlII'JtUoJ
I'q
uo
p'seq 4!,!l{'l
JoJ
tro^
ot
5ur
f,pvnsrtd
lotnrtr
pt:tF
.lb!o]ld
q3rq x 3qlq3lJ'tulutr
')'xur^ol
rl*.tor'nao^

o"*
rourt^o8
sx l".rr
'rurpJ^e
reueq
3upltrq
'ont
-r-p
a-oi
pat*-ro
t3lllrlluor
eql
Jo
Jtqtueru
c sr
uowd!:r!r:d:aq
n-,r*oria.
tdrpol
s^\an
lueltljlp
'{lanlu'
ploq
1q3!u
zll^u)
rou
-]r^og
t"
.rn

t.t'"t)

llnlla
ermnj
'qt
uI
prrr
'{tpol
rred
s'zll^xrx
.';;;;;;;'-*1s
' s"l,4
't1'ryu'
p"
cqr
'trLr*
ruaror^
surlqau
_ ' _ otnr.,r*o.
,tl'qnu"
sc'\\
z1l^rJ)l
'lrlll
cuo
DxqlrSu.trijnssY
^vss3
LN3!\neuv
gNluoos-HolH
v
3rldru\
or
'^AoH

ncnt nlus! suppl)
berer evidcncc-pcrbaps bI
va_r'
of a lljievicB,
survev rnd i
l-lkcvie\\'cconomic forec:rsr-of a
sufficicnr dcmand in
LlkevicN
fo. thc kinds
of
p()clucls lo8x
L\scnrirls .ells,
ar
lcast for
tbc
forcscc;rblc fururc.
Orhcnvisc. rlrr
xurl)of
cnnnor
pcrsuadc
mc
rhir i
L1kcvic$ fnnchise
\l,ould
bc
profitlbtc.
Tame-Shift Problems
il
the
Official Arguments

(Parts
6 and
B)
Ai
you
srudy mj,es$ys in Prfi
6
("Essavs
for 20 Officiai cREArgumenrs"), look
tor m\'
anal)sis
of rime.shr.ft problenrs
in
lhc fottoNirs
p;tn8mphs:
| | |
cn.E Argurncnr No.
9
(iirird
essiy
p:rragrapir)
cRE
ir!'umcnr No.
3l
(fourih
essxy
pafignph)
GRI Argumcnr
No.
96

(sl\{r
essal' pangi.rph)
Gn-E Argument No-
109
(rhird
essal.
p:rmSrnplr)
GRE Argument No.
113
(founh
cssay
prrlgriph)
s
you
srud)'my css:rvs in Paft
6
("EssaYs
fof 20
Official
clt T Arg:u-
mcnrs"), look for m)'xnalysis
of time,shifr
problems
ifl d1e followinS
paragraphs:
I I I I G 1!T
Argument No. 23
(fourth
cssxy
prlagmpb)

GI{, T Argument No. 28
(fouftb
essq'
pamgmph)
GMAT
Arg1lment No.
5l
(sccond
and rhird essay
paligmphs)
GtrIAT rgument No.
79
(fourth
essly
panSraph)
-
GMAT Argumenr No.
l3l
(second
essxl'pangmph)
OiHrn Rrasounrc Pnosle^as
wtrH GRE AND
GMAT Ancurarurs
Nosf rhat
-\'ou've
cximined
rh€ mosr common
cR-E
and
GMAT

reasonin8
problcm!,
briefl),su.vey some othe. r€asoning
problems you
mighr Iind
$'jth
an Argumen(.
Alrhough each of rhese
problems
is less common tim
anv of thc
ones I've alrerd)' covered,
you
should be rcacil' for thcm
an,r5vay-
jusr
in case.
Failirg to
Dcfine lmportant Tcrms
Ar rgumcnr
might rely on a ceftain rcrm wiriloui
providing
an sdcquatc
dcfirition of it. l-ook especially
for rcferences ro a
parlicuiir
class,
cfl-
.
cgoo, or

group,
without x
clear cxplanarion
of'whar
jr jncludes
or
excludes. For
cxamplcs of rhis
problem,
see
I I I
cRI Arr$mcor No.
59
(fou.rh
essa)'
p;rngnph)
I
r
I I GiIAT
lrgument No. 23
(fiilr
essiy
pa.rgr:rph)
I
GMiT Argument No. 71
(founh
cssly
pxragraph)
cN'lAT Argrmcnr
No.

89
(frsr
essay
parag.iph)
CI{AT Aryumcnt No. 122
(founh
cssay
p:lmgmph)
uuu.peI6oB om
GRE/GntAT Il
utox suoettallatntnt
stsaJ.
J,Vtl'tnXt
a(tt .()[s ttr n)t']t.t/11
|
s,u(,sJatai!
t_l
f\
'qloq
sm)sln
plnoqs
no(
'rqlrr
sLU)lqord q)oq
Jl
(
uonlpuor
Zr.rrrral
r sr
uolr)r

Jo
rsJnol
r,tpbu
'spro^\
raqro uD
'r^trltiqo
prtrts
rqr !^!lrlrE
rtlSltu rttll
uoDrD
Jo
sr$notr Dglo ltoopr^o
osfx llqxqord
IIF1
ru.iqord SuluosErr
JGDrIa"
srrr r.llort srrfms rrqr rurumSrg w :316p
(rldrr€Erxd
drssa
qgrJ)
6/
oN
ruarunSrv
$'lt9
(qdu6rrrd
,(!ss!
prro)
t/
oN
rusrun8ry

ll'I/t9 I r r n
r.s
'ualqord
s!l)
Jo
s.ldurrxa roj o^Drrlqo
.(o 3ut^)rq)e
Jo
pooqlalll
aqr
3lnsrf,Dq ,{q.Fq1
'(sr^!!&rllr
!^rsnl)x.
lll.runul
rou
ejr,{aqr
'sr
rrql)_s)sjnof,
rpoq snsnd
ot rlqrssod $
tl
r[qr SlrurplssoJ
lnoqrr,r
'e^n)alqo
pf,1Es
eq] J er-qJr ol Jrpjo 14 Jeq:oUI
Jr^o uolrrE
Jo
rsJnoJ ?so
pururuorrr

rq8rtu luaurnSjv
I.t'r{C
Jo
:nl9
y
r^JsnlJr:n ,{1erun11 eJV
rroF
VJo
sasJnoC o^\l
tr:r[}
8qrurnss1
(qdf,j3ttu d.,(xssr
puorrs)
6!
oN luarrJnSry
J\'I,{{)
(qdr-4rJtd
/itssa r8tl-l)
8L
'oN
lulunSrY
$ry{9 It t tr
(qdr"J8xrrd
ixssa
puor.s)
t6
oN rururnSrv
3)19
(qdd3rxcd
,{Dsse.

qDnol)
Zt
'oN-
luaumSl
gIg
I
t E
ers
'tq)lqoJd
slrF
Jo
s_Jldullx: Jo.I
rxsDplrtr
ot elqrreuin^
q
eluapl^a
aql rI!^!
))wpror)E Ln uorsnl)uol s1r.ro :doJs
Jo ?JJSJP:qr )rum
or slrql rlqr lnrurr€rv
rw
'ssr/Jalrs
uttual r ol rrrdsaj rlrh\ ,{luo Jo
Jur1ra
urlufJ r ol,{fuo 1nq
prtroddns
le^\.q
lq8r.o{ll
uormltruo)
s,luoum3,ry uv

adolg .ro aaSaq
rq
pcoJg
ooJ s1
lrrp
rrolsnlluoS u 3
(qdu6xrxd
if,ssa
prrql)
t8
oN.lu:urnaJy
J}'l/{t
(sqdx.rSErEd
,{rss,
psorcs puE
rsnJ)
8},
oN
rurrln3x\r
$,'},19
!'NE
(qdx$Lrcd
^rsse
pr.qr)
88
oN
tuaunSrv
IIIC
(qdcl8r-Jl,d
i"ss.

rIgIJ)
08
oN
rsf,um8{r
EIt
(sqd['d[jud
.{"ss. lFfioJ
pux prtqr)
zg
oN
ruor.un€rv
jt5
|| !t
rra -rlqor.l
.J,{,
Jo
srlduryxa
ro:I sr.qunu
ro
sr3Erurlr?d
rslf,)rd Sulpuord
Jo
nr.rl
q
"Irlf,^as"
ptn:
"',{nrrr,
"'!uros"
ol s']rre
-raJJ

JoJ llqDsdsJ
Ioo'I
suorsnlJuor
SuraLtP or
sasroJ
1r
uaqa uodn
,{lcl
llqsuosFr or
5nBD^ oor,{lduBs sr
ro 3um:arx f,lqtssod
)uo urqr )ror!
srurJ rEql
(rsuqd
Jo
Droa
ro)
ru.tualtr<
r
utruo.
1q€5u
ru.urniry
rr1'
aluapT^g
snonSlqurj' Jo rnf8e uo
VSS3
tNSt'!neUV
9NlUO3S-H5IH V
31uM Ot
I

OH
Arguing
Simultaoeously for
fko
Competing
Objectives
A
GRI or GN{AT rgumcnr
mighr
scck ro achieve nvo
disrrnct objaciivcs,
Nhich
ippdu
ro compcrc wirh
each
othcr:
in
orher
eord3.
accomplishing
onc
objccrivc decrcrscs
rtrc likelihood
ol lchicvi.A
tbc orhcr_ For xn
oiamplc
of
rh's
probtrm.
scc

E
I
I
I
ciu T ArSumenr
No.
i9
(fr.fth
essal parnSmph)
Engaging in
Circular Reasonilg
A cRE
or c)U T Argumenr
mighr rel).,
ar leas! panll,,
on
irs
own Lnc of
rcasoning
ro suppon
rhni verv
rc:soning,
This
gcncral
problem
is
koown
bv rhe rerms
"circular
reasoni'8"

and
-Llutolos)-
as.wcll
fi b).rhe idiom
"beSging
t}e quesiion."
For an
example of
r.his
problcm.
sec
I | |
cR! Argumcnr
No. 42
(frfth
essay
pangBph)
DO"S
AND DON'TS
FOR
YOUN
ARGUMENT
ESSAY
Nor', reviev,/
sonrc oI thc k€y
poinrs
f.om
Pxn
3.
Hcre xrc

rwo lists
of
DO's and
DON Ts-for
conren! and
or8anization-ro
kecp
I.ou
on
ihe
righr rnck
jn
organizinF
and composing your
rgrjmcnr
css:rr. To reinforcc
dre ide6 in rhis
list, emark
the lisr ud
rcfer 10 ir
from
ume
ro rime as
vou pmcuc€
rhe Argumcn! \rTiting
t;lsk .lnd
as
-vou
,cid m), sample
cssrl,s

ir Pln 6 ,nd
Pirr 8.
Comrr.n-Youn
Cnrrrour or rHE
ARGUMEM
DO
idenrii ana
keep in mind rle
Ajtumcni
s linrl .rnd rnrermedirre
conclu-
-sions
so'thrr
you
can analyze
the ArgriJnent's
use of evjd€nce
ard line
of
reasoning in
suppofi of rhose
conciusions,
DON'I
mcrely
resqre
or rehaih the st"tcd
Argumcnt.
Ihe ont),wa.\,
ro scorc
poims

is to rcU thc
reader_whafs wrorg
s/ith
the Ar8llment.
UO
,nri)ze rhe
Ar8llmcni virh
an eye
for uncovering
tlree
or
lour
0aws-in
.
thc author's
iinc
of reasoning and
use of cvidcnce.
_
r.re
corunjr ro
mcmoN rhc
rfpes of re.soning
flas/s
you
lcamcd in
part
3,
and
look for

e!
lcai.
rhrce
of
thcm
in
your
Arglrncnr.
.
DON'T
rctv on ttre technical
lermirotoSl'
of format
toSic ro idcndy icisoning
problcms; plain
English wi!
su.ffice.
DO
idcntib
unsubsrrnriated
or r]nre3isonable
assumpLions upon.srbich
thc
Artument s conclusion
clcpcnds.
DO
suppon c"ch cb-allen8€
ro an assumption with ar lea.s!
onc
example

(scennno)
Pctqsons,
rrritrtg
Sktk
lor
the
GI|E/GAUT TcsL<
ll
IA
LO
tut01
ttuosatad
o'mnI
stsat
I
,.t)
rot
qltqs
nutty)r
.
_
tood
IEr)UJo
f,rp
ln
slu5rrm8+.
EZI
rojl
s&ssr
lul

surrruoJ
)iooq
eru
'(s.uosrrr:d,{q
pzqsttqnd)
s1lonsa
A
tDss!,ooY
uq
o,,o^*r_gOi
oar r)qro
rru
ro
)uo
u,,r".r,
s,,,puoa ,'Jlrffi,l'j::1.fi'Jll:,
JtJn)rued
r
vl surtlqojd
Suruos')J
lno Btnt?.urJ
alqnoJt
r^Eq
nol
Jl
NO[\rZtw9x0
s)oog
gNtltui^
lwtu.lvNv
o/yU

ulr{lo
lW
r.lnsNo]
.
ino{
1!
o8zd
arlr
JJo
,{U
nrr'd
doq$po,{.
s.nn
ul
rnoqr
pruJFl
nol
s,rtu
SuruosttJ
uorrtrroj
,rp
,arncr-rd
apq
r
gtr,711
ruar.uni.ry
1x5u-
)rn
ot
!o

a^or!
ir)ql
.saop
urri{r
tol
jprnu
hol
otul
<Ioa ppoqs
rnbfrlD
Jo
slr4od JnoJ
Jo
cajqt
rsEll
tV
.sruelqoJd
gqruossu
uoujujoJ
Jo
rall
^ur ot
EqlrJrl
.ru:|Illn€rv
ctp
Jrpuod
ot 3rnuJIrJ
x
JoJ
csnrd

.,lood
tql
tuo.g
nurumgrv
urarJrJ
ol
dn
rtr3los
lltlropu"n
1.srt6
qr,ag
6jal
pw
!U9
s,tJt^Ds
tuFsat
rqt
qr^
srJolrslnb
aqi
,rpqo
o,
^oq
"oy
uoprnporra.l
6.1009 qq!
Dg sturrun8rv
Jo
lood
craldwor

eqr
;o
rnorr.ri.l
" .r*;;;
rurrrr{or
pu'
ll'nb.p'
'c
B.,,phord pu?
sw.,r"'.
.r;",ilil;lH;J;
uo
prol9rn
sn)oc
.lEsa
rull!.n€rv
mol
Jo
qlguel
plo,,
.qr
rnoq"Lo^
lrNgq
r'orJ-{IfDfsol
pus
llfrrru'u
,aog
s?rpl
rnol
sd,.,

,"*
;ff:
ilr:il::
mo^Jo
nu'od
snogc
.ql
ttruuoJ
rrro s.serqa p,r".pro^
uoprr,*r'rl.'
66
,'.l::jI_.T
-**i.
,{nry
Jo s)srSu]ns
or
parrnbr:
sr
rrq,r
rrFlpur
o)
^JqGsod
pIJ[
sunlqord
urEtll
s,tu3uln8rv
crF
ar]llrtrf,l
or
llduns

sr
aJcr{
qol
rnoi
r{dE6rlt-d
8ripnpuoj:rp
ur
onbnpe
30
sruroct
,r:.au
,{rrr
arnponn
-
.3uluosEJ
Jo
ar4l
s,tufuIn8Jv
)rF
rolJl!,
plnoqs
af,ulnbrs
.qL
qduSErzd
::d.lro
!cp.!o
Jrcrgol
€
Er o.to".:"
"rroj,rJ.x rilirc

oO
'Iy
3unft^
roe,.
grv
aql
ol
llJD^cl.r4
r.rc
lurunfuy
aqt
q
plssn
stp
.nssl
.{nE
lnoqr
suolt4do
fEuosjJd
ftol
.p*q
t"
ru._nBrV
a.p
t orJ
,{"rt.
1rp9q
'3tr'Il
ru.trlqns
r^rq

no,{Jx-rr
ertrnfE
a rruaq
no,{
dlaq ppo,n
rrqar
rolp.o
Sqr'ir^uoJ
5ror!
rsr.onSJv,qj
,ry"-
o:
p r.b"r'r,
r";;;;;lp-
OA
lwtr
tuow
InvH
no^
il
l,Noc
lOOd
lVr)HJO
rno^
Nr
slNlwncdv
3Hr
NO
S
ON

ilvl
:su^ofis:tESns
,rlros
cjr
r3H
.saJmosej
JJrpo qlra
)iooq
slqt
In
sEu5rErD
turur
.n8ry.gt
Br'nu lclddns
rcprguoJ
.urrx:
mol.roy.q
."ai.1a*".^"f
noi!
AVSSS
.tN3htnSdv
eNtdocs_H9jH
V
3-Utl/r\
01 MoH
CI'UT CAl
-A'lsloer
k' tbc
Real l:ssa|
Qucstio'Is

(l'{blishcd
b}'
Perer"on's). Thc ltook s ?nd edirion
conr.rins m) cssds
for
115
,^r8umeols io
thc offic'xl pool.
,{s
yor
rcad the book s ^rlumcnt essa}'s,
jot
down
Poinls
of cririqLre
-You
find clcarcsr or nrosr conyincioF. Also. highliSht
tmnsilionil
Phflses.
whjch
conncct
ihc cssa] s
poin6
of criliquc. Rcviclv
$c
phrases, then iIJ'
composing
sevcnrl
cssxvs
voursclf. miking x

specinl
cffon
to incorpo.rte
simihr
phrascs into
your
ess:r-\'s.
NOTE: For book irJorm:ition,
see fte
booki'
w€b supplcmcn6
'
(slary.vcsr.ncr/-srewld).
Pnacrcr, Pnaorcr,
PnqqrrcE!
Compose
as many
p:zctice essa's 3s
you
reasonably havc
time for,
responding
(o
the official
qucstions,
Be su.rc
io
P.rctice
under liJncd
conditions

with
a
a,ord proccssor,
restricting
your
use of editing
fudcdons
to lhc ones
provided
on thc rcrl exam. Elaluatc
your
Practice
cssays,
rcfcrdJrg .o lhc olncial scoring
criteda; rcJlect on
your wealncsscs, and
concenrare on
improving in thosc arcrs nexi
time.
REINFORCE'NENT EXERCISES
Now
lcfs reinforce
whxr vou've
leamed
ir
Pan
3.
Each of the following
cx€rciscs conbins
an

Argrmcnt
dcsiSned to hiShlSht
a
paltjcular
lcason'
ing
problcm.
For each
Argumenc
L Compose
a brief
(one-
or two-prragraph)
cssav response
tfiat
Ioc]rses on4' ofl
tbat
iroblern.
2, Tr.v ro incorponrc
alt thc requted elcmeots
Ior
an adcquatc
anrlysis
of
thc
problco.
3.
You ma)'also discuss how
to remcdy the
problem

(strcnSahcn
thc arSumcnr) and/o.
whft addirional inJomalioq
is nccd€d to
n
y
cvaluztelhe .^rBumcnt,
in tcrms of
the sPcciJic
problcm.
4. On scratch
papcf, outlite addirional rezsoning
problems wlth
A.r€umcnt that
you
would alticipatc drscussitg
were
this a
tull'length
(3Grrirutc)
snring task.
ljmir
t/our
tirne to l0 minules
pcr
cxercise
Ior
each
tFoup
of cxcrcis€s, clircciions

for tllat
Sroup
immcdialely
precede rhe cxcrciscs. M!
lespotLses and
com"EnLt be8o1 on
page
1I I
r'tu.p.'cr5o6.cod
Pctcrson's
I
wtlttng
Sht|ls
lor
GRAGMAT
T,
ttt
oJ't
u'
re rt
ed
t)
n' r'
E
,141)ol
sllttls
nrltt)a\
|
s,uotrala.l
9-9

srsr)rtx3
?-e
srsDllx3
'il:ss.
qr.3u.fllrl,l rr trr iurssnrsr| f,rxdr.our:
pFod
no,i slu.lqord
rlqtssod r.qro
)rou oslt
.]u.lllnlil
rlrl:. Jtt:]
tttaltlotd
t'tttP
-Frutt,
frr}suztod
rqr Fsnrslp
pux
llruepl
I
:s!trrtl_:l
ttl stlllsdr
lt11!,slltt's
anltouasatdatutt
'tjlttlttlrroal
ttp ssn)$fr
pux
/ftruiPr
'!
,sr)lrr:
ul

'pralsur
stlt^ras s.otrrlslrrl .<n
PUI:
s)rt^las
s,orp
Sqsn enuDuof,slp
pnoqs alll^slllH
slrurl
^rrr sll
uqrl^r
uoor)s
JajssErt
asryli
t
lJnrsuor
ol
lauotu
q8nou.
a^!s
ol Jtpjo
ul
'sr)r^r)s
Sullrb)r
put
aslvrr
s,oJpJu
JoJ
lsotr
I[lol
s,rllt^slllH

Jo
:sof,
Trrol
aql
spnqr o,{t lnoql
l!
ITr
'SrnqsllEld
Jo
uaol :ql roJ sttl,ues
3ullrLilJJ
sr
lttr,{
sr
Fsodslp
prII
drLltld esnjrr srpl^ord
oJq${
}
'pou.d
rwD
f,urts .ql l.^o 58uu.uad
rerlaj€
ur^r ue
lq
prutlJ5p
srq
sluoq
,'(Irulq-e]€qs s,uolrldrrtJo
lnfc^

.8LD^r
.rF JlIqAl
'Jt5,(
lstl
p)!)do
98aIoJ ,{lrunutrxor
,t{tru
sll oJlls
tuaJJrd
0t
,{q
pssarjtrrp scq srijsuju[dr
JoJ ]ual
a3rl.^[
?qr
'uol
td!I{
to
u^ror lqrD)u
.tI Ul
'lJt
r.UY u,{lor r.ql
lJI .8)noJ
rl!^.ud
rE ,(.rnoJ
a?u !
Jo
F^orddi
.rn
lsutttr lno

W:tds
rsnrll &If
WO
Jo
fruaprsJj.qr
'putlrruroJ
uf,r srsuao
lladord,{rll
)IlrO )|'rli
sru'l
sr
pt'r
srnF^
,{urdord
s,Alf
lro Jo
rulrep
x
lur^.rd
ol
lapro
ul
€
',{!ssa
lulutnSrv
rllSuf,fllrg
t
q
3qssntrsn
rrndlJrrl,t

plno^r
nol sdslqord
elqrssod
leqro
:'ou osv
'6ol4ub
4bam
,tpyuatod
]'.l) ssnrslp
put
lmutpl
's:sl:)Dx:t
oal lxtu
rqr
Jo
qJis
ut
'f,uoq
(Uo{
3u.uq
,sl:r{ro^l
1x!Il spooJ
qrunl
Jo
sed,b
aur?s
rqr rego
plnolls
xu3ltFr
s,lu

Itdruo:
rqt
'stuo:d
um:
uJ
put
'AhnJnpoJd
.r:-jro,u
nEla^o
3Jneqse
or
uotJJX
roJ Jcpro
ut
'5JoJ.lrlLL
zu:rtll: s,{uvduor
'qr rx
qJtml
tslqJjnd
oqa
sje)poa
rtuql a^ntrnpojd
eJou'
IIJ!J'rr38
arD eutoq
_
rrro{ scqrtml
u,{o JI.ql
3u.uq
oq,1 sr')lro^\

',{uedtljotr
uouax lv
'z
'rnu.^ar
q
au-rl)tp
lp€ls
r
petu)padxe.^cq lrplslp.gr
14 $sssqsnq
llvr
'urql
,rr{s
!ur!r.d
of
,{lrt
u lq crroJ arllod sll
Jo
azls
Tgrol
orn
P$np'r
,{tl) c(Il
'o8E
sJ!5{
f)Jrll
$nog sslqsnq
autnlcp
tu.unp
pltslp

ssllllmq
u^roluaop
s,lllr
aq)
lo!?d
1!qr
srf,)!6o
?{lod
Jo
Dqumu
rn
tstJDUl
pFoqs .,{
',{lllouotr3
s,A!J slql
rzllrll^er
or
Dpro
r'l
'I
'
''{!sse
]u'tDn:rv
tDaurHInJ
! r{ 3q
{sn)s!p
rrrdrrllrft
plnoa no,{ suDlqord
slqrssod
rtqlo

.rou
osIY
1u'lqa'd
,rrr>rsrrJf.ql
ssntrsp
puE
lJpu.p!
's3s]r).xf,
oal lsu
es:qr
lo
qJct
ul
AVSSS lN3v\lneUV
gNltloas'HglH
v
3!llM
ol
'^
oH
z-l srsl)l3xl
5.
WorLforcc
Sysrems, I
consulrin8
nrm spccializing in workplacc
producriviq
lnd etficienq.,
rcpons riar
ncarl\'70

pcrccnt
of MDi-
acch s
cmplor'ces
who
cnrolled
in
WorMorce
Sysrcms
one-wcck
scminar
lasl
lcir
chin] to
bc
morc
conrcnr
with
rhcir
curcnl
iobs
than prior
to cnrollin8 in
drc seminir.
Br,rcqui.ing managcrs a! aI
large corpo.arions
ro cnroll in thc
kinds of seminars
rhat
Workforcc

System
offers,
productivin
in our econom)'s
privarc
s€cror is
ccrl-lrin
to improve.
A s'gnijlcarr pcrccnrr8e
of dlis counr)'s
rcsidcnrs
sho
reccive
unemplovmcnt
benefiG from rie
state repon
that thcy
would prefct
to work
bur
have
difficulcy findrn8 work
for which rhey are
qua.lificd.
In ordcr ro.educc rhc
st.ain ofl
our counr),s
Srate Employmcnt
Dcvclopment
ofiice, which

is currenily uodcrstaffed,
the countl'
should
eslablish ?n adulr
joStrainins
progr]m.
ln cach
of thc ncxr rwo cxcrciscs,
jdenti4'and
discuss the r?cessaDr
cond{tlon
or sulficicrrt{ozdllton lssumprion.
Also nore othcr
posslblc
problcms you
would
anriciprre
discussing in r hjtl-tcngth
Argrrmcnt
cssay.
7- Thc
juvenile
,usricc
dcp3r n€nr of
onc of rbe nadon's lar8csr
cirics
reccntly
lcponed rhar chnd.cn who
cngage
jn

rnv of thc ciry's
or8rniz€d spons progJams
arc iess
lik€b' ihan othcr
childrcn to
bc
'
convic.cd
of
a
felony crimc larc.
ir life. Th€reforc,
rhc fcdcirl
SovcrfDcnt
can
reducc tic national
crimc rarc by mand*ing
daily
physicel-cducation
clxsses ar cvcry
high schoot in
$c nation.
L
RivenowD's
hisloric Hill
disrrict used to
be onc of r})e ciq"s 6ain
tourist aftnctions.
Sircc thc consrrucrion
ot a ne!{'shopping

ccntcr iI,I
thc distficr,
the disricr's
quaint
oldcr shops and
rcstaufantl have had
.
diLrculry anracring
parons.
ln oldcr ro
prcscrve
thc hisro.ic valuc of
lbc Hill disrricr's
oldcr buildings ard ro
prcvcnt
furthcr ioss of
rcvcnuc
from touris6, t}le ci(y lnusr
imposc a mot"rorium on t}le
conshrction of any ncw
srrucrurcs in the Hill disric('
In cich ofthc Dcxt rwo
cyercises,
idcntify
and discuss thc
potcntial
groutmember problez.
Also
note
othcr

possiblc problcrni
you
would
oticipatc
discuisioS
in e full-lcnSl}r Argument cssil
9.
r,rt ciaDt
Industries. our state's largesr
privatc
lusirlss, the avcragc
produclion
worker is now 42
years
old. Rcccntly,
Giant's
rcvenu€
from thc salc of textil€s and
paper,
,whic}|
together
account
fot thc
d.eiority of Gialrfs rn nufacruring business,
has
dedincd
si&ntficrntly.
Sincc
an increasing
perccn6Sc

of ncs'
8raduares
from
our sratc's
Exrncrses
7-8
ixgncrsrs
9-l 0
Pctdson's
.
Wtlttflg
SEIttlor.tbe
GRE/G]IUT TesE
I
'I
-rir(l
rJrl(xl
ur uorl)np.)l l: uirs i^lxl
Itrlr s)oo
rrlr
:rrr:
st:r.:r:.:;rqxr
s,l.llr
:rrll
pux
srri,i
r)qr
lsnl
,qr luDnp
.p.sr.riur

ui.\,
r{r.rlurs
rqt
p:'tlrur
-rr
sxr{
Irsr'
trutsrp
ss.ursnq
,tp 5u'ltorrrd
sr))r-]lo
):)rt(xtto
J]qr.unu
)rn
^lorq ra
lJr
roj saprs.fl s.rrllqrssod
^r.r
rrsnlrsrl
or'sqrnqns
iu!,,{lrno
ur uolt
lt:d
LUoi :iurcr:JJUI
ro urruu^roD
arrrouoJ>
lllauai
I sr
qJns
srolJtt

o)
prrlsul
,np aq
lrlfruJ u^\op^!ols
ss.nrsnq
lql
!:t)q
rql
roj )lqtsuods)J
s! Jrulloj srlr
lxqt )urnssx or rrr.n!n
sr
tr
ltua^al
lrl)r
ul aull)rp
)ql rrojaq
prlln)lo
uorDnpal il:)lot.r:)rl(xl
.ql
asnrJ)q
tsnl
:ur)lqord ,qt
silpurq r'$
:suodsaj
r:
s,aja11
.:cuanb:s
lrjoduJ)t
,l:)!u

qt!^t
tJrJJa
pul
osnrtr JsnjuoJ
rq8[!
1u:$ngjv s.rql
srs^]vNv
'I
SINIWWO)
ONV STIdI
M 6!S!tUtxt
lNrwttuotNtld
'strurllui
)lqrt)lrr
II.S)J
prrl
'olrL.r 'DaTlor
ot SuIIlt^\
srsseusnq
JoJ s)rprsqns
ot s€u!^zs .rI1 lldd?
pur
t3rr
slqt
tn
Bqpurds
c)np5r
pFoqs
&sno)
)rp

'aldrlJ!
ejt rsnlrr 3ln]cpounrro)Jr!
roJ
sernos
-ir
rurrnr rno
r)urs 8u.rutf,trp urf,q
slq rsnj.r stqxtJb5ruou
Jo
rurnlo^ .IIl llq,lA
'llrpEsts
pf,sc:Drr
srq
Aunol
ulnqlrrtg
ur
prrnr)
-ord
sJxuarruI
alqqrb)l
Jo
aurnlo^ eqt
'sl!:d
r^U
tscl
.rlr
iulmo
's']r^Jrs
pur
spoo6

uSrJJoJ uo
buopurdrp
slr:nulluoJ
ot
pJuDsep
sr
lJrlmof, Jno
'spoo3
pruodurl
uo sJJLnl
)sod
{
ot Srqlll,{.sn su.rJag
uouruJa^os
fElaptl
mo e)!Ic.uonllFl
JoJ
pf,tmlpr
'o8c
$rJ{ urt
lxlot frnniJ!
aqt urqt ssal st] \
srgluno:)
raqro
ot &tunor slqt lUot
bruoai!
spooS
Jo
rnlx^
prrllf,rD

Inol
5rF
'Jl],{
:s!l
'luarrurr^o8
JErepaI
eqt ,{q
uodrl ruerej x
ot trlpJoJ)y
u():, etosJrtd
an')t
v!'JJVllt9/:1dj)
a.tt ro.l
nt'.ts
nuDOAt
.
t,uosJ2tad
'II
zI-l
I
srsDxlx3
'zl
.,(!sse
rusurntuV rll3uf,t,Ilry ! ur BurssNslp
.:rdttrrru!
plno^r
no,{ suf,lqoJd
alqtssod r.lno
)lou
osJy

szrrtqord
16r1s-azrr.7
pqu:rod
smJslp
pur
Slruap!
's:sruaxa
oal
Diou 3rp
Jo
rpte ul
'lul.tn
-ord
Sqsnu x
rFra
drusrurlsrssr
JrSrJ
UiI
ursSord .)3apt
ltlJossr
nr
)r!td!r
plnoqs
eScIIol
hfunururo:)
>loorqftl)
,spuert
ruom:)
f,srqr
Jo

!3s|rft^p!
awr aq ol Japro
qI
'slooqrs
JEJlprtrr
s.uoD?u
Jno
ol
suonrJ.rJdd!
Jo
raqum!
IElot
orp
u-r rsrol:)ul
rlt
lq
prruxduorJp
sE^l
slooqrs
aq s.uooru rno ol sttrtJllddr
Jo
Jrqurnu
Jlrol
eqr u'! eull]f,p
s,$r:I
rs-El
rrqr
es)^r)sqo uofibrnpg
lo tDlunof.rF
Jo

ensq
turf,ar
y
'Ot
'rrus
no
ln cjll
Jo
,{:lpnb
p3rnp)
!
pu!
f,rnln:g
ss:urmq
prods:pr,rs
ur
3rnllnslj urm rII
':}J!r)
leqr s!
sra)po^\
turrrnJ Jno a)xldar ot
luJr:)
-gInst'I
3q
JII.a
aJrotpo^t rno
Jo
tzrs .q]
qr!rt^\
ul srsur

r: lrrj
loos
mr\!
:rrs Jno
'setr|s
r:rIlo rrl sqoJ 3qpqt
arr srtrsr^run
puu
s.8)nor
AVSSI .LNlWneUV
SNIUOSS-HetH V
SI|UM
OI n
OH
2.
ANA.ysrs
encc.
Sincc rhc xrgumcnr
fuils ro
prove
rhxr rlrc policcjorcc
reducrion
is
thc acrualcausc
ofthe rcriil
busrness slump, or
cven conFiburcd ro
it.
lh€ xrgumenr's
proponcnr

cannor
jusrifixbl!
irfe. !lr:rr :r
policc.forcc
Incrc:isc voold
scn'c
ro revcrs(
lh.t sl('ntp. lcr rlonc tl)rr ir
,rvoutd
rc!;
nlize thc
ciqrs cconom!
in
fcncrxl.
In a tull-lcngrh
(JGminurc)
cis;n, \'ou
mighl nlso rddrcss rbc foljoq,ing
qu€stions
abour rh€ Argunlcnr's
rcasonin(:
.
A th,zsbol.l proble
: Does rhc
cin hxvs xn economic problem
to
bcSin
with?
Os
it flir ro issumc

dr:lr
rbc ciqJs cconomy is
suflcring
mcrcly bccause rer:.il
revcnues in
onc
paniculnr
disrricr hrvc
declincd?)
.
Wouid
the
propos€d
course
of acrion rq.lcc
to attln t}}e stated
obiecr'vc?
(Pcrhaps
addilionxl
me?surcs,
such as renovating rhc
disuict
or
parrollinS
it xr
nigbr,
would
also
be nceded.)
.

Is t])e
proposed
course ofaction
ecas.rary ro atrrin
the stated
objecrivc?
(A
ciq'
mjthr reviLatize
it5 economy itrrough othcr
msrns
instcad.)
This Argument
might conhee cause ind
effecr
wir}l
mcre correlation,
.Hcre's
a rcsponsc that
handl€s rhc
problcm:
Th€ argumcnt unJairb,
assumes chat
Xcnon's
workcr producriviry
is
simpl)' I
function of
whar
:r vorkcr

ca.s for lunch.
Altlough rhis
miSht bc thc case, r merc
correlaion
bcrwecn lunch dier rnd
productjviry
does flor
sufficc to esBblish a
causc-and,c$-ec!-relatiog:
ship. Thc arSumenas aurlor
musr also
consider xnd €limina(c ill
olhcr rcasonable
cxplanations for r})c
diJfcrcnce irl
produciiviry
lcvcls
bctwccn the rwo
Smups
ofworkers, P€rhaps thc
mosr
plausible
sftcmxrivc
cxplanrrjon
is thar
vo.kcrs
who
bring rhcir own lunch arc
morc
producdve

bccausc thcy spend
lcss timc cating lurch and
Dorc
timc
irorkinS.
ln shon, lacking
bcncr cvidcncc thrr ar Xenon
producrivjty
dep€nds
primarilv
on luncb dier, ,rsscning that
dranging
-
thc cafcrcria's
lw)ch mcnu will
improvc
a,rorker producrivity
anounts
ro lnlc morc than
conjccrure_
:In
a trnl-lcn8th
(lcminurc)
6say,
you
migh. atso
addrcss rhc
followtr8
,qucsdons 3bour rhc
Arglmenr's reasoning:

.
A tbr.shold problcm:
Arc ca.fercria lunchcs acrually
much diffcrcor
from
lurches rhat workcN
brinS from homc?
(If
nor,
rh€n thc
enrire
arSumcnr is
poindcss,)
.
Wolld
t})c
proposcd
cou.sc of acrion .r//ce to
arrain rbc scatcd
objectivc?
(€.8.,
workers
who prefcr catctcrir
dining
mjghr cboosc
Pal.tso't s
t
wtltint
SkIk
lor

tba
AR-E/G UT Tests
M.pae6o'Lt.@m
nlt) .nt s t.t!
Du't'i/1\
,
s,tosrrDd
l[Lr]
(
su':5w
5toos
rFnorqr
nu)r
Drrx
sf,nru^,,b$dord
uo,Irssrrd
pIc^\
-u^lop
rrt-rrtunor urf,
/t!l
IDO
sdrqrrd)
tstulJ
pur
s.ntr^
?i!)dord
u!
rlrlrrp
c ilr>^)rd
o) Jrpro

rn
lf:llnr
a)u )$
esru)r ol
4/r.rrrJa,
)t sl .
l
pror<rn
elqtsuods:rr
st
lururdolJ^ap
lu)Jel
rJrpo
ru.ros
sdEqlr.l)
lu^rot
ltqt
ur
s)u)r
pur
sf,np^
fuedord r4
auIJJrp
rqt
Jo
,srrr
aru, .e
eSenoJ
&Imduro:
,\eu

s,uo:qdr!|l yo
aJuJsald
Jlp
sl .
:Buluosljr
s,luarunirv
allr
lnoat: suolrshb
SuLronoj
eqt sstrppr
oslE
tqSlr! nol
,&ss.
(rtnLruJ.OO
qr3uel-nrv
x
uI
'pr^oldd!
eBJnoJ ,{au rql
otar$.
rlxJ Jrlluns
t erEJ pJno,,!l
sluc.,
pur
srnF.{
llrdo.rd. s.ltlJ
)tEO
rrqr naoqs 01 uoroldvr{
ut
pua!

palro
rqt uo,{l5r
llqrll)snl
louuEJ rurEnfux 3qt
,sa8rllo)lo
sadA
or! orn
pur
su^ror
oal Jrp ur)^!aq
socusr3JJlp,{rI
rlqrssod
lol
Bununo:!)x
lno
-rpta
loqs
q
srnp^ fu.do_rd
lJuc^o
uo
omssrd
pruadn
rro.!
Buple
-xa
runt 14
'f,3anoJ
Alunl.ulnotr I urqt
eJtuFf,

q8lq
ro
astrsard
Jarxr3
u,r1o)
E ot sSuuq oStllor
Jrrf,{-lnoJ
t
sdlqjfd
.osJy.D)rrl
or{i
rJI wrD
JaurJoJ
aqt ln sluri uo shssard
pr.ddn
ssrl
rsei8ns
pftlr:p
pu[
ltddns
Jo
s5:rrol eqr
asrr
qrq^r
tn
8f,Jlo)
^rro
rr
qtla
Atl

:pO
q
eq
pno,u
Ir
ucql
uoDldel{r ul
ssal
sl
Sumoq
Tstur.r
sndurrqJo
Brlpo:u
srurpms
-'
53alloiJ6
.3Dru:rred )ql
sdlqJf,d
,aaus|flnro:l
.sruer
pux
s.np^
fua
<iord
uo
turxa aSallof,,rdau I
a)ufnliJl
arf] ol
lur alrJ )rx
trqt srJuo

-rrJJrp
)Jqrssod
slrouit luarun:8rr
erLL.s,uol3ldxw pur
se)rrxlsumr4l
s,AD
{xO
u)}^$rq
lSolxtrl:roodI5q
rqtrur l!q^r s.{!Jp
tsaumfur
aql
:qdEr8urd
,uo
u tgr)Aor
sel8olrut
qloq
s:lpuEq rEqr asuodslr
! s.arf,H
srfello)
Jo
ssdlt
oar sar.dlrq
prrr
srr^to)
oa]
ura^laq
lBoJ|]ur
llqzsoDsrnb
x uo

sel3r
turum8jv
sJtII
(
sE ur uao
4)ql
rrEd:rd oqnA
ttdord
ulqr
rc!-zEl ,{Ilrjouc8
:rE
sfcau, roJ ,{rd
oq/ aldo)d sdEqr5d)
asr.Iro,r
Jo
{dnorS
o,N
fqt uac,ltrJJq dotou0 rtnltn
Rz
t\:ctp
,ururnRn
cgl saoc
Cp!J)srr'!
suc.uJ
raqro
q€norqr
lrr^!:rnpo.rd
JJIro,,$ 3juxgu.
tr[) uoulx
sdxrpr.D

:e^D.tlqo
prtcrs
.qt
urrrrD
ot
{.rJsr9a!
uol]trx
Jo
asrno) pasodojd
rqr sl
(
.uroq rrori Ssuq
s!)ro,ld.
r.qlo
lEql
spoot
qrunl
rlltoq
lu.l:llJlp
rn:
liq)
su':))r nurur
AVSSI
lNt^n9alv 9N|I]OCS-Ho|H V
Jlid^
o.t l
oH
- -
-sts^]vNv
.c

4. ANarysrs
t.
This
Af8Umcnr rclies
on a
qucsrionablc
anaroAl
ocrwccn re/o
ro$,ns
as
vcll
rs bccvecn
nvo rrish
comptnies.
Herc's i
concise,csDonsc
tl.nr
.hrndlcs
borh :rnalogics
roSelh€r
ir
ooc
p:rmgripbi
Thc argumcnt
s infercnce
d)a! Trashco
s scfficc
js
morc
coslh, rh.ln

IUd.
co's d€pends
on rhc
unproven
assumpdon
rhar
the rwo
rcfuse
compa,
nics
providc
$c samc
degree rnd
,rmounr
olservicc
!o bo(h
rowns.
pcr.
hrps
Tlnshco
s scrviccs ro
plattsbu.g
is
providcd
less
frcquenrty
or ro
fcwerhouscbolds
drr, Ridco's
sen,ices

ro lliilsvillc,
for whareverrcason.
Eirhersccnrrio e/outd
cxplain
plarBburlt's
lowcr
totll cost,
q,hich
in
rum
would
undermine
rhc
rrgumcnt's
con!€nrion
that Hillsville e,,ould
savc.
moncy
b)'swhching
from
Rjdco io
Tr-ishco.
Thus, ro
bcner deluatc
rhe
ff8umenq
I vrould
need ro
krow how
much

Tnshco would
char8c
Hills
ville,
noi
Plir6bul-9,
for t})e
samc servicc
th!
Rjdco lrow
chargcs.
In a
full-lcnSrh
(3ominure)
cssay,
you
mighr alsb
addrcss
thc followjJl!
questions
abour
rhc
Argumcnt's
rcasoning:
.
rwhat
does
tle argumcni
assume
aboutjfrrtre

con.tltiorc
in
Hillsville?
Of
the
town's
residcflis
incrcasc
the
voiumc
of
rcfuse o,
rccyclablcs
or bcgin
iisisting
on morc
frcqucm
pickups.
Hiltsvllle
mj8hr regrcr
irs dccision
to
swirch ro Trashco.)
.
Is rhc
proposcd
swirch
ro Trajhco
zccasraal
for

drc ciry ro
acli€vc
.
irs srarcd
objccrive?
(perhaps
rhe
ciry h15
orher me3ns
ro leducc
irs
cosrs, or
mcans ro enhancc
irs
icvcnuc,
for thc
Durgosc
of affor(|
ing the
ncs'
siarion,)
.
Miglr
Hilsvilic incur
countertaiting
erpcnser
b.v consrrucing
rhc
-
ncw

Fansfcr
sradofl?
@crhaps
refuse would
nccd to
bc
r.alcn
frorb
t})e
ccnrcr
to a morc
remorc locatior,
ar
additionil
exDensc.)
This Ar8umcna
rclics
on a
porentia.lly
unrcprescntalivc
sratisiical
semplc
to
drew a
g€ncral
infcrcncc.
Hcre's
a responsc
that lundlcs
thc

problcm:
The ar[iumenr
assu.mcs
tha!
Maxcch
cmployccs wbo
rcponcd
thcse
rcsuhs irc
rypical
of
priyarc-sccror
work€rs
in
geocarl,
in rcrrDs
of
ilow thq'.arc
likelt to .espond
lo rhis
tlTc
of scmif,ir. Howcvcr.
this
isn'r nccGsarily
thc czlc.
lr is.efllircly possibtc,
for cxa$plc,
rhar
luaxcch
cmployccs wcrc

unusuilly
rcccptivc
or
rcsponsive
to
r,X/orkforcc
s
pafiicular
6etrods, for
wharcvcr rcasolr.
ID 2ny
cvcrr,
Mrftcch's
scminar
panicipents
mjght consriturc an insufficicntly
sm.3l
smple for thc purposc
of rnakinS
rccommcndations
for the
!,rivarc,
sccro|workforce
in
gcncrnl.
Sincc
thc argumcnr frils
to
show that
Mrjl:rech's

cxpcriencc is
r'?icai,
I simply carlnor acccpr
t}rc a !!lt-
mcnCs swceping
conclusion.
Pctcrson s
I
wdttng
SkIk
lor.tbc
GRUGMAT
T.tts
Ar.iarysrs
c
oJ p))u,illinr),:
prno^\
*,rr"-uru
,
t
*t'"t''u
;rtr
ur :rndrrtund
rq
lqrirur
oq^r
sru:pls.,
nrrio,d-",rn"tt
qtn()rL[
rir()^\

DUI]
or.rqr
.r,{qo
ptrr',,s'r),^,nr,,;,
";l;;;,;,J;::.*;]:.::lll:',1;,"#ili
.
^,_ . _
(.rurp! ,,irunotr
ptrioldur:un
to
t(x)d
iqr
uro! ur^.
sorqrad
JIrrs
fEuonrppx
Bt,.rJIq
lq
fi.a_pr.rru,
.u".*.rrqr.,,{q
.igio
eqr
uo
urrjls
rqr
rrnprr
ot
plqrssod.o,qr,*,,f1.^,1.r,^'
prtrrs
)rlt

Aur^:)rr1Jr
Jot trDssasau
,$:rlo)d
p.rodo.:d
.q,
,; .
su'donoJ
oqr
*.,00"
".,
,ujff::?r,s'lotrunarY
'q'
rnoqt
suoltsenb
)^
,{rssr
(elnuEJ{€)
qr8ual-lF-q
,
arl
^
s.auno)
rqr
Jo
srurr
.u,
,."rno.,
,r,
n.lrur',Lt;t;::1t#:T
SuturEb{ol

pxodord
orF
lxlrl
peru^uo:)'q
lorrwr
I
.Amqrssod
sl,n
rno rr'
or sl.r'J
)u.urnarr.rp
.r*s
.t"q-^
,ou
,nqi,il"o-,i
r^r:taj
ul:)
.,bql
amlDq
tuauloldru:u
,,r,0r-srlD
uoa ,'oq.,;;;;,;"il:if;:j[T,1li.;;T:l
rrll
Fprsuor
ot sp5ru
ruruodojd
s.tuc_.fr"
,,11
:.1qprr.
.q

rou
,{nur
Jo
,{l]Ix
lrqt
"s!od.r"
rrn:uo)
uo
so,rya,
,rop"pur,rr*orr,
.,11
,
:urlqoJd
grlt
sf,lpr[q
txllr
esuods:r
r
s.3reH
.uDlqoJd
llJttqlDo,t
lrlu)rod
x
ruo,
,JFs
rrrl slod.J
uo
,rn.,
,.,r*ni*l,iil
csjrururas

Jo
sadA
rgrqr
Jo
sllJauf,q
Jrp
$l^r
9p
01
Sqrpou
Burnzq
sroDrJ
JrsurDxa
lirrrl,
uo
o.1"
q.rra.f
Jo)f,rs
3:a^srrd
s,,{ulouoJo
oqt
lo
,{thlrcnpo:d
1ual'6,l
pa
uvqcu)t
utDr4a.t
sltolrrpuoi
Jaq)o
//,

t[rl] .urnss,
rururnfux
eqr
nl3lt^,
.
.'
ulxsE_Ilorul
ol
lro^\
rro{
Jgo
eur,t
o:fr)
ot
Jepro
ur
,:'r"ffi;J
uoorl
ll9sfxj
ro
Jur4u)c
aw
Jo
nu)u)q
lqr
Jlcl)38rxo
ot hss:rd
rl{
,{.rn
sdrq)rd)

aal4,pro
s)rloldurr
s,q5rlr.xtt
lq
sturEt)
r(r,r
ory
.
_o1
lu.tuotr
.',our
5irroJ.q
.,alro o
dlaq
or
pr*,rrr.,:I#ry#
r.grqr'a
prrE
.rJoFq
sr
sqof
cII'
s.rF
r^rq
stsedpDrrd
s.q)Ir.rn
ratF)q.t
JsuruDs
rrF
5:rr4s passrd

seq:u4l
rpnur,{oq
uo
pl.pdap
l(rdlrll
.rr,{slrD
aqD
arFr)rftI,^J
r.'o{
srrrEalrJarEd
aqr
AuoIIrc
ruao
-tuJruoJ
Jo
p^al
p)?\ordvn
e\l
lo
afiDJ
anq
aqt rEtnurf,s
,rlt sEd\
.
rJr-tll'
or
Jrpro
st
srxu(urs
su

Jo
',t'Jstrq
fu.
.rr"rr.^"
,;x::l
aqt
6dgqr;$d)
aaplprtt
srrlrtsls
oJ.rojDFo,lt
ruor
uodr
rql
q
.
3uruoscar
s.lu;)rxntr\,
Jqt
lnoqr
suoDsrnb
Eu.raoIIoJ
or.Jl
sserppn
osll]
lqillll
nol
.^Ess.
(:)nu.n
-O€)
tF8url-lJnJ

r
uI
t11o1\1nterD4 \tr\
I
,,,,
'ur
'utrs
r',"'"ai"
!
ti)iLiii
srs^rvNv
.g
^VSSS
-tNl,\n9UV
gNtUOlS-H5tH
V
31tUM
c)1/vtOH
7" ArurLvsrs
PAR]
i1
would
rcducrn8
th( nLrnrh(r ol rcsidcnrs
who
recc,ve unemplo)'
mcnr
bcncfits r4/icc ro
atuin $c sLlled objcctivc?
(Perhrps

drc
officc
crn ersill ecconrmodnrc
the curten! number oI
r€sid€nls
applrin8
for xnd rec<jving unemplormcnt
bcncfits.
and the sourcc
of rbc
str;rio lies elsewhcrc.)
Docs
rhc argumcat suggcst a coursc of
aciion finI
would actual\'
underrni e
tba
stated objcctiue?
(fo
stz$ thc
ncs'
jolltraininS
progmm, iI might be n€cessaq' to rcduce
sBff ciscwhere
in the
ofiice,
which mighr cxacerbale the su-ain.)
i"l
This ,4.r8umcnt
relies on'a sufficienl-coodilion

rssumption. llerc's
a
respons€ that
handles thc
problcm:
Thc ,lBumenr
assumes thai the
proposed
mrndaie
in irseli
will
sufficc
ro lowcr
ttre nrtional crimc .ate
yet
fails to
account for othcr conditions
thar
might aiso be nec€ssaD'for
thrt outcomc. Pcrhxps
to
bc
cffcctlvc
ir tlli.s respccr,
physic"l€ducatjon
clrsscs musr so be
accompalricd b)
3flcr-scbool
activiry
progiims;

or
perhps
thc claJses must begin
carlicr
in a
youngsrcr's
rc?demic Mc to hive any
apprcciablc impact on dclin'
qucnt
bchavior.
Vithour
considerinli-thcse
lnd a myrird ofoihcr
condi'
rions
thrr
firghi
be nccded to €nsure
tirrr a
young
Person
grows lrp to
.
become lae-abiding,
r.t)€ ar8ument's
author cannot
justi$'the
mandatc.
ln
a

fulllcngt}l
(3Gminute)
cssay,
you
might also
address the folloq,inS
qucstions
about
thc
l\rliumcnfs
rcnsoning:
-
.
A llresboa
probleDd:
Ate
"physical{ducation
classes"
sufficiently
similar to
'organized
spons
prosl?ms'
thal their impxct
on
long-term
behavior
would
be
similar?

(If
noq then
thc entfe
argument c-]n be
dismissed out of hmd-)
.
Mi8illi
the arlumcnt misl^kc
nere correlalioi
-berwceo
organrzcd-
sports
participation and
adulr
crimioal
bchavior-fot
1 cause'and'
ejflcct rclationshiP?
(We
mjght nccd
to knos'
\r'hxt
Percentagc
ot
younSstcrs participale to beAin
e,ith
and
vhe$er those
youngstcrs
arc lc5s iDclined

in any evcnr toward delinqucnt
b.havior.)
.
Is
.tne
samplc
group
(children
in one
lar8c
ciry) rcpresetuanuc of
2I
childrcn
througlout the naton?
(Perhrps
Pmicipation
in
thesc
progxans
is morc
cffective in large citics
tlran in
stn
llcr
cities
and
rural
a.rcas.)
u,u'uQetasorLt.cod
GRE/GMAT

9.
Lx,t
troenD!l,hnrl
t
ll
ou
s:nraoJrl
)ururnSrr:
)qr
'r)^r^roH
th
r))po^\
:),j'.rJr^r:
sr:
It)^\
sr
qjiiu)ll!
lill)uEult
ot
ll)ds)r
tJtr^\
.dno.ti
r:
st.
,s.r:aoldur;
s:tr::r
stll
li'
lr:Jrdlrs_!
1u;r9

rrql
UoDduJnssr:rlt
lro
s.rt;)_r
UoD)rprrd
qrru_
trlturs
x r'r
s3]u.rlrul
qloq
s)lpueq
rxrlr ssuods:r
x
s,:rr.H
,:.1;:J#
llt|:lC)
dnor8
,ql
Jo
r:qrlleur
auo
Jo
srrtsuatculrp
uo p:sr:q
(:rr:s
u,rutr
rj
or sr.iotduri
llr)
dnor5

r
rnoq!
sarurr4rl
omr
s^\r:rp
)u.urni1,
sltll
ssrl
nuuntrseJ
pr,"
sdoqs
s.t rJtslp
.rI
,"rr"-r"Utjfl;::;
oq^r
.stsFot
rou
,stuopls,
fE)ol
s!
L sd"q:rrp
;:nur^c: urqrnot
ur 5tr'rtrrp
IF
Jo
,rrrrr
,r!r,
.qi
5^oq!
ol

parrrJ:r
uaoD,ldols
rql
sI .
(.pl5rsu,
Jlqrsuodsaj
si
lJutslp
)ql
rI
a8r'?qJ
Jorllo
luros sdrr{JJd)
Zsrsslnmq
f.rxJJJ
plrt
1url.r"ray
s.rJrr";p
rql ur
u^rop^rols
eqt
Jo
as-nD,
arul
al]tr
Jalue:
iur<ldoqs
aq
s1 .
:3rrruosE.J

s,lu.urnirv
,qt
rnoq!
suoDs5nb
suraolJo;
3q1
ssf,rppr
osr"
rq3ryr
nol
,lcss.
Grnu.uoe)
qli"r,il;;
^!r
esodur
prnoqs
&tf,
rqr
)Eqr
.er8,
touurJ
I
osrallqro
:;po5
qroq
3q^!lqJr
Jo
suaau
alqlslrJ
,{lso

f,ql
sr urnFotBor!
.rF
reqt
aur
eJlr4uol-tsnu,
Jornnr
s.luotun8r
aqt
.!oqs
ul
.lpnq
,{p!}lr
sJ lalurJ
3$ddoqs
rql
rrqr
aou
,trl
ool
luroJ
lq€ruJ
rla,,q^
.*nrroroo*
r ulqr
c^!t:)rJJe
orotlj
.q
llqlqord
pino,{

.sJqt
s[
q)ns
suraur
lttp
rur
slla)
asurs irorrruo]
.Jr^o5row
.5qlJap
aqr
Bursre^cr
m
.,oarrregi
)rouj
ro
'o^Dr?j[lg
s[
]snl rq
tq8lll'
u8JedurE5
suoDzler-Jnqnd
o^lsuarlul
irr
ilrllelll
1!rlr
JoC
.sltllop
$rnro]
fr4DrluE

Jo lB,rluf,tod
artl
ploti
lEql
s.JnlLq
J)r{lo
rsroq
Jl!^r
Ar,|
rqSJE
rr,1o.orr5,{ru
.urslmor
uro.rj
anuc^)J
Srrrzmqrls
Jo
sunuJ
,{fuo
rql
lpzssr)Js
unuolrJorr,
aqr
q
JoN
s,sal
JYj1,9/!n1
,.tt
rt,
slttls nuttual
srs^tvNV

.6
.rxngolljorr'
!
.u!rp
r^!f,f,JJe
rrorx
utr^r
-ro
s! iJrrtrJJr
r!
rsnl .q
tq3Ju,
uoptpuor
IrrIAuo
nf,rp
o) sfulplmq
turrrlrlrSls
lJll:Jgorsry
lsou, rrll
3uuo)s,
uo
uolJ, prsn)oJ
!
,f,Julls
_
-r4
roJ
.Jnfr^
rltF fuwssrd
Jo

surJrII
o^rirujatlr
roJ
runorJE
ol
$'IIIJ
ruiEnSrr-
crF
.sJop
rI
J!
uo^g
.lTE
rD
5np^
tlrp
srJxdul
.{lrsr.^p!
J3lue)
Euddoqs
,dru
cqr
tElp ,)uJp!ir
ou
llarnlosq!
salddns
.T:]1
.*_**
".trq
oI

.s3qrptmq
rrpto
s,l)tjtslp
oqr
Jo
anp^
rporqq
5qt-rr4,{.r3srd
Jo
sue5E
atqEFe^,
lJuo
eqt
sr rlntrolproru
prsodord
Jrp
rzq uonDUTlmJ
rnoqtr.d.
s:'umss1]
rururn8Jr
ar{l
suopcturnssa
rroq
sJrpssrr
wrrl ,'sods,
:(tuo qJte
ro,
Ild[r3Err:d
tuo)
roJ

5uo-suordwnss.
,ronlpuo"rr"aarr'
',
s 'JaH
r^rrf,rlqo
p)ltls
q'e
ru
o^r.t uo
srrtar
turujnfulJ
srql
AVSS:
.tNil,,vn9uv
gNluOJS-H9tH
V
:1lUM
ol
.IAOH
srs
lvNV
.g